MOXAWAHMH
 MOXAWAHM H = ‟ WBQ M N_O\ALA\ CB_ \NXB_ HN CM OBKXMLACAHMH NK CM
 MOX^M C AHMH

Z\N_NKXMHB M0

DN\IMK ZMCNKOAM

OB\ZB\MOAßK
OB\ZB\MOAßK ^KAWN\_AX
^KAWN\_AXM\AM
M\AM ALN\BMIN\AOMKM.

G^KHMINKXB_
G^KHMINKXB_ HN OBK
OBKXML
XMLACAHMH
ACAHMH

 ML \AC <:<:

 

AKX\BH^OOABK

Cm obktmlacahmh ns ukm knonsahmh gukhminktmc hn cbs snrns fuimkbs, qun obk nc

pmsb hn cbs mýbs, nc ornoanktn mvmkon tnokbcÿdaob
tno kbcÿdaob y oanktégaob, cms kunvms tn
tnkhnkoams
khnkoams
nk cm akhustram kb sbcb fm dnknrmhb lnkngaoabs nobkÿiaobs sakb qun fm in`brmhb
obkhaoabkