Documentos de Académico
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Facultad de Ingeniería
Escuela Mecánica Eléctrica
Laboratorio de Instrumentación Eléctrica
Sección : L2
Profesor: Otto Andrino
Fecha: 06/12/2022
Integrantes
Marcos Alexander saquil Gómez , 201701088
Yancarlo Emanuel Álvarez Sequic , 201709458
José Andrés López Figueroa ,201906131
Wilmer David Xicay Chile , 201907056
Emma Alejandra Pérez Díaz , 202000443
INTRODUCCIÓN
Objetivos específicos:
Fuente:https://hetpro-store.com/TUTORIALES/amplificador-operacional/
El comparador inversor
Fuente:https://www.diarioelectronicohoy.com/blog/el-amplificador-operacional
MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES
1) Osciloscopio
2) Fuente A.C.
3) Multímetro
4) Fuente D.C.
5) Circuito integrado TL084 y LM741CN
6) Resistencias varias.
7) LED: L53SGD (difuso verde).
8) NTC: ND03 NTC Thermistor.
9) Transistor NPN: BC547C.
10) Diodo: 1N4148.
11) LDR NSL-19M51
Circuito 1.1
Circuito 1.3
Circuito 2.2
Circuito 1.1
Tabla 1. Tabla para comparar los datos obtenidos en la práctica con los datos
obtenidos teóricamente.
11.13 12
Fuente: Elaboración Propia, 2022
Tabla 1.2. Tabla de datos calculados para el valor de voltaje de entrada inversora,
no inversora y salida del amplificador operacional.
0 6 0 -11.15 APAGADO
Circuito 1.3
Amplificador operacional como Comparador.
No Pot (%) Out 1 (V) Out 2 (V) Out 3 (V) Out 4 (V)
1 0 10.475 10.475 10.475 10.475
2 10 On On On On
3 20 Off On On On
4 30 Off On On On
5 40 Off Off On On
6 50 Off Off On On
SEGUNDA PARTE
Circuito 2.1.Circuito comparador simple no inversor.
haciendo uso de la información detallada en la hoja de datos para el termistor cuyo
código se muestra en la gráfica
a)El circuito realiza una comparación entre los voltajes de entrada en los terminales
+ y - del AO si la resistencia que el NTC proporciona es pequeña entonces se
conducirá mayor voltaje en el terminal negativo y viceversa de tal manera que la
salida posee entonces un valor de tensión base para el transistor permitiendo de
este modo el encendido del led. El led se enciende cuando el valor de la resistencia
proporcionado por el NTC es menor a 1 k ohm de R2.
b)
Tabla 1.4. Tabla de datos medidos para cada amplificador operacional del circuito
junto al estado del led que compone su salida a medida que se varía el
potenciómetro en las entradas no inversoras.
0 3.39 -5.60 -2.74 -110p 10.97n 11.27n 10.99 -11.07 -11.2n 1.04 11.3n
5 2.61 -5.60 -3.32 -110p 10.97n 11.21n 10.99 -11.07 -112n 1.0 11.3n
10 2.03 -5.60 -3.96 -110p 10.97n 11.21n 10.99 -11.07 -11.21n 1.0 11.3n
15 1.59 -5.60 -4.63 -110p 10.97n 11.21n 10.99 -11.07 -11.21n -1.0 11.3n
20 1.26 -5.55 -5.25 -110p 10.96n 11.21n 10.99 -11.06 -11.18n -1.0 11.3n
25 1 -5.61 -5.61 -110p 10.73n 11.21n 10.99 -10.83 -10.99n -1.0 11.3n
30 0.80 -5.58 -5.65 953u -700u 9.88m 44.98m 611m 1.65m -2.07 9.88m
35 0.64 -5.70 -6.21 1.26m -702u 9.88m 37.19m 616m 1.95m -2.09 9.88m
40 0.52 -5.78 -6.78 1.51m -703u 9.89m 32.07m 619m 2.22m -2.07 9.89m
45 0.43 -5.85 -7.3 1.74m -705u 9.89m 28.3m 622m 2.45m -2.07 9.89m
50 0.35 -5.93 -7.84 1.99m -706u 9.9m 24.89m 625m 2.7m -2.07 9.9m
55 0.29 -5.99 -8.31 2.21m -707u 9.9m 22.22m 628m 2.92m -2.07 9.9m
60 0.24 -6.0 -8.77 2.49m -709u 9.9m 19.36m 630m 3.20m -2.07 9.9m
65 0.20 -6.0 -9.18 2.75m -710u 9.9m 17.05m 633m 3.46m -2.07 9.9m
70 0.17 -6.0 -9.5 2.96m -711u 9.9m 15.35m 635m 3.67m -2.07 9.9m
75 0.14 -6.0 -9.86 3.18 -713u 9.9m 13.68m 636m 3.9m -2.07 9.9m
80 0.12 -6.0 -10.11 3.39m -713u 9.9m 12.59m 638m 4.03m -2.07 9.9m
85 0.10 -6.0 -10.38 3.51m -714u 9.9m 11.50m 639m 4.23m -2.07 9.9m
90 0.086 -6.0 -10.58 3.64m -715u 9.9m 10.75m 640m 4.36m -2.07 9.9m
95 0.073 -6.0 -10.77 3.76m -716u 9.9m 10.06m 641m 4.48m -2.07 9.9m
100 0.063 -6.0 -10.92 3.86m -716u 9.9m 9.53m 642m 4.57m -2.07 9.9
Tabla 1.5 .Se escogió otro amplificador, otro transistor y otro NTC y se hizo el nuevo
diseño del circuito.y se realizaron las nuevas mediciones.
0 3.39 -5.60 -2.74 -112p 10.97n 11.2n 10.99 -11.07 -11.35n 1.04 11.3n
5 2.61 -5.60 -3.32 -112p 10.97n 11.3n 10.99 -11.07 -11.35n 1.0 11.3n
10 2.03 -5.60 -3.96 -112p 10.97n 11.3n 10.99 -11.07 -11.35n 1.0 11.3n
15 1.59 -5.60 -4.63 -112p 10.97n 11.3n 10.99 -11.07 -11.35n -1.0 11.3n
20 1.26 -5.55 -5.25 -112p 10.96n 11.3n 10.99 -11.06 -11.20n -1.0 11.3n
25 1 -5.61 -5.61 -112p 10.73n 11.3n 10.99 -10.83 -10.95n -1.0 11.3n
30 0.80 -5.58 -5.65 960u -700u 9.8m 44.98m 611m 1.70m -2.07 9.88m
35 0.64 -5.70 -6.21 1.30m -702u 9.8m 37.19m 616m 2.0m -2.09 9.88m
40 0.52 -5.78 -6.78 1.55m -703u 9.9m 32.07m 619m 2.22m -2.07 9.89m
45 0.43 -5.85 -7.3 1.80m -705u 9.9m 28.3m 622m 2.50m -2.07 9.89m
50 0.35 -5.93 -7.84 2.0m -706u 9.9m 24.89m 625m 2.75m -2.07 9.9m
55 0.29 -5.99 -8.31 2.25m -707u 9.9m 22.22m 628m 2.95m -2.07 9.9m
60 0.24 -6.0 -8.77 2.55m -709u 9.9m 19.36m 630m 3.25m -2.07 9.9m
65 0.20 -6.0 -9.18 2.80m -710u 9.9m 17.05m 633m 3.50m -2.07 9.9m
70 0.17 -6.0 -9.5 2.99m -711u 9.9m 15.35m 635m 3.70m -2.07 9.9m
75 0.14 -6.0 -9.86 3.25m -713u 9.9m 13.68m 636m 3.95m -2.07 9.9m
80 0.12 -6.0 -10.11 3.44m -713u 9.9m 12.59m 638m 4.5m -2.07 9.9m
85 0.10 -6.0 -10.38 3.55m -714u 9.9m 11.50m 639m 4.6m -2.07 9.9m
90 0.086 -6.0 -10.58 3.68m -715u 9.9m 10.75m 640m 4.6m -2.07 9.9m
95 0.073 -6.0 -10.77 3.79m -716u 9.9m 10.06m 641m 4.65m -2.07 9.9m
100 0.063 -6.0 -10.92 3.88m -716u 9.9m 9.53m 642m 4.75m -2.07 9.9
Fuente:Elaboración Propia,2022
a)Deje constancia de cómo ha realizado los cálculos para calcular las resistencias
R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 y R6. Indique los datos que ha seleccionado de los datasheets
de los componentes.
