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ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES
Y TRANSFORMADAS – MAT207
a) ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE VARIABLES SEPARABLES.
Recomendación: Tener a la mano Apuntes – Capítulo 2 preparado por el Docente y/o el
libro de ED de Zill, y/o cualquier otro libro sobre ED (Chungara, Yanus, etc.)
Resolver las siguientes ED de variables separables
𝒅𝒚
(𝟏 ) = 𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝑥2 1
⟹ = 𝑥−1+
1+𝑥 1+𝑥
𝒙𝟐 ÷ 𝑥+1
−𝒙𝟐 − 𝑥 𝑥−1
+𝒙 + 1
1 1
Con estos resultado reescribimos las integrales * ∫ (−1 − 𝑦 + ) 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ (𝑥 − 1 + ) 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑦 1+𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
− ∫ 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + ∫ = − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ⟹ −𝒚 − + 𝒍𝒏|𝟏 − 𝒚| = 𝒙 − − 𝒍𝒏|𝟏 + 𝒙| + 𝒄 ⟹
1−𝑦 1+𝑥 𝟐 𝟐
𝑃𝑢𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠, 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑜, 𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑎ℎ𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎
𝒅𝒚
(𝟓) 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒚(𝟏) = 𝟑 ⟹ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝒅𝒙
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝟏 𝟐𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Separar variables 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑜 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ⟹
1+𝑦 2 𝑥 𝟐 1+𝑦 2 𝑥
1
1
𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑦 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 | + 𝑐 ⟹ ln|1 + 𝑦 2 |2 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 | + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐 | ∗ ⟹
2
Observación. La constante de integración no pierde su arbitrariedad, es decir, su carácter de número, si
está afectada por funciones. Así: 𝑙𝑛|𝑐 | = 𝑐 porque logaritmo de una ctte sigue siendo una ctte. Del mismo
modo se puede usar 𝑒 𝑐 , 𝑐 2 , 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑐, cosh 𝑐, 𝑒𝑡𝑐. 𝑒𝑡𝑐. 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
1
1 2 |2
De * ln|1 + 𝑦 2 |2 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑥 | 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑒 ln|1+𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑥|
1
⟹ |1 + 𝑦 | = |𝑐𝑥 | ⟹ 1 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥 2 ⟹ 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥 2 − 1 ⟹ 𝒄𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏 ∗∗ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎
2 2
2
𝑃 (𝑥 ) = − 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 1)3
𝑥+1
2
Encontramos el factor de integración 𝜇 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝜇(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 − ∫𝑥+1𝑑𝑥
−2
Realizar la integración 𝜇 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −2𝑙𝑛|𝑥+1| ⟹ (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑥+1| ⟹ 𝝁(𝒙) = (𝒙 + 𝟏)−𝟐
Utilizar 𝝁(𝒙)𝒚 = ∫ 𝝁(𝒙)𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 para determinar la solución
𝝁(𝒙)𝒚 = ∫ 𝝁(𝒙)𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ⟹ (𝑥 + 1)−2 𝑦 = ∫(𝑥 + 1)−2 (𝑥 + 1)3 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ (𝑥 + 1)−2 𝑦 = ∫(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑐
(𝑥 + 1)−2 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑦 = 2(𝑥+1)−2 + (𝑥+1)−2 + (𝑥+1)−2
2
𝒙𝟐 (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐
Finalmente la solución general de le ED dada es: 𝒚= + 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒄(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒚
(𝟐 ) + = 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
1
La ED ya se encuentra en su forma estándar, identificamos 𝑃 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 − ∫ 𝑥 + 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑛𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 −𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑒 −𝑙𝑛|𝑥| ∫ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 −1 + 𝑥 −1 ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚
(𝟑 ) + (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)𝒚 = (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙)𝒆−𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙
La ED ya está en su forma estándar, lo que corresponde es identificar 𝑃(𝑥 ) 𝑦 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 − ∫𝑥+1 + 𝑒 − ∫𝑥+1 ∫ 𝑒 ∫𝑥+1 (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 −𝑙𝑛|𝑥+1| + 𝑒 −𝑙𝑛|𝑥+1| ∫ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑥+1| (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 =
−1 −1 ln 𝑥
𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑥+1| + 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑥+1| ∫(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐(𝑥 + 1)−1 + (𝑥 + 1)−1 ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝒄 𝒙(𝐥𝐧 𝒙−𝟏)
𝑐(𝑥 + 1)−1 + (𝑥 + 1)−1 (𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 ) ⟹ 𝒚 = 𝒙+𝟏 + *
𝒙+𝟏
𝟏 𝒙(𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒚=− +
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝝅
(𝟓) 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙) + 𝒔𝒆𝒏 (𝒙)𝒚 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 (𝒙)𝒔𝒆𝒏(𝒙) − 𝟏, 𝒚 ( 𝟒) = 𝟑√𝟐 , ⟹ 𝑷𝑽𝑰
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙 𝟏
Poner en su forma estándar + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒏(𝒙) − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 ⟹ 𝐴𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝐼𝑑. 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚é𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑠
𝒅𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝒙)𝒚 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 (𝒙)𝒔𝒆𝒏(𝒙) − 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 ⟹ 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑃 (𝑥 ) 𝑦 𝑓(𝑥)
𝟏
= 𝒄(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙)−𝟏 + (𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙)−𝟏 ∫(𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙)−𝟏 + (𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙)−𝟏 [ ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙] =
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝒄(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙)−𝟏 + (𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙)−𝟏 (− 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙) = 𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙)(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙) − (𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙)(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙) =
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙)(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙) − 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒙 ∗⟹ 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙, 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠
𝟐
𝝅 𝟏 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝒄 𝟏
𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑛 ∗ ⟹ 𝟑√𝟐 = 𝒄 𝒄𝒐𝒔 − 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 (𝟒) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟒) − 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝟒 ⟹ 𝟑√𝟐 = −𝟎−
𝟒 √𝟐 √𝟐
𝟏
⟹ 𝒄 = 𝟔 ⟹ 𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 ∗ ⟹ 𝒚 = 𝟔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙)(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙) − 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒙
𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝟑
( 𝟔) 𝒕
𝒅𝒕
− 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒕𝟓 𝒔𝒆𝒏(𝟐𝒕) − 𝒕𝟑 + 𝟒𝒕𝟒 , 𝒚(𝝅) = 𝟐 𝝅𝟒 ⟹ 𝑃𝑉𝐼
𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝑃𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑡á𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟: − 𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒕𝟒 𝒔𝒆𝒏(𝟐𝒕) − 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟒𝒕𝟑 , 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑃 (𝑥 ) 𝑦 𝑓(𝑥)
𝒅𝒕
2
𝑃 (𝑥 ) = − 𝑡 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑡 4 𝑠𝑒𝑛(2𝑡) − 𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 3 , 𝑂𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑧 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑓ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 −
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎: 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒆− ∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆− ∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ∫ 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
2 2 2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 − ∫ −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 − ∫ −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∫ 𝑒 ∫ − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (𝑡 4 𝑠𝑒𝑛(2𝑡) − 𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 3 )𝑑𝑡 =
2 2 −2
𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑡| + 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑡| ∫ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑡| (𝑡 4 𝑠𝑒𝑛(2𝑡) − 𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 3 )𝑑𝑡 = 𝑐𝑡 2 + 𝑡 2 ∫ 𝑡 −2 (𝑡 4 𝑠𝑒𝑛(2𝑡) − 𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 3 ) 𝑑𝑡
M(x,y) N(x,y)
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
(1) Verificar si la ED es exacta: = ⟹ = 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐 = ⟹ 𝐿𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
(2) Como la ED es exacta, entonces, existe una función 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝒇𝒙 = 𝝏𝒇(𝒙,𝒚)
𝝏𝒙
= 𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚) o bien
𝝏𝒇(𝒙,𝒚)
𝒇𝒚 = = 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚) ⟹ 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛, 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑠, 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑟 𝒇𝒙 𝑜 𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛 𝒇𝒚
𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒇(𝒙,𝒚) 𝝏𝒇(𝒙,𝒚)
∫ = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = ∫ 𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 𝒐 𝒃𝒊𝒆𝒏 ∫ = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = ∫ 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
(3) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(2𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝒈(𝒚) ⟹ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒈(𝒚) ∗ 𝒐 𝒃𝒊𝒆𝒏
𝜕𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
𝑺𝒊: 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒈(𝒙) ⟹ 𝒇𝒙 = 𝜕𝑥
= 2𝑥𝑦2 + [𝒈(𝒙)]′
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑙 1𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑠𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝒚 𝑦 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 2𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝒙, 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟:
𝐴ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝒈(𝒚) 𝑒𝑛 ∗ 𝑦 𝒈(𝒙) 𝑒𝑛 ∗∗ ⟹ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡á𝑏𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜.
