Artículo/ Article

CALIDAD DEL AIRE EN EL SECTOR TERMINAL TERRESTE (Avenidas España y

Madrid) DE LA CIUDAD CUENCA - ECUADOR.

AIR QUALITY IN THE BUS STATION (España y Madrid Avenues) OF

CUENCA - ECUADOR

Carlos Adrián Azuero, Ana Gabriela Cando, Carla Gabriela Escandón, Anderson
Fidel ZHINGRI1

Chemical Physics. Environmental Engineering. Universidad Politécnica Salesiana

del Ecuador. Calle Vieja and Elia Liut street, Cuenca - Ecuador. *Email:
azhingrit@est.ups.edu.ec.

1
Environmental Engineering. Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.
Universidad Politécnica Salesiana del Ecuador. Calle Vieja y Elia Liut street.

Palabras Clave: Monitoreo, Gases, límites permitidos, OMS, NCAA, Ley de Dalton,
termodinámica, Entropía.
RESUMEN
En el presente documento se analizó una tabla de presentada por la EMOV EP, donde presenta
los contaminantes detectados en las diferentes estaciones de monitoreo, el interés de este
documento es presentar los gases contaminantes en el sector Terminal Terrestre (TET), donde
se da a conocer la composición y las fuentes emisoras de los gases Ozono, Dióxido de
Nitrógeno, Dióxido de Azufre y también las partículas suspendidas. Luego se considera las
tablas donde se encuentra los registros desde el año 2008 hasta el 2016 para compararlo con los
límites permitidos de la Organización mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la Norma de calidad de
Aire Ambiente (NCAA). Por otro lado se hace un análisis de gases obedeciendo a la ley de
Boyle la misma que se define como: a temperatura constante el volumen será constante y la
Ley de Dalton que se define como: la presión total es la suma de las presiones parciales de
todos los gases presentes. Aplicando la Ley de Dalton se obtuvo un volumen de gases presentes
en la zona de estudio, por otro lado, aplicando los conceptos de la termodinámica, se calculó el
Trabajo (W) que dio como resultado un trabajo de expiación, así mismo, la contaminación
térmica es perjudicial para el medio ambiente, causada por variación de temperatura que existen
en esa zona.

Key Words: Monitoring, Gases, limits allowed, OMS, NCAA, Dalton law, thermodynamics,
Entropy.
 ABSTRAC
A table presented by the EMOV EP was analyzed, where it presents the pollutants detected in
the different monitoring stations, the interest of this document is to present the polluting gases
in the bus station (TET) , where the composition and the emission sources of Ozone, Nitrogen
Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and also suspended particles. Then we consider the tables where the
registers are from 2008 to 2016 to compare them with the permitted limits of the World Health
Organization (OMS) and the Ambient Air Quality Standard (NCAA). On the other hand, a gas
analysis is done obeying the Boyle law which is defined as: at constant temperature the volume
will be constant and Dalton's law is defined as: the total pressure is the sum of the partial
pressures of all the gases present. Applying Dalton's law, a volume of gases present in the study
area was obtained. On the other hand, applying the concepts of thermodynamics, Work (W)
was calculated, which resulted in an expansion work, and thermal pollution is harmful to the
environment, caused by temperature variation. In the same way, Entropy indicates more or less
molecular disorder.
INTRODUCTION
The bus station in Cuenca is the main station of interprovincial buses as intercantonal, so
there is a movement of large numbers of people, it is located northwest of the city, between
Avenues Gil Ramirez Davalos and Spain. This area is affected the quality of Air by excessive
traffic that exists mainly at peak hours, which currently constitutes one of the major
environmental dilemmas in the city that needs immediate attention. Therefore bodies such as
the Public Company Traffic, Transport and Mobility of Cuenca OCSMs EP, has assumed
management since 2008, implementing the technical review Vehicular RTV as monitoring
stations air quality in different parts of the city, one of Terminal them Terrestrial station (TET),
who has records of the past 8 years, these records are from the annual average levels of polluting
gases that prevent having a quality of air, these gases are ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur
dioxide, and BTEX. This environmental problem is not only involved traffic in the area but also
the Industrial Park located near the bus station, which also emit gases from different industrial
sources. For that it is also important to mention that the analysis of the gas law is fundamental
in this study, so that it can determine the volume or pressure to which gases are exposed, in the
same way, thermodynamics is very related to the quality of the air, since the Terminal Terrestre
(TET) has a high vehicular traffic, the gaseous emissions of these vehicles spread rapidly in the
environment, due to the thermodynamic characteristics that they share between the gases.
Likewise, the study of thermochemistry is fundamental because of the different chemical
reactions that can occur due to the action of temperature. On the other hand, the determination
of the type of spontaneous or spontaneous non-spontaneous reaction based on the Gibbs Free
Energy concept is important to know if it was a provoked reaction or a Natural reaction.
DEVELOPMENT
Air quality
For there to air quality, it should be free of air pollution and therefore fit to be breathed in
that respect the components of clean air are nitrogen 78.03%, oxygen 20.99% Carbon Dioxide
0.03%, Argon 0.94 %, 0.00123% Neon, Helium 0.0004%, 0.0005% Krypton, Xenon 0.006%
Hydrogen 0.01%, 0.002% methane, nitrous oxide 0.005%, water vapor, ozone, and particles,
as a whole are capable of being respired (Peñaherrera, 2012). But in cities with heavy vehicular
traffic it is difficult to find this, so that there is air quality is important to talk about air pollution.
Air pollution
It is understood by air pollution to the presence of emissions into the atmosphere, resulting
from human activities or natural processes, present in sufficient concentrations and under
circumstances in which infers with comfort, health and welfare of humans or ambient
(TULSMA, 2012). Likewise air pollution is a high concentration of gases and particles in the
environment by reducing air quality, they are from sources with vehicular traffic as one of the
major emitters(Corral & Gabriel, 2017).
Delimitation
For the development of this work we have defined the analysis of air quality in the Terminal
Sector Land belonging to the urban parish neighbor, canton Cuenca province Azuay, with the
monitoring station of OCSMs EP recorded emissions in a period 2008-2016, the location is
presented below.

Figure 1: Geographical location Terminal earth station. Source: Google Earth.

According to the last invetario emission Canton Basin prepared based to 2014, the most
important sources of emission primary pollutants are: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides,
COVNM, sulfur dioxide, and suspended particles, but demarcating the Terminal Terrestrial
Zone (TET) Avenidas Spain and Madrid, preventing contaminants have an air quality are:
Ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and suspended particles (“Empresa
Pública de Transito, Transporte y Movilidad de Cuenca,” 2016).

Table I: code, address and contaminants monitoring stations. Source: (“Empresa Pública de
Transito, Transporte y Movilidad de Cuenca,” 2016).
 In the urban area of Cuenca vehicular traffic and northwest of the urban area, the Industrial
Park, an important contribution is highlighted gaseous emissions affecting air quality for bus
terminal sector and in general for the City of Cuenca (“Empresa Pública de Transito, Transporte
y Movilidad de Cuenca,” 2016). The aforementioned emissions are: Ozone (O3), nitrogen
dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter and BTEX detailed below.
Ozone (O3)
Ozone is one of the main oxidizing agents produced by industrial activity and
photochemical reactions in lower troposphere. Primary emissions are very low and the
processes involve the production of ozone absorption of solar radiation by nitrogen dioxide.
Daytime ozone is formed by the interaction of molecular oxygen with the products of nitrogen
dioxide by the following reaction(Fernández, 2011)
𝑁𝑂2 + 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛𝜆 < 430𝑛𝑚 → 𝑁𝑂 + 𝑂
𝑂 + 𝑂2 + 𝑀 → 𝑂3 + 𝑀
𝑂 + 𝑂2 + 𝑀 → 𝑂3 + 𝑀
𝑂3 + 𝑁𝑂 → 𝑁𝑂2 + 𝑂2
Its presence in the air cause substantial negative impacts on health, ecosystems, and crops
thus toxicity studies demonstrate that inhalation of ozone is harmful to the lungs and airways
(Fernández, 2011).
Nitrogen oxide (NO2)
NO2 is a toxic gas, yellowish, is the principal contaminant from nitrogen oxides, can be
found in nature as volcanic activities and biomass burning wood in forest fires. It is formed due
to oxidation of N2 atmospheric nitrogen which is used in combustion processes in vehicles and
factories, then hydrated in the atmosphere and form nitric acid (HNO3) compound which is
deposited by gravity, forming part of The rain(“Empresa Pública de Transito, Transporte y
Movilidad de Cuenca,” 2016).

In the environment affects the acidification and eutrophication of ecosystems, metabolic

conditions, limiting plant growth. Likewise on people, high concentration can irritate the alveoli
and increase the risk of lung infections(Corral & Gabriel, 2017).
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Sulfur dioxide is one of the most commonly gases released during volcanic eruptions,
which consists of being a sulfur atom with two oxygen and is worrisome global, due to its
potential influence on the climate (“Situación de los Programas de Gestión de Calidad del Aire
Urbano en América Latina y el Caribe,” 2015). This gas originates from burning fuels with a
certain percentage of sulfur, as gas oils, fuel or coal from industrial processes of thermal power
plants, heating or heavy traffic. And in the middle and the days passed SO2 is oxidized more,
becoming sulfate and sulfuric acid (H2SO4), this result has acid rain(Corral & Gabriel, 2017).
Excessive concentration of this contaminant gas primarily affects humans with lung
disorders causing coughing and bronchitis (Decreto, 2015). Moreover, the SO2 in contact with
moisture acid form air sulfuric (H2SO4) compound causing acidification of soils, lakes and
rivers, conditions in fauna and vegetation. One can cite a negative effect on plants, after
penetrating through stomata, mesophyll cause damage leading to the appearance of necrotic
spots of different colors depending on the species and concentration(“Empresa Pública de
Transito, Transporte y Movilidad de Cuenca,” 2016).
Suspended particles.
They are a mixture of solid and liquid particles, are output from primary sources, or can be
formed by the condensation of gaseous pollutants. Also, particles having a larger size, not long
suspended in the atmosphere remain, these particles are called sedimentary particles (PS), on
the other hand, the PS can easily enter the body through breathing, can cause irritation eyes,
nose and throat and can also enter the lungs and then be absorbed into the bloodstream
(Saldarriaga, 2014).
BTEX
BTEX are a group of volatile organic compounds belonging to the family of aromatic
hydrocarbons, characterized by being in vapor form at room temperature and being insoluble
in water, but very soluble in other substances. This high solvent power makes such compounds
particularly toluene and xylene are highly appreciated by the industry (Peñaherrera, 2012).
 Benzene: The most important toxic effect is blood toxicity. Chronic exposure can cause
damage benzene in the bone marrow, which may initially manifest as anemia,
thrombocytopenia and leukemia, or a combination thereof (Peñaherrera, 2012).
 Toluene: Toluene is a volatile liquid aromatic odor (WHO. 2000), located in Group 3
not classi fi able as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Cancer
Research. You can participate in photochemical reactions that generate ozone (O3)(Ii &
States, 2013). Among the most important sources are highlighted traffic vehicle and
industrial processes(Ii & States, 2013).
 Xylenes: Xylene (C6H4 (CH3) 2) is a benzene derivative, is used as a gasoline
antiknock additive, is also a constituent of the oil and therefore is also present in
gasoline(Del & Ine, 2011). On the other handXylene vapors in the environment is very
harmful to health because they can cause headaches, nausea and malaise (Del & Ine,
2011).
 Ethylbenzene:The land sector is a terminal not far from Cuenca Industrial Park
distance, and that sector has considerable traffic, so it is exposed to contamination by
ethylbenzene in the air. Ethylbenzene downloads occur when burning oil, gasoline and
coal. Average levels in the air are: 0,62ppb in cities and suburbs, rural
0,01ppb(Peñaherrera, 2012). On the other hand the effects to humans by excessive
concentrations of ethylbenzene in the air are irritation to the throat and eyes, burning
eyes(Peñaherrera, 2012)
BTEX emitted by mobile sources. In recent decades, the car has appeared massively in cities,
contributing to increased air pollution problems and subtracting the air quality as a consequence
of the pollutants that are emitted by gas exhaust.(Peñaherrera, 2012).
Pollution levels.
Contamination levels gases and particulate measured in the terminal station detailed
Terrestrial (TET) then shows increasing their values for each year. According to this coincides
mathematical models which states that as time passes the values will increase.
Table II: Average annual concentrations of ozone, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide and particulate
matter measured at the terminal station Terrestrial (TET) 2008-2016 (mg / m3). NCAA:
Standard Ambient Air Quality. WHO: World Health Organization Source:(“Empresa Pública
de Transito, Transporte y Movilidad de Cuenca,” 2016).
Standard Ambient Air Quality.
Standard Ambient Air Quality was updated by the agreement N °. 050 Ministry of
Environment which shows the limit concentrations are in effect from 4 April 2011.Reference
conditions table are: temperature 26 ° C and atmospheric pressure of 760mm Hg.

