SEGUNDO LABORATORIO -

ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES.
Por : Alvaro H. Salas
SOLUCIÓN DE EDOS POR SERIES
EDO DE PRIMER ORDEN
Sea la edo y ' (x) = f (x, y (x)), y (x0 ) = y0 . Buscamos la solución en la forma
∞
y (x) = a0 + a1 (x - x0 ) + a2 (x - x0 )2 + ⋯ + an (x - x0 )n + ⋯ =  an (x - x0 )n ,
n=0

y(n) (x0 )
siendo an = . Basta con encontrar bn def
= y(n) (x0 ),
n!
∞ bn
así que y (x) =  (x - x0 )n . Poniendo x =
n=0 n!
x0 en la ecuación y ' (x) = f (x, y (x)) y teniendo en cuenta que y (x 0 ) = y0 , resulta
y ' (x0 ) = f (x0 , y (x0 )) = f (x0 , y0 ). De esta manera,
b0 = y(0) (x0 ) = y (x0 ) = y0 ; b1 = y ' (x0 ) = f (x0 , y (x0 )) = f (x0 , y0 ).
Para calcular b2 , b3 , b4 , ....,
bn procedemos como sigue : Derivamos reiteradamente la ecuación y ' (x) =
f (x, y (x)) con respecto a x y luego hacemos x0 .

op[f_, j_][x_] := D[Derivative[1][y][x] - f[x, y[x]], {x, j}];

op[f, 0][x] ⩵ 0 // TraditionalForm
y′ (x) - f (x, y(x))  0

op[f, 1][x] ⩵ 0 // TraditionalForm

-y′ (x) f 0,1 (x, y(x)) - f 1,0 (x, y(x)) + y′′ (x)  0

op[f, 2][x] ⩵ 0 // TraditionalForm

-y′′ (x) f 0,1 (x, y(x)) - y′ (x) f 1,1 (x, y(x)) - y′ (x) y′ (x) f 0,2 (x, y(x)) + f 1,1 (x, y(x)) - f 2,0 (x, y(x)) + y3 (x)  0
2 LAB 02-edos-Alvaro Salas.nb

De estas ecuaciones podemos despejar y′ (x), y′′ (x), y ''' (x),

etc. - y′′ (x) f(0,1) (x, y(x)) - y′ (x) f(1,1) (x, y(x)) -
y′ (x) y′ (x) f(0,2) (x, y(x)) + f(1,1) (x, y(x)) - f(2,0) (x, y(x)) + y(3) (x)  0.
Las ecuaciones que resultan son LINEALES con respecto a estas derivadas. Por ejemplo,
supongamos que queremos calcular el valor de y (j) (x0 ) para j = 1, 2, 3.
Procedemos como sigue :

sistema = Table[op[f, j][x] ⩵ 0, {j, 0, 3}]

- f[x, y[x]] + y′ [x] ⩵ 0, y′′ [x] - y′ [x] f(0,1) [x, y[x]] - f(1,0) [x, y[x]] ⩵ 0,
y(3) [x] - y′′ [x] f(0,1) [x, y[x]] - y′ [x] f(1,1) [x, y[x]] -
y′ [x] y′ [x] f(0,2) [x, y[x]] + f(1,1) [x, y[x]] - f(2,0) [x, y[x]] ⩵ 0,
y [x] - y(3) [x] f(0,1) [x, y[x]] - y′′ [x] f(1,1) [x, y[x]] -
(4)

2 y′′ [x] y′ [x] f(0,2) [x, y[x]] + f(1,1) [x, y[x]] -
y′ [x] f(2,1) [x, y[x]] - y′ [x] y′ [x] f(1,2) [x, y[x]] + f(2,1) [x, y[x]] -
y′ [x] y′′ [x] f(0,2) [x, y[x]] + y′ [x] f(1,2) [x, y[x]] +
y′ [x] y′ [x] f(0,3) [x, y[x]] + f(1,2) [x, y[x]] + f(2,1) [x, y[x]] - f(3,0) [x, y[x]] ⩵ 0

variables = Table[Derivative[j][y][x], {j, 1, 4}]

y′ [x], y′′ [x], y(3) [x], y(4) [x]

solucion = Solve[sistema, variables] // Flatten

y′ [x] → f[x, y[x]], y′′ [x] → f[x, y[x]] f(0,1) [x, y[x]] + f(1,0) [x, y[x]],
y(3) [x] → f[x, y[x]] f(0,1) [x, y[x]]2 + f[x, y[x]]2 f(0,2) [x, y[x]] +
f(0,1) [x, y[x]] f(1,0) [x, y[x]] + 2 f[x, y[x]] f(1,1) [x, y[x]] + f(2,0) [x, y[x]],
y [x] → f[x, y[x]] f(0,1) [x, y[x]]3 + 4 f[x, y[x]]2 f(0,1) [x, y[x]] f(0,2) [x, y[x]] +
(4)

f[x, y[x]]3 f(0,3) [x, y[x]] + f(0,1) [x, y[x]]2 f(1,0) [x, y[x]] +
3 f[x, y[x]] f(0,2) [x, y[x]] f(1,0) [x, y[x]] + 5 f[x, y[x]] f(0,1) [x, y[x]] f(1,1) [x, y[x]] +
3 f(1,0) [x, y[x]] f(1,1) [x, y[x]] + 3 f[x, y[x]]2 f(1,2) [x, y[x]] +
f(0,1) [x, y[x]] f(2,0) [x, y[x]] + 3 f[x, y[x]] f(2,1) [x, y[x]] + f(3,0) [x, y[x]]