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
(1) = ⟹ 𝐿𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑜
𝑦 𝑦
1 𝑦 1
(𝑥 − 𝑥2 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎
1 𝑦 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 1 𝑦 1 1 𝑦
= − [𝑥2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥] = − [𝑥2 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)]
𝜕𝑦
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝜕𝑁 1 1 𝑦 1 𝑦
= − 𝑥2 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥2 = − [𝑥2 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)]
𝜕𝑥
𝒚
𝟏 𝒚 𝟏 𝒚
𝐴ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑠: (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙 𝒆𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 *
𝒚
𝟏
(2) ⟹ 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 ∗ 𝑎ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝒇𝒚 = 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙 𝒆𝒙
𝒚 𝒚 𝒚 𝒚
𝟏 𝟏
(3) Integrar c/respecto a 𝒚 ⟹ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = ∫ (𝒙 𝒆𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒙 ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒈(𝒙) ⟹ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒈(𝒙)*
𝒚
𝒚
(4) Derivar con respecto a 𝑥: 𝒇𝒙 = −𝒆𝒙 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒈′(𝒙)
𝒚 𝒚
𝒚 𝟏 𝒚 𝟏
(5) Igualar el anterior resultado a 𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚) ⟹ −𝒆𝒙 + 𝒈 ′ (𝒙 ) = − 𝒆𝒙 ⟹ 𝒈 ′ ( 𝒙 ) =
𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙
𝑑𝑥
(6) Integrar con respecto a 𝑥 ⟹ ∫ 𝑔′ (𝑑𝑥 ) = ∫ ⟹ 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐧|𝒙| Reemplazar en *
𝑥
𝑦
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + ln|𝑥|
( )
𝒚
𝒆𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧|𝒙| = 𝒄
(5) 𝐸𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜, 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) ⟹ −𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑔′ (𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 ⟹ 𝑔′ (𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
1
(6) 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑥 ⟹ ∫ 𝑔′ (𝑥 ) = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑔(𝑥 ) = − ∫ cos 𝑥 (−𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ) = − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
1
𝑔(𝑥 ) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛 ∗
2
𝑦 2 𝑥 2𝑦 2 1 𝒚𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚 𝟐 𝟏
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = − − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ⟹ − − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒄 𝑆𝑜𝑙. 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
2 2 2 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
Aplicar las condiciones iniciales 𝑦(0) = 2 ⟹ − − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟎 = 𝟐 − (𝟏) = ⟹ 𝒄=
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
Reemplazar en la sol. General 𝟐
− 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
− 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = 𝟐 ⟹ 𝒚 − 𝒙 𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑺𝒐𝒍. 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓
𝒅𝒚
(𝟓) 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + (𝟐𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝟎, 𝒚(𝟎) = −𝟑 ⟹ 𝑷𝑽𝑰
𝒅𝒙
(1) Poner en su forma diferencial y verificar si es una ED exacta
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
(2𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0 ⟹ = 2𝑥 = ⟹ 𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝐷 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
(2) ⟹ 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑥 2 )
(3) Integrar con respecto a 𝑥 ⟹ ∫ 𝑓𝑥 = ∫((2𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑥 2 )) 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 9 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝑔(𝑦) ∗
(4) Derivar con respecto 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑔′(𝑦)
2
𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑦 1
+√ = 𝑐𝑥 ⟹ 𝑥 + 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥 ⟹ 𝒚 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒄𝒙𝟐 𝑆𝑜𝑙. 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑥 𝑥2
𝐿𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 ℎ𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑠 𝑣 = 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑣 = 3𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑑𝑦 ⟹ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ = 3 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3 1 𝑑𝑣 3 1 𝑑𝑣
− 3 = −2 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ = 2 − 2 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 ⟹ − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 ⟹
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 ⟹ = 3 − 2𝑣 ⟹ 3−2𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑥
1
1 −2 𝑑𝑣 1 − 1
𝑙𝑛|3−2𝑣| 2
− 2 ∫ 3−2𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ − 2 𝑙𝑛|3 − 2𝑣 | = 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑐 ⟹ 1 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑥
(3−2𝑣)2
2
1 1
1 2 1
= 𝑒 𝑥 (3 − 2𝑣 )2 ⟹ 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 ⟹ ( ) = [𝑒 𝑥 (3 − 2𝑣 )2 ] ⟹ 𝑐 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (3 − 2𝑣 ) ∗ ⟹
𝑐 𝑐
2𝑥 ( 𝑐
𝑆𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑦𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑣 𝑝𝑜𝑟 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3 𝑒𝑛 ∗ 𝑐 = 𝑒 3 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 6) ⟹ + 3 + 6𝑥 = 4𝑦 ⟹
𝑒 2𝑥
𝟑 𝟑
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒆−𝟐𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍
𝟐 𝟒
𝒅𝒚
( 𝟑) = (𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟓)𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝐿𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝐸𝐷 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔é𝑛𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 1