Comentario: Todas las preguntas de este circuito se contestaron en la parte de
discusión de resultados.
Se midió la intensidad de realimentación del amplificador operacional.
Al variar el voltaje en las entradas no inversora de manera que fuera menor que el
voltaje en las entradas inversoras se muestra que en la salida se tiene -10.745V,
por lo cual los led permanecen apagados.
Para el circuito 2.1 se determinó que lo que ocurre a la salida del comparador
cuando la NTC detecta distintas temperaturas es que el valor del voltaje incrementa
proporcionalmente esto debido a el cambio de la resistencia mientras menor es el
valor de resistencia mayor será el voltaje de referencia que es el factor principal en
conjunto con la ganancia a la salida.
Para el circuito 2.2 se se determinó que el circuito permite que el led permanezca
encendido mientras están ocurriendo variaciones en los valores del voltaje de
entrada esto debido a la prolongación de detección del cambio por la configuración
del amplificador como comparador se debe considerar el voltaje bajo y alto de
entrada una vez que estos valores están cercanos a los voltajes de saturación no
ocurrirá un cambio brusco a la salida, para ello se debe cumplir estar por sobre esos
valores en el caso del circuito es evidente puesto que el led permanece encendido
aunque se manipule aleatoriamente el valor de la resistencia variable.
Se midió la intensidad que pasa por el LED cuando éste se enciende. Esta
intensidad es la intensidad del colector del transistor NPN.Iled= 15.37mA
Vled=2.19v el transistor está en estado de saturación.
CONCLUSIONES
¿Qué es un termistor?
R//Se configura de tal forma en que una de estas señales sea ligeramente mayor
para que cause que la salida del amplificador operacional sea máxima.
R//Estado de saturación
R//Estado de corte.
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
FEATURES DESCRIPTION
• Overload Protection on the Input and Output The LM741 series are general purpose operational
amplifiers which feature improved performance over
• No Latch-Up When the Common Mode Range industry standards like the LM709. They are direct,
is Exceeded plug-in replacements for the 709C, LM201, MC1439
and 748 in most applications.
The amplifiers offer many features which make their
application nearly foolproof: overload protection on
the input and output, no latch-up when the common
mode range is exceeded, as well as freedom from
oscillations.
The LM741C is identical to the LM741/LM741A
except that the LM741C has their performance
ensured over a 0°C to +70°C temperature range,
instead of −55°C to +125°C.
Connection Diagrams
LM741H is available per JM38510/10101
Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Copyright © 1998–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Products conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas
Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not
necessarily include testing of all parameters.
LM741
SNOSC25C – MAY 1998 – REVISED MARCH 2013 www.ti.com
Typical Application
These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam
during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates.
(1) “Absolute Maximum Ratings” indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for
which the device is functional, but do not ensure specific performance limits.
(2) For military specifications see RETS741X for LM741 and RETS741AX for LM741A.
(3) If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the TI Sales Office/Distributors for availability and specifications.
(4) For operation at elevated temperatures, these devices must be derated based on thermal resistance, and Tj max. (listed under “Absolute
Maximum Ratings”). Tj = TA + (θjA PD).
(5) For supply voltages less than ±15V, the absolute maximum input voltage is equal to the supply voltage.
(6) Human body model, 1.5 kΩ in series with 100 pF.
Electrical Characteristics(1)
LM741A LM741 LM741C
Parameter Test Conditions Units
Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max
Input Offset Voltage TA = 25°C
RS ≤ 10 kΩ 1.0 5.0 2.0 6.0 mV
RS ≤ 50Ω 0.8 3.0
TAMIN ≤ TA ≤ TAMAX
RS ≤ 50Ω 4.0 mV
RS ≤ 10 kΩ 6.0 7.5
Average Input Offset Voltage
15 μV/°C
Drift
(1) Unless otherwise specified, these specifications apply for VS = ±15V, −55°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C (LM741/LM741A). For the LM741C/LM741E,
these specifications are limited to 0°C ≤ TA ≤ +70°C.
2 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 1998–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Thermal Resistance CDIP (NAB0008A) PDIP (P0008E) TO-99 (LMC0008C) SO-8 (M)
θjA (Junction to Ambient) 100°C/W 100°C/W 170°C/W 195°C/W
θjC (Junction to Case) N/A N/A 25°C/W N/A
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
REVISION HISTORY
www.ti.com 11-Apr-2013
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device Status Package Type Package Pins Package Eco Plan Lead/Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp Op Temp (°C) Top-Side Markings Samples
(1) Drawing Qty (2) (3) (4)
LM741CH/NOPB ACTIVE TO-99 LMC 8 500 Green (RoHS POST-PLATE Level-1-NA-UNLIM 0 to 70 LM741CH
& no Sb/Br)
LM741CN ACTIVE PDIP P 8 40 TBD Call TI Call TI 0 to 70 LM
741CN
LM741CN/NOPB ACTIVE PDIP P 8 40 Green (RoHS SN Level-1-NA-UNLIM 0 to 70 LM
& no Sb/Br) 741CN
LM741H ACTIVE TO-99 LMC 8 500 TBD Call TI Call TI -55 to 125 LM741H
LM741H/NOPB ACTIVE TO-99 LMC 8 500 Green (RoHS POST-PLATE Level-1-NA-UNLIM -55 to 125 LM741H
& no Sb/Br)
LM741J ACTIVE CDIP NAB 8 40 TBD Call TI Call TI -55 to 125 LM741J
U5B7741312 ACTIVE TO-99 LMC 8 500 TBD Call TI Call TI -55 to 125 LM741H
(1)
The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2)
Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS), Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt), or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please check http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability
information and additional product content details.
TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined.
Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements for all 6 substances, including the requirement that
lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes.
Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt): This component has a RoHS exemption for either 1) lead-based flip-chip solder bumps used between the die and package, or 2) lead-based die adhesive used between
the die and leadframe. The component is otherwise considered Pb-Free (RoHS compatible) as defined above.
Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight
in homogeneous material)
Addendum-Page 1
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com 11-Apr-2013
(3)
MSL, Peak Temp. -- The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature.
(4)
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continuation of the previous line and the two combined represent the entire Top-Side Marking for that device.
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In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold by TI to Customer on an annual basis.
Addendum-Page 2
MECHANICAL DATA
NAB0008A
J08A (Rev M)
www.ti.com
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DISCRETE SEMICONDUCTORS
M3D176
1N4148; 1N4448
High-speed diodes
Product specification 1999 May 25
Supersedes data of 1996 Sep 03
Philips Semiconductors Product specification
FEATURES DESCRIPTION
• Hermetically sealed leaded glass The 1N4148 and 1N4448 are high-speed switching diodes fabricated in planar
SOD27 (DO-35) package technology, and encapsulated in hermetically sealed leaded glass SOD27
• High switching speed: max. 4 ns (DO-35) packages.
• General application
• Continuous reverse voltage:
max. 75 V
• Repetitive peak reverse voltage: k a
max. 75 V
• Repetitive peak forward current: MAM246
APPLICATIONS
Fig.1 Simplified outline (SOD27; DO-35) and symbol.
• High-speed switching.
LIMITING VALUES
In accordance with the Absolute Maximum Rating System (IEC 134).
SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN. MAX. UNIT
VRRM repetitive peak reverse voltage − 75 V
VR continuous reverse voltage − 75 V
IF continuous forward current see Fig.2; note 1 − 200 mA
IFRM repetitive peak forward current − 450 mA
IFSM non-repetitive peak forward current square wave; Tj = 25 C prior to
surge; see Fig.4
t = 1 s − 4 A
t = 1 ms − 1 A
t=1s − 0.5 A
Ptot total power dissipation Tamb = 25 C; note 1 − 500 mW
Tstg storage temperature −65 +200 C
Tj junction temperature − 200 C
Note
1. Device mounted on an FR4 printed circuit-board; lead length 10 mm.
1999 May 25 2
Philips Semiconductors Product specification
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Tj = 25 C unless otherwise specified.
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Note
1. Device mounted on a printed circuit-board without metallization pad.
1999 May 25 3
Philips Semiconductors Product specification
GRAPHICAL DATA
MBG451 MBG464
300 600
IF IF
(mA) (mA)
200 400
100 200
0 0
0 100 Tamb (oC) 200 0 1 VF (V) 2
MBG704
102
IFSM
(A)
10
10−1
1 10 102 103 104
tp (s)
Fig.4 Maximum permissible non-repetitive peak forward current as a function of pulse duration.
1999 May 25 4
Philips Semiconductors Product specification
MGD290 MGD004
103
1.2
IR
Cd
(A)
(pF)
102
1.0
(1) (2)
10
0.8
1
0.6
10−1
10−2 0.4
0 100 200 0 10 20
Tj (oC) VR (V)
Fig.5 Reverse current as a function of junction Fig.6 Diode capacitance as a function of reverse
temperature. voltage; typical values.
1999 May 25 5
Philips Semiconductors Product specification
tr tp
t
D.U.T. 10%
RS = 50 IF IF t rr
SAMPLING t
OSCILLOSCOPE
V = VR IF x R S R i = 50
90% (1)
VR
MGA881
(1) IR = 1 mA.
I 1 k 450
I V
90%
RS = 50
OSCILLOSCOPE Vfr
D.U.T.
R i = 50
10%
MGA882 t t
tr tp
input output
signal signal
1999 May 25 6
Philips Semiconductors Product specification
PACKAGE OUTLINE
(1)
D L G1 L
Note
1. The marking band indicates the cathode.
DEFINITIONS
1999 May 25 7
Philips Semiconductors – a worldwide company
Argentina: see South America Netherlands: Postbus 90050, 5600 PB EINDHOVEN, Bldg. VB,
Australia: 34 Waterloo Road, NORTH RYDE, NSW 2113, Tel. +31 40 27 82785, Fax. +31 40 27 88399
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220050 MINSK, Tel. +375 172 20 0733, Fax. +375 172 20 0773 Pakistan: see Singapore
Belgium: see The Netherlands Philippines: Philips Semiconductors Philippines Inc.,
Brazil: see South America 106 Valero St. Salcedo Village, P.O. Box 2108 MCC, MAKATI,
Metro MANILA, Tel. +63 2 816 6380, Fax. +63 2 817 3474
Bulgaria: Philips Bulgaria Ltd., Energoproject, 15th floor,
51 James Bourchier Blvd., 1407 SOFIA, Poland: Ul. Lukiska 10, PL 04-123 WARSZAWA,
Tel. +359 2 68 9211, Fax. +359 2 68 9102 Tel. +48 22 612 2831, Fax. +48 22 612 2327
Canada: PHILIPS SEMICONDUCTORS/COMPONENTS, Portugal: see Spain
Tel. +1 800 234 7381, Fax. +1 800 943 0087 Romania: see Italy
China/Hong Kong: 501 Hong Kong Industrial Technology Centre, Russia: Philips Russia, Ul. Usatcheva 35A, 119048 MOSCOW,
72 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, HONG KONG, Tel. +7 095 755 6918, Fax. +7 095 755 6919
Tel. +852 2319 7888, Fax. +852 2319 7700 Singapore: Lorong 1, Toa Payoh, SINGAPORE 319762,
Colombia: see South America Tel. +65 350 2538, Fax. +65 251 6500
Czech Republic: see Austria Slovakia: see Austria
Denmark: Sydhavnsgade 23, 1780 COPENHAGEN V, Slovenia: see Italy
Tel. +45 33 29 3333, Fax. +45 33 29 3905 South Africa: S.A. PHILIPS Pty Ltd., 195-215 Main Road Martindale,
Finland: Sinikalliontie 3, FIN-02630 ESPOO, 2092 JOHANNESBURG, P.O. Box 58088 Newville 2114,
Tel. +358 9 615 800, Fax. +358 9 6158 0920 Tel. +27 11 471 5401, Fax. +27 11 471 5398
France: 51 Rue Carnot, BP317, 92156 SURESNES Cedex, South America: Al. Vicente Pinzon, 173, 6th floor,
Tel. +33 1 4099 6161, Fax. +33 1 4099 6427 04547-130 SÃO PAULO, SP, Brazil,
Germany: Hammerbrookstraße 69, D-20097 HAMBURG, Tel. +55 11 821 2333, Fax. +55 11 821 2382
Tel. +49 40 2353 60, Fax. +49 40 2353 6300 Spain: Balmes 22, 08007 BARCELONA,
Hungary: see Austria Tel. +34 93 301 6312, Fax. +34 93 301 4107
India: Philips INDIA Ltd, Band Box Building, 2nd floor, Sweden: Kottbygatan 7, Akalla, S-16485 STOCKHOLM,
254-D, Dr. Annie Besant Road, Worli, MUMBAI 400 025, Tel. +46 8 5985 2000, Fax. +46 8 5985 2745
Tel. +91 22 493 8541, Fax. +91 22 493 0966 Switzerland: Allmendstrasse 140, CH-8027 ZÜRICH,
Indonesia: PT Philips Development Corporation, Semiconductors Division, Tel. +41 1 488 2741 Fax. +41 1 488 3263
Gedung Philips, Jl. Buncit Raya Kav.99-100, JAKARTA 12510, Taiwan: Philips Semiconductors, 6F, No. 96, Chien Kuo N. Rd., Sec. 1,
Tel. +62 21 794 0040 ext. 2501, Fax. +62 21 794 0080 TAIPEI, Taiwan Tel. +886 2 2134 2886, Fax. +886 2 2134 2874
Ireland: Newstead, Clonskeagh, DUBLIN 14, Thailand: PHILIPS ELECTRONICS (THAILAND) Ltd.,
Tel. +353 1 7640 000, Fax. +353 1 7640 200 209/2 Sanpavuth-Bangna Road Prakanong, BANGKOK 10260,
Israel: RAPAC Electronics, 7 Kehilat Saloniki St, PO Box 18053, Tel. +66 2 745 4090, Fax. +66 2 398 0793
TEL AVIV 61180, Tel. +972 3 645 0444, Fax. +972 3 649 1007 Turkey: Yukari Dudullu, Org. San. Blg., 2.Cad. Nr. 28 81260 Umraniye,
Italy: PHILIPS SEMICONDUCTORS, Piazza IV Novembre 3, ISTANBUL, Tel. +90 216 522 1500, Fax. +90 216 522 1813
20124 MILANO, Tel. +39 02 67 52 2531, Fax. +39 02 67 52 2557 Ukraine: PHILIPS UKRAINE, 4 Patrice Lumumba str., Building B, Floor 7,
Japan: Philips Bldg 13-37, Kohnan 2-chome, Minato-ku, 252042 KIEV, Tel. +380 44 264 2776, Fax. +380 44 268 0461
TOKYO 108-8507, Tel. +81 3 3740 5130, Fax. +81 3 3740 5057 United Kingdom: Philips Semiconductors Ltd., 276 Bath Road, Hayes,
Korea: Philips House, 260-199 Itaewon-dong, Yongsan-ku, SEOUL, MIDDLESEX UB3 5BX, Tel. +44 181 730 5000, Fax. +44 181 754 8421
Tel. +82 2 709 1412, Fax. +82 2 709 1415 United States: 811 East Arques Avenue, SUNNYVALE, CA 94088-3409,
Malaysia: No. 76 Jalan Universiti, 46200 PETALING JAYA, SELANGOR, Tel. +1 800 234 7381, Fax. +1 800 943 0087
Tel. +60 3 750 5214, Fax. +60 3 757 4880 Uruguay: see South America
Mexico: 5900 Gateway East, Suite 200, EL PASO, TEXAS 79905, Vietnam: see Singapore
Tel. +9-5 800 234 7381, Fax +9-5 800 943 0087 Yugoslavia: PHILIPS, Trg N. Pasica 5/v, 11000 BEOGRAD,
Middle East: see Italy Tel. +381 11 62 5344, Fax.+381 11 63 5777
For all other countries apply to: Philips Semiconductors, Internet: http://www.semiconductors.philips.com
International Marketing & Sales Communications, Building BE-p, P.O. Box 218,
5600 MD EINDHOVEN, The Netherlands, Fax. +31 40 27 24825
Printed in The Netherlands 115002/03/pp8 Date of release: 1999 May 25 Document order number: 9397 750 05892
To-18 Ceramic Package Photocells
NSL-19M51
1.8 Max
Lead dia.: 0.4 +/- 0.05
Dimensions in mm.
DESCRIPTION FEATURES
The NSL-19M51 is a light dependent resistor with sensitivity in the visible • Passive resistance output
light region. The CdS photoconductive cell is on a TO-18 ceramic and the • Ceramic package
photocell surface is plastic encapsulated for moisture resistance.
RELIABILITY APPLICATIONS
Contact Luna for recommendations on specific test conditions and • Industrial
procedures.
Authorized Distributor
Kingbright:
L1503SRC/F L53SRC/DU L53SRD/D L53SURC/E L7113SRD/G L7113MGC L53SYT L53SGD L53SED
L53SYD L53SYC L53SGC L53SEC L53SET L53MGC
Order this document
SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNICAL DATA by BC546/D
NPN Silicon
COLLECTOR
1
2
BASE
3
EMITTER
1
MAXIMUM RATINGS 2
3
BC BC BC
Rating Symbol 546 547 548 Unit CASE 29–04, STYLE 17
Collector– Emitter Voltage VCEO 65 45 30 Vdc TO–92 (TO–226AA)
REV 1
ON CHARACTERISTICS
DC Current Gain hFE —
(IC = 10 A, VCE = 5.0 V) BC547A/548A — 90 —
BC546B/547B/548B — 150 —
BC548C — 270 —
2.0 1.0
VCE = 10 V 0.9
hFE, NORMALIZED DC CURRENT GAIN 1.5 TA = 25C
TA = 25C
0.8 VBE(sat) @ IC/IB = 10
V, VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
1.0 0.7
0.8 0.6 VBE(on) @ VCE = 10 V
0.6 0.5
0.4
0.4 0.3
0.3 0.2
VCE(sat) @ IC/IB = 10
0.1
0.2 0
0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10 20 50 100 200 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 10 20 30 50 70 100
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (mAdc) IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (mAdc)
2.0 1.0
VCE, COLLECTOR–EMITTER VOLTAGE (V)
0.4
2.8
0
0.02 0.1 1.0 10 20 0.2 1.0 10 100
IB, BASE CURRENT (mA) IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA)
BC547/BC548
fT, CURRENT–GAIN – BANDWIDTH PRODUCT (MHz)
10 400
300
7.0 TA = 25C
200
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
5.0 Cib
VCE = 10 V
100
3.0 TA = 25C
80
Cob
60
2.0
40
30
1.0 20
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 20 40 0.5 0.7 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 10 20 30 50
VR, REVERSE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (mAdc)
1.0
hFE, DC CURRENT GAIN (NORMALIZED)
TA = 25C
VCE = 5 V
TA = 25C 0.8
VBE(sat) @ IC/IB = 10
V, VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
2.0
0.6
VBE @ VCE = 5.0 V
1.0
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.2
VCE(sat) @ IC/IB = 10
0
0.1 0.2 1.0 10 100 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10 20 50 100 200
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA) IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA)
–1.0
VCE, COLLECTOR–EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
2.0
0.4 –2.6
0 –3.0
0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10 20 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10 20 50 100 200
IB, BASE CURRENT (mA) IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA)
BC546
40
fT, CURRENT–GAIN – BANDWIDTH PRODUCT
TA = 25C VCE = 5 V
500 TA = 25C
20
C, CAPACITANCE (pF)
Cib
200
10
100
6.0 50
4.0 Cob
20
2.0
0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10 20 50 100 1.0 5.0 10 50 100
VR, REVERSE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA)
NOTES:
1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
A B
Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH.
3. CONTOUR OF PACKAGE BEYOND DIMENSION R
IS UNCONTROLLED.
R 4. DIMENSION F APPLIES BETWEEN P AND L.
DIMENSION D AND J APPLY BETWEEN L AND K
P MINIMUM. LEAD DIMENSION IS UNCONTROLLED
IN P AND BEYOND DIMENSION K MINIMUM.
L
SEATING F
PLANE K INCHES MILLIMETERS
DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
A 0.175 0.205 4.45 5.20
D B 0.170 0.210 4.32 5.33
C 0.125 0.165 3.18 4.19
J D 0.016 0.022 0.41 0.55
X X F 0.016 0.019 0.41 0.48
G G 0.045 0.055 1.15 1.39
H H 0.095 0.105 2.42 2.66
SECTION X–X J 0.015 0.020 0.39 0.50
V C K 0.500 ––– 12.70 –––
L 0.250 ––– 6.35 –––
N 0.080 0.105 2.04 2.66
1 N P ––– 0.100 ––– 2.54
R 0.115 ––– 2.93 –––
N V 0.135 ––– 3.43 –––
STYLE 17:
CASE 029–04 PIN 1. COLLECTOR
2. BASE
(TO–226AA) 3. EMITTER
ISSUE AD
MFAX: RMFAX0@email.sps.mot.com – TOUCHTONE (602) 244–6609 HONG KONG: Motorola Semiconductors H.K. Ltd.; 8B Tai Ping Industrial Park,
INTERNET: http://Design–NET.com 51 Ting Kok Road, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong. 852–26629298
www.fairchildsemi.com
LM741
Single Operational Amplifier
Features Description
• Short circuit protection The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifi-
• Excellent temperature stability ers. It is intended for a wide range of analog applications.
• Internal frequency compensation The high gain and wide range of operating voltage provide
• High Input voltage range superior performance in intergrator, summing amplifier, and
• Null of offset general feedback applications.
8-DIP
8-SOP
Rev. 1.0.1
©2001 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
LM741
Schematic Diagram
2
LM741
Electrical Characteristics
(VCC = 15V, VEE = - 15V. TA = 25 °C, unless otherwise specified)
LM741C/LM741I
Parameter Symbol Conditions Unit
Min. Typ. Max.
RS≤10KΩ - 2.0 6.0
Input Offset Voltage VIO mV
RS≤50Ω - - -
Input Offset Voltage
VIO(R) VCC = ±20V - ±15 - mV
Adjustment Range
Input Offset Current IIO - - 20 200 nA
Input Bias Current IBIAS - - 80 500 nA
Input Resistance (Note1) RI VCC =±20V 0.3 2.0 - MΩ
Input Voltage Range VI(R) - ±12 ±13 - V
VCC =±20V,
RL≥2KΩ - - -
VO(P-P) =±15V
Large Signal Voltage Gain GV V/mV
VCC =±15V,
20 200 -
VO(P-P) =±10V
Output Short Circuit Current ISC - - 25 - mA
VCC = ±20V RL≥10KΩ - - -
RL≥2KΩ - - -
Output Voltage Swing VO(P-P) V
VCC = ±15V RL≥10KΩ ±12 ±14 -
RL≥2KΩ ±10 ±13 -
RS≤10KΩ, VCM = ±12V 70 90 -
Common Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR dB
RS≤50Ω, VCM = ±12V - - -
VCC = ±15V to VCC = ±15V
- - -
RS≤50Ω
Power Supply Rejection Ratio PSRR dB
VCC = ±15V to VCC = ±15V
77 96 -
RS≤10KΩ
Transient Rise Time TR - 0.3 - µs
Unity Gain
Response Overshoot OS - 10 - %
Bandwidth BW - - - - MHz
Slew Rate SR Unity Gain - 0.5 - V/µs
Supply Current ICC RL= ∞Ω - 1.5 2.8 mA
VCC = ±20V - - -
Power Consumption PC mW
VCC = ±15V - 50 85
Note:
1. Guaranteed by design.
3
LM741
Electrical Characteristics
( 0°C ≤TA≤70 °C VCC = ±15V, unless otherwise specified)
The following specification apply over the range of 0°C ≤ TA ≤ +70 °C for the LM741C; and the -40°C ≤ TA ≤ +85 °C
for the LM741I
LM741C/LM741I
Parameter Symbol Conditions Unit
Min. Typ. Max.