DerivadasRequeridas = solucion /. x → x0 ;
DerivadasRequeridas // TraditionalForm

y′ (x0 ) → f (x0 , y(x0 )), y′′ (x0 ) → f (x0 , y(x0 )) f 0,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) + f 1,0 (x0 , y(x0 )),
2
y3 (x0 ) → f 0,2 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 ))2 + f 0,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 )) +
2 f 1,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 )) + f 0,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f 1,0 (x0 , y(x0 )) + f 2,0 (x0 , y(x0 )),
y4 (x0 ) → f 0,3 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 ))3 + 4 f 0,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f 0,2 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 ))2 +
3
3 f 1,2 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 ))2 + f 0,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 )) + 3 f 0,2 (x0 , y(x0 )) f 1,0 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 )) +
2
5 f 0,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f 1,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 )) + 3 f 2,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 )) + f 0,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f 1,0 (x0 , y(x0 )) +
3 f 1,0 (x0 , y(x0 )) f 1,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) + f 0,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f 2,0 (x0 , y(x0 )) + f 3,0 (x0 , y(x0 ))

Derivative[j][y][x0 ]
aproximacion = Sum (x - x0 )j , {j, 1, 4}
j!
(x - x0 ) y′ [x0 ] + 1 (x - x0 )2 y′′ [x0 ] + 1 (x - x0 )3 y(3) [x0 ] + 1 (x - x0 )4 y(4) [x0 ]
2 6 24
 LAB 02-edos-Alvaro Salas.nb 3

aproximacion //. DerivadasRequeridas // TraditionalForm

1
(x - x0 )4  f 0,3 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 ))3 + 4 f 0,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f 0,2 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 ))2 +
24
3
3 f 1,2 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 ))2 + f 0,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 )) + 3 f 0,2 (x0 , y(x0 )) f 1,0 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 )) +
2
5 f 0,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f 1,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 )) + 3 f 2,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 )) + f 0,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f 1,0 (x0 , y(x0 )) +
3 f 1,0 (x0 , y(x0 )) f 1,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) + f 0,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f 2,0 (x0 , y(x0 )) + f 3,0 (x0 , y(x0 )) +
1 2
(x - x0 )3  f 0,2 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 ))2 + f 0,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 )) +
6
2 f 1,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f (x0 , y(x0 )) + f 0,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) f 1,0 (x0 , y(x0 )) + f 2,0 (x0 , y(x0 )) +
1
(x - x0 )2  f (x0 , y(x0 )) f 0,1 (x0 , y(x0 )) + f 1,0 (x0 , y(x0 )) + (x - x0 ) f (x0 , y(x0 ))
2

Este propcedimiento general nos proporciona tantos términos de la serie como sean necesarios.

EJEMPLO.
Hallar los 10 primeros términos de la serie que representa la solución de la edo
y ' (x) = y (x)2 - 2 y (x) sujete a la condición y 0 = 1.

Clear[f, op, sistema, variables, solucion derivadas];

f[x_, y_] := y2 + 2 y;
op[f_, j_][x_] := D[Derivative[1][y][x] - f[x, y[x]], {x, j}];
sistema = Table[op[f, j][x] ⩵ 0, {j, 0, 9}];
variables = Table[Derivative[j][y][x], {j, 1, 10}];
solucion = Flatten[Solve[sistema, variables]] // Flatten;
derivadas = Join[{y[0] → 1}, solucion //. {y[x] → 1, x → 0}]
y[0] → 1, y′ [0] → 3, y′′ [0] → 12, y(3) [0] → 66, y(4) [0] → 480, y(5) [0] → 4368, y(6) [0] → 47 712,
y(7) [0] → 608 016, y(8) [0] → 8 855 040, y(9) [0] → 145 083 648, y(10) [0] → 2 641 216 512

La serie truncada es

Derivative[j][y][0]
Sum xj , {j, 0, 10} //. derivadas
j!
5 6 7 8 9 10
1 + 3 x + 6 x2 + 11 x3 + 20 x4 + 182 x + 994 x + 12 667 x + 4612 x + 377 822 x + 3 439 084 x
5 15 105 21 945 4725

Comparemos esta serie con la serie correspondiente a la

solución exacta . Primero resolvemos la ecuación en forma analítica :

Clear[x, y]; DSolvey '[x] ⩵ y[x]2 + 2 y[x] && y[0] ⩵ 1, y[x], x

y[x] → - 2 ⅇ2 x 
- 3 + ⅇ2 x

La serie de McLaurin es :
4 LAB 02-edos-Alvaro Salas.nb

2 ⅇ2 x
Series- , {x, 0, 10}
- 3 + ⅇ2 x
5 6 7 8 9 10
1 + 3 x + 6 x2 + 11 x3 + 20 x4 + 182 x + 994 x + 12 667 x + 4612 x + 377 822 x + 3 439 084 x + O[x]11
5 15 105 21 945 4725

Observen que las dos expresiones coinciden en sus once primeros

términos. Grafiquemos la solución exacta y al aproximada en un intervalo cerca del cero :

2 ⅇ2 x
Plot- ,
ⅇ2 x - 3
182 x5 994 x6 12 667 x7 4612 x8 377 822 x9 3 439 084 x10
1 + 3 x + 6 x2 + 11 x3 + 20 x4 + + + + + + ,
5 15 105 21 945 4725
x, - 1  2, 1  2, PlotStyle → {Red, {Dashed, Thick, Green}}
(*línea roja=solución exacta;
línea verde punteada=solución aproximada mediante truncamiento*)
8