𝐿𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 ⟹ 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ = 𝑑𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 − 1 = 𝑣2 ⟹
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑣 2 +1
= 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝐿𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟. 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑑𝑣
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑟 ∫ 𝑣2 +1 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝐴𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 tan 𝑎 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑠 ⟹
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣 ) = tan(𝑥 + 𝑐 ) ⟹ 𝑣 = tan(𝑥 + 𝑐 ) ∗ ⟹ 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑦𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑣 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5 𝑒𝑛 ∗
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5 = tan(𝑥 + 𝑐 ) ⟹ 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒄) − 𝒙 + 𝟓 ⟹ 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
(𝟒 ) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑) −
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝐸𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝐸𝐷 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔é𝑛𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 1
𝐿𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑎 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑠 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑣
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑦 ⟹ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ = ( − 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑣 1 1 1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝐶á𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 − 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 − 2 ⟹ = cos 𝑣 ⟹ = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣
2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 2𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑟 ∫ cos 𝑣 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ ∫ sec 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑥 + 𝑐
cos 𝑣
𝑙𝑛|sec 𝑣 + tan 𝑣 | = 2𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|sec 𝑣+tan 𝑣| = 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑠𝑐𝑒 𝑣 + tan 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑒 2𝑥 ∗ ⟹
𝑆𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑦𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑣 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3 𝑒𝑛 ∗ 𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑) + 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑) = 𝒄𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝑺𝒐𝒍. 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
(𝟓 ) = 𝟏 + (𝒙−𝒚)𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝐸𝐷 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔é𝑛𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 2
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 ⟹ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ = 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑟 ⟹ = 1 − 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑𝑣 1
1 − 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑣2 ⟹ − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣2 ⟹ 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝑣 2𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑟
𝑣3
− ∫ 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ − = 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ −𝑣 3 = 3𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑣 3 = −3𝑥 + 𝑐 ∗ ⟹
3
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑣 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑒𝑛 ∗ (𝒙 − 𝒚)𝟑 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝒄 ⟹ 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝒅𝒚 𝒙+𝒚
(𝟔 ) = 𝒙+𝒚+𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝐸𝐷 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔é𝑛𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 1
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 ⟹ = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑣+𝑣+1 𝑑𝑣 2𝑣+1
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 − 1 = 𝑣+1 ⟹ 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 = ⟹ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣+1 𝑑𝑥 𝑣+1
1
𝑣+1 𝑣+1 𝑣+1 1 2 1 1 1
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑟 ∫ 2𝑣+1 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑂𝑝. 𝐴𝑢𝑥. =2+ 2𝑣+1 =𝑥+𝑐 ⟹ + 2 (2𝑣+1) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
2𝑣+1 2𝑣+1 2
1
1 1 1 1 1 𝑑𝑣 1
∫ [2 + 2 (2𝑣+1)] 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑣 + 2 ∫ 2𝑣+1 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑣 + 2 𝑙𝑛|2𝑣 + 1| = 2𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹
2𝑣 + 𝑙𝑛|2𝑣 + 1| = 4𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) + ln(2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1) = 4𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + ln(2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1) = 4𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝟐𝒚 + 𝐥𝐧(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄 ⟹ 𝑺𝒐𝒍. 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍
iii. ECUACIÓN DE BERNOULLI
𝒅𝒚
𝑷𝟎 (𝒙) + 𝑷𝟏 (𝒙)𝒚 = 𝑸(𝒙)𝒚𝒏 𝒖 = 𝒚𝟏−𝒏 Forma general y sustitución de la ecuación de Bernoulli
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
(𝟏 ) − 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒆𝒙 𝒚𝟐
𝒅𝒙
1 1
𝑛 = 2 ⟹ 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑢 = 𝑦 1−2 = 𝑦 −1 ⟹ 𝑢 = 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑢 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑢−1 𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑢 𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) ⟹