RS≤50Ω - - -
Input Offset Voltage VIO mV
RS≤10KΩ - - 7.5
Input Offset Voltage Drift ∆VIO/∆T - - - µV/ °C
Input Offset Current IIO - - - 300 nA
Input Offset Current Drift ∆IIO/∆T - - - nA/ °C
Input Bias Current IBIAS - - - 0.8 µA
Input Resistance (Note1) RI VCC = ±20V - - - MΩ
Input Voltage Range VI(R) - ±12 ±13 - V
RS≥10KΩ - - -
VCC =±20V
RS≥2KΩ - - -
Output Voltage Swing VO(P-P) V
RS≥10KΩ ±12 ±14 -
VCC =±15V
RS≥2KΩ ±10 ±13 -
Output Short Circuit Current ISC - 10 - 40 mA
RS≤10KΩ, VCM = ±12V 70 90 -
Common Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR dB
RS≤50Ω, VCM = ±12V - - -
VCC = ±20V RS≤50Ω - - -
Power Supply Rejection Ratio PSRR dB
to ±5V RS≤10KΩ 77 96 -
VCC = ±20V,
- - -
VO(P-P) = ±15V
VCC = ±15V,
Large Signal Voltage Gain GV RS≥2KΩ 15 - - V/mV
VO(P.P) = ±10V
VCC = ±15V,
- - -
VO(P-P) = ±2V
Note :
1. Guaranteed by design.
4
LM741
Figure 3. Input Bias Current vs Ambient Temperature Figure 4. Power Consumption vs Ambient Temperature
Figure 5. Input Offset Current vs Ambient Temperature Figure 6. Input Resistance vs Ambient Temperature
5
LM741
Figure 9. Frequency Characteristics vs Supply Voltage Figure 10. Output Short Circuit Current vs
Ambient Temperature
6
LM741
Figure 13. Voltage Follower Large Signal Pulse Response Figure 14. Output Swing and Input Range
vs Supply Voltage
7
LM741
Mechanical Dimensions
Package
8-DIP
)
6.40 ±0.20
0.031
0.79
0.252 ±0.008
1.524 ±0.10
0.060 ±0.004
0.018 ±0.004
0.46 ±0.10
(
#1 #8
0.362 ±0.008
MAX
9.20 ±0.20
0.378
9.60
#4 #5
0.100
2.54
5.08 3.30 ±0.30
MAX 0.130 ±0.012
0.200
7.62
0.300 3.40 ±0.20 0.33
0.134 ±0.008 0.013 MIN
+0.10
0.25 –0.05
+0.004
0.010 –0.002
0~15°
8
LM741
8-SOP
0.1~0.25
MIN
0.004~0.001
1.55 ±0.20
0.061 ±0.008
)
0.022
0.56
(
#1 #8
0.194 ±0.008
MAX
4.92 ±0.20
0.202
5.13
0.016 ±0.004
0.41 ±0.10
#4 #5
0.050
1.27
6.00 ±0.30 1.80
0.236 ±0.012 MAX
0.071
0.006 -0.002
0.15 -0.05
MAX0.004
MAX0.10
3.95 ±0.20
+0.004
+0.10
0.156 ±0.008
8°
5.72
0~
0.225
0.50 ±0.20
0.020 ±0.008
9
LM741
Ordering Information
Product Number Package Operating Temperature
LM741CN 8-DIP
0 ~ + 70°C
LM741CM 8-SOP
LM741IN 8-DIP -40 ~ + 85°C
DISCLAIMER
FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE TO ANY
PRODUCTS HEREIN TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY, FUNCTION OR DESIGN. FAIRCHILD DOES NOT ASSUME ANY
LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE APPLICATION OR USE OF ANY PRODUCT OR CIRCUIT DESCRIBED HEREIN; NEITHER
DOES IT CONVEY ANY LICENSE UNDER ITS PATENT RIGHTS, NOR THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS.
www.fairchildsemi.com
APPLICATIONS
QUICK REFERENCE DATA • Temperature measurement, sensing, control, and
VALUE compensation
PARAMETER UNIT
(per case)
DESCRIPTION
Resistance value at 25 °C 5K, 10K
These thermistors have a NTC chip soldered between two
Tolerance on R25-value ±1 %
solid copper wires. They are gray lacquered and marked
B25/85-value 3324, 3435 K with a color dot.
Tolerance on B25/85-value ±1 %
Operating temperature range at zero
MOUNTING
-55 to +125 °C Important mounting and handling instructions: see
dissipation (1)
Response time (63.2 %)
www.vishay.com/doc?29222
1.2 s
25 °C to 85 °C in oil By soldering in any position. Not intended for potted
Dissipation factor in still air 7 mW/K applications.
Maximum power dissipation at max. PACKAGING
250 mW
55 °C
The thermistors are packed in cardboard boxes, each box
Weight 0.22 g
contains 500 units.
Note
(1) Zero dissipation is considered as measurement power less than DESIGN-IN SUPPORT
1 % of max power For complete curve computation, please visit:
www.vishay.com/thermistors/ntc-curve-list/.
B T
DIMENSIONS in millimeters
PARAMETER VALUE
B max. 3.5
L1 L2
T max. 2.8
L1 max. 8
F
L2 2±1
L min. 17
F 2.54
L d 0.6 ± 0.06
ALL PRODUCT, PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS AND DATA ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE TO IMPROVE
RELIABILITY, FUNCTION OR DESIGN OR OTHERWISE.
Vishay Intertechnology, Inc., its affiliates, agents, and employees, and all persons acting on its or their behalf (collectively,
“Vishay”), disclaim any and all liability for any errors, inaccuracies or incompleteness contained in any datasheet or in any other
disclosure relating to any product.
Vishay makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of the products for any particular purpose or
the continuing production of any product. To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Vishay disclaims (i) any and all
liability arising out of the application or use of any product, (ii) any and all liability, including without limitation special,
consequential or incidental damages, and (iii) any and all implied warranties, including warranties of fitness for particular
purpose, non-infringement and merchantability.
Statements regarding the suitability of products for certain types of applications are based on Vishay's knowledge of typical
requirements that are often placed on Vishay products in generic applications. Such statements are not binding statements
about the suitability of products for a particular application. It is the customer's responsibility to validate that a particular product
with the properties described in the product specification is suitable for use in a particular application. Parameters provided in
datasheets and / or specifications may vary in different applications and performance may vary over time. All operating
parameters, including typical parameters, must be validated for each customer application by the customer's technical experts.
Product specifications do not expand or otherwise modify Vishay's terms and conditions of purchase, including but not limited
to the warranty expressed therein.
Hyperlinks included in this datasheet may direct users to third-party websites. These links are provided as a convenience and
for informational purposes only. Inclusion of these hyperlinks does not constitute an endorsement or an approval by Vishay of
any of the products, services or opinions of the corporation, organization or individual associated with the third-party website.
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Except as expressly indicated in writing, Vishay products are not designed for use in medical, life-saving, or life-sustaining
applications or for any other application in which the failure of the Vishay product could result in personal injury or death.
Customers using or selling Vishay products not expressly indicated for use in such applications do so at their own risk. Please
contact authorized Vishay personnel to obtain written terms and conditions regarding products designed for such applications.
No license, express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document or by
any conduct of Vishay. Product names and markings noted herein may be trademarks of their respective owners.
