INTERPOLACIÓN POLINOMIAL

La interpolación es el proceso de determinar una función que

represente exactamente una colección de datos.

La interpolación polinomial es el proceso de determinar un

polinomio que represente exactamente una colección de datos.

x 0| x 1| x 2| …| x n|
y 0| y 1| y 2| …| y n|

Objetivo:

Determinar los valores en puntos intermedios.

Determinar los valores en puntos futuros.
Obtener una representación continua y suave.
Aproximar una integral.
Aproximar una derivada.
Teorema de aproximación de Weierstrass

POLINOMIOS DE INTERPOLACIÓN DE LAGRANGE

Ejemplo:

(x0 , y0 ), (x1 , y1 )
f (x0 ) = y0 , f (x1 ) =y1
p1 (x) =L0 (x) y0 + L1 (x) y1
(x - x1 ) (x - x ) (x - x )
L0 (x) = , L0 (x0 ) = 0 1 =1, L0 (x1 ) = 1 1 =0
(x0 - x1 ) (x0 - x1 ) (x0 - x1 )
(x - x0 ) (x - x ) (x - x )
L1 (x) = , L1 (x1 ) = 1 0 =1, L1 (x0 ) = 0 0 =0
(x1 - x0 ) (x1 - x0 ) (x1 - x0 )
(x - x1 ) (x - x0 )
p1 (x) = y0 + y
(x0 - x1 ) (x1 - x0 ) 1
(x0 - x1 ) (x - x )
p1 (x0 ) = y0 + 0 0 y1 =y0
(x0 - x1 ) (x1 - x0 )
(x1 - x1 ) (x - x )
p1 (x1 ) = y0 + 1 0 y1 = y1
(x0 - x1 ) (x1 - x0 )

(x0 , y0 ),(x1, y1 )
p1 (x) =L0 (x)y0 + L1 (x)y1
p1 (x0 ) =(1)y0 + (0)y1 =y0
p1 (x1 ) =(0)y0 + (1)y1 =y1
(x - x1 )
L0 (x) =
(x0 - x1 )
(x - x0 )
L1 (x) =
(x1 - x0 )
(x - x1 ) (x - x0 )
p1 (x) = y0 + y1
(x0 - x1 ) (x1 - x0 )
(x - x ) (x - x )
p1 (x0 ) = 0 1 y0 + 0 0 y1 =y0
(x0 - x1 ) (x1 - x0 )
(x - x ) (x - x )
p1 (x1 ) = 1 1 y0 + 1 0 y1 =y1
(x0 - x1 ) (x1 - x0 )
Ejemplo:

Ejemplo:

f (x) =tan(x)
x0 =0 Þ tan(0) =0 Þ (0,0)
x1 =0.6 Þ tan(0.6) =0.68414 Þ (0.6,0.68414)
x2 =0.9 Þ tan(0.9) =1.26016 Þ (0.9,1.26016)
p1 (x) =L0 (x)y0 + L1 (x)y1
x - 0.6 x- 0 x - 0.6 x- 0 x
p1 (x) = y0 + y1 = (0) + (0.68414) = (0.68414)
0 - 0.6 0.6 - 0 0 - 0.6 0.6 - 0 0.6
p1 (x) =1.14023x
p1 (0.45) =1.14023(0.45) =0.51310
f (0.45) =tan(0.45) =0.48306
f (0.45) - p1 (0.45) = 0.48306 - 0.51310 =0.03004
p2 (x) =L2,0 (x)y0 + L2,1 (x)y1 + L2,2 (x)y2
 (x - 0.6)(x - 0.9) (x - 0)(x - 0.9) (x - 0)(x - 0.6)
p2 (x) = (0) + (0.68414) + (1.26016)
(0 - 0.6)(0 - 0.9) (0.6 - 0)(0.6 - 0.9) (0.9 - 0)(0.9 - 0.6)
(0.68414) 2 (1.26016) 2
p2 (x) = (x - 0.9x) + (x - 0.6x)
(0.6)(- 0.3) (0.9)(0.3)
p2 (x) =- 3.80078x 2 + 3.4207x + 4.66726x 2 - 2.80036x
p2 (x) =0.86648x 2 + 0.62034x

Ejemplo:

b) f ( x )= √1+ x
 (0,1), (0.6,1.26491), (0.9,1.37840)
f (x) = 1+ x
f (0) = 1+ 0 =1
f (0.6) = 1+ 0.6 = 1.6 =1.26491
f (0.9) = 1+ 0.9 = 1.9 =1.37840
p2 (x) =L2,0 (x) y0 + L2,1 (x) y1 + L2,2 (x) y2

