Universidad nacional de Ingeniería

Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica

Tema :Anti derivada e integral

indefinida
Docente:Ing.Edwin Tello Godoy
Correo :etello@uni.edu.pe
2021-I
13. Si 𝒑 es u número impar positivo en integrales que presentan la
siguiente estructura
‫𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒒𝒉𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒖 𝒑𝒉𝒈𝒕𝒄 ׬ ;𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒒𝒉𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒖 𝒑𝒉𝒈𝒕 ׬ ;𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒒𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒖 𝒑𝒈𝒕𝒄 ׬ ;𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒒𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒖 𝒑𝒈𝒕 ׬‬
Considerar las siguientes identidades
𝒕𝒈𝟐 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖 − 𝟏; 𝒄𝒕𝒈𝟐 𝒖 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒖 − 𝟏
𝒕𝒈𝒉𝟐 𝒖 = 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒖; 𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒉𝟐 𝒖 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒖 + 𝟏
∗ ‫𝒑𝒈𝒕 ׬ = 𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒒𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒖 𝒑𝒈𝒕 ׬‬−𝟏 𝒖 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒒−𝟏 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒈𝒖𝒅𝒖
𝒑−𝟏 𝒑−𝟏
‫𝟐 )𝒖 𝟐𝒈𝒕(׬‬ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒒−𝟏 𝒖 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒈𝒖𝒅𝒖 = ‫׬‬ (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒒−𝟏 𝒖 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒈𝒖𝒅𝒖

‫𝒖𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒈𝒕 )𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒔(𝒇 ׬‬
Operando en el integrando en la última integral se obtiene varias integrales inmediatas
elementales.

∗∗ ‫𝒑𝒉𝒈𝒕𝒄 ׬ = 𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒒𝒉𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒖 𝒑𝒉𝒈𝒕𝒄 ׬‬−𝟏 𝒖 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒒−𝟏 𝒖𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒖𝒅𝒖

𝒑−𝟏
‫𝟐 )𝒖 𝟐𝒉𝒈𝒕𝒄(׬‬ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒒−𝟏 𝒖 𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒖𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒖𝒅𝒖
𝒑−𝟏
‫ 𝟏(׬‬+ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒖) 𝟐 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒒−𝟏 𝒖 𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒖𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒖𝒅𝒖 = ‫𝒖𝒅𝒖𝒉𝒈𝒕𝒄𝒖𝒉𝒄𝒔𝒄)𝒖𝒉𝒄𝒔𝒄(𝒇 ׬‬
𝟏𝟓. 𝐒𝐢 𝐪 𝐞𝐬 𝐮𝐧 𝐧ú𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐨 𝐩𝐚𝐫 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐨 𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐪𝐮𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝑳𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐞 𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚
‫𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒒𝒉𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒖 𝒑𝒉𝒈𝒕𝒄 ׬ ;𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒒𝒉𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒖 𝒑𝒉𝒈𝒕 ׬ ;𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒒𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒖 𝒑𝒈𝒕𝒄 ׬ ;𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒒𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒖 𝒑𝒈𝒕 ׬‬
Considerar las siguientes identidades:
𝟏 + 𝒕𝒈𝟐 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖; 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒕𝒈𝟐 𝒖 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒖
𝒕𝒈𝒉𝟐 𝒖 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒖 = 𝟏; 𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒉𝟐 𝒖 − 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒖 = 𝟏
∗ ‫𝒒𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒖 𝒑𝒈𝒕 ׬ = 𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒒𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒖 𝒑𝒈𝒕 ׬‬−𝟐 𝒖 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖𝒅𝒖
𝒇 𝒕𝒈𝒖
𝒒−𝟐 𝒒−𝟐
‫𝟐 )𝒖 𝟐𝒄𝒆𝒔(𝒖 𝒑𝒈𝒕 ׬‬ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖𝒅𝒖 =‫׬‬ 𝒕𝒈𝒑 𝒖(𝟏 + 𝒕𝒈𝟐 𝒖) 𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖𝒅𝒖 = ‫𝑢𝒅𝒖 𝟐𝒄𝒆𝒔 )𝒖𝒈𝒕(𝒇 ׬‬
Operando en la última integral se obtiene varias integrales elementales
∗∗ ‫𝒒𝒉𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒖 𝒑𝒉𝒈𝒕𝒄 ׬ = 𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒒𝒉𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒖 𝒑𝒉𝒈𝒕𝒄 ׬‬−𝟐 𝒖 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒖𝒅𝒖
𝒇 𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒖
𝒒−𝟐 𝒒−𝟐
‫𝟐 )𝒖 𝟐𝒉𝒄𝒔𝒄(𝒖 𝒑𝒉𝒈𝒕𝒄 ׬‬ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒖𝒅𝒖 =‫׬‬ 𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒑 𝒖(𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒉𝟐 𝒖 − 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒖𝒅𝒖