Amplifier Transistors
NPN Silicon
Features
• These are Pb−Free Devices* http://onsemi.com
COLLECTOR
1
MAXIMUM RATINGS (TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted)
Characteristic Symbol Value Unit 2
Collector −Emitter Voltage VCEO 40 Vdc BASE
A = Assembly Location
Y = Year
WW = Work Week
G = Pb−Free Package
(Note: Microdot may be in either location)
ORDERING INFORMATION
Device Package Shipping†
P2N2222AG TO−92 5000 Units/Bulk
(Pb−Free)
http://onsemi.com
2
P2N2222A
+30 V +30 V
1.0 to 100 ms, 1.0 to 100 ms, 200
200 +16 V
+16 V DUTY CYCLE ≈ 2.0% DUTY CYCLE ≈ 2.0%
0 0
1 kW -14 V 1k CS* < 10 pF
-2 V CS* < 10 pF
< 2 ns < 20 ns
1N914
1000
700
500 TJ = 125°C
hFE, DC CURRENT GAIN
300
200
25°C
100
70
-55°C
50
30 VCE = 1.0 V
20 VCE = 10 V
10
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 10 20 30 50 70 100 200 300 500 700 1.0 k
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA)
Figure 3. DC Current Gain
http://onsemi.com
3
P2N2222A
0.4
0.2
0
0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 10 20 30 50
IB, BASE CURRENT (mA)
Figure 4. Collector Saturation Region
200 500
IC/IB = 10 VCC = 30 V
300 IC/IB = 10
100 TJ = 25°C
200 t′s = ts - 1/8 tf IB1 = IB2
70 tr @ VCC = 30 V
50 TJ = 25°C
td @ VEB(off) = 2.0 V
100
td @ VEB(off) = 0
t, TIME (ns)
30
t, TIME (ns)
70
20 tf
50
30
10
7.0 20
5.0
10
3.0 7.0
2.0 5.0
5.0 7.0 10 20 30 50 70 100 200 300 500 5.0 7.0 10 20 30 50 70 100 200 300 500
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA) IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA)
10 10
RS = OPTIMUM f = 1.0 kHz
IC = 1.0 mA, RS = 150 W RS = SOURCE
8.0 RS = RESISTANCE 8.0
500 mA, RS = 200 W IC = 50 mA
NF, NOISE FIGURE (dB)
4.0 4.0
2.0 2.0
0 0
0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10 20 50 100 50 100 200 500 1.0 k 2.0 k 5.0 k 10 k 20 k 50 k 100 k
f, FREQUENCY (kHz) RS, SOURCE RESISTANCE (OHMS)
http://onsemi.com
4
P2N2222A
10 200
7.0
5.0
100
Ccb
3.0 70
2.0 50
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 10 20 30 50 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 10 20 30 50 70 100
REVERSE VOLTAGE (VOLTS) IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA)
1.0 +0.5
TJ = 25°C
VBE(sat) @ IC/IB = 10
1.0 V -0.5
0.6
VBE(on) @ VCE = 10 V -1.0
0.4
-1.5
0.2
-2.0 RqVB for VBE
VCE(sat) @ IC/IB = 10
0 -2.5
0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10 20 50 100 200 500 1.0 k 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10 20 50 100 200 500
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA) IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (mA)
http://onsemi.com
5
MECHANICAL CASE OUTLINE
PACKAGE DIMENSIONS
TO−92 (TO−226)
CASE 29−11
SCALE 1:1 ISSUE AM
DATE 09 MAR 2007
12 1
2
3 3
STRAIGHT LEAD BENT LEAD
BULK PACK TAPE & REEL
AMMO PACK
NOTES:
A B STRAIGHT LEAD 1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI
BULK PACK Y14.5M, 1982.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCH.
3. CONTOUR OF PACKAGE BEYOND DIMENSION R
R IS UNCONTROLLED.
4. LEAD DIMENSION IS UNCONTROLLED IN P AND
P BEYOND DIMENSION K MINIMUM.
L
SEATING INCHES MILLIMETERS
PLANE K DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX
A 0.175 0.205 4.45 5.20
B 0.170 0.210 4.32 5.33
C 0.125 0.165 3.18 4.19
D 0.016 0.021 0.407 0.533
X X D G 0.045 0.055 1.15 1.39
H 0.095 0.105 2.42 2.66
G J 0.015 0.020 0.39 0.50
H J K 0.500 --- 12.70 ---
L 0.250 --- 6.35 ---
V C N 0.080 0.105 2.04 2.66
P --- 0.100 --- 2.54
SECTION X−X R 0.115 --- 2.93 ---
1 N V 0.135 --- 3.43 ---
NOTES:
A B BENT LEAD
R 1. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER
TAPE & REEL ASME Y14.5M, 1994.
2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETERS.
AMMO PACK 3. CONTOUR OF PACKAGE BEYOND
DIMENSION R IS UNCONTROLLED.
4. LEAD DIMENSION IS UNCONTROLLED IN P
P AND BEYOND DIMENSION K MINIMUM.
T
MILLIMETERS
SEATING
PLANE K DIM MIN MAX
A 4.45 5.20
B 4.32 5.33
C 3.18 4.19
D 0.40 0.54
X X D G 2.40 2.80
J 0.39 0.50
G K 12.70 ---
J N 2.04 2.66
V P 1.50 4.00
C R 2.93 ---
V 3.43 ---
SECTION X−X
1 N
STYLES ON PAGE 2
STYLE 11: STYLE 12: STYLE 13: STYLE 14: STYLE 15:
PIN 1. ANODE PIN 1. MAIN TERMINAL 1 PIN 1. ANODE 1 PIN 1. EMITTER PIN 1. ANODE 1
2. CATHODE & ANODE 2. GATE 2. GATE 2. COLLECTOR 2. CATHODE
3. CATHODE 3. MAIN TERMINAL 2 3. CATHODE 2 3. BASE 3. ANODE 2
STYLE 16: STYLE 17: STYLE 18: STYLE 19: STYLE 20:
PIN 1. ANODE PIN 1. COLLECTOR PIN 1. ANODE PIN 1. GATE PIN 1. NOT CONNECTED
2. GATE 2. BASE 2. CATHODE 2. ANODE 2. CATHODE
3. CATHODE 3. EMITTER 3. NOT CONNECTED 3. CATHODE 3. ANODE
STYLE 21: STYLE 22: STYLE 23: STYLE 24: STYLE 25:
PIN 1. COLLECTOR PIN 1. SOURCE PIN 1. GATE PIN 1. EMITTER PIN 1. MT 1
2. EMITTER 2. GATE 2. SOURCE 2. COLLECTOR/ANODE 2. GATE
3. BASE 3. DRAIN 3. DRAIN 3. CATHODE 3. MT 2
STYLE 26: STYLE 27: STYLE 28: STYLE 29: STYLE 30:
PIN 1. VCC PIN 1. MT PIN 1. CATHODE PIN 1. NOT CONNECTED PIN 1. DRAIN
2. GROUND 2 2. SUBSTRATE 2. ANODE 2. ANODE 2. GATE
3. OUTPUT 3. MT 3. GATE 3. CATHODE 3. SOURCE
STYLE 31: STYLE 32: STYLE 33: STYLE 34: STYLE 35:
PIN 1. GATE PIN 1. BASE PIN 1. RETURN PIN 1. INPUT PIN 1. GATE
2. DRAIN 2. COLLECTOR 2. INPUT 2. GROUND 2. COLLECTOR
3. SOURCE 3. EMITTER 3. OUTPUT 3. LOGIC 3. EMITTER
PAGE 3 OF 3
ON Semiconductor and are registered trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC (SCILLC). SCILLC reserves the right to make changes without further notice
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◊
Universidad de San Carlos
Facultad de Ingeniería
Escuela Mecánica Eléctrica
Laboratorio de Instrumentación Eléctrica
Sección : L2
Profesor: Otto Andrino
Fecha: 06/12/2022
Integrantes
Marcos Alexander saquil Gómez , 201701088
Yancarlo Emanuel Álvarez Sequic , 201709458
José Andrés López Figueroa , 201906131
Wilmer David Xicay Chile , 201907056
Emma Alejandra Pérez Díaz , 202000443
INTRODUCCIÓN
El amplificador operacional es uno de los dispositivos electrónicos más utilizados
en diferentes áreas de electrónica y las industrias ya que al tener una impedancia
alta en la entrada y una baja en la salida, permite hacer cambios a las señales de
entrada en magnitud por ejemplo en una alta ganancia. Los amplificadores tienen
diferentes modos de operación donde se resaltan en la práctica el modo inversor,
no inversor y diferencial, donde cada modo tiene diversos usos y características
Objetivos Generales
Objetivos Específicos
4. Medir el offset de salida para un circuito amplificador operacional con dos y tres
resistencias externas luego de hacer variaciones ascendentes a una de las mismas.
Fuente:http://www.electronicworld.com.mx/electronica/amplificadores-operacionales-configuraciones/
Fuente :http://www.electronicworld.com.mx/electronica/amplificadores-operacionales-configuraciones/
Fuente:http://www.electronicworld.com.mx/electronica/amplificadores-operacionales-configuraciones/
Puesto que la corriente que transita entre las terminales es muy pequeña, se puede
considerar que la terminal inversora tendrá el voltaje que se encuentra en la terminal
no inversora. Se puede observar que se comporta como un divisor de tensión que
alimenta a dicha terminal inversora; entonces el voltaje de salida produce una
aparente caída de tensión, la cual tendrá el valor de la fuente de voltaje que se
encuentra en la terminal no inversora.
Si se analiza el sentido de las corrientes, y se determinan los nodos del circuito,
para lo cual hallamos la relación de voltajes. La corriente que viene desde la terminal
de salida atraviesa la resistencia de referencia hasta llegar a la terminal inversora,
donde existirá un voltaje proporcionado por la fuente de tensión que entra al
amplificador.