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= −𝑢−1−1 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑢−2 𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑐á𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 ⟹
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
−𝑢−2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢−1 = 2𝑒 𝑥 (𝑢−1 )2 ⟹ −𝑢−2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢−1 = 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑢−2 (−𝒖𝟐 ) 𝑬𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒔 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒐 𝒑𝒐𝒓 −𝒖𝟐
𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒖 = −𝟐𝒆𝒙 𝐿𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝐸𝐷 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛
𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑃(𝑥 ) 𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 ) ⟹ 𝑃(𝑥 ) = 1, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −2𝑒 𝑥 𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑓ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑜
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (−2𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ⟹
1
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 ⟹
2
𝒅𝒖
𝒖 = 𝒄𝒆−𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 ∗ 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝑬𝑫 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒍 + 𝒖 = −𝟐𝒆𝒙 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
𝒅𝒙
𝟏
𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑖𝑟 𝑢 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑦 −1 𝑒𝑛 ∗ ⟹ = 𝒄𝒆−𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 𝑆𝑜𝑙. 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎
𝒚
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
(𝟐 ) + 𝒙 𝒚 − √𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚(𝟏) = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝑷𝑽𝑰
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 𝟏 𝟏
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷
𝑑𝑥
+𝑥𝑦− 𝑦2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑛 = 2 ⟹ 𝑳𝒂 𝒔𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒆𝒔 𝒖 = 𝒚𝟏−𝟐 = 𝒚𝟐 ⟹ 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒐 𝒂𝒍
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 1 2
𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑦 = 𝑢2 ⟹ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑢 𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) ⟹ = 2𝑢 ⟹ 𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 2𝑢 + 𝑢 − √𝑢 2 = 0 ⟹
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢−1 𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝟏
2𝑢 + 𝑢2 − 𝑢 = 0 ⟹ 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 ⟹ + 𝒖− =𝟎 ⟹ + 𝒖= 𝐿𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛 −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝟐
1 1
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = ⟹ 𝐴𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑓ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑜
2𝑥 2
1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 −2 ∫ 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2 ∫ 𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ⟹
1 1 1 𝑐 1 1 3 𝑐 𝑥
𝑢=𝑐 + ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟹𝑢= + 𝑥2 ⟹𝑢= + ⟹ 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑖𝑟 𝑢 𝑝𝑜𝑟 √𝑦 ⟹
√𝑥 2 √𝑥 √𝑥 3 √𝑥 √𝑥 3
𝒄 𝒙
√𝒚 = + 𝑆𝑜𝑙 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑎𝑙 ⟹ 𝐴𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
√𝒙 𝟑
𝒄 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙
𝑦(1) = 0 ⟹ √𝟎 = + ⟹𝒄=− 𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙. 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 √𝒚 = − +
√𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑√𝒙 𝟑
𝒅𝒚
(𝟑 ) 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷
𝒅𝒙
+𝒙𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 ⟹ 𝑢 = 𝑦1−2 = 𝑦−1 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑢−1 ⟹ 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑢−2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑎 ⟹ −𝑢−2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑢−1 = 𝑥𝑢−2 (−𝒖𝟐 ) ⟹
𝑑𝑢 1
− 𝑥 𝑢 = −𝑥 ⟹ 𝐸𝐷 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 1𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛, 𝑙𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑓ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝜇(𝑥 )𝑢 = ∫ 𝜇 (𝑥 )𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 −1 1 1 1 1
𝜇 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝜇(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑓ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑢 = − ∫ 𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝟏
𝑢 = −𝑥 2 + 𝑐 ⟹ = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄 𝑺𝒐𝒍. 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍
𝒚
(𝟒) 𝒚(𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 6𝑦 3 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 6𝑦 3 − (𝑥 + 1)𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 0 ⟹ (÷ 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 𝟐𝒙)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝒅𝒚 (𝒙+𝟏) 𝟑𝒚𝟑 1−3 −2 2 1 −
𝒅𝒙
− 𝟐𝒙
𝒚 = − 𝒙
∗ ⟹ 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟á 𝑢 = 𝑦 = 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑢
⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑢 2 ⟹ 𝒖 = 𝒇(𝒙)
3 3 (𝒙+𝟏) 𝟏
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢 𝟑
⟹ = − 𝑢−2 ⟹ 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛 ∗ ⟹ − 𝑢−2 − 𝒖−𝟐 = − 𝒖−𝟑/𝟐
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝟐𝒙 𝒙
1 −3 𝑑𝑢 (𝒙+𝟏) −𝟏 𝟑 −
𝟑 𝟑
− 2 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝟐𝒙
𝒖 𝟐 = −𝒙𝒖 𝟐 (𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒐 𝒑𝒐𝒓 − 𝟐𝒖 ) ⟹ 𝟐