-0.4 -0.2 0.2 0.4

TAREA : ESCOJA UNA EDO CUYA SOLUCIÓN UD

PUEDA ENCONTRAR EN FORMA ANALÍTICA.
PROCEDA COMO SE MOSTRÓ EN EL EJEMPLO.
Clear[y0, y1]; P = y0 + y1 x + a x2 + b x3 + c x4 + d x5 + e x6 + fa x7 ; ∂x,x P + 3 P + 2 P3
 LAB 02-edos-Alvaro Salas.nb 5

Clear[F, y0, y1, sol];

y0 = 1;
y1 = 0;
F[x_] := 2 a + 6 b x + 12 c x2 + 20 d x3 + 30 e x4 + 42 fa x5 + 3 a x2 + b x3 + c x4 +
3
d x5 + e x6 + fa x7 + y0 + x y1 + 2 a x2 + b x3 + c x4 + d x5 + e x6 + fa x7 + y0 + x y1 ;
sol = FindRoot[{F[0] ⩵ 0, F[0.2] ⩵ 0, F[0.4] ⩵ 0, F[0.6] ⩵ 0, F[1] ⩵ 0, F[2] ⩵ 0},
{a, 1}, {b, 1}, {c, 1}, {d, 1}, {e, 1}, {fa, 1}];
NIntegrateF[x] //. sol2 , {x, 0, 2}
8.44493

Plot[Evaluate[P //. sol], {x, 0, 4}]

1 2 3 4

-50

-100

-150

-200

-250

0.862342

P //. {a → 123.51410789156196`, b → - 446.40779713244854`, c → 571.0150419979226`,

d → - 335.4498350439188`, e → 92.24694112188047`, fa → - 9.619723843685524`}
1 + 0.5 x + 123.514 x2 - 446.408 x3 + 571.015 x4 - 335.45 x5 + 92.2469 x6 - 9.61972 x7

F[1]
2 a + 6 b + 12 c + 20 d + 30 e + 42 fa + 3 a + b + c + d + e + fa + y0 + y1 + 2 a + b + c + d + e + fa + y0 + y1 3
6 LAB 02-edos-Alvaro Salas.nb

P = y0 + y1 x + a x2 + b x3 + c x4 + d x5 + e x6 + fa x7 ;
y0 = 1; y1 = 0.2; T = 2;
2
F = NIntegrate∂x,x P + 3 P + 2 P3  , {x, 0, T};
sol = Minimize[F, {a, b, c, d, e, fa}];
vals = sol[[2]];
sol[[1]]
Plot[Evaluate[{P //. vals}], {x, 0, T}]
0.0790457
1.0

0.5

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

-0.5

-1.0

NIntegrate[()]

P //. x → 0
a

P //. {a → - 3.194803037637344`, b → 1.7994004240149488`,

c → - 0.23721253013699337`, d → - 0.008279980902696698`}

y0 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04 +

4 p √ 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04  + 5 q y02 √ 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04 
Cosx √ 5 p + 6 q y02 - √ 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04   2 2 p + 3 q y02  8 p + 9 q y02  +
y0 - y0 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04 + 4 p √ 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04  +
5 q y02 √ 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04   2 2 p + 3 q y02  8 p + 9 q y02 
√
Cosx 5 p + 6 q y02 + √ 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04 

1 1
175 + 65 7  Cos 16 - 5 7 x + 1 + - 175 - 65 7  Cos 16 + 5 7 x // N
350 350
0.991354 Cos[1.66471 x] + 0.00864619 Cos[5.40636 x]
 LAB 02-edos-Alvaro Salas.nb 7

y0 = 1; p = 2; q = 7;
R=
y0 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04 + 4 p √ 2 p + 3 q y02  8 p + 9 q y02  + 5 q y02 √ 2 p + 3 q y02 
8 p + 9 q y02  Cosx √ 5 p + 6 q y02 - √ 2 p + 3 q y02  8 p + 9 q y02  +
16 p + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04 - 4 p √ 2 p + 3 q y02  8 p + 9 q y02  -
2

5 q y02 √ 2 p + 3 q y02  8 p + 9 q y02 

Cosx √ 5 p + 6 q y02 + √ 2 p + 3 q y02  8 p + 9 q y02   2 2
p + 3 q y02  8 p + 9 q y02 ;
1
S = a Cos[w x] + y0 - a Cos[ω x] //. w → √ 4 p + 9 a2 q - 12 a q y0 + 6 q y02 ,
2
√
ω →  4 a p + 9 a q - 4 p y0 - 12 a q y0 + 6 a q y02 - 4 q y03    4 a - 4 y0 ,
3 2

a → Root- 32 p y03 - 32 q y05 + 32 p y02 + 36 q y04  #1 -

48 q y03 #12 + 180 q y02 #13 - 216 q y0 #14 + 81 q #15 &, 1;
1 1
T= y0 Cos x  5 p + 5 q y02 + 2 √ 8 p - q y02  p + q y02 
4 p + 3 q y02  3

10 q y02 + 2 √ 8 p - q y02  p + q y02  + 4 p + 2 q y02 - 2 √ 8 p - q y02  p + q y02 

2
Cos x  5 p + 5 q y02 + 2 √ 8 p - q y02  p + q y02  ;
3
U = y0 Cos 3 x - p y0 - q y03  √ - 25 y0 + 16 y0 Root45 - 351 #12 + 558 #13 - 276 #14 + 8 #15 &,

1 + 24 y0 Root3 + 3 #1 - 105 #12 + 282 #13 - 216 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1

Root45 - 351 #12 + 558 #13 - 276 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1 + y0 Cos x - p y0 - q y03 

√ - 25 y0 + 16 y0 Root45 - 351 #12 + 558 #13 - 276 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1 +

24 y0 Root3 + 3 #1 - 105 #12 + 282 #13 - 216 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1
Root3 + 3 #1 - 105 #12 + 282 #13 - 216 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1 +

Cos 5 x - p y0 - q y03  √ - 25 y0 + 16 y0 Root45 - 351 #12 + 558 #13 - 276 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1 +

24 y0 Root3 + 3 #1 - 105 #12 + 282 #13 - 216 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1
y0 - y0 Root45 - 351 #12 + 558 #13 - 276 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1 -
y0 Root3 + 3 #1 - 105 #12 + 282 #13 - 216 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1;
q y02
PlotEvaluateS, y0 JacobiCN p + q y02 x, , {x, 0, 13}
2 p + q y02 
1.0

0.5

2 4 6 8 10 12

-0.5

-1.0
8 LAB 02-edos-Alvaro Salas.nb

Root- 32 p y03 - 32 q y05 + 32 p y02 + 36 q y04  #1 -

48 q y03 #12 + 180 q y02 #13 - 216 q y0 #14 + 81 q #15 &, 5 // N
1.12294 + 0.423327 ⅈ

a2 q - 4 p λ 1
P //. μ → ,w→ p,λ→ - 48 p2 - 5 a2 p q + 3 √ 256 p4 + 128 a2 p3 q + 9 a4 p2 q2 
6p 28 p2

a Cos p x 

 1 + 1 - 48 p2 - 5 a2 p q + 3 √ 256 p4 + 128 a2 p3 q + 9 a4 p2 q2  Sin p x2 + 1

28 p2 6p
2
a q - 1 2 2 √ 4 2 3 4 2 2
- 48 p - 5 a p q + 3 256 p + 128 a p q + 9 a p q  Sin p x 
4
7p

- p y0 - q y03
P //. w → , b → y0 Root45 - 351 #12 + 558 #13 - 276 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1,
24 a + 16 b - 25 y0
a → y0 Root3 + 3 #1 - 105 #12 + 282 #13 - 216 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1

y0 Cos 3 x - p y0 - q y03  √ - 25 y0 + 16 y0 Root45 - 351 #12 + 558 #13 - 276 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1 +

24 y0 Root3 + 3 #1 - 105 #12 + 282 #13 - 216 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1
Root45 - 351 #12 + 558 #13 - 276 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1 +

y0 Cos x - p y0 - q y03  √ - 25 y0 + 16 y0 Root45 - 351 #12 + 558 #13 - 276 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1 +

24 y0 Root3 + 3 #1 - 105 #12 + 282 #13 - 216 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1
Root3 + 3 #1 - 105 #12 + 282 #13 - 216 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1 +

Cos 5 x - p y0 - q y03  √ - 25 y0 + 16 y0 Root45 - 351 #12 + 558 #13 - 276 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1 +

24 y0 Root3 + 3 #1 - 105 #12 + 282 #13 - 216 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1
y0 - y0 Root45 - 351 #12 + 558 #13 - 276 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1 -
y0 Root3 + 3 #1 - 105 #12 + 282 #13 - 216 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1

Exit[]

P = a Cos[w x] + y0 - a Cos[ω x];

P //. a → y0 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04 + 4 p √ 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04  +
5 q y02 √ 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04   2 2 p + 3 q y02  8 p + 9 q y02 ,
w → √ 5 p + 6 q y02 - √ 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04 ,
ω → √ 5 p + 6 q y02 + √ 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04  // FullSimplify
1

y0 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04 +

4 p √ 2 p + 3 q y02  8 p + 9 q y02  + 5 q y02 √ 2 p + 3 q y02  8 p + 9 q y02 
Cosx √ 5 p + 6 q y02 - √ 2 p + 3 q y02  8 p + 9 q y02  + 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 +
27 q2 y04 - 4 p √ 2 p + 3 q y02  8 p + 9 q y02  - 5 q y02 √ 2 p + 3 q y02  8 p + 9 q y02 
Cosx √ 5 p + 6 q y02 + √ 2 p + 3 q y02  8 p + 9 q y02   2 2 p + 3 q y02  8 p + 9 q y02 

Exit[]
 LAB 02-edos-Alvaro Salas.nb 9

∂x,x,x,x xp //. {x → 0}1 // Factor

a p w4 - a w6 + 18 a2 q w4 y0 + 3 a q w4 y02 - 36 a2 q w2 y0 ω2 + 36 a q w2 y02 ω2 -
a p ω4 + p y0 ω4 + 18 a2 q y0 ω4 - 39 a q y02 ω4 + 21 q y03 ω4 + a ω6 - y0 ω6

hg

Solve- a p w2 + a w4 - 3 a q w2 y02 + a p ω2 - p y0 ω2 + 3 a q y02 ω2 - 3 q y03 ω2 - a ω4 + y0 ω4 ⩵ 0,

- a w2 + p y0 + q y03 + a ω2 - y0 ω2 ⩵ 0,
a p w4 - a w6 + 18 a2 q w4 y0 + 3 a q w4 y02 - 36 a2 q w2 y0 ω2 + 36 a q w2 y02 ω2 - a p ω4 + p y0 ω4 +
18 a2 q y0 ω4 - 39 a q y02 ω4 + 21 q y03 ω4 + a ω6 - y0 ω6 ⩵ 0, {a, w, ω} // Last // Factor
a → y0 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04 + 4 p √ 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04  +
5 q y02 √ 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04   2 2 p + 3 q y02  8 p + 9 q y02 ,
w → √ 5 p + 6 q y02 - √ 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04 ,
ω → √ 5 p + 6 q y02 + √ 16 p2 + 42 p q y02 + 27 q2 y04 

Solvep2 - p w2 + 4 p q y02 - q w2 y02 + 3 q2 y04 - p ω2 + w2 ω2 - q y02 ω2  ⩵ 0, ω