‫𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝟐𝒉𝒄𝒔𝒄 )𝒖𝒉𝒈𝒕𝒄(𝒇 ׬‬

Operando en la última integral se obtiene varias integrales inmediatas elementales
 𝒂𝒙+𝒃
15.Integrales de la forma: ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙, 𝒂 ≠𝟎
𝒑𝒙𝟐 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓
𝒂𝒙+𝒃
‫𝟐𝒙𝒑 ׬‬+𝒒𝒙+𝒓 𝒅𝒙
𝒅
𝒑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒒𝒙 + 𝒓 = (𝟐𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒)
𝒅𝒙
𝒃 𝒂 𝟐𝒑𝒃 𝟐𝒑𝒃
𝒂 𝒙+ 𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒑𝒙+ 𝒅𝒙 𝒂 𝟐𝒑𝒙+𝒒+ −𝒒
𝒂 𝟐𝒑 𝒂 𝒂
‫𝟐𝒙𝒑 ׬‬+𝒒𝒙+𝒓 𝒅𝒙 = ‫׬‬ 𝒑𝒙𝟐 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐𝒑
‫𝟐𝒙𝒑 ׬‬+𝒒𝒙+𝒓 𝒅𝒙
𝟐𝒑𝒃−𝒂𝒒
𝒂 𝟐𝒑𝒙+𝒒 𝒂 𝒂
𝐼= ‫׬‬ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + ‫׬‬ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟐𝒑 𝒑𝒙 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓 𝟐𝒑 𝒑𝒙 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓
𝒂 𝟐𝒑𝒙+𝒒 𝟐𝒑𝒃−𝒂𝒒 𝒅𝒙
𝑰= ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 + ‫׬‬ 𝒒 𝒓
𝟐𝒑 𝒑𝒙𝟐 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓 𝟐𝒑 𝒑(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙+ )
𝒑 𝒑
𝒂 𝟐𝒑𝒙+𝒒 𝟐𝒑𝒃−𝒂𝒒 𝒅𝒙
𝑰= ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 + ‫׬‬ 𝒒 𝟐 𝒓
𝟐𝒑 𝒑𝒙𝟐 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓 𝟐𝒑 𝒑( 𝒙+
𝒒
+ −( )𝟐 )
𝟐𝒑 𝒑 𝟐𝒑
𝒂 𝟐𝒑𝒙+𝒒 𝟐𝒑𝒃−𝒂𝒒 𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝒑𝒓−𝒒𝟐
𝑰= ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 + ‫׬‬ , >𝟎
𝟐𝒑 𝒑𝒙𝟐 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓 𝟐𝒑𝟐 𝒒 𝟐 𝟒𝒑𝒓−𝒒𝟐 𝟒𝒑𝟐
𝒙+ + 𝟐
𝟐𝒑 𝟒𝒑

𝒂 𝟐𝒑𝒃 − 𝒂𝒒 𝟐𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒
𝑰= 𝑳𝒏 𝒑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒒𝒙 + 𝒓 + 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒈 +𝒌
𝟐𝒑 𝒑 𝟒𝒑𝒓 − 𝒒 𝟐 𝟒𝒑𝒓 − 𝒒𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒙
‫ 𝟐𝒙 ׬‬+𝒂𝟐 = 𝒂 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒈 𝒂
+𝒌
 𝒂𝒙+𝒃
16.Integrales de la forma: ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙; 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎
𝒑𝒙𝟐 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓

𝒅
𝒑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒒𝒙 + 𝒓 = (𝟐𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒)
𝒅𝒙
𝒃 𝒂 𝟐𝒑𝒃 𝟐𝒑𝒃
𝒂𝒙+𝒃 𝒂 𝒙+ 𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒑𝒙+ 𝒅𝒙 𝒂 𝟐𝒑𝒙+𝒒+ −𝒒
𝒂 𝟐𝒑 𝒂 𝒂
‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 = ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 = ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 = ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙
𝒑𝒙𝟐 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓 𝒑𝒙𝟐 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓 𝒑𝒙𝟐 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓 𝟐𝒑 𝟐
𝒑𝒙 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓
𝟐𝒑𝒃−𝒂𝒒 𝟐𝒑𝒃−𝒂𝒒
𝒂 𝟐𝒑𝒙+𝒒+ 𝒂 𝟐𝒑𝒙+𝒒 𝒂
𝒂 𝒂
𝑰= ‫׬‬ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 + ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙
𝟐𝒑 𝒑𝒙 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓 𝟐𝒑 𝒑𝒙𝟐 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓 𝟐𝒑 𝟐
𝒑𝒙 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓
𝟐𝒑𝒃−𝒂𝒒
𝒂 𝟐𝒑𝒙+𝒒+ 𝒂 𝟐𝒑𝒙+𝒒 𝟐𝒑𝒃−𝒂𝒒 𝒅𝒙
𝒂
𝑰= ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 = ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 + ‫׬‬
𝟐𝒑 𝒑𝒙𝟐 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓 𝟐𝒑 𝒑𝒙𝟐 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓 𝟐𝒑 𝒒 𝒓
𝒑(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙+ )
𝒑 𝒑
𝟐𝒑𝒃−𝒂𝒒
𝒂 𝟐𝒑𝒙+𝒒+ 𝒂 𝟐𝒑𝒙+𝒒 𝟐𝒑𝒃−𝒂𝒒 𝒅𝒙 𝟒𝒑𝒓−𝒒𝟐
𝒂
𝑰= ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 = ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 + ‫׬‬ ; >𝟎
𝟐𝒑 𝟐
𝒑𝒙 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓 𝟐𝒑 𝒑𝒙𝟐 +𝒒𝒙+𝒓 𝟐𝒑 𝒑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒𝒑𝟐
𝒒 𝟒𝒑𝒓−𝒒
𝒙+ + 𝟐
𝟐𝒑 𝟒𝒑

𝒂 𝟐𝒑𝒃−𝒂𝒒 𝒒 𝒒 𝟐 𝟒𝒑𝒓−𝒒𝟐
𝑰= 𝒑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒒𝒙 + 𝒓 + 𝑳𝒏 𝒙+ + 𝒙+ + +𝒌
𝒑 𝟐𝒑 𝒑 𝟐𝒑 𝟐𝒑 𝟒𝒑𝟐

𝒅𝒙
‫׬‬ = 𝑳𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒌
𝒙𝟐 +𝒂𝟐
Algunas fórmulas utilizadas en integración de funciones
trigonométricas e hiperbólicas
𝟏
𝟏. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒔𝒆𝒏𝑩 = (𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝑨 + 𝑩 ) − 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝑨 − 𝑩 )
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐. 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 = (𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝑨 − 𝑩 + 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝑨 + 𝑩 )
𝟐
𝟏
𝟑. 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝑨𝒔𝒆𝒏𝑩 = (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 − 𝑩 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 + 𝑩 )
𝟐
𝟏
𝟒. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 = (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 − 𝑩 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 + 𝑩 )
𝟐
𝟏
𝟓. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝑨𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉𝑩 = (𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉 𝑨 + 𝑩 − 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉 𝑨 − 𝑩 )
𝟐
𝟏
𝟔. 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝑩 = (𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉 𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉 𝑨 − 𝑩 )
𝟐
𝟏
𝟕. 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉𝑨𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉𝑩 = (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝑨 + 𝑩 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝑨 − 𝑩 )
𝟐
𝟏
𝟖. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝑩 = (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝑨 − 𝑩 )
𝟐

𝑰 = ‫𝒙𝒅 𝟑𝒙𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝟑𝒙𝟔𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝟐𝒙 ׬‬

1.Calcule:𝑰 = ‫𝒙𝒅 𝟑𝒙𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝟑𝒙𝟔𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝟐𝒙 ׬‬
𝟏
𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉𝟔𝒙𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉𝒙𝟑 = (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝟕𝒙𝟑 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝟓𝒙𝟑 )
𝟐
1 1
𝐼 = ‫𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬ℎ 7𝑥 3 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ‫𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬ℎ 5𝑥 3 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑰= ‫׬‬ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝟕𝒙𝟑 𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − ‫𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄 ׬‬ 𝟓𝒙𝟑 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟓
𝟏 𝟏
𝑰 = 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉 𝟕𝒙𝟑 − 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉 𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝒌
𝟒𝟐 𝟑𝟎

2. Calcule:𝑰 = ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙𝟓𝒆𝟑 𝒔𝒐𝒄 𝒙𝟓𝒆𝟒 𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒙𝟓𝒆 ׬‬