Fuente:http://www.electronicworld.com.mx/electronica/amplificadores-operacionales-configuraciones/
Voltaje Offset
Ganancia
Circuito 1.1
2.Se realizó el cálculo teórico para el offset de entrada y salida utilizando el circuito
dado en multisim con los valores de resistencias Ri= 50 KΩ y Rf= 50 KΩ.
3.Se midió el offset de entrada y salida en multisim con los valores de resistencia
anteriores y se compararon los valores medidos y los valores teóricos obtenidos. y
se determinó el porcentaje de error.
4.Se realizó una tabla en Excel con las variables Ri, Rf y offset. Donde Ri es
constante con un valor del 50%; y Rf tiene variaciones de 10 % cada una hasta
llegar al 100% que son 100 KΩ. Para cada variación se midió el offset de salida y
se guardaron los valores correspondientes en la Tabla 1.1.1
a. Se gráfico
5.Se realizó una tabla en Excel con las variables Ri, Rf y offset. Donde Rf es
constante con un valor del 50%; y Ri tiene variaciones de 10 % cada una hasta
llegar al 100% que son 100 KΩ. Para cada variación se midió el offset de salida y
se guardaron los valores correspondientes en la Tabla 1.1.2
b. Se gráfico
Circuito 1.2
2.Se realizó el cálculo teórico para el offset de entrada y salida utilizando el circuito
dado en multisim con los valores de resistencias Ri= 50 KΩ, Rf= 50 KΩ, Ri´= 50 KΩ.
3.Se midió el offset de entrada y salida en multisim con los valores de resistencia
anteriores.
5.Se realizó una tabla en Excel con las variables Ri, Rf, Ri´ y offset. Donde Rf y Ri´
es constante con un valor del 50%; y Ri tiene variaciones de 10 % cada una hasta
llegar al 100% que son 100 KΩ. Para cada variación se midió el offset de salida y
se guardaron los valores correspondientes en la Tabla 1.2.1
a. Se gráfico
6.Se realizó una tabla en Excel con las variables Ri, Rf, Ri´ y offset. Donde Ri y Ri´
es constante con un valor del 50%; y Rf tiene variaciones de 10 % cada una hasta
llegar al 100% que son 100 KΩ. Para cada variación se midió el offset de salida y
se guardaron los valores correspondientes en la Tabla 2.2
b. Se gráfico
7.Se realizó una tabla en Excel con las variables Ri, Rf, Ri´ y offset. Donde Ri y Rf
es constante con un valor del 50%; y Ri´ tiene variaciones de 10 % cada una hasta
llegar al 100% que son 100 KΩ. Para cada variación se midió el offset de salida y
se guardaron los valores correspondientes en la Tabla 2.6
c. Se gráfico
Circuito 1.3
Se armó el circuito en el software Multisim, con el objetivo de analizar el offset en
un circuito de amplificador operacional, esto teniendo en cuenta dos resistencias
externas.
1.Se encontró la expresión que define el voltaje de salida en función de las variables
V1, V2, Ri y Rf.
2.Se calcularon: el voltaje offset de salida, la ganancia diferencial, voltaje de salida
de la entrada no inversora, la ganancia debido a la entrada no inversora, el voltaje
de salida debido a la entrada inversora ,la ganancia debido a la entrada inversora,
el voltaje de salida de la combinación de ambas entradas.Se compararon las
ganancias obtenidas para ambas entradas.
3.Se realizó una tabla de Excel con todas las variables calculadas en el inciso
anterior, se midió el valor de las mismas en multisim.
2.Halle la expresión que define el voltaje de salida en función de las variables V1,
V2, Ri, Rf, R´i, y R´f.
4.Se realizó una tabla de Excel con todas las variables calculadas en el inciso
anterior, mida el valor de las mismas en Multisim.
Circuito 1.1
Se realizó el cálculo teórico del offset de entrada y salida con los valores de
resistencia Ri=50 KΩ y Rf=50 KΩ.
(1)
Se observa que Vb = 0 , pero esto no sucede ya que este amplificador no es ideal,
así que Vb se denominara como el voltaje de entrada offset ya que es constante.
(2)
Tomando sumatoria de corriente en Va y analizando el circuito se obtiene lo
siguiente:
(3)
El voltaje Offset de entrada Vi está dado por el fabricante, este dato se encuentra
en el Datasheet del OP LM741 NC al final del documento. Para este caso se usará
como ejemplo el fabricante de Texas Instruments. Como se puede observar el
Datasheet del OP AMP anterior, el voltaje de entrada offset es de 1mV. Ahora bien
sustituyendo los valores se obtiene:
Tabla 1.1: Valores teóricos de voltajes offset de entrada y salida
Con los mismos datos del ejercicio anterior, se midió el offset de entrada y salida
del circuito propuesto en Multisim.
Vi[µv] Vo[mv]
999.98 7.093
Fuente: Elaboración Propia, 2022
Tabla 1.3: Comparación entre los valores experimentales y teóricos offset de
entrada y salida
Vi [mV] Vo [mV]
El voltaje Offset de entrada Vi está dado por el fabricante, este dato se encuentra
en el Datasheet del OP LM741 NC. Para este caso se usará como ejemplo el
fabricante de Texas Instruments. Como se puede observar el Datasheet del OP
AMP anterior, el voltaje de entrada offset es de 1mV. Sustituyendo los valores
obtenemos como resultado.
Tabla 2.1: Valores teóricos de voltajes offset de entrada y salida.
Con los mismos datos del ejercicio anterior, se midió el offset de entrada y salida
del circuito propuesto en Multisim.
Vi[µv] Vo[mv]
999.98 7.093
Fuente: Elaboración Propia, 2022
Tabla 2.3. Comparación entre los valores experimentales y teóricos offset de
entrada y salida.
Vi [mV] Vo [mV]
Dato teórico 1 2
.
Fuente: Elaboración propia en Multisim, 2022.
Cálculo de voltaje y ganancia del circuito.
Se tomó como referencia las siguientes ecuaciones de voltaje en la terminal
inversora y no inversora.
+𝑉 = −𝑉 = 𝑉1
Dado que la corriente en las entradas inversora y no inversora con igual a cero se
tiene que:
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 0
Aplicando ley de Ohm se tienen las expresiones de corriente
(𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )/𝑅𝑖 = (𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑜 )/𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 3𝑚𝑉
𝐴𝑑 = = = 3/5
𝑉𝑖 5𝑚𝑉
𝑉1 = 0
−𝑅𝑓 −15𝑘𝛺
𝑉0 = 𝑉 = (3𝑚𝑉) = 𝑉0 = −3𝑚𝑉
𝑅𝑖 2 15𝑘𝛺
𝑅𝑓 15𝑘𝛺
𝐴 = = 𝐴= 1
𝑅𝑖 15𝑘𝛺
Cálculo de voltaje de salida
15𝑘𝛺
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉1 − (5𝑚𝑉 − 3𝑚𝑉) 𝑉0 = 3𝑚𝑉
15𝑘𝛺
COMPARACIÓN DE VOLTAJES
En donde:
● Offset IN = Voltaje offset en la entrada.
● Offset OUT = Voltaje offset en la salida.
● OUT (no inve) = Voltaje de salida debido a la terminal no inversora.
● OUT (inver) = Voltaje de salida debido a la terminal inversora.
● Voltaje 2 IN= Voltaje de salida respecto a las 2 entradas.
Calculo de error
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 − 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑒ó𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜
%𝐸 = ( ) ∗ 100%
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑒ó𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜
Para el voltaje Offset IN:
181.284 𝑚𝑉 − 200 𝑚𝑉
%𝐸 = ( ) ∗ 100%
181.284 𝑚𝑉
%𝐸 = 10.32%
Tabla: Comparación de resultados teóricos y experimentales, se presentan los
porcentajes de error en cada medición realizada.
MEDICIÓN %ERROR
Offset IN 10.32
Voltaje 2 IN 3.04
Fuente: Elaboración propia, 2022.
Circuito 1.4
Se hallo la expresión que define el voltaje de salida en función de las variables V1,
V2, Ri, Rf, R´i, y R´f.
Cálculo del voltaje offset de salida
R//Se puede observar que ambas gráficas tienen la misma frecuencia ya que
tienen la misma fase.
Siguiente inciso:Dado a que no es infinitesimalmente pequeño, ambos estan
presentes en la salida del amplificador operacional, esto por consiguiente, aumenta
la señal diferencial deseada.
