Método de la secante y bisección

Daniel Alejandro Idárraga Rico

Sebastián Ortiz Villamil

Métodos Numéricos

Facultad de Ingeniería, Ingeniería de Sistemas

Institución Universitaria Antonio José Camacho

1. Calcule mediante 5 pasos del método de la secante una aproximación a la solución del
problema de la oscilación
t
f ( t )=10 e 2 cos ( 2t )−4
Tomando x i−1=0 y x i=1.

Empezamos graficando la función y calculamos su intersección entre los puntos 0 y 1, que nos
va a dar el valor al cual nos queremos aproximar mediante el método de la secante

Observamos que el valor al cual nos queremos aproximar es 0.637883926073045

Empezamos a evaluar los valores de x i−1=0 y x i=1. En la función, por lo que obtenemos que

f ( x i−1 )=6 , f ( x i ) =¿-10.86110141

Procedemos a reemplazarlos en la fórmula de x i+ 1

f ( x i )( xi−1−x i )
x i+ 1=x i− =
f ( x i−1) −f ( x i )

−10.86110141 ( 0−1 )
1− =0.3558486396649
6+10,86110141
Ahora hacemos un cambio de valores de x i−1 y x i , los cuales, van a tomar los valores de x i y
x i+ 1 respectivamente
x i−1=1
x i=0.3558486396649
Teniendo en cuenta que el primer valor de x i era 1 y ahora es 0.3558486396649, podemos
calcular el error relativo porcentual
0.3558486396649−1
| |∙100% = 181.01%
0.3558486396649
Realizamos el mismo procedimiento para cada término
x i−1=1
x i=0.3558486396649

f ( x i−1 )=−10.86110141, f ( x i ) =¿5.0471830795362

5.0471830795362 ( 1−0.3558486396649 )
0.3558486396649− =0.560216989293
−10.86110141−5.0471830795362

x i−1=0.3558486396649
x i=0.560216989293

f ( x i−1 )=5.0471830795362, f ( x i ) =¿1.7601002304651

1.7601002304651 ( 0.3558486396649−0.560216989293 )
0.560216989293− =0.6696479941677
5.0471830795362−1.7601002304651

0.560216989293−0.3558486396649
| |∙100% = 36.48%
0.560216989293

x i−1=0.560216989293
x i=0.6696479941677

f ( x i−1 )=1.7601002304651 , f ( xi ) =¿-0.7931566668694

−0.7931566668694 ( 0.560216989293−0.6696479941677 )
0.6696479941677− =¿
1.7601002304651+0.7931566668694
0.6356537920296

0.6696479941677−0.560216989293
| |∙100% = 16.34%
0.6696479941677
 x i−1=0.6696479941677
x i=0.6356537920296

f ( x i−1 )=−0.7931566668694 , f ( x i ) =¿0.05414444217455

0.05414444217455 ( 0.6696479941677−0.6356537920296 )
0.6356537920296− =0.6378260978277
−0.7931566668694−0.05414444217455

0.6356537920296−0.6696479941677
| |∙100% = 5.34%
0.6356537920296
x i−1=0.6356537920296
x i=0.6378260978277

f ( x i−1 )=0.05414444217455 , f ( x i )=¿ 0.001406586409

0.001406586409 ( 0.6356537920296−0.6378260978277 )
0.6378260978277− =¿0.637884036
0.05414444217455−0.001406586409
0159

0.6378260978277−0.6356537920296
| |∙100% = 0.34%
0.6378260978277

x i−1=0.6378260978277
x i=0.6378840360159

f ( x i−1 )=0.001406586409 , f ( x i )=¿ -0.0000026724176

−0.0000026724176 ( 0.6378260978277−0.6378840360159 )
0.6378840360159− =0.6378839261461
0.001406586409+0.0000026724176

0.6378840360159−0.6378260978277
| |∙100% = 0.00908%
0.6378840360159

Procedemos a reemplazar los valores en una tabla

n x i+ 1 xi f ( x i−1 ) f ( xi ) x i+ 1 ∈r
1 0 1 6 -10.86110141 0.3558486396649
2 1 0.3558486396649 -10.86110141 5.0471830795362 0.560216989293 181.01%
3 0.3558486396649 0.560216989293 5.0471830795362 1.7601002304651 0.6696479941677 36.48%
4 0.560216989293 0.6696479941677 1.7601002304651 −0.7931566668694 0.6356537920296 16.34%
5 0.6696479941677 0.6356537920296 −0.7931566668694 0.05414444217455 0.6378260978277 5.34%
6 0.6356537920296 0.6378260978277 0.05414444217455 0.001406586409 0.6378840360159 0.34%
7 0.6378260978277 0.6378840360159 0.001406586409 -0.0000026724176 0.6378839261461 0.00908%

Observamos que obtuvimos un error relativo porcentual del 0.00908% y una raíz con valor de
0.6378839261461 que se acerca con 7 cifras significativas al valor el cual queremos
aproximar.

2. Determine las raíces reales de

f ( x )=−25+82 x −90 x2 + 44 x 3−8 x 4 +0.75 x 5

Gráficamente y usando el método de bisección. Utilice como valores iniciales x 1=0.5 y x u =1.0.

Graficamos la función que se nos da en el ejercicio

El valor al que nos debemos aproximar mediante el método de bisección es de

0.5792080961408
Con el intervalo que se nos da x 1=0.5 y x u =1.0 evaluamos x r

0.5+1.0
x r= =0.75
2
Evaluamos f ( x 1 ) , f ( x u ) y f ( x r )
2 3 4 5
f ( 0.5 )=−25+82 ( 0.5 ) −90 ( 0.5 ) +44 ( 0.5 ) −8 ( 0.5 ) + 0.75 ( 0.5 ) =−1.4765265
2 3 4 5
f ( 1 ) =−25+82 ( 1 )−90 ( 1 ) +44 ( 1 ) −8 (1 ) +0.75 ( 1 ) =3.75
2 3 4 5
f ( 0.75 )=−25+82 ( 0.75 ) −90 ( 0.75 ) +44 ( 0.75 ) −8 ( 0.75 ) + 0.75 ( 0.75 ) =2.08422851625
Escribimos los signos de cada uno
- + +

x1 xr xu

Al momento de haber un cambio de signo, establecemos nuestro nuevo intervalo entre esos
dos valores, como por ejemplo, en este caso, de x 1a x r sucede eso, por lo que x u toma el valor
de x r y establecemos el nuevo intervalo x 1=0.5 y x u =0.75

Realizamos lo mismo para cada término

0.5+ 0.75
x r= =0.625
2
2 3 4 5
f ( 0.5 )=−25+82 ( 0.5 ) −90 ( 0.5 ) +44 ( 0.5 ) −8 ( 0.5 ) + 0.75 ( 0.5 ) =−1.4765265
2 3 4 5
f ( 0.75 )=−25+82 ( 0.75 ) −90 ( 0.75 ) +44 ( 0.75 ) −8 ( 0.75 ) + 0.75 ( 0.75 ) =2.08422851625
2 3 4 5
f ( 0.625 )=−25+82 ( 0.625 ) −90 ( 0.625 ) + 44 ( 0.625 ) −8 ( 0.625 ) + 0.75 ( 0.625 ) =0.6867599487305
- + +

x1 xr xu

x 1=0.5 y x u =0.625
0.5+ 0.625
x r= =0.5625
2
2 3 4 5
f ( 0.5 )=−25+82 ( 0.5 ) −90 ( 0.5 ) +44 ( 0.5 ) −8 ( 0.5 ) + 0.75 ( 0.5 ) =−1.4765265
f ( 0.625 )=−25+82 ( 0.625 ) −90 ( 0.625 )2+ 44 ( 0.625 )3 −8 ( 0.625 )4 + 0.75 ( 0.625 )5 =0.6867599487305

f ( 0.5625 )=−25+82 ( 0.5625 )−90 ( 0.5625 )2+ 44 ( 0.5625 )3 −8 ( 0.5625 )4 +0.75 ( 0.5625 )5 =−0.2791759967804
- - +

x1 xr xu

x 1=0.5625 y x u=0.625
0.5625+0.625
x r= =0.59375
2

f ( 0.5625 )=−25+82 ( 0.5625 )−90 ( 0.5625 )2+ 44 ( 0.5625 )3 −8 ( 0.5625 )4 +0.75 ( 0.5625 )5 =−0.2791759967804

f ( 0.625 )=−25+82 ( 0.625 ) −90 ( 0.625 )2+ 44 ( 0.625 )3 −8 ( 0.625 )4 + 0.75 ( 0.625 )5 =0.6867599487305

f ( 0.59375 )=−25+82 ( 0.59375 ) −90 ( 0.59375 )2+ 44 ( 0.59375 )3 −8 ( 0.59375 )4 +0.75 ( 0.59375 )5 =0.230142183601

- + +

x1 xr xu

x 1=0.5625 y x u=0.59375
0.5625+0.59375
x r= =0.578125
2

f ( 0.5625 )=−25+82 ( 0.5625 )−90 ( 0.5625 )2+ 44 ( 0.5625 )3 −8 ( 0.5625 )4 +0.75 ( 0.5625 )5 =−0.2791759967804

f ( 0.59375 )=−25+82 ( 0.59375 ) −90 ( 0.59375 )2+ 44 ( 0.59375 )3 −8 ( 0.59375 )4 +0.75 ( 0.59375 )5 =0.230142183601

f ( 0.578125 )=−25+82 ( 0.578125 )−90 ( 0.578125 )2+ 44 ( 0.578125 )3 −8 ( 0.578125 )4 +0.75 ( 0.578125 )5=−0.0176

- - +

x1 xr xu
 x 1=0.578125 y x u=0.59375
0.578125+0.59375
x r= =0.5859375
2
2 3 4 5
f ( 0.578125 )=−25+82 ( 0.578125 )−90 ( 0.578125 ) + 44 ( 0.578125 ) −8 ( 0.578125 ) +0.75 ( 0.578125 ) =−0.0176
2 3 4 5
f ( 0.59375 )=−25+82 ( 0.59375 ) −90 ( 0.59375 ) + 44 ( 0.59375 ) −8 ( 0.59375 ) +0.75 ( 0.59375 ) =0.230142183601
2 3 4 5
f ( 0.5859375 )=−25+82 ( 0.5859375 )−90 ( 0.5859375 ) + 44 ( 0.5859375 ) −8 ( 0.5859375 ) +0.75 ( 0.5859375 ) =0
- + +

x1 xr xu

x 1=0.578125 y x u=0.5859375
0.578125+0.5859375
x r= =0.58203125
2
2 3 4 5
f ( 0.578125 )=−25+82 ( 0.578125 )−90 ( 0.578125 ) + 44 ( 0.578125 ) −8 ( 0.578125 ) +0.75 ( 0.578125 ) =−0.0176
2 3 4 5
f ( 0.5859375 )=−25+82 ( 0.5859375 )−90 ( 0.5859375 ) + 44 ( 0.5859375 ) −8 ( 0.5859375 ) +0.75 ( 0.5859375 ) =0
2 3 4
f ( 0.58203125 )=−25+82 ( 0.58203125 )−90 ( 0.58203125 ) + 44 ( 0.58203125 ) −8 ( 0.58203125 ) +0.75 ( 0.582031
- + +

x1 xr xu

x 1=0.578125 y x u=0.58203125
0.578125+0.58203125
x r= =0.580078125
2
f ( 0.578125 )=−25+82 ( 0.578125 )−90 ( 0.578125 )2+ 44 ( 0.578125 )3 −8 ( 0.578125 )4 +0.75 ( 0.578125 )5=−0.0176

f ( 0.58203125 )=−25+82 ( 0.58203125 )−90 ( 0.58203125 )2+ 44 ( 0.58203125 )3−8 ( 0.58203125 )4 +0.75 ( 0.582031

f ( 0.580078125 )=−25+82 ( 0.580078125 )−90 ( 0.580078125 )2+ 44 ( 0.580078125 )3−8 ( 0.580078125 )4 +0.75 ( 0.5
- + +

x1 xr xu

x 1=0.578125 y x u=0.580078125
0.578125+0.580078125
x r= =0.5791015625
2

f ( 0.578125 )=−25+82 ( 0.578125 )−90 ( 0.578125 )2+ 44 ( 0.578125 )3 −8 ( 0.578125 )4 +0.75 ( 0.578125 )5=−0.0176

f ( 0.580078125 )=−25+82 ( 0.580078125 )−90 ( 0.580078125 )2+ 44 ( 0.580078125 )3−8 ( 0.580078125 )4 +0.75 ( 0.5

f ( 0.5791015625 )=−25+82 ( 0.5791015625 )−90 ( 0.5791015625 )2 + 44 ( 0.5791015625 )3−8 ( 0.5791015625 ) 4+ 0.

- - +

x1 xr xu

x 1=0.5791015625 y x u=0.580078125
0.5791015625+0.580078125
x r= =0.57958984375
2
2 3 4
f ( 0.5791015625 )=−25+82 ( 0.5791015625 )−90 ( 0.5791015625 ) + 44 ( 0.5791015625 ) −8 ( 0.5791015625 ) + 0.
2 3 4
f ( 0.580078125 )=−25+82 ( 0.580078125 )−90 ( 0.580078125 ) + 44 ( 0.580078125 ) −8 ( 0.580078125 ) +0.75 ( 0.5
2 3
f ( 0.57958984375 ) =−25+82 ( 0.57958984375 )−90 ( 0.57958984375 ) + 44 ( 0.57958984375 ) −8 ( 0.57958984375

- + +
 x1 xr xu

x 1=0.5791015625 y x u=0.57958984375
0.5791015625+0.57958984375
x r= =0.579345703125
2

f ( 0.5791015625 )=−25+82 ( 0.5791015625 )−90 ( 0.5791015625 )2 + 44 ( 0.5791015625 )3−8 ( 0.5791015625 ) 4+ 0.

f ( 0.57958984375 ) =−25+82 ( 0.57958984375 )−90 ( 0.57958984375 )2 + 44 ( 0.57958984375 )3−8 ( 0.57958984375

f ( 0.579345703125 ) =−25+82 ( 0.579345703125 )−90 ( 0.579345703125 )2 + 44 ( 0.579345703125 )3−8 ( 0.5793457

- + +

x1 xr xu

x 1=0.5791015625 y x u=0.579345703125
0.5791015625+0.579345703125
x r= =0.5792236328125
2
2 3 4
f ( 0.5791015625 )=−25+82 ( 0.5791015625 )−90 ( 0.5791015625 ) + 44 ( 0.5791015625 ) −8 ( 0.5791015625 ) + 0.
2 3
f ( 0.579345703125 ) =−25+82 ( 0.579345703125 )−90 ( 0.579345703125 ) + 44 ( 0.579345703125 ) −8 ( 0.5793457
2 3
f ( 0.5792236328125 ) =−25+82 ( 0.5792236328125 )−90 ( 0.5792236328125 ) +44 ( 0.5792236328125 ) −8 ( 0.579

- + +

x1 xr xu

x 1=0.5791015625 y x u=0.5792236328125
( 0.5791015625 )=−25+82 ( 0.5791015625 )−90 ( 0.5791015625 )2 +44 ( 0.5791015625 )3−8 ( 0.5791015625 )4 + 0.75

f ( 0.5792236328125 ) =−25+82 ( 0.5792236328125 )−90 ( 0.5792236328125 )2 +44 ( 0.5792236328125 )3−8 ( 0.579

f ( 0.5791625976563 ) =−25+82 ( 0.5791625976563 )−90 ( 0.5791625976563 )2 +44 ( 0.5791625976563 )3−8 ( 0.579

- - +

x1 xr xu

Reemplazamos en la tabla los valores

n an bn Pn f (Pn)
1 0.5 1.0 0.75 2.08422851625
2 0.5 0.75 0.625 0.6867599487305
3 0.5 0.625 0.5625 -0.2791759967804
4 0.5625 0.625 0.59375 0.2301421836019
5 0.5625 0.59375 0.578125 -0.0176119508687
6 0.578125 0.59375 0.5859375 0.1079513562217
7 0.578125 0.5859375 0.58203125 0.0455962421872
8 0.578125 0.58203125 0.580078125 0.0140994047558
9 0.578125 0.580078125 0.5791015625 -0.0017293801438
10 0.5791015625 0.580078125 0.57958984375 0.0061917257619
11 0.5791015625 0.57958984375 0.579345703125 0.0022328523942
12 0.5791015625 0.579345703125 0.5792236328125 0.0002521561742
13 0.5791015625 0.5792236328125 0.5791625976563 -0.0007385069527

Podemos decir que en la iteración número 12 se acerca al valor que queremos aproximar con
4 cifras significativas con una raíz de 0.5792236328125.
El método de la secante en estos ejercicios fue más rápida con 7 iteraciones a diferencia de las
13 que se tuvieron que realizar con el método de bisección, además de que parece más
eficiente el método de la secante en este caso debido a que se tienen que hacer menos
operaciones en cada iteración respecto al otro método.