𝟏
𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝟒𝒆𝟓𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒆𝟓𝒙 = (𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝟕𝒆𝟓𝒙 + 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒆𝟓𝒙 )
𝟐
1 1
𝑰 = ‫ 𝒙𝒅 𝒙𝟓𝒆 𝒙𝟓𝒆𝟕 𝒏𝒆𝒔 ׬‬+ ‫ 𝒙𝒅 𝒙𝟓𝒆 𝒙𝟓𝒆 𝒏𝒆𝒔 ׬‬+
2 2
1 1 1𝟏
𝑰=− ‫׬‬ −𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝟕𝒆𝟓𝒙 𝟑𝟓𝒆𝟓𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ‫ ׬‬−𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒆𝟓𝒙 𝟓𝒆𝟓𝒙𝒅𝒙
2 35 2𝟓
1 1
𝑰 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝟕𝒆𝟓𝒙 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝒆𝟓𝒙 + 𝒌
70 10
3.Halle: 𝒙𝟔𝟔𝟓 𝒅𝒙
‫׬‬
𝟏 𝒙𝟔𝟔𝟔
𝑰= ‫׬‬ 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒙𝟔𝟔𝟓 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒌
𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝟔𝟔𝟔

𝒖𝒒+𝟏
‫׬‬ 𝒖𝒒 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪
𝒒+𝟏
𝟏𝟎
𝟑
𝒙𝟕 𝟕 𝟏𝟎
𝑰 = ‫= 𝒙𝒅 𝒙 ׬‬
𝟕
𝟏𝟎 +𝑪→𝑰= 𝒙𝟕 +𝑪
𝟏𝟎
𝟕
Derivación de funciones hiperbólicas inversas

′ 𝒗′
1. 𝑨𝒓𝒈𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉𝒗(𝒙) =
𝒗𝟐 +𝟏

′ 𝒗′
2. 𝑨𝒓𝒈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒗(𝒙) = ;𝒗 > 𝟏
𝒗𝟐 −𝟏

′ 𝒗′
3. 𝑨𝒓𝒈𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒗(𝒙) = ; 𝒗 <𝟏
𝟏−𝒗𝟐

′ 𝒗′
4. 𝑨𝒓𝒈𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒗 𝒙 = ; 𝒗 >𝟏
𝟏−𝒗𝟐

′ 𝒗′
5. 𝑨𝒓𝒈𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒗(𝒙) = − ;𝟎 < 𝒗 < 𝟏
𝒗 𝟏−𝒗𝟐

′ 𝒗′
6. 𝑨𝒓𝒈𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒗(𝒙) = − ;𝒗 ≠ 𝟎
𝒗 𝟏+𝒗𝟐
Funciones hiperbólicas inversas en términos de la función logaritmo natural

𝟏. 𝑨𝒓𝒈𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉𝒙 = 𝑳𝒏(𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)

2.𝑨𝒓𝒈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙 = 𝑳𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 ; 𝒙 > 𝟏

𝟏 𝟏+𝒙
3.𝑨𝒓𝒈𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒙 = 𝑳𝒏 ; 𝒙 <𝟏
𝟐 𝟏−𝒙

𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
4.𝑨𝒓𝒈𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒙 = 𝑳𝒏 ; 𝒙 >𝟏
𝟐 𝒙−𝟏

𝟏+ 𝟏−𝒙𝟐
5.𝑨𝒓𝒈𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒙 = 𝑳𝒏 ;𝟎 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
𝒙

𝟏 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
6.𝑨𝒓𝒈𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒙 = 𝑳𝒏 + ;𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
𝒙 𝒙
‫‪Ejemplo‬‬

‫𝒙𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒈𝒓𝑨 ‪𝒙𝟑 +𝒙+𝟐+ 𝒙𝟒 −𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)−𝟐 𝟐𝒙+‬‬

‫׬‪Calcula:‬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅‬
‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬
‫‪Solución‬‬
‫𝒙𝒅 𝟑𝒙‬ ‫𝒙𝒅𝒙‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟑‪−‬‬ ‫𝒙𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒈𝒓𝑨‬
‫׬=𝑰‬ ‫׬‪+‬‬ ‫׬‪+‬‬ ‫׬‪+‬‬ ‫𝟐𝒙‬ ‫𝟏‪+‬‬ ‫׬ ‪𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 +‬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅‬
‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬

‫𝑥𝑑𝑥‪𝑥 2 .‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑𝑥‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪−3‬‬ ‫𝑥‪𝐴𝑟𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ‬‬

‫׬=𝐼‬ ‫׬‪+‬‬ ‫׬‪+‬‬ ‫׬‪+‬‬ ‫‪𝑥2‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫׬ ‪2𝑥𝑑𝑥 +‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫‪𝑥 2 −1‬‬ ‫‪𝑥 2 −1‬‬ ‫‪𝑥 2 −1‬‬ ‫‪𝑥 2 −1‬‬
‫𝒙𝒅𝒙‪(𝒙𝟐 −𝟏+𝟏).‬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅𝒙‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟑‪−‬‬ ‫𝒙𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒈𝒓𝑨‬
‫׬=𝑰‬ ‫׬‪+‬‬ ‫׬‪+‬‬ ‫׬‪+‬‬ ‫𝟐𝒙‬ ‫𝟏‪+‬‬ ‫׬ ‪𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 +‬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅‬
‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬

‫𝒙𝒅𝒙‬ ‫𝒙𝒅𝒙‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟑‪−‬‬ ‫𝒙𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒈𝒓𝑨‬

‫׬=𝑰‬ ‫𝟐𝒙‬ ‫׬ ‪− 𝟏 𝒙𝒅𝒙 +‬‬ ‫׬‪+‬‬ ‫׬‪+‬‬ ‫׬‪+‬‬ ‫𝟐𝒙‬ ‫𝟏‪+‬‬ ‫׬ ‪𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 +‬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅‬
‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬

‫𝟏‬ ‫𝒙𝒅𝒙𝟐‬ ‫𝒙𝒅𝟐‬ ‫𝟑‪−‬‬ ‫𝒙𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒈𝒓𝑨‬

‫=𝑰‬ ‫׬‬ ‫𝟐𝒙‬ ‫׬ 𝟐 ‪− 𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 +‬‬ ‫׬‪+‬‬ ‫׬‪+‬‬ ‫𝟐𝒙‬ ‫𝟏‪+‬‬ ‫׬ ‪𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 +‬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅‬
‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟏‪𝟐 𝒙𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 −‬‬

‫𝟐 𝟏‬ ‫𝟑‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟑‬

‫=𝑰‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫𝟐𝒙‬ ‫𝟏‪−‬‬ ‫𝟐‪+‬‬ ‫𝟐𝒙‬ ‫‪− 𝟏 + 𝟐𝑨𝒓𝒈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙 −‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫𝒙𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒈𝒓𝑨‬ ‫𝒌‪+‬‬
‫𝟑 𝟐‬ ‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 +‬‬ ‫𝟑‬

‫𝟏‬ ‫𝟑‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟑‬

‫=𝑰‬ ‫𝟐𝒙‬ ‫𝟏‪−‬‬ ‫𝟐‪+‬‬ ‫𝟐𝒙‬ ‫‪− 𝟏 + 𝟐𝑨𝒓𝒈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙 −‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫𝒙𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒈𝒓𝑨‬ ‫𝒌‪+‬‬
‫𝟑‬ ‫𝟏‪𝒙𝟐 +‬‬ ‫𝟑‬
Formulas elementales de Integración
1. ‫ 𝒗 = 𝒗𝒅 ׬‬+ 𝒌
𝒗𝒎+𝟏 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
2. ‫׬‬ 𝒗𝒎 𝒅𝒗 = + 𝒌 ; 𝒎 ≠ −𝟏 ; ‫׬‬ 𝒙𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒌
𝒎+𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒗 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒙−𝒙𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒙𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒙
3. ‫𝒗 ׬‬−𝟏 𝒅𝒗 = ‫׬‬ = 𝑳𝒏 𝒗 + 𝒌; ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑳𝒏 𝒙𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒙 + 𝟐 + 𝒌
𝒗 𝒙𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒙+𝟐

4.‫ 𝒗𝒆 = 𝒗𝒅 𝒗𝒆 ׬‬+ 𝒌
𝒂𝒗
5. ‫׬‬ 𝒂𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = +𝒌
𝑳𝒏𝒂

𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐧 𝟏−𝒙𝟑
𝟔. ‫ = 𝒗𝒅𝒗𝒏𝒆𝒔 ׬‬−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒗 + 𝒌 ;𝑰 = ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏−𝒙𝟑

−𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟐 −𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐧 𝟏−𝒙𝟑 𝟐

𝒅 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒅𝒙 → 𝐈 = ‫׬‬ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒌
𝟐 𝟏−𝒙 𝟑 −𝟑 𝟐 𝟏−𝒙𝟑 𝟑

