Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
𝐺(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑘 𝑥 + ⋯ = ∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑥 𝑘
2 𝑘
𝑘=0
𝐺(𝑥) = ∑ 3𝑥 = 3 ∑ 𝑥 𝑘𝑘
𝑘=0 𝑘=0
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑎𝑘 = 𝑘 + 1
∞
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑎𝑘 = 2𝑘
∞ ∞
𝐺(𝑥) = ∑ 2 𝑥 = ∑(2𝑥)𝑘
𝑘 𝑘
𝑘=0 𝑘=0
𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜 2:
𝐸𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛
1,1,1,1,1,1,1 ….
∞
𝐺(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑥 + ⋯ = ∑ 𝑥 𝑘
2 3 𝑘
𝑘=0
𝑥6 − 1
𝐺(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 =
𝑥−1
𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜 3: 𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑚 𝑢𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑎 0 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑚
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒
𝑎𝑘 = 𝑚𝐶𝑘 = 𝐶(𝑚, 𝑘)
¿ 𝐶𝑢á𝑙 𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧?
𝑎0 = 𝐶(𝑚, 0)
𝑎1 = 𝐶(𝑚, 1)
𝑎2 = 𝐶(𝑚, 2)
…
𝑎𝑘 = 𝐶(𝑚, 𝑘)
…
𝑎𝑚 = 𝐶(𝑚, 𝑚)
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝐺(𝑥) = 𝐶(𝑚, 0) + 𝐶(𝑚, 1)𝑥 + 𝐶(𝑚, 2)𝑥 2 + 𝐶(𝑚, 3)𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝐶(𝑚, 𝑘)𝑥 𝑘 +. . +𝐶(𝑚, 𝑚)𝑥 𝑚
= (1 + 𝑥)𝑚
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠
∞ ∞
𝑘=0 𝑘=0
∞
∞ 𝑘
𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = ∑ (∑ 𝑎𝑗 𝑏𝑘−𝑗 ) 𝑥 𝑘
𝑘=0 𝑗=0
1 1
𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑠𝑖 𝑔(𝑥) = , 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒
(1 − 𝑥)2 1−𝑥
𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑓(𝑥)
∞ 𝑘
∞
1
𝑔(𝑥) = = ∑ 𝑥𝑘
1−𝑥
𝑘=0
∑ 𝑎𝑗 𝑎𝑘−𝑗 = ∑ 1 = 𝑘 + 1
𝑗=0 𝑗=0
𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑔𝑜
∞ 𝑘 ∞
∞
1
∑(𝑘 + 1)𝑥 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛 |𝑥| < 1
(1 − 𝑥)2
𝑘=0
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
𝑢
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑢 𝑢𝑛 𝑛ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑦 𝑘 𝑢𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜 . 𝐸𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑑𝑜 ( ) 𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑘
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜:
𝑢 𝑢(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 2) … (𝑢 − 𝑘 + 1)
( )={ 𝑠𝑖 𝑘 > 0
𝑘 𝑘!
1 𝑠𝑖 𝑘 = 0
𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜:
−2 −2(−3)(−4)
( )= = −4
3 3!
1 1 3 3
1/2 (2) (− 2) (− 2) 3 1
( )= =8= =
3 3! 6 48 16
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑜 𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜: 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑛ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
𝑒1 + 𝑒2 + 𝑒3 = 17
𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑒1 , 𝑒2 , 𝑒3 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒
2 ≤ 𝑒1 ≤ 5, 3 ≤ 𝑒2 ≤ 6, 4 ≤ 𝑒3 ≤ 7
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
𝑒2 = 6, 𝑒3 = 7 𝑦 𝑒1 = 4
𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
𝑒1 = 5, 𝑒2 = 6, 𝑒3 = 6
𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
𝑒1 = 5, 𝑒2 = 5, 𝑒3 = 7
𝐴 𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑖 𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧
𝑒1 → 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5
𝑒2 → 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6
𝑒3 → 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 7
𝐿𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑒 𝑒1 + 𝑒2 + 𝑒3 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑦 𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜
𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠
(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 )(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 )(𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 7 )
= 𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 )𝑥 3 (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 )𝑥 4 (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 )
= 𝑥 9 (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 )3
𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜 2:
¿ 𝐷𝑒 𝑐𝑢á𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑟 8 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 3 𝑛𝑖ñ𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖 𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑛𝑖ñ𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑒
𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑦 𝑛𝑜 𝑚á𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑜?
3
(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 )3 = (𝑥 2 + (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 )) = 𝑥 6 + 3𝑥 4 (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 ) + 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 )2 + (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 )3
= 𝑥 6 + 3𝑥 7 + 3𝑥 8 + 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 7 + 𝑥 8 ) + (𝑥 9 + 3𝑥 10 + 3𝑥 11 + 𝑥 12 )
= 𝑥 12 + 3𝑥 11 + 6𝑥 10 + 7𝑥 9 + 6𝑥 8 + ⋯
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒 6 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑠
𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜 3: 𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑢á𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑟
𝑓𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 1𝐸, 2𝐸 𝑦 5𝐸 𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑚á𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑟 𝑢𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒
𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑟 𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑠, 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑦 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑜
𝑒𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎.
𝐸𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎 𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛
(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + ⋯ )(1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 6 + ⋯ )(1 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 10 + 𝑥 15 + ⋯ )
𝐵𝑢𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑥 𝑟
𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑠𝑖 𝑢𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 12 𝐸
(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 7 +8 + 𝑥 9 + 𝑥 10 + 𝑥 11 + 𝑥 12 + ⋯ )(1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 8
+ 𝑥 10 + 𝑥 12 + ⋯ )(1 + 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 10 + 𝑥 15 + ⋯ )
1 + (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 5 ) + (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 5 )2 + (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 5 )3 + ⋯ + (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 5 )12
+ (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 5 )13 + ⋯
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑧𝑎
12
∑(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 5 )𝑘
𝑘=3
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎: 372
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑜𝑚á𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑎 𝐴𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑋 𝑢𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑎 Σ 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑋 𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒
1. ∅ ∈ Σ
2. 𝑆𝑖 𝐸 ∈ Σ 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐸 𝑐 = 𝑋 − 𝐸 ∈ Σ
3. 𝑆𝑖 {𝐸𝑖 }𝑖∈ℕ ⊂ Σ 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 ⋃∞
𝑖=1 𝐸𝑖 ∈ Σ
𝐴 = ⋃ 𝐸𝑖
𝑖=1
𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝐴 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜
𝐸𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑎: 𝑆𝑖
𝑘
𝐴 = ⋃ 𝐸𝑖
𝑖=1
𝑘
𝐵 = ⋃ 𝐹𝑖
𝑖=1
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑃 (⋃ 𝐴𝑖 ) = ∑ 𝑃(𝐴𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝐴𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑜
(Ω, Σ, 𝑃) 𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