Table III: Summary of Air Quality Standard and Ambiente. Source: (“Empresa Pública de
Transito, Transporte y Movilidad de Cuenca,” 2016)
Gaseous involved in air quality.
By analyzing the air we breathe find that it is a gas mixture consisting primarily of 21%
oxygen and 78% nitrogen, not only important composition for human life, but to living beings.
In this composition, it is a certain percentage of gas study, which is affecting air quality(Gases,
2015). On the other hand, the man in your interest in improving living conditions, has made use
of the physical properties and chemical composition of gases to improve the lives of people
living in the city(Gases, 2015). Thus, one can speak of aggregation states of matter suffering
compounds such as ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter. These are
small particles called molecules, they have great movement since the force of attraction between
them is almost zero, so moving at high speed along a straight path, but in a disorderly manner,
and thus propagated all the space where they are. An example can be seen in a place where
there is excessive vehicular traffic because emissions of exhaust fumes, spread quickly in the
environment, due to the thermodynamic characteristics shared gases(Gases, 2015).
Expansion: The rising volume of gas as a result of increased movement of the particles
causing collisions between them. One of the variables for this to happen is the temperature rise
every day city supports, this makes the particles move faster, generating more shock.
Compressibility: is decreasing spaces existing enter the gas particles this case the air in the
Terminal Sector Terrestrial, through pressure increase or decrease in temperature, thereby you
may also speak density (Gases, 2015).
Gas Laws
Factors that may depend on the pressure of a gas:
- The number of gas particles (amount of gas in question). A more particles more
pressure.
- Gas molecules occupy a volume and move it and move; when gas is the volume
occupied is measured in liters (l) A higher volume, lower pressure
- The gas molecules continuously move due to temperature. The higher the temperature,
the faster the molecules move. But the temperature scale special scale called Kelvin or
absolute scale is measured.

