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Problema 1.5
In a strictly steady state situation, both the ions and the electrons will
follow the Boltzmann relation
1
Considerando la región donde eϕ ≪ KTj , podemos expandir los exponenciales en
serie de Taylor
"( 2 ) ( 2 )#
n 0 e eϕ 1 eϕ eϕ 1 eϕ
∇2 ϕ = 1+ + + ... − 1 − + − ...
ϵ0 KTe 2! KTe KTi 2! KTi
n0 e eϕ eϕ
≃ +
ϵ0 KTe KTi
n0 e 2
1 1
= + ϕ (4)
ϵ0 KTe KTi
ϕ = ϕ0 e−x/λD
d2 ϕ d2 1 1
∇ ϕ = 2 = 2 (ϕ0 e−x/λD ) = 2 ϕ0 e−x/λD = 2 ϕ
2
dx dx λD λD
ne2
−2 1
λD ≃
ϵ0 KTi
ne2
−2 1
λD ≃
ϵ0 KTe
2
Problema 1.10
A spherical conductor of radius a is immersed in a uniform plasma and
charged to a potential ϕ0 . The electrons remain Maxwellian and move to
form a Debye shield, but the ions are stationary during the time frame of the
experiment. Assuming ϕ/KTe ≪ 1/e, derive an expression for the potential
as a function of r in terms of a, ϕ0 , and λD . (Hint: Assume a solution of the
form e−kr /r.)
n0 e 2
2 n0 e eϕ 1
∇ ϕ≃ 1+ −1 = ϕ= 2 ϕ
ϵ0 KTe ϵ0 KTe λD
e−r/λD
ϕ=A (5)
r
Evaluado en el radio a donde el conductor se encuentra a un potencial ϕ0
e−a/λD
ϕ|r=a = A = ϕ0
a
Despejando A
A = aϕ0 ea/λD
Por lo tanto, reemplazando A en (5), la expresión para el potencial en función de r
en términos de a, ϕ0 y λD quedaría
−r/λD
a/λD e a
ϕ(r) = aϕ0 e = ϕ0 e(a−r)/λD
r r
3
Problema 2.5
Suppose electrons obey the Boltzmann relation of Problem 1.5 in a cylin-
drically symmetric plasma column in which n(r) varies with a scale length
λ; that is, ∂n/∂r ≃ −n/λ. Hint: Do not use Poisson’s equation.
⃗ = −∇ϕ, find the radial electric field for given λ.
(a) Using E
n = n0 eeϕ/KTe
n
eeϕ/KTe = /ln
n0
eϕ n
= ln
KTe n0
KTe n
ϕ= ln
e n0
Dado que ∂n/∂r ≃ −n/λ, el campo eléctrico radial para un λ dado será
⃗ = − KTe − n r̂ = KTe r̂
E (6)
en λ eλ
4
(b) For electrons, show that finite Larmor radius effects are large if vE is as
large as vth . Specifically, show that rL = 2λ if vE = vth .
Sí, pues los iones también siguen la relación de Boltzmann y el radio de Larmor es
el mismo que para los electrones.
5
Problema 2.8
Suppose the earth’s magnetic field is 3 × 10−5 T at the equator and falls off
as 1/r3 , as for a perfect dipole. Let there be an isotropic population of 1-eV
protons and 30-keV electrons, each with density n = 107 m−3 at r = 5 earth
radii in the equatorial plane. (Note: The curvature drift is not negligible
and will affect the numerical answer, but neglect it anyway.)
1 ⃗ × ∇B
B
⃗v∇B = ± v⊥ rL (13)
2 B2
⃗ Reemplanzando (7) en (13)
donde B = |B|.