𝑑𝑢 (𝑥+1) 6
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑥
𝑢=𝑥 ∗∗ 𝐿𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝐸𝐷 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑙
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑓ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
(𝑥+1) (𝑥+1) (𝑥+1)
(𝑥+1) 6 6
𝑃 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 − ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑒− ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1 1 1
− ∫[1+ ]𝑑𝑥 6
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 − ∫[1+𝑥]𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 ∫[1+𝑥]𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ⟹
−1 −1 −1
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥+𝑙𝑛(𝑥) + 6𝑒 −𝑥+𝑙𝑛(𝑥) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥+𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑥+𝑙𝑛(𝑥) [𝑐 + 6 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥+𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 ]
−1
𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) [𝑐 + 6 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 ] ⟹ 𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 )−1 [𝑐 + 6 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 ] = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 )−1 [𝑐 + 6 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 )−1 [𝑐 + 6𝑒 𝑥 ] ⟹ 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 )−1 + 6𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 )−1 ⟹
𝒖 = 𝒄𝒆−𝒙 (𝒙)−𝟏 + 𝟔(𝒙)−𝟏 ⟹ 𝑆𝑜𝑙. 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 ∗∗ ⟹ 𝐿𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑟 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟. 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝒚−𝟐 = 𝒄𝒆−𝒙 (𝒙)−𝟏 + 𝟔(𝒙)−𝟏 ⟹ 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎
(𝟓) 𝟑𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝒚(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1+𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 4
𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦(1 + 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 − 3𝑦3 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥) ⟹ 𝑑𝑥
−
3𝑥
𝑦= −
𝑥
𝑦 ∗ ⟹
𝑑𝑢 1 −4/3 𝑑𝑢
𝐿𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 ℎ𝑎 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑠 𝑢 = 𝑦 1−4 = 𝑦 −3 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑢−1/3 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) ⟹ = − 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
4 1 4
1 −3𝑑𝑢 1+𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 −3 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 −3
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 ∗ − 𝑢 − 𝑢 =− 𝑢 (𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑟 − 3𝑢4/3 )
3 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥 3𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝟏+𝒙𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝟑𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒙
+ 𝑢 = ∗ 𝐸𝐷 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑙 ⟹ 𝑷(𝒙) = , 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝒙 𝒙
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 ∗ 𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑓ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝟏+𝒙𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝟏+𝒙𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝟏+𝒙𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒙
𝟑𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒙
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 − ∫ 𝒙
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑒− ∫ 𝒙
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒∫ 𝒙
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝒙
𝟏 𝒙𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝟏 𝒙𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒙 𝟏 𝒙𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒙
− ∫( + )𝑑𝑥 − ∫( + )𝑑𝑥 ∫(𝒙+ 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 𝟑𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒙
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 𝒙 𝑥 +𝑒 𝒙 𝑥 ∫𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ⟹
𝒙
3𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 3𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 −𝑙𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑙𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [𝑐
𝑒 + ∫ 𝑥𝑒 − cos 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥]
𝑢 = 𝑥 −1 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [𝑐 + 3 ∫ 𝑒 − cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ] = 𝑥 𝑒 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [
𝑐 + 3𝑒 − cos 𝑥 ] = 𝑐𝑥 −1 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3𝑥 −1 ⟹
𝒖 = 𝒄𝒙−𝟏 𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙−𝟏 𝑆𝑜𝑙. 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 ∗ 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑟 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝒚−𝟑 = 𝒄𝒙−𝟏 𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙−𝟏 Solución general de la ED dada
𝒅𝒚 𝒚
(𝟔 ) − 𝟐𝒙 = 𝒚𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒅𝒙
1
𝐿 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛: 𝑢 = 𝑦 1−3 = 𝑦 −2 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑢−2 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥)
3 3
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢 1 −1 3
⟹ = − 𝑢−2 ⟹ 𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎 − 𝑢−2 − 𝑢 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑥 𝑥 𝑢−2 (𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡. 𝑝𝑜𝑟 − 2𝑢3/2 )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