ω → - ⅈ p + q y02 p - w2 + 3 q y02  - p + w2 - q y02 ,

ω → ⅈ p + q y02 p - w2 + 3 q y02  - p + w2 - q y02 

P // FullSimplify
1 3 + 21  y0 Cos 1 x  4 p - 1 - 15 + 21  q y02  -
6 2 2
- 3 + 21  y0 Cos x 4 p + 1 15 + 21  q y02 
1 
2 2

1 √
P = a Cos[w x] + y0 - a Cos[ω x] //. w → 4 p + 9 a2 q - 12 a q y0 + 6 q y02 ,
2
ω → √ 4 a p + 9 a3 q - 4 p y0 - 12 a2 q y0 + 6 a q y02 - 4 q y03    4 a - 4 y0 ,
a → Root- 32 p y03 - 32 q y05 + 32 p y02 + 36 q y04  #1 -
48 q y03 #12 + 180 q y02 #13 - 216 q y0 #14 + 81 q #15 &, 1;
1
xp = ∂x,x P + p P + q P3 // Factor // Numerator ;
D[xp, {x, 2}] //. x → 0 // Factor

- 1
4 a - y0
q y0 81 a5 q - 216 a4 q y0 + 32 a p y02 + 180 a3 q y02 - 32 p y03 - 48 a2 q y03 + 36 a q y04 - 32 q y05 
10 LAB 02-edos-Alvaro Salas.nb

Solve81 a5 q - 216 a4 q y0 + 32 a p y02 + 180 a3 q y02 - 32 p y03 - 48 a2 q y03 + 36 a q y04 - 32 q y05 ⩵ 0, a

a → Root- 32 p y03 - 32 q y05 + 32 p y02 + 36 q y04  #1 -
48 q y03 #12 + 180 q y02 #13 - 216 q y0 #14 + 81 q #15 &, 1,
a → Root- 32 p y03 - 32 q y05 + 32 p y02 + 36 q y04  #1 - 48 q y03 #12 +
180 q y02 #13 - 216 q y0 #14 + 81 q #15 &, 2,
a → Root- 32 p y03 - 32 q y05 + 32 p y02 + 36 q y04  #1 - 48 q y03 #12 +
180 q y02 #13 - 216 q y0 #14 + 81 q #15 &, 3,
a → Root- 32 p y03 - 32 q y05 + 32 p y02 + 36 q y04  #1 - 48 q y03 #12 +
180 q y02 #13 - 216 q y0 #14 + 81 q #15 &, 4,
a → Root- 32 p y03 - 32 q y05 + 32 p y02 + 36 q y04  #1 - 48 q y03 #12 +
180 q y02 #13 - 216 q y0 #14 + 81 q #15 &, 5

Solve 3 a2 - 3 a y0 - y02  ⩵ 0, a

a → 1 3 y0 - 21 y0, a → 1 3 y0 + 21 y0

6 6

Exit[]

P = a Cos[w x] + b Cos[3 w x] + y0 - a - b Cos[5 w x] //.

1 1
wx → √ 4 p + 9 a2 q - 12 a q y0 + 6 q y02 , ωx → √ 4 p + 9 a2 q - 6 a q y0 + 3 q y02 ;
2 2
1 1
xp = ∂x,x P + p P + q P3 // Factor // Numerator //. {} // TrigReduce ;
vars = Table[{Cos[j w x], cs[j]}, {i, 1, 6}, {j, 1, 16}] // Flatten 1 // Union;

- p y0 - q y03
SelectCoefficientList[xp //. {}, vars] // Flatten 1 //. w → ,
24 a + 16 b - 25 y0
b → y0 Root45 - 351 #12 + 558 #13 - 276 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1,
a → y0 Root3 + 3 #1 - 105 #12 + 282 #13 - 216 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1 // Factor, Not[# === 0] &

- 1 q a + b - y03 , 3 b q a + b - y02 , 3 q a + b - y0 a2 + a b - b2 - a y0,

4 4 4
1 q 3 a3 - 3 a b2 + b3 - 6 a2 y0 + 3 a y02 , - 3 q a3 + 2 a2 b - a b2 - b3 - a2 y0 + 2 b2 y0 - b y02 ,
4 4
- 1 96 a p + 160 a b p + 64 b2 p + 216 a4 q + 432 a3 b q + 480 a2 b2 q +
2
4 24 a + 16 b - 25 y0
408 a b3 q + 144 b4 q - 96 a p y0 - 64 b p y0 - 585 a3 q y0 - 972 a2 b q y0 - 948 a b2 q y0 -
465 b3 q y0 + 591 a2 q y02 + 810 a b q y02 + 519 b2 q y02 - 197 a q y03 - 173 b q y03 - 25 q y04 ,
1 96 a b p + 64 b2 p - 48 a4 q + 40 a3 b q + 192 a2 b2 q + 312 a b3 q +
4 24 a + 16 b - 25 y0
144 b4 q - 64 b p y0 + 122 a3 q y0 - 171 a2 b q y0 - 534 a b2 q y0 - 417 b3 q y0 -
75 a2 q y02 + 294 a b q y02 + 396 b2 q y02 - 114 b q y03 , 1
4 24 a + 16 b - 25 y0
96 a2 p + 64 a b p + 216 a4 q + 360 a3 b q + 216 a2 b2 q - 24 a b3 q - 48 b4 q - 96 a p y0 - 513 a3 q y0 -
561 a2 b q y0 - 99 a b2 q y0 + 123 b3 q y0 + 444 a2 q y02 + 246 a b q y02 - 75 b2 q y02 - 146 a q y03 