(x - 0.6)(x - 0.9) (x - 0.6)(x - 0.9)

L2,0 (x) = =
(0 - 0.6)(0 - 0.9) 0.54
(x - 0)(x - 0.9) (x - 0)(x - 0.9)
L2,1 (x) = =
(0.6 - 0)(0.6 - 0.9) - 0.18
(x - 0)(x - 0.6) (x - 0)(x - 0.6)
L2,2 (x) = =
(0.9 - 0)(0.9 - 0.6) 0.27

(x - 0.6)(x - 0.9) (x - 0)(x - 0.9) (x - 0)(x - 0.6)

p2 (x) = (1) + (1.26491) + (1.37840)
0.54 - 0.18 0.27

(0.45 - 0.6)(0.45 - 0.9) (0.45 - 0)(0.45 - 0.9) (0.45 - 0)(0.45 - 0.6)

p2 (0.45) = (1) + (1.26491) + (1.37840)
0.54 - 0.18 0.27

f (0.45) = 1+ 0.45 = 1.45 =1.20416

p2 (0.45) =1.20342

Ereal = p2 (0.45) - f (0.45) =1.20342 - 1.20416 =0.00074

Hacer los ejercicios 1y 3 de la sección 3.1

Ejemplo:
Polinomio de interpolación de primer grado
f (x) =tan ( x )
f (x0 ) = f (0) =tan(0) =0
x0 =0, x1 =0.6, x0 =0.9
f (x0 ) = f (0) =tan(0) =0
f (x1 ) = f (0.6) =tan(0.6) =0.68414
f (x2 ) = f (0.9) =tan(0.9) =1.26016
p1 (x) =L1,0 (x)y0 + L1,1 (x)y1
 (x - 0.6) (x - 0) 0.68414
p1 (x) = 0+ 0.68414 = x =1.14023x
(0 - 0.6) (0.6 - 0) 0.6
p1 (x) =1.14023x

f (0.45) » p1 (0.45) =1.14023(0.45) =0.51310

f (0.45) =tan(0.45) =0.48306

Ereal = f (0.45) - p1 (0.45) = 0.48306 - 0.51310 =0.03004

Polinomio de interpolación de segundo grado

p2 (x) =L2,0 (x)y0 + L2,1 (x)y1 + L2,2 (x)y2

(x - 0.6)(x - 0.9) (x - 0)(x - 0.9) (x - 0)(x - 0.6)
p2 (x) = 0+ 0.68414 + 1.26016
(0 - 0.6)(0 - 0.9) (0.6 - 0)(0.6 - 0.9) (0.9 - 0)(0.9 - 0.6)

x(x - 0.9) x(x - 0.6)

p2 (x) = 0.68414 + 1.26016
(0.6)(- 0.3) (0.9)(0.3)
x2 0.9x x2 0.6x
p2 (x) =- 0.68414 + 0.68414 + 1.26016 - 1.26016
0.18 0.18 0.27 0.27
æ 0.68414 1.26016 ö 2 æ0.9(0.68414) 0.6(1.26016) ö
p2 (x) =ç - + ÷x + ç - ÷ x
è 0.18 0.27 ø è 0.18 0.27 ø
p2 (x) =0.86648x 2 + 0.62034x
f (0.45) » p2 (0.45) =0.86648(0.45)2 + 0.62034(0.45) =0.45462
f (0.45) =tan(0.45) =0.48306
Ereal = f (0.45) - p2 (0.45) = 0.48306 - 0.45462 =0.02844

Polinomio de interpolación de Newton

Diferencias divididas
Supongamos n+1 puntos

(x0 , y0 ),(x1 , y1 ), ... (xn , yn ).

(x0 , f ( x0 ) ),(x1 , f ( x1 ) ), ... ,(xn , f ( xn ) ).

existen n+1 diferencias divididas de orden cero de la función f, las denotamos por

f éëxi ùû = f (xi ) i =0,...n

Las diferencias divididas de orden 1

f éx ù- f éx ù
f éëxi , xi+1 ùû = ë i+1 û ë i û i =0,...n
xi+1 - xi

Las diferencias divididas de orden 2

f éx , x ù- f éx , x ù
f éëxi , xi+1 , xi+2 ùû = ë i+1 i+2 û ë i i+1 û i =0,...n
xi+2 - xi

Diferencias divididas de orden k

Polinomio

p1 (x) = f [x0 ] + f [x0 , x1 ](x - x0 )

p2 (x) = f [x0 ] + f [x0 , x1 ](x - x0 ) + f [x0 , x1 , x2 ](x - x0 )(x - x1 )
p3 (x) = f [x0 ] + f [x0 , x1 ](x - x0 ) + f [x0 , x1 , x2 ](x - x0 )(x - x1 ) + f [x0 , x1, x2 , x3 ](x - x0 )(x - x1 )(x - x2 )
Ejemplo:
(0,0), ( 0.6,0.68414 ) , ( 0.9,1.26016 )
xi f [xi ] f [xi , xi+1 ] f [xi , xi+1 , xi+2 ]
0 0
0.6 0.68414 1.14023
0.9 1.26016 1.92007 0.86649

p1 (x) =0 +1.14023(x - 0) =1.14023x

p1 (x) =1.14023x
p2 (x) =0 +1.14023(x - 0) + 0.86649(x - 0)(x - 0.6)
p2 (x) =1.14023x + 0.86649x(x - 0.6) =1.14023x + 0.86649x 2 - 0.51989x
p2 (x) =0.86649x 2 + 0.62034x
Ejemplo.

xi f [ xi ] f [ x i , x i+1 ] f [ x i , x i+1 , x i+2 , ] f [ x i , x i+1 , x i+2 , x i+3 ]

1 1
2 3 3−1
=2
2−1
3 6 6−3 3−2 1
=3 =
3−2 3−1 2
4 10 10−6 4−3 1 1 1
=4 = −
4−3 4−2 2 2 2
=0
4−1

Tablas con los ejercicios 1 y 2 de la sección 3.2

i xi f [ xi ] f [ xi , xi+1 ] f [ xi , xi+1, xi+2 ] f [ xi , xi+1 , xi+2 , xi+3 ]

0 1 1
2
1 2 3 12
3 0
2 3 6 12
4
3 4 10

p1 (x) =1+ 2(x - 1)

1
p2 (x) =1+ 2(x - 1) + (x - 1)(x - 2)
2
1 1 1 1 x(x +1)
p2 (x) =1+ 2x - 2 + x 2 - x - x +1 = x 2 + x =
2 2 2 2 2
n(n +1)
1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + ...+ n =
2
f [ x0 ] = f (x0 ) =y0
f [ x1 ] - f [ x0 ] 3 - 1
f [ x0 , x1 ] = = =2
x1 - x0 2- 1
f [ x2 ] - f [ x1 ] 6 - 3
f [ x1 , x2 ] = = =3
x2 - x1 3- 2
f [ x1 , x2 ] - f [ x0 , x1 ] 3 - 2 1
f [ x0 , x1 , x2 ] = = =
x2 - x0 3- 1 2

p3 (x) = f [ x0 ] + f [ x0 , x1 ] (x - x0 ) + f [ x0 , x1, x2 ] (x - x0 )(x - x1 ) + f [ x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 ] (x - x0 )(x - x1 )(x - x2 )

 i xi f [ xi ] f [ xi , xi+1 ] f [ xi , xi+1 , xi+2 ] f [ xi , xi+1 , xi+2 , xi+3 ]

0 0.6 - 0.17694460
1.90696870
1 0.7 0.01375227 0.95922400
2.09881350 - 1.78574125
2 0.8 0.22363362 0.24492750
2.17229175
3 1.0 0.65809197
f [ x1 , x2 ] - f [ x0 , x1 ] 2.09881350 - 1.90696870
f [ x0 , x1 , x2 ] = = =
x2 - x0 0.8 - 0.6
f [ x2 , x3 ] - f [ x1 , x2 ] 2.17229175 - 2.09881350
f [ x1 , x2 , x3 ] = = =
x3 - x1 1.0 - 0.7
f [ x1 , x2 , x3 ] - f [ x0 , x1, x2 ] 0.24492750 - 0.95922400
f [ x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 ] = = =
x 3 - x0 1.0 - 0.6

p1 (x) = f [ x0 ] + f [ x0 , x1 ] (x - x0 )
p1 (x) =- 0.17694460 +1.90696870(x - 0.6)

p2 (x) = f [ x0 ] + f [ x0 , x1 ] (x - x0 ) + f [ x0 , x1 , x2 ] (x - x0 )(x - x1 )
p3 (x) =- 0.17694460 +1.90696870(x - 0.6) + 0.95922400(x - 0.6)(x - 0.7)

p3 (x) = f [ x0 ] + f [ x0 , x1 ] (x - x0 ) + f [ x0 , x1 , x2 ] (x - x0 )(x - x1 ) + f [ x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 ] (x - x0 )(x - x1 )(x - x2 )

p3 (x) =- 0.17694460 +1.90696870(x - 0.6) + 0.95922400(x - 0.6)(x - 0.7) - - 1.78574125(x - 0.6)(x - 0.7)(x