Trigonometric Identities

Negative Angle Identity Addition and Subtraction Identity

sin −θ = − sin θ
cos −θ = cos θ sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
tan −θ = − tan θ sin (x − y) = sin x cos y − cos x sin y
cot −θ = − cot θ cos (x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y
csc −θ = − csc θ cos (x − y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
sec −θ = sec θ cos (x − y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
tan x + tan y
tan (x + y) =
Quotient Identity 1 − tan x tan y
1 tan x − tan y
sin θ = tan (x − y) =
csc θ 1 − tan x tan y
1
cos θ =
sec θ
1
sec θ = Half-Angle Identity
cos θ
1
csc θ =
sin θ   r
1 sin θ θ 1 − cos θ
tan θ = = sin =±
cot θ cos θ 2 2
r
1 cos θ
 
cot θ = = θ 1 + cos θ
tan θ sin θ cos =±
2 2
  r
θ 1 − cosθ
Pythagorean Identity tan =±
2 1 + cos θ
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ
cot2 θ + 1 = csc2 θ
Co-function Identities

Double-Angle Identity 
π

sin θ = cos −θ
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ 2
cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ
 
π
sec θ = csc −θ
= 2 cos2 θ − 1 2
 
= 1 − 2 sin2 θ π
tan θ = cot −θ
2 tan θ 2
tan 2θ =
1 − tan2 θ

1
Supplement Angle Identities

sin (π − θ) = sin θ
sec (π − θ) = − cos θ
tan (π − θ) = − tan θ
csc (π − θ) = csc θ
sec (π − θ) = − sec θ
cot (π − θ) = − cot θ

sin (π + θ) = − sin θ
sec (π + θ) = − cos θ
tan (π + θ) = tan θ
csc (π + θ) = − csc θ
sec (π + θ) = − sec θ
cot (π + θ) = cot θ

Product Identities
 
1
sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A − B)
2
 
1
cos A sin B = sin (A + B) − sin (A − B)
2
 
1
cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A − B)
2
 
1
sin A sin B = cos (A − B) − cos (A + B)
2

Sum Identities
   
A+B A−B
sin A + sin B = 2 sin cos
2 2
   
A+B A−B
sin A − sin B = 2 cos sin
2 2
   
A+B A−B
cos A + cos B = 2 cos cos
2 2
   
A+B A−B
cos A − cos B = −2 sin sin
2 2