Realizando la tabla en Excel:
Para el Circuito 1.1 como se puede observar en la Tabla 1.3 el porcentaje de error
en el voltaje de entrada del dato experimental con relación al teórico no varía mucho
solo un 0.1% , sin embargo en el voltaje de salida obtuvimos un 71.80% por lo que
este si varía su dato experimental en multisim respecto a su dato teórico.
Demostrando que existe un voltaje offset en el Amplificador Operacional, esto puede
ser debido a la diferencia interna de distintos componentes electrónicos en el
amplificador.
Para el circuito 1.2 se compararon los valores medidos y los valores teóricos
obtenidos. Dichos resultados no variaron respecto a los del circuito 1 a pesar de
tener tres resistencias externas en este mismo. Su porcentaje de error en el offset
de salida se mantuvo de 71.80% y en el de entrada de 0.10%. Esto sucede ya que
el valor teórico no se asemeja al valor real lo cual ocasiona que exista una gran
diferencia entre valores. Se observa que este porcentaje de error depende mucho
del tipo de amplificador operacional que se utilice, ya que cada amplificador posee
su propio voltaje de offset.
Se realizó la Tabla 2.4 con las variables Ri, R’i, Rf y offset. Dejando constante Rf y
R´i con un valor de 50%, a Ri se le hizo variaciones de 10% hasta llegar al 100%
hasta llegar a 100 kΩ. Donde el offset fue disminuyendo exponencialmente. En los
resultados obtenidos con cada variación aplicada a Ri. En la Gráfica 2.1 se puede
observar que el voltaje offset de salida del amplificador operacional disminuye de
una manera exponencial, está variación se debe a que cuando se cambian los
valores de Ri, se tiene un divisor de voltaje con la resistencia Rf, y este divisor es
el que hace variar la salida del amplificador operacional, haciendo que las
variaciones disminuyen a valores de Ri, de otra forma se puede decir que al
aumentar el valor de Ri el valor del offset disminuirá, lo cual ocasiona un
comportamiento exponencial.
Se realizó la Tabla 2.4 con las variables Ri, R’i, Rf y offset. Dejando constante Ri y
R’i con un valor de 50%, a Rf se le hizo variaciones de 10% hasta llegar al 100%
hasta llegar a 100 kΩ. Así mismo se midió el offset de salida . En los resultados
obtenidos con cada variación aplicada a Rf como se puede observar en la Gráfica
2.2 el voltaje offset de salida del amplificador operacional es directamente
proporcional, ya que el voltaje de salida es dependiente al valor de la resistencia de
la resistencia de retroalimentación.
Se realizó la Tabla 2.5 con las variables Ri, R’i, Rf y offset. Se dejaron constantes
los valores Ri y Rf con un valor de 50%, a R’i se le hicieron variaciones de 10%
hasta llegar al 100% hasta llegar a 100 kΩ. Así mismo se midió el offset de salida.
Como se puede observar en la Gráfica 2.3 el voltaje offset de salida permanece
constante a 7.09 mV, esto sucede porque la resistencia R’i no influye al aumentar
o disminuir la resistencia. Esto quiere decir que la R´i no influye en el offset de salida
del circuito, al R´i no influir en el circuito 2 tendríamos una respuesta igual a la del
circuito 1.La utilidad de este circuito sería el mismo que el del circuito 1 al no influir
R´i
Para el circuito 1.4 Se puede analizar que todos los valores teóricos para este circuito
se pueden calcular con solamente dos resistencias, aunque los efectos de la
compensación no se elimina por completo, se puede minimizar en gran medida
debido a la colocación de resistencias adicionales a las entradas del amplificador
operacional, lo que indica que se puede controlar mejores los efectos no deseados
de los valores de voltaje.
Algunos pequeños errores entre valores puede deberse a que el simulador no utiliza
la precisión adecuada para representar la dificultad o imprecisión del entorno
simulado en comparación con el entorno físico. Gracias a ello se puede obtener la
necesidad anterior con emparejar las ganancias.
CONCLUSIONES
1. El valor del voltaje offset del amplificador operacional tiene un valor diferente
con el valor que indica el fabricante esto puede ser ya que en condiciones
normales el amplificador operacional no es ideal y tiene varias pérdidas que
no son consideradas al momento de realizar el cálculo teórico.
4. Al realizar un análisis de circuito din para calcular los voltajes de los polos del
amplificador, se concluye que la resistencia Ri en sí es inversamente
proporcional, está directamente relacionado con la resistencia Rf.
¿Qué es Offset?
1FEATURES DESCRIPTION
•
2 Overload Protection on the Input and Output The LM741 series are general purpose operational
amplifiers which feature improved performance over
• No Latch-Up When the Common Mode Range industry standards like the LM709. They are direct,
is Exceeded plug-in replacements for the 709C, LM201, MC1439
and 748 in most applications.
The amplifiers offer many features which make their
application nearly foolproof: overload protection on
the input and output, no latch-up when the common
mode range is exceeded, as well as freedom from
oscillations.
The LM741C is identical to the LM741/LM741A
except that the LM741C has their performance
ensured over a 0°C to +70°C temperature range,
instead of −55°C to +125°C.
Connection Diagrams
LM741H is available per JM38510/10101
Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.
2 All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Copyright © 1998–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Products conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas
Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not
necessarily include testing of all parameters.
LM741
SNOSC25C – MAY 1998 – REVISED MARCH 2013 www.ti.com
Typical Application
These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam
during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates.
(1) “Absolute Maximum Ratings” indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for
which the device is functional, but do not ensure specific performance limits.
(2) For military specifications see RETS741X for LM741 and RETS741AX for LM741A.
(3) If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the TI Sales Office/Distributors for availability and specifications.
(4) For operation at elevated temperatures, these devices must be derated based on thermal resistance, and Tj max. (listed under “Absolute
Maximum Ratings”). Tj = TA + (θjA PD).
(5) For supply voltages less than ±15V, the absolute maximum input voltage is equal to the supply voltage.
(6) Human body model, 1.5 kΩ in series with 100 pF.
(1) Unless otherwise specified, these specifications apply for VS = ±15V, −55°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C (LM741/LM741A). For the LM741C/LM741E,
these specifications are limited to 0°C ≤ TA ≤ +70°C.
2 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 1998–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Thermal Resistance CDIP (NAB0008A) PDIP (P0008E) TO-99 (LMC0008C) SO-8 (M)
θjA (Junction to Ambient) 100°C/W 100°C/W 170°C/W 195°C/W
θjC (Junction to Case) N/A N/A 25°C/W N/A
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
REVISION HISTORY
www.ti.com 11-Apr-2013
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device Status Package Type Package Pins Package Eco Plan Lead/Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp Op Temp (°C) Top-Side Markings Samples
(1) Drawing Qty (2) (3) (4)
LM741CH/NOPB ACTIVE TO-99 LMC 8 500 Green (RoHS POST-PLATE Level-1-NA-UNLIM 0 to 70 LM741CH
& no Sb/Br)
LM741CN ACTIVE PDIP P 8 40 TBD Call TI Call TI 0 to 70 LM
741CN
LM741CN/NOPB ACTIVE PDIP P 8 40 Green (RoHS SN Level-1-NA-UNLIM 0 to 70 LM
& no Sb/Br) 741CN
LM741H ACTIVE TO-99 LMC 8 500 TBD Call TI Call TI -55 to 125 LM741H
LM741H/NOPB ACTIVE TO-99 LMC 8 500 Green (RoHS POST-PLATE Level-1-NA-UNLIM -55 to 125 LM741H
& no Sb/Br)
LM741J ACTIVE CDIP NAB 8 40 TBD Call TI Call TI -55 to 125 LM741J
U5B7741312 ACTIVE TO-99 LMC 8 500 TBD Call TI Call TI -55 to 125 LM741H
(1)
The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2)
Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS), Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt), or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please check http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability
information and additional product content details.
TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined.
Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements for all 6 substances, including the requirement that
lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes.
Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt): This component has a RoHS exemption for either 1) lead-based flip-chip solder bumps used between the die and package, or 2) lead-based die adhesive used between
the die and leadframe. The component is otherwise considered Pb-Free (RoHS compatible) as defined above.
Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight
in homogeneous material)
Addendum-Page 1
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com 11-Apr-2013
(3)
MSL, Peak Temp. -- The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature.
(4)
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Addendum-Page 2
MECHANICAL DATA
NAB0008A
J08A (Rev M)
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