Resultanta3 + 2 a2 b - a b2 - b3 - a2 y0 + 2 b2 y0 - b y02 , 3 a3 - 3 a b2 + b3 - 6 a2 y0 + 3 a y02 , b // Factor

a a - y03 8 a5 - 216 a4 y0 + 282 a3 y02 - 105 a2 y03 + 3 a y04 + 3 y05 

h
 LAB 02-edos-Alvaro Salas.nb 11

Solve8 a5 - 216 a4 y0 + 282 a3 y02 - 105 a2 y03 + 3 a y04 + 3 y05  ⩵ 0, a

a → y0 Root3 + 3 #1 - 105 #12 + 282 #13 - 216 #14 + 8 #15 &, 1,
a → y0 Root3 + 3 #1 - 105 #12 + 282 #13 - 216 #14 + 8 #15 &, 2,
a → y0 Root3 + 3 #1 - 105 #12 + 282 #13 - 216 #14 + 8 #15 &, 3,
a → y0 Root3 + 3 #1 - 105 #12 + 282 #13 - 216 #14 + 8 #15 &, 4,
a → y0 Root3 + 3 #1 - 105 #12 + 282 #13 - 216 #14 + 8 #15 &, 5

Simplify- b4 8 b5 - 276 b4 y0 + 558 b3 y02 - 351 b2 y03 + 45 y05 

- 8 b9 + 276 b8 y0 - 558 b7 y02 + 351 b6 y03 - 45 b4 y05

1
D[xp, {x, 0}] //. wx → p + q y02 , x → 0 // Factor

Solve24 a w2 + 16 b w2 + p y0 - 25 w2 y0 + q y03 ⩵ 0, w

- p y0 - q y03 - p y0 - q y03
w → - , w → 
24 a + 16 b - 25 y0 24 a + 16 b - 25 y0

xp //. x → 01 // Factor

Solve8 a w2 + p y0 - 9 w2 y0 + q y03 ⩵ 0, 24 a w2 + 16 b w2 + p y0 - 25 w2 y0 + q y03 ⩵ 0,

p2 - 10 p w2 + 9 w4 + 4 p q y02 - 10 q w2 y02 + 3 q2 y04 ⩵ 0, {a, b, w} // Last // Factor

P //. a → y0 4 p + 22 q y02 + 2 √ 8 p2 + 7 p q y02 - q2 y04   8 p + 3 q y02 ,

b → y0 4 p + 2 q y02 - 2 √ 8 p2 + 7 p q y02 - q2 y04   8 p + 3 q y02 ,

1  1
w→ 5 p + 5 q y02 + 2 √ 8 p2 + 7 p q y02 - q2 y04  // FullSimplify
3
1 y0 Cos 1 x  5 p + 5 q y02 + 2 √ 8 p - q y02  p + q y02 
4 p + 3 q y02  3
10 q y0 + 2 √ 8 p - q y02  p + q y02  + 4 p + 2 q y02 - 2 √ 8 p - q y02  p + q y02 
2

Cos 2 x  5 p + 5 q y02 + 2 √ 8 p - q y02  p + q y02 

3

- 1 q a + b - y03 , 3 b q a + b - y02 , 3 q a + b - y0 a2 + a b - b2 - a y0,

4 4 4
1 q 3 a3 - 3 a b2 + b3 - 6 a2 y0 + 3 a y02 , - 3 q a3 + 2 a2 b - a b2 - b3 - a2 y0 + 2 b2 y0 - b y02 ,
4 4
1 - 4 a p - 4 b p - 9 a3 q - 12 a2 b q - 12 a b2 q - 9 b3 q + 100 a w2 + 100 b w2 + 4 p y0 +
4
15 a2 q y0 + 18 a b q y0 + 15 b2 q y0 - 100 w2 y0 - 9 a q y02 - 9 b q y02 + 3 q y03 ,
1 4 b p - 2 a3 q + 3 a2 b q + 6 a b2 q + 9 b3 q - 36 b w2 + 3 a2 q y0 - 6 a b q y0 - 12 b2 q y0 + 6 b q y02 ,
4
1 4 a p + 9 a3 q + 9 a2 b q + 3 a b2 q - 3 b3 q - 4 a w2 - 12 a2 q y0 - 6 a b q y0 + 3 b2 q y0 + 6 a q y02 
4