+ 𝑢 = −2𝑐𝑜𝑥 𝑥 ∗ 𝐸𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 1𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛, 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑜 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝝁(𝒙)𝒖 = ∫ 𝝁(𝒙)𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1𝑟𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝜇(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝜇(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝜇 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥
𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜: 𝑥𝑢 = ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹
𝒖 = 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒙 + 𝒙−𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒙−𝟏 𝑆𝑜𝑙. 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 ∗ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑜 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖 −
𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑢 = 𝑦 −2 ⟹ 𝒚−𝟐 = 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒄 𝑆𝑜𝑙. 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎
𝒅𝒚
( 𝟐)
𝒅𝒙
− 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒚 + (𝟏 − 𝒙) = 𝟎, 𝒚𝑷 = 𝟏
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑃 + 𝑢−1 ⟹ 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑢−1 ∗∗ ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑢−2 𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎
−2 𝑑𝑢
−𝑢 − 𝑥 (1 + 𝑢−1 )2 + (2𝑥 − 1)(1 + 𝑢−1 ) + (1 − 𝑥 ) = 0 ⟹ 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
−𝑢 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑢−1 − 𝑥𝑢−2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑢−1 − 1 − 𝑢−1 + 1 − 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ −𝑢−2 − 𝑥𝑢−2 − 𝑢−1 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
⟹ −𝑢−2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑢−2 − 𝑢−1 = 0 (𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒓 −𝒖𝟐 ) ⟹ + 𝑥 + 𝑢 = 0 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢 = −𝑥 ∗
𝑑𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝝁(𝒙)𝒖 = ∫ 𝝁(𝒙)𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ⟹ 𝜇(𝑥) = 𝑒∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 ⟹ 𝜇(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥
𝑢𝑒 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −[𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ] + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝑢𝑒 𝑥 = −𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⟹ 𝒖 = −𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒆−𝒙 *
* 𝐸𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 ∗ 𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑟 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
𝐷𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑎, 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟, 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑛 ∗∗ 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑠: 𝒚 = 𝟏 + (−𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒆−𝒙 )−𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝟑 ) = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙 𝒚 + 𝟏 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 , ∗ 𝒚𝑷 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒕𝒈 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑃 + 𝑢−1 ⟹ 𝑦 = + 𝑡𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑢−1 ∗ ⟹ = − 𝑥 −2 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑢−2 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝐸𝐷 ∗
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢 1 2 1 1 1
− 2 𝑥 −2 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑥 = (2𝑥 + 𝑡𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑢−1 ) − 𝑥 (2𝑥 + 𝑡𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑢−1 ) + 1 − 4𝑥2 ⟹
1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑥 𝑢−1 1 1 1
− 2 𝑥 −2 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥2 + + + 𝑡𝑎𝑔2 𝑥 + 2𝑢−1 𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑥 + 𝑢−2 − 𝑥 (2𝑥 + 𝑡𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑢−1 ) + 1 − 4𝑥2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑔2 𝑥 + 2𝑢−1 𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑥 + 𝑢−2 + 1 ⟹ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑢−1 𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑥 + 𝑢−2 + 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
−𝑢−2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑢−1 𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑥 + 𝑢−2 (𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑟 − 𝑢2 ) ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑥 − 1 𝐸𝐷 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑙
𝑑𝑢
+ 2𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑥 (𝑢) = −1 ⟹ 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑓ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑒 −2 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 −2 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 2 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑥𝑑𝑥 (−1)𝑑𝑥
−2 2
𝑢 = 𝑒 −2 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑥𝑑𝑥 [𝑐 − ∫ 𝑒 2 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥] = 𝑒 −2𝑙𝑛|sec 𝑥| [𝑐 − ∫ 𝑒 2𝑙𝑛[𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥] 𝑑𝑥] = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|sec 𝑥| [𝑐 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|sec 𝑥| 𝑑𝑥]
𝑐 tan 𝑥 𝒄 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝑢 = (sec 𝑥 )−2 [𝑐 − ∫(sec 𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥 ] = (sec 𝑥 )−2 [𝑐 − tan 𝑥 ] = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −2 𝑥 ⟹ 𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 *
𝟏 𝒄 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 −𝟏
𝑹𝒆𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒛𝒂𝒓 * 𝒆𝒏 * ⟹ 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒕𝒈 𝒙 + (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙) Sol. General de la ED dada