Boyle's law
By increasing the volume of a gas, the molecules that comprise separate from one another
and the walls of the containing vessel. Being further, they collide less frequently and, therefore,
exert a lower pressure. That is, the pressure decrease. Conversely, if the volume decreases of a
gas molecules will approach and collide more times with the container, so the pressure will be
greater. The pressure will increase."A constant temperature for a certain amount of gas, the
product volume remains constant pressure".
Mathematically, the product of a gas pressure for the volume it occupies is constant. If P0
and V0 call volume and pressure of gas before being changed and V1 and P1 to the changed
values, must be met:
P0 xV0=V1XP1
Air and gases all have different pressures at different temperatures, ie the pressure is a
function of temperature, so it is necessary to mention the law of Dalton who established the law
of partial pressures.
Dalton law
In 1801, John Dalton performed an experiment in which water vapor added in dry air and
noticed an increase in the pressure of the resulting mixture. To explain this change, Dalton
postulated the law of partial pressures: "The total pressure of a gas mixture (which do not react)
is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of all gases present" is called partial pressure of a
gas in a mixture to the pressure the gas would exert if it occupied only the total volume of the
container.
Implementation of the Law on Air Pollution Dalton
Atmospheric pollution results from the presence of deleterious or undesirable material from
natural or artificial sources sufficient to cause deleterious effects on human health through
vegetation goods or amount global environment (Quimica Fisica, 2001).
Concentration units and gas laws
 Units mass / volume: µ𝑔/𝑚3

 Units volume / volume: Percentage (for major components); ppm, ppbv and PPTV,
defined as the volume fraction of the pollutant multiplied by 106, 109 or 1012
respectively (Quimica Fisica, 2001).
 Units of molecules / volume: .It used for very minor components, such as free radicals
𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙é𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑠/𝑚3 (Quimica Fisica, 2001).
 Dobson units (UD):Dobson unit is a specific columnar unit to stratospheric ozone.
Dobson each unit corresponds to a layer of pure ozone 0.01 mm thick at 1 atm and 273
K (Quimica Fisica, 2001).
To study the atmosphere must have knowledge about the thermodynamic and gas law,
where the atmosphere behaves as an ideal mixture of ideal gases, it is defined as a set of atoms
or molecules move freely without interactions . The pressure exerted by the gas due to collisions
of the molecules with the container walls.
An ideal gas has the following equation.
𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻
𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆:
𝑷 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑽 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑻 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝒏 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
R= The gas constant.
In Air Pollution, pressure measured in atmospheres and the volume in liters, the
temperature in kelvins. This implies that the gas constant we used in this case R = 0.082 atm
worth. L / (mol. K). As the mixture is ideal, it is met Dalton law: the total pressure of the mixture
is the sum of the partial pressures of the components i.
To do so is explained in the following equation
𝑷𝒊 = 𝒑𝒙𝒊
𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆 ∶
𝑿𝒊 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝒊 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠.
In air pollution, and assuming the ideal gas law is met, could identify units of volume / volume
with corresponding molar fractions.
 Defined based on the law of Dalton, calculating the density data public transit company,
transport and mobility of Cuenca (EMOV - EP) was developed. Obtained in 2016 (Table II).
Development arose following:
Estimate the density of air at ambient pressure and temperature (20.7 and 1 atm), the
air consists of the following gases: O3, NO2, SO2.℃
Data:
𝑜𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 (𝑂3) = 38.73 𝑢𝑔/𝑚3
𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 (𝑁𝑂2) = 26.28 𝑢𝑔/𝑚3
𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 (𝑆𝑂2) = 15.60𝑢𝑔/𝑚3

transformation 𝒖𝒈/𝒎𝟑 𝒂 𝒈𝒓
1𝑚
38.73𝑢𝑔 𝑔 0.001𝑔
𝑂3 = 3
∗ ∗ 1𝑚3 = 0.0387𝑚𝑔 ∗ = 3.87𝑥10−5 𝑔
𝑚 1000𝑢𝑔 1𝑚𝑔
1𝑚
26.28𝑢𝑔 𝑔 3
0.001𝑔
𝑁𝑂2 = ∗ ∗ 1𝑚 = 0.02627𝑚𝑔 ∗ = 2.628𝑥10−5 𝑔
𝑚3 1000𝑢𝑔 1𝑚𝑔
1𝑚
15.60𝑢𝑔 𝑔 0.001𝑔
𝑆𝑂2 = 3
∗ ∗ 1𝑚3 = 0.0156𝑚𝑔 ∗ = 1.56𝑥10−5 𝑔
𝑚 1000𝑢𝑔 1𝑚𝑔

 Calculation of number of moles of each gas

3.87𝑥10−5 𝑔
𝑂3 = = 8.07𝑥10−7 𝑚𝑜𝑙
48𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
2.628𝑥10−5 𝑔
𝑁𝑂2 = = 5.36𝑥10−7 𝑚𝑜𝑙
49𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
1.56𝑥10−5 𝑔
𝑆𝑂2 = = 2.44𝑥10−7 𝑚𝑜𝑙
64𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 1.58𝑥10−6 𝑚𝑜𝑙

 Calculating the volume (ideal gas)𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹𝑻

DATA:
𝑇 = 20.7º𝐶 → 293.7º𝐾 𝑛 = 1.58𝑥10−6
𝑃 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑎𝑡𝑚 ∗ 𝑙𝑡
𝑅 = 0.082
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∗ º𝑘
 𝑷𝑽 = 𝒏𝑹T
𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑉=
𝑃
𝑎𝑡𝑚 ∗ 𝑙𝑡
1.58𝑥10−6 ∗ 0.082 ∗ 293.7º𝑘
𝑽= 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∗ º𝑘
1𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝑉 = 3805𝑥10−5 𝑙𝑡

 Density calculation

𝑚
𝑑=
𝑉
8.058𝑥10−5 𝑔𝑟
𝑑=
3.80𝑥10−5
𝑑 = 2.62 𝑔𝑟/𝑙𝑡

Thermodynamics
Likewise Thermodynamics is closely related to air quality, since the study site (TET), has
a great vehicular traffic, gaseous emissions from these vehicles spread rapidly in the
environment, due to thermodynamic properties that shares the gases. Among the main
thermodynamic properties of gases are:
Work (w): in thermodynamics they are primarily a form of energy equilibrium systems, or
rather the pressure in a system per unit volume (Alvarez, 2014). Work (W) is divided into two
types such as expansion work and work of understanding, when we talk about expanding the
work will be positive, however, when it comes to understanding the work will be negative. On
the other hand the gases in the Terminal Terrestrial Zone (TET) established by the Public
Enterprise Traffic, Transport and Mobility of Cuenca are: Ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2),
sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter , the same are exposed to thermodynamic activities
like work (W), since these particles of polluting gases present in this area can increase or
decrease its volume depending on the type of work to which they are exposed.
With igcognita Knowing the volume produced during the day and based on the above pose the
following:
If the ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) have a mass of
pollutants𝟑. 𝟖𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 , 𝟐. 𝟔𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 , 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 , to one atmosphere pressure and
during the day temperatures average City Basin are: 9 ° C average temperature Amancer
and 19 ° C average temperature sunset. Calculate the work done on this slip of the day
where these temperatures occur.
 Data:
𝑇1 = 9°𝐶
𝑇2 = 19°𝐶
n # moles: O3 =, = NO2, SO2 =8.07𝑥10−7 𝑚𝑜𝑙5.36𝑥10−7 𝑚𝑜𝑙2.44𝑥10−7 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑊 = 𝑛𝑅∆𝑇
𝑊 = 𝑛𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
Ozone (O3)
8.31𝐽
𝑊 = 8.07𝑥10−7 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × × (292 − 282)𝐾
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∗ 𝐾
𝑊 = 6.706 × 10−5 𝐽
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
8.31𝐽
𝑊 = 5.36𝑥10−7 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × × (292 − 282)𝐾
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∗ 𝐾
𝑊 = 4.454 × 10−5 𝐽
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
8.31𝐽
𝑊 = 2.44𝑥10−7 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × × (292 − 282)𝐾
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∗ 𝐾
𝑊 = 42.027 × 10−5 𝐽
The final calculation work (W) results are all positive, meaning that we are facing an
expansion work where isobaric contaminants expand, increasing its volume at a higher
temperature.
Thermochemical
Heat pollution is the deterioration of air quality because of the increase or decrease in
temperature of environmentally harmful way. Heat pollution is unavoidable because it has
considered an alternative to design and build engines more efficient, there are internal
combustion engines that derive their energy from the combustion of a mixture of air with
hydrocarbons, and the chemical energy is converted into internal energy which is used by the
motor. There are thousands of hydrocarbons, these are basically composed of carbon and
hydrogen, but some fuels may contain; oxygen, nitrogen and / or sulfur.
Maximum chemical energy (heat) obtainable by the combustion depends on the
stoichiometry amount of oxygen. The stoichiometric oxygen when all carbon fuel to CO2 and
H2O all of the hydrogen becomes.
𝐶𝐻4 + 2𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 2𝐻2𝑂
Atmospheric air consists of about 78% nitrogen per mole, 21% oxygen and 1% argon and
other components. Nitrogen and argon are chemically neutral and unreactive in the combustion
process. Their presence, however, does not affect the temperature and pressure in a combustion
chamber. To simplify calculations without causing any large error, the neutral argon in the air
is assumed to be combined with the neutral nitrogen, and then atmospheric air, can be modeled
as 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen. Per 0.21 mole of oxygen is also 0.79 moles of nitrogen or
oxygen is one mole of 0.79 / 0.21 moles of nitrogen. For each mole of oxygen required for
combustion, 4.76 moles of air must be provided: one mole of oxygen in addition to 3.76 moles
of nitrogen.
It is desirable balance equations for combustion reactions kg-mole fuel. The energy
released by the reaction will, therefore, energy units per kg-mole of fuel, which can be easily
transformed with the total energy when the rate of fuel flow is known. Even when the flow of
air and fuel in an engine is controlled exactly stoichiometric conditions, combustion will not be
"perfect", and other components of H2O, CO2 and N2 are in the exhaust products.
(Téllez, 2013)
Thermochemical reactions
In the thermochemical reactions express both the reactants and products indicating in
brackets their physical state, and then the energy variation expressed as .DELTA.H
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l); = -890 kJ ΔH0