7. ‫ 𝒗𝒏𝒆𝒔 = 𝒗𝒅𝒗𝒔𝒐𝒄 ׬‬+ 𝒌

8. ‫ = 𝒗𝒅𝒗𝒈𝒕 ׬‬− 𝑳𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒗 + 𝒌 = 𝑳𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒗 + 𝒌
𝟏−𝟐𝒔𝒆𝒏𝟐 𝒙𝟒 𝟑 𝟏
9. ‫ 𝒗𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝑳 = 𝒗𝒅𝒗𝒈𝒕𝒄 ׬‬+ 𝒌 ; ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝟒𝒙𝟐𝒏𝒆𝒔 ׬‬ = 𝑳𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝒌
𝟖
 ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟐‬
‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙𝒉𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒙‬ ‫𝟏‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝒙𝒉𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒆‬
‫= 𝑰*‬ ‫𝒙𝒉𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒆 ׬ 𝟐‪ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙𝟐𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒙𝟐 = −‬׬‬ ‫= 𝒙𝒅 𝟐𝒙𝒉𝒈𝒕 𝟐𝒙𝒉𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒙𝟐‪−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫𝑪‪+‬‬
‫𝟐‬
‫𝒙‬
‫𝒆𝟐𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄𝟑) 𝒙𝒆𝟐(𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒙𝒆𝟐‬
‫׬ = 𝑰 **‬ ‫𝒙 𝟐‬ ‫𝒙𝒅‬
‫𝒆 𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄𝟓‬
‫𝒙‬ ‫𝒙‬
‫𝒆𝟐𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄𝟑) 𝒙𝒆𝟐(𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒙𝒆𝟐‬ ‫𝒆𝟐𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄𝟑) 𝒙𝒆𝟐(𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒙𝒆𝟐‬
‫׬=𝑰‬ ‫𝟏‪𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒆𝒙 +‬‬ ‫׬ = 𝒙𝒅‬ ‫𝒙𝒆𝟐𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄‬ ‫𝒙𝒅‬
‫𝟓‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟓‬ ‫𝟓 ‪.‬‬
‫𝟏‬ ‫𝟑‬ ‫𝒙𝒆𝟐𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄‬
‫=𝑰‬ ‫׬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙𝒆𝟐) 𝒙𝒆𝟐(𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒔‬
‫𝟓‬ ‫𝟓‬

‫𝒙‬ ‫𝒙‬
‫𝒆𝟐𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄 𝟑‬ ‫) 𝒆𝟐(𝐡𝐬𝐨𝐜 𝟑‬
‫𝟏‬ ‫𝟓‬ ‫𝟓‬
‫=𝑰‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫𝟑‬ ‫=𝑰→‬ ‫𝒌‪+‬‬
‫𝟓‬ ‫𝒏𝑳‬ ‫)𝟓 𝒏𝑳‪𝟓(𝑳𝒏𝟑−‬‬
‫𝟓‬
‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝒕𝒈𝒗 +‬׬ ‪10.‬‬
‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒗𝒅𝒗 = −𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒗 +‬׬ ‪11.‬‬
‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒗. 𝒕𝒈𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒗 +‬׬ ‪12.‬‬
‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒗. 𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒗𝒅𝒗 = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒗 +‬׬ ‪13.‬‬
‫𝟑‬ ‫𝟑‬
‫𝒙‪𝟑𝒙𝟒 𝒆−𝒙 +𝟐𝒙𝒆−‬‬
‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝑳𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒗 + 𝒕𝒈𝒗 +‬׬ ‪14.‬‬ ‫׬ ‪; Calcule:‬‬ ‫𝟑‬ ‫𝒙𝒅‬
‫𝒙‪𝒆−‬‬
‫𝟐 (𝒔𝒐𝒄 𝟒𝒙‬ ‫)‬
‫𝒙‬

‫𝟑‬ ‫𝟑‬ ‫𝟑‬ ‫𝟑‬ ‫𝟑‬

‫𝒙‪𝒆−‬‬ ‫𝒙‪𝟑𝒙𝟒 𝒆−𝒙 +𝟐𝒙𝒆−‬‬ ‫𝒙‪𝒆−‬‬ ‫𝒙‪𝒆−‬‬
‫𝒄𝒆𝒔 ׬ = 𝑰‬ ‫𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝑳‪𝒅𝒙 = −‬‬ ‫𝒈𝒕 ‪+‬‬ ‫𝒌‪+‬‬
‫𝟐𝒙‬ ‫𝟒𝒙‬ ‫𝟐𝒙‬ ‫𝟐𝒙‬
‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝑳𝒏 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒗 − 𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒗 +‬׬ ‪15.‬‬
‫𝟏‬ ‫𝟏‬
‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒗. 𝒕𝒈𝒗 + 𝑳𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒗 + 𝒕𝒈𝒗 +‬׬ ‪16.‬‬
‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟐‬
‫𝟏‬ ‫𝟏‬
‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟑 𝒗𝒅𝒗 = − 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒗. 𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒗 + 𝑳𝒏 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒗 − 𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒗 +‬׬ ‪17.‬‬
‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟐‬
‫𝒗𝒅‬ ‫𝒗‬
‫׬ ‪18.‬‬ ‫𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒄𝒓𝑨 =‬ ‫𝒌‪+‬‬
‫𝟐𝒗‪𝒂𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝒂‬

‫𝑥‪5+‬‬
‫׬ ‪Halle:‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫𝑥‪5−‬‬
‫𝒙‪𝟓+‬‬ ‫)𝒙‪(𝟓+𝒙)(𝟓+‬‬
‫׬=𝑰‬ ‫𝒙𝒅‬ ‫׬=‬ ‫𝒙𝒅‬
‫𝒙‪𝟓−‬‬ ‫)𝒙‪(𝟓−𝒙)(𝟓+‬‬
‫𝒙‪𝟓+‬‬ ‫𝒙‬ ‫𝟓‬ ‫𝒙‬
‫׬‬ ‫׬ = 𝒙𝒅‬ ‫׬ ‪𝒅𝒙 +‬‬ ‫𝒏𝒆𝑺𝒄𝒓𝑨𝟓 ‪𝒅𝒙 → 𝑰 = − 𝟓𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 +‬‬ ‫‪+k‬‬
‫𝒙‪𝟓𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝒙‪𝟓𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝒙‪𝟓𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟓‬
‫𝒗𝒅‬ ‫𝟏‬ ‫𝒗‬
‫׬ ‪19.‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒄𝒓𝑨‬ ‫𝒌‪+‬‬
‫𝒗‬ ‫𝟐𝒂‪𝒗𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝒂‬ ‫𝒂‬
 ‫𝒗𝒅‬ ‫𝟏‬ ‫𝒗‬
‫׬ ‪20.‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫𝒈𝒕𝒄𝒓𝑨‬ ‫𝒌‪+‬‬
‫𝟐𝒂‪𝒗𝟐 +‬‬ ‫𝒂‬ ‫𝒂‬
‫𝒙𝒅𝒙‬ ‫𝒙𝒅𝒙‬ ‫𝒙𝒅𝒙‬ ‫𝟏‬ ‫𝒙𝒅𝒙𝟐‬
‫𝟐𝟐‪ (𝒙𝟐+𝟑)𝟐+‬׬ = 𝟒‪ 𝒙𝟒+𝟔𝒙𝟐+𝟗+‬׬ = 𝟑𝟏‪ 𝒙𝟒 +𝟔𝒙𝟐+‬׬‬ ‫𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 ׬ =‬
‫𝟐‪𝟐 (𝒙 +𝟑) +‬‬
‫𝟏𝟏‬ ‫𝟑‪𝒙𝟐 +‬‬
‫𝒈𝒕𝒄𝒓𝑨 = 𝑰‬ ‫𝒌‪+‬‬
‫𝟐𝟐‬ ‫𝟐‬
‫𝑣𝑑‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑎‪𝑣−‬‬
‫‪ 2 2 = Ln‬׬ ‪21.‬‬ ‫𝑘‪+‬‬
‫𝑎‪𝑣 −‬‬ ‫𝑎‪2‬‬ ‫𝑎‪𝑣+‬‬
‫𝑣𝑑‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑣‪𝑎+‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑣‬ ‫𝑣‬
‫׬‪22.‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪Ln‬‬ ‫𝒉𝒈𝒕𝒈𝒓𝑨 = 𝑘 ‪+‬‬ ‫𝑘‪+‬‬ ‫‪<1‬‬
‫‪𝑎2 −𝑣 2‬‬ ‫𝑎‪2‬‬ ‫𝑣‪𝑎−‬‬ ‫𝑎‬ ‫𝑎‬ ‫𝑎‬

‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒗 +‬׬ ‪23.‬‬

‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉𝒗 +‬׬ ‪24.‬‬
‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝑳𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒗 +‬׬ ‪25.‬‬
‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝑳𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉𝒗 +‬׬ ‪26.‬‬
‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒗 +‬׬ ‪27.‬‬
‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒗𝒅𝒗 = −𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒗 +‬׬ ‪28.‬‬
‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒗. 𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒗𝒅𝒗 = −𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒗 +‬׬ ‪29.‬‬
‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒗. 𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒗𝒅𝒗 = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒗 +‬׬ ‪30.‬‬
‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝟐𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒈 𝒆𝑽 +‬׬‪31.‬‬
 ‫𝒗‬
‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝑳𝒏 𝒕𝒈𝒉( ) +‬׬‪32.‬‬
‫𝟐‬
‫𝒗𝒅‬ ‫𝒗‬
‫׬ ‪33.‬‬ ‫𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒈𝒓𝑨 = 𝒌 ‪= 𝑳𝒏 𝒗 + 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 +‬‬ ‫𝒌‪+‬‬
‫𝒂‪𝒗𝟐 +‬‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝒂‬

‫𝒗𝒅‬ ‫𝒉𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒈𝒓𝑨 = 𝒌 ‪𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 +‬‬ ‫𝒗‬

‫׬ ‪34.‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫𝒏𝑳‬ ‫𝒗‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫𝒗‬ ‫𝒌‪+‬‬
‫𝒂‪𝒗𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝒂‬

‫𝑣𝑑‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑣‬

‫׬‪35.‬‬ ‫‪= − 𝐴𝑟𝑔𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ‬‬ ‫𝑘‪+‬‬
‫𝑣‪𝑣 𝑎2 −‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑎‬ ‫𝑎‬
‫𝑣𝑑‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑣‬
‫׬‪36.‬‬ ‫‪= − 𝐴𝑟𝑔𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ‬‬ ‫𝑘‪+‬‬
‫𝑣‪𝑣 𝑎2 +‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑎‬ ‫𝑎‬

‫𝒌 ‪ 𝐋𝒏 𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒗 𝐋𝐧( 𝒗) − 𝟏 +‬׬ ‪37.‬‬

‫𝒌 ‪ 𝒗𝒆𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆𝒗 𝒗 − 𝟏 +‬׬ ‪38.‬‬
‫𝟏‬ ‫𝒗‬
‫= 𝒗𝒅 𝟐𝒗 ‪ 𝒂𝟐 −‬׬ ‪39.‬‬ ‫𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒄𝒓𝑨 𝟐𝒂 ‪𝒗 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐 +‬‬ ‫𝒌‪+‬‬
‫𝟐‬ ‫𝒂‬
‫𝟏‬
‫= 𝒗𝒅 𝟐𝒗 ‪ 𝒂𝟐 +‬׬ ‪40.‬‬ ‫𝟐𝒗 ‪𝒗 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝑳𝒏 𝒗 + 𝒂𝟐 +‬‬ ‫𝒌‪+‬‬
‫𝟐‬
‫𝟏‬
‫= 𝒗𝒅 𝟐𝒂 ‪ 𝒗𝟐 −‬׬ ‪41.‬‬ ‫𝟐𝒂 ‪𝒗 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝑳𝒏 𝒗 + 𝒗𝟐 −‬‬ ‫𝑘‪+‬‬
‫𝟐‬
 ‫𝒗𝒑𝒆‬
‫׬ ‪42.‬‬ ‫𝒗𝒅𝒗𝒒𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒗𝒑𝒆‬ ‫=‬ ‫𝒌 ‪𝒑𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒒𝒗 − 𝒒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒒𝒗 +‬‬
‫𝟐𝒒‪𝒑𝟐 +‬‬

‫𝒗𝒑𝒆‬
‫׬ ‪43.‬‬ ‫𝒗𝒅𝒗𝒒𝒔𝒐𝒄 𝒗𝒑𝒆‬ ‫=‬ ‫𝒌 ‪𝒑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒒𝒗 + 𝒒𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒒𝒗 +‬‬
‫𝟐𝒒‪𝒑𝟐 +‬‬

‫𝟏‬ ‫𝟏‬ ‫𝒗‬

‫= 𝒗𝒅𝒗 𝟑𝒉𝒄𝒆𝒔 ׬‪44.‬‬ ‫𝒗𝒉𝒈𝒕𝒗𝒉𝒄𝒆𝒔‬ ‫𝒉𝒈𝒕 𝒏𝑳 ‪+‬‬ ‫𝒌‪+‬‬
‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟐‬
‫𝟏‬ ‫𝟏‬
‫= 𝒗𝒅𝒗 𝟑𝒉𝒄𝒆𝒔 ׬‬ ‫𝟐‬
‫𝒗𝒉𝒈𝒕𝒗𝒉𝒄𝒆𝒔‬ ‫𝒌 ‪+ 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒈 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒉𝒗 +‬‬
‫𝟐‬

‫𝟏‬ ‫𝟏‬ ‫𝒗‬

‫‪ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝟑 𝒗𝒅𝒗 = − 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒗𝒄𝒕𝒈𝒉𝒗 −‬׬‪45.‬‬ ‫𝒏𝑳‬ ‫𝒉𝒈𝒕‬ ‫𝒌‪+‬‬
‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟐‬ ‫𝟐‬
‫𝒙𝒆‬
‫׬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅𝒙𝟑𝒔𝒐𝒄 𝒙𝒆‬ ‫=‬ ‫𝒙𝟑𝒔𝒐𝒄(‬ ‫𝒌 ‪+𝟑𝒔𝒆𝒏𝟑𝒙) +‬‬
‫𝟎𝟏‬