Solve2 a p + 4 a3 q - 2 a w2 - 6 a2 q y0 + 3 a q y02 + q y03  ⩵ 0, w

w → - √ 2 a p + 4 a3 q - 6 a2 q y0 + 3 a q y02 + q y03    2 a ,

w → √ 2 a p + 4 a3 q - 6 a2 q y0 + 3 a q y02 + q y03    2 a 

12 LAB 02-edos-Alvaro Salas.nb

Coefficienta p Cos[w x] - a w2 Cos[w x] + a3 q Cos[w x]3 - a p Cos[x ω] -

1 3 3 3
a q Cos[x ω] + p y0 Cos[x ω] + a2 q y0 Cos[x ω] - a q y02 Cos[x ω] +
2 2 2
1
q y0 Cos[x ω] + a ω Cos[x ω] - y0 ω Cos[x ω] - 3 a q Cos[w x]2 Cos[x ω] +
3 2 2 3
2
3 a2 q y0 Cos[w x]2 Cos[x ω] + 3 a3 q Cos[w x] Cos[x ω]2 - 6 a2 q y0 Cos[w x] Cos[x ω]2 +
1 3
3 a q y02 Cos[w x] Cos[x ω]2 - a3 q Cos[x ω] Cos[2 x ω] + a2 q y0 Cos[x ω] Cos[2 x ω] -
2 2
3 1
a q y02 Cos[x ω] Cos[2 x ω] + q y03 Cos[x ω] Cos[2 x ω], Cos[ω x] // TrigReduce
2 2
CoefficientLista p Cos[w x] - a w2 Cos[w x] + a3 q Cos[w x]3 - a p Cos[x ω] -
1 3 3 3
a q Cos[x ω] + p y0 Cos[x ω] + a2 q y0 Cos[x ω] - a q y02 Cos[x ω] +
2 2 2
1
q y0 Cos[x ω] + a ω Cos[x ω] - y0 ω Cos[x ω] - 3 a q Cos[w x]2 Cos[x ω] +
3 2 2 3
2
3 a2 q y0 Cos[w x]2 Cos[x ω] + 3 a3 q Cos[w x] Cos[x ω]2 - 6 a2 q y0 Cos[w x] Cos[x ω]2 +
1 3
3 a q y02 Cos[w x] Cos[x ω]2 - a3 q Cos[x ω] Cos[2 x ω] + a2 q y0 Cos[x ω] Cos[2 x ω] -
2 2
3 1
a q y02 Cos[x ω] Cos[2 x ω] + q y03 Cos[x ω] Cos[2 x ω], { Cos[ w x], Cos[ ω x]} //.
2 2
1 √
ω→  2 p + 4 a q - 2 a q y0 + q y02  // FullSimplify
2
2
0, - 1 q a - y0 - 3 a2 + a - y02 Cosx √ 4 p + 2 q 4 a2 - 2 a y0 + y02 , 0,
2
a p - w2 , 0, 3 a q a - y02 , 0, 3 a2 q - a + y0, 0, a3 q, 0, 0

2 p + q 4 a2 - 2 a y0 + y02  - 2 ω2

1
- 3 a3 q Cos[2 w x] + 3 a2 q y0 Cos[2 w x] -
2
a3 q Cos[2 x ω] + 3 a2 q y0 Cos[2 x ω] - 3 a q y02 Cos[2 x ω] + q y03 Cos[2 x ω] //

3 a3 q Cos[2 x ω] - 6 a2 q y0 Cos[2 x ω] + 3 a q y02 Cos[2 x ω] // Factor

3 a q a - y02 Cos[2 x ω]

Solve2 p + q 4 a2 - 2 a y0 + y02  - 2 ω2 ⩵ 0, ω

ω → - 1 √ 2 p + 4 a2 q - 2 a q y0 + q y02 , ω → 1 √ 2 p + 4 a2 q - 2 a q y0 + q y02 

2 2

1 1
w → - √ 2 p + 3 a2 q - 6 a q y0 + 3 q y02 , w → √ 2 p + 3 a2 q - 6 a q y0 + 3 q y02 ,
2 2
ω →  a - y0 √ 2 2
2 p + 4 a q - 2 a q y0 + q y0    2 a - 2 y0 


 LAB 02-edos-Alvaro Salas.nb 13

P = a Cos[w x] + y0 - a Cos[ω x] //.

1 1
wx → √ 4 p + 9 a2 q - 12 a q y0 + 6 q y02 , ωx → √ 4 p + 9 a2 q - 6 a q y0 + 3 q y02 ;
2 2
1
xp = ∂x,x P + p P + q P3 // Factor // Numerator //.
1
{Cos[ω x] → cos[1], Cos[j_ * ω * x] → cos[j]} ;
xp1 = xp //. {Cos[w x] → cs[1], Cos[j_ * w * x] → cs[j]};
xp2 = xp1 //. {cos[1] → Cos[ω x], cos[j_] ⧴ Cos[j ω x]};
xp3 = xp2;
xp4 = xp3 //. {Cos[ω x] → cos[1], Cos[j_ * ω * x] → cos[j]};
vars = Table[{cos[i], cs[j]}, {i, 1, 6}, {j, 1, 6}] // Flatten 1 // Union;
cf = CoefficientList[xp4, vars] // Flatten1 // Factor
0, a p - w2 , 0, a3 q, - a - y0 p - ω2 , 0,
- 3 a2 q a - y0, 0, 0, 3 a q a - y02 , 0, 0, - q a - y03 , 0, 0, 0

Solve4 p + 9 a2 q - 4 w2 - 12 a q y0 + 6 q y02 ⩵ 0, 4 p + 9 a2 q - 6 a q y0 + 3 q y02 - 4 ω2 ⩵ 0, {w, ω}

w → - 1 √ 4 p + 9 a2 q - 12 a q y0 + 6 q y02 , ω → - 1 √ 4 p + 9 a2 q - 6 a q y0 + 3 q y02 ,

2 2
w → - 1 √ 4 p + 9 a2 q - 12 a q y0 + 6 q y02 , ω → 1 √ 4 p + 9 a2 q - 6 a q y0 + 3 q y02 ,
2 2
w → 1 √ 4 p + 9 a2 q - 12 a q y0 + 6 q y02 , ω → - 1 √ 4 p + 9 a2 q - 6 a q y0 + 3 q y02 ,
2 2
w → 1 √ 4 p + 9 a2 q - 12 a q y0 + 6 q y02 , ω → 1 √ 4 p + 9 a2 q - 6 a q y0 + 3 q y02 
2 2

vars
{cos[1], cos[2], cos[3], cos[4], cos[5], cos[6], cs[1], cs[2], cs[3], cs[4], cs[5], cs[6]}

+
14 LAB 02-edos-Alvaro Salas.nb

P = a Cos[w x] + y0 - a Cos[ω x];

1
xp = ∂x,x P + p P + q P3 // Factor // Numerator // TrigReduce;
vars =
Table[{Cos[i w x], Sin[i w x], Cos[j ω x], Sin[j ω x], Cos[i w x - j ω x], Cos[i w x + j ω x]},
{i, 1, 6}, {j, 1, 6}] // Flatten1 // Union;
p y0 + q y03 - y0 ω2
CoefficientList[xp //. {}, vars] // Flatten1 //. a → ,
w2 - ω2
xx → 0, w → p + q y02  // Factor