Thermochemical equation must contain:

 The formulas of the substances involved.

 Stoichiometric coefficients.
 The physical state of each substance (solid, liquid, gaseous, aqueous).
 The temperature and pressure.
 The heat involved in the process

There are two types of reaction heat

 Heat of formation: The enthalpy increase (AH) that occurs in the formation reaction of
one mole of a given compound from the elements in normal physical condition.
 Heat of combustion: heat a substance is released with sufficient o2 substance at 25 ° C
and 1 atm being.

(Cano-Steppe, sf)

Application of the Second and Third Law of Thermodynamics

As our knowledge today there is a lot of power consumption, and it is available in nature
in a very small way, a clear example of this is lightning. By consequent it is necessary to
consider other sources of energy that can be transformed into electricity.
Heat pollution is unavoidable. It has been considered an alternative to design and build
engines that are more efficient, but this can not exceed the Carnot efficiency and therefore the
idea that TL is the best ambient water or air temperature is accepted. The Second Law of
Thermodynamics states the limit imposed by nature, as a result of this it is advisable to use less
energy and conserve fuel sources (Giancoli, 2006).
 When energy is converted from one form to another, entropy increases. An alternate way
of perceiving the idea of entropy is that it is a measure of disorder and that the amount of
disorder (entropy) increases when carrying out energy conversions.
One consequence energy conversion is undoubtedly pollution, since the waste heat from
energy conversions, for an increasing number of machines developed by humans, becomes a
pollutant. For example, the use of the brakes to stop a car produces pollution, as emissions
plants generating electricity or burning oil (Giancoli, 2006).
Calculate the ΔS environment when two moles of SO2 are formed under standard
conditions, the enthalpy of formation SO2 ΔHf SO2 = - 296.90 kJ / mol
S2 + O2→ SO2
Data
𝐾𝐽 𝐽
∆𝐻𝑓 = −296.90 → −0.2969
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑇 = 25℃ → 298 ° 𝐾

∆𝐻𝑓
∆𝑆 =
𝑇
𝐽
( 2𝑚𝑜𝑙) ∗ (−0.2969 )
∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙
298 ° 𝐾

𝐽
∆𝑆 = −1.99 𝑥10−3
°𝐾

Gibbs Free Energy

How the second law of thermodynamics helps us determine whether a process will be
spontaneous, and using changes in Gibbs free energy to predict whether a reaction will be
spontaneous in the forward or reverse direction or whether it is at equilibrium So When a
process occurs at constant temperature T and pressure P, we can rearrange the second law of
thermodynamics and define a new quantity known as Gibbs free energy, then it translates into
Gibbs free energy =G=H−TS where H is enthalpy, T is temperature (in kelvin, K), and S is the
𝐾𝐽
entropy. Gibbs free energy is represented using the symbol G and typically has units of
𝑚𝑜𝑙−𝑟𝑥𝑛
(Quílez, 2009).

In the case of a car, the content of the Gibbs free energy of gasoline is much higher than
that of its oxidation products (combustion) CO2 and H20.Consequently the variation of free
energy of the reaction (Goñi, 2010):

Gasoline + O2 → CO2 + H2O (ΔG ‹ 0)

 It is very negative. As the energy is not destroyed, the free energy dissipated in the reaction
becomes heat (most of it) and useful work, in this case, mechanical work of moving the vehicle
(Goñi, 2010).

CONCLUSION
Based on this document it can be concluded that there is no suitable air quality since
contamination levels Ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), present in the
vicinity of the bus terminal (TET) and measured by the same station name, are mainly daily
traffic, since these are formed in combustion processes vehicular or when expelled to the
environment in oxidation reactions or hydration. The levels of these annual average pollutant
gases are maintained or rise as it passes the years, in this case 2008-2016. Ozone (O3) in 2008
the annual average was 35.50 ug / m3 and in 2016 reached 38.73 ug / m3, nitrogen dioxide
(NO2) in 2008 had an average of 26.50 ug / m3 and in 2016 reached an average of 26.28 mg /
m3 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) in 2008 reached an average of 11.90 ug / m3 while in 2016 an average
of 15.60 ug / m3 was recorded. The data indicate that it has a tendency to continue climbing
higher values, but according to the limits established by the World Health Organization and
Standard Ambient Air Quality can say that is still within these ranges. Furthermore, the air
quality with Dalton's law related since air is a composition ideal gases where data OCSMs EP
was taken to determine the volume and density of the air present in the ground terminal Sector
(TET), which resulted in a value of 2,62gr / lt. The data indicate that it has a tendency to
continue climbing higher values, but according to the limits established by the World Health
Organization and Standard Ambient Air Quality can say that is still within these ranges.
Furthermore, the air quality with Dalton's law related since air is a composition ideal gases
where data OCSMs EP was taken to determine the volume and density of the air present in the
ground terminal Sector ( TET), which resulted in a value of 2,62gr / lt. The data indicate that it
has a tendency to continue climbing higher values, but according to the limits established by
the World Health Organization and Standard Ambient Air Quality can say that is still within
these ranges. Furthermore, the air quality with Dalton's law related since air is a composition
ideal gases where data OCSMs EP was taken to determine the volume and density of the air
present in the ground terminal Sector ( TET), which resulted in a value of 2,62gr / lt. In the
same way in the thermodynamic analysis, the Work (w) exerted by the gases was calculated,
obtaining as a result an Expansion Work, so the result has a positive sign, this means that the
higher the temperature, the higher the volume of the gases analyzed. Likewise the Entropy was
analyzed obtaining as a result -1.99 * 10-3, the negative sign indicates that the molecular
disorder is smaller, in the same way did the analysis of the Free Energy of Gibbs to see if the
reactions occurred naturally or provoked or what is the same spontaneous or non-spontaneous
reactions.
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