Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Autores:i Néstor Tovío L.1; Arturo Duica A.2; Henry Grajales L.3
1, 2, 3
Grupo de Investigación en Biología de la Adaptación de los Animales al Trópico, Facultad de
1, 2
Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Bogotá.
Zootecnista, MSc., Médico Veterinario, MSc. Investigadores vinculados Departamento de Ciencias
para la Producción Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional
3
de Colombia sede Bogotá. Zootecnista, MSc., PhD. Profesor Asociado DCPA, FMVZ, UNAL sede
Bogotá.
*Correspondencia: nitoviol@unal.edu.co
INTRODUCCIÓN
DESARROLLO EMBRIONARIO
Durante los primeros estadios de división celular desde una célula hasta el
blastocisto temprano alrededor del día 7 - 8, el embrión se encuentra encerrado en
la llamada zona pelúcida, donde sus requerimiento para mantenimiento se basan en
el piruvato y oxalacetato. En estas primeras etapas antes de la fertilización, se ha
evidenciado la presencia de factores de crecimiento (FC) como el transformador alfa
(TGF-α), el transformador beta (TGF-β) y el derivado de plaquetas (PDGF), lo cual
sugiere que están involucrados en el proceso de desarrollo temprano del ovocito.
Como la síntesis epiteliar de Muc–1 está regulada por la P4, la perdida de receptores
nucleares para esta hormona en el epitelio uterino (día 8 – 10) reduciría la
producción de Muc–1 y se abriría un estado receptivo para la adhesión del embrión.
Para el día 10 se reduce la producción de la P4, lo que conlleva igualmente a la
reducción de la concentración de Muc-1. Esta reducción permite la interacción y
contacto entre factores adhesivos como las integrinas y sus receptores, acercando el
embrión a la superficie uterina y formando un tipo de placentación epiteliocorial.
Figura 3. Cambios en el desarrollo del blastocisto después de la fertilización en relación con la posición en el aparato reproductor femenino y los
niveles circulantes de hormonas esteroides ováricas (modelo ovino). El estadío embrionario de mórula en el útero ocurre, entre los días 4-5. El
Blastocisto eclosiona de la zona pelúcida (ZP) hacia el día 8, y hacia el día 11 sufre elongación. Entre los días 12 y 16 se inicia la implantación
embrionria, completándose una adhesión firme hacia el día 16 – 17 (Adaptado de Spencer et al., 2007).
El IFN-τ se clasifica como una proteína ácida con peso molecular de 19 kDa y
cuenta con 172 aminoácidos. Es el primer interferón clasificado en la familia tipo I
cuyas propiedades no solamente son antivíricas y es expresado por una familia de
genes que está restringida a especies de rumiantes como vacas, ovejas y cabras.
- Señal luteotrópica
El IFN-τ producido por las células mononucleares del trofoblasto embrionario, actúa
de forma parácrina ligándose a sus receptores en las células endometriales, lo que
desencadena el bloqueo de la expresión de ARNm que codifica para la expresión del
gen de receptores alfa de E2 (RE) y la expresión del gen para ROT, impidiendo de
esta forma el desencadenamiento del mecanismo endometrial luteolítico. Sin
embargo el interferón no inhibe la producción basal de la PGF2 .
α
Figura 5. Ilustración sobre el Reconocimiento Materno de la Preñez en la Vaca (Tomado de Senger 2003).
conceptus el cual debe cubrir una adecuada cantidad de puntos de cuerno uterino
para comenzar a generar la síntesis de IFN-τ. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior se ha
evidenciado que el conceptus bovino varía de tamaño que va de 15 a 250 mm. para
el día 17, con lo cual se resalta la importancia del desarrollo embrionario que es
regulado en gran parte por interacciones guiadas por la P4.
- Señal luteolítica
reconoce su preñez.
Hacia los días 10 y 15 del ciclo estral, cuando comienza a disminuir el número de
receptores de P4 en el útero (modulación baja), comienzan a aumentar los RE
endometriales los cuales inducen la expresión de ROT. Los E2 provienen de los
folículos en crecimiento y estimulan el aumento de sus receptores alfa. La OT
proviene de las células luteales grandes; igualmente es producida en el hipotálamo y
almacenada en la neurohipófisis.
El proceso apoptotico parece estar mediado por el ARNm para FAS y FalsL, a través
de la activación de la caspasa-3. El receptor de FasL es un dimero protéico con un
solo segmento transmembranal que en su porción intracitoplasmática tiene un
dominio de unión de muerte celular, al cual se une la proteína FADD, que a la vez
tiene un dominio efector de muerte, que es el sitio de unión de la procaspasa – 8
para formar el complejo señalizador para la inducción de muerte. Las procaspasas –
8 reclutadas, se clivan para activarse en caspasa – 8.
Comentario final
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