0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
3
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, q y0 , 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
4
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
3
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, - q y0 , 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
4
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

vars = Table[{Cos[i w x], Sin[i w x], Cos[j ω x], Sin[j ω x], Cos[i w x - j ω x]},
{i, 1, 6}, {j, 1, 6}] // Flatten1 // Union
{Cos[w x], Cos[2 w x], Cos[3 w x], Cos[4 w x], Cos[5 w x], Cos[6 w x], Cos[x ω],
Cos[2 x ω], Cos[3 x ω], Cos[4 x ω], Cos[5 x ω], Cos[6 x ω], Cos[w x - 6 x ω],
Cos[2 w x - 6 x ω], Cos[3 w x - 6 x ω], Cos[4 w x - 6 x ω], Cos[5 w x - 6 x ω],
Cos[6 w x - 6 x ω], Cos[w x - 5 x ω], Cos[2 w x - 5 x ω], Cos[3 w x - 5 x ω], Cos[4 w x - 5 x ω],
Cos[5 w x - 5 x ω], Cos[6 w x - 5 x ω], Cos[w x - 4 x ω], Cos[2 w x - 4 x ω], Cos[3 w x - 4 x ω],
Cos[4 w x - 4 x ω], Cos[5 w x - 4 x ω], Cos[6 w x - 4 x ω], Cos[w x - 3 x ω], Cos[2 w x - 3 x ω],
Cos[3 w x - 3 x ω], Cos[4 w x - 3 x ω], Cos[5 w x - 3 x ω], Cos[6 w x - 3 x ω], Cos[w x - 2 x ω],
Cos[2 w x - 2 x ω], Cos[3 w x - 2 x ω], Cos[4 w x - 2 x ω], Cos[5 w x - 2 x ω], Cos[6 w x - 2 x ω],
Cos[w x - x ω], Cos[2 w x - x ω], Cos[3 w x - x ω], Cos[4 w x - x ω], Cos[5 w x - x ω],
Cos[6 w x - x ω], Sin[w x], Sin[2 w x], Sin[3 w x], Sin[4 w x], Sin[5 w x],
Sin[6 w x], Sin[x ω], Sin[2 x ω], Sin[3 x ω], Sin[4 x ω], Sin[5 x ω], Sin[6 x ω]}

P = a Cos[w x] + b Cos[3 w x] + y0 - a - b Cos[5 w x]; ∂x,x P + p P + q P3 //. x → 0

Solve- a w2 - 9 b w2 + p y0 + q y03 - 25 w2 - a - b + y0 ⩵ 0, a

a → 1 - 16 b w2 - p y0 + 25 w2 y0 - q y03 

24 w2

P = a Cos[w x] + y0 - a Cos[ω x];

1
xp = ∂x,x P + p P + q P3 // Factor // Numerator ;
vars = Table[{Cos[j w x], Sin[j w x], Cos[j ω x], Sin[j ω x]}, {j, 1, 112}] // Flatten;
CoefficientList[xp //. {}, vars] // Flatten1 //. {} // Factor
0, - a - y0 p - ω2 , 0, - q a - y03 , a p - w2 ,
0, 3 a q a - y02 , 0, 0, - 3 a2 q a - y0, 0, 0, a3 q, 0, 0, 0
 LAB 02-edos-Alvaro Salas.nb 15

Solvep - w2 + q y02 ⩵ 0, w

w → - p + q y02 , w → p + q y02 

Solve8 b w2 - p y0 + w2 y0 - q y03 ⩵ 0, b
2 3
b → p y0 - w y02 + q y0 
8w

Solve12 a2 p q + a4 q2 - 48 p2 λ - 5 a2 p q λ - 14 p2 λ2 ⩵ 0, λ

λ → 1 - 48 p2 - 5 a2 p q - 3 √ 256 p4 + 128 a2 p3 q + 9 a4 p2 q2 ,

28 p2
λ → 1 2 - 48 p2 - 5 a2 p q + 3 √ 256 p4 + 128 a2 p3 q + 9 a4 p2 q2 
28 p

1 1
0, - a λ a2 q - p λ, -a - 4 a2 q + 8 p λ + a2 q λ + 8 w2 λ + 3 p λ2 + 8 w2 λ2 ,
16 16
1
0, a 8 p + 6 a2 q - 8 w2 + 4 p λ + a2 q λ - 4 w2 λ + p λ2 + 4 w2 λ2 , 0, 0, 0 //.
8

a2 q - 4 p 2 - a2 p q
λ → ,w→  // Factor
p
2 - 2 p + a2 q

a2 q - 4 p 2 - a2 p q
P //. λ → ,w→ 
p
2 - 2 p + a2 q

-4 p2 -a2 p q x
a Cos 
2 -2 p+a2 q

2
-4 p2 -a2 p q x
a2 q Sin 
-2 p+a2 q
1+ 2
p

Solve4 p2 + a2 p q - 4 p w2 + 2 a2 q w2 ⩵ 0, w

- 4 p 2 - a2 p q - 4 p 2 - a2 p q
w → - , w → 
2 - 2 p + a2 q 2 - 2 p + a2 q

Table[Cos[j w x], {j, 1, 12}]

{Cos[w x], Cos[2 w x], Cos[3 w x], Cos[4 w x], Cos[5 w x], Cos[6 w x],
Cos[7 w x], Cos[8 w x], Cos[9 w x], Cos[10 w x], Cos[11 w x], Cos[12 w x]}