1 mv⊥ B⃗ × ∇B mv⊥2 ⃗
B × ∇B Ec ⃗
⃗v∇B = ± v⊥ 2
= 3
= B × ∇B (14)
2 |q|B B 2q B qB 3
3Ec B 2
Ec 3B 3Ec
⃗v∇B = 3
B θ̂ × (−r̂) = 3
(−ϕ̂) = − ϕ̂ (17)
qB r qrB qrB
Por otro lado, en el plano ecuatorial de la Tierra se tiene que el campo magnético
es BT = 3 × 10−5 T. A partir de la ecuación (15) se tiene que
B0
B(r = RT ) = BT = ⇒ B0 = BT RT3
RT3
B0 BT RT3 BT
B(r = 5RT ) = B = = 3
=
(5RT )3 53 RT 53
6
reemplazando en (17), con r = 5RT ,
3Ec 53 3Ec 52
⃗v∇B = − ϕ̂ = − ϕ̂
q5RT BT qRT BT
1, 6 × 10−19 J 1 Cm2
1 eV −1
⃗v∇B,i = −0,39 × ϕ̂[mT] = −0,39 × ϕ̂ = 0,39(−ϕ̂) m/s
1e 1, 6 × 10−19 C m Js
30 × 103 eV
⃗v∇B,e = −0,39 × ϕ̂ = 1,17 × 104 ϕ̂ m/s
−e
La densidad de corriente es
⃗j = ρV⃗ = nq⃗v∇B = n(qi⃗v∇B,i + qe⃗v∇B,e )
= n(e⃗v∇B,i − e⃗v∇B,e )
= ne(⃗v∇B,i − ⃗v∇B,e )
= 107 m−3 × 1,6 × 10−19 C(−0,39 − 1,17 × 104 )ϕ̂ m/s
= −1, 87 × 10−8 ϕ̂ C/sm2
= 1, 87 × 10−8 (−ϕ̂) A/m2
7
Problema 2.11
A plasma with an isotropic velocity distribution is placed in a magnetic
mirror trap with mirror ratio Rm = 4. There are no collisions, so the particles
in the loss cone simply escape, and the rest remain trapped. What fraction
is trapped?
Ωhemisf erio = 2π
Luego, si Rm = 4,
1 1
sin2 θm = ⇒ sin θm =
4 2
Por lo tanto,
1 π
θm = arcsin =
2 6
Reeemplazando θm en (18)
π √
3
cos θm = cos = ≈ 0,866
6 2
8
Problema 2.20
Suppose the magnetic field along the axis of a magnetic mirror is given by
Bz = B0 (1 + α2 z 2 ).
El momento magnético es
2
mv⊥
µ=
2B
Por conservación del momento magnético
2 2 2
mv⊥ mv⊥z v⊥z
= ⇒ Bz = B0 2
(19)
2B0 2Bz v⊥
Reemplazando en (19)
v2 3
Bz = B0 2 2 = B0
3
v 2
Reemplazando Bz
3
B0 (1 + α2 z 2 ) = B0
2
3
1 + α2 z 2 =
2
3
α2 z 2 = − 1
2
1
α2 z 2 =
2
1
z2 = 2
2α
r
1
z=
2α2
1
z = ±√
2α (20)
9
(b) Write the equation of motion of the guiding center for the direction
parallel to the field.
−2µB0 α2 z = mz̈
mz̈ + 2µB0 α2 z = 0
2µB0 α2
z̈ + z=0 (22)
m
(c) Show that the motion is sinusoidal, and calculate its frequency.
z̈ + ω 2 z = 0
z(t = 0) =
Asin
0 + B cos 0 = 0 ⇒ B=0
luego,
z = A sin ωt (23)
Por lo que se muestra que es un movimiento sinusoidal. Calculando la frecuencia,
r s
2µB0 α 2 2
2B0 mv⊥0
q q √
2 2
ω= =α = α v⊥0 = α 2v∥0 = 2αv∥0 (24)
m m 2B0
10
(d) Calculate the longitudinal invariant J corresponding to this motion.
donde a y b son los dos extremos donde se reflejan los electrones, obtenidos en la
ecuación (20). Luego,
Z + √1
2α
J= v∥ dz (25)
− √1
2α
v∥ = ż = Aω cos ωt (26)
v∥ (t = 0) = Aω cos 0
v∥0 = Aω
v∥0 v∥0 1
A= =√ =√ (27)
ω 2αv∥0 2α
√
Solucionamos
p aaplicando sustitución trigonométrica, donde de la forma a − bx2 se
tiene que x = b sin u, así
r
1 sin u cos u
z= 2
sin u = √ ⇒ dz = √ du (29)
2α 2α 2α
11
Para calcular los límites de la integral,
sin u √
z=√ ⇒ u = arcsin( 2αz)
2α
√
Para z = −1/ 2α
√
−1 π
u = arcsin 2α √ = arcsin(−1) = − (30)
2α 2
√
Mientras que para z = 1/ 2α
√
1 π
u = arcsin 2α √ = arcsin(1) = (31)
2α 2
Z +π
v∥0 2
=√ cos2 udu
2α − 2 π
Z +π
v∥0 2 1 + cos 2u
=√ du
2α − π2 2
Z +π Z +π !
v∥0 2 2
= √ 1du + cos
2udu
2 2α −2π π
−2
v∥0 π
= √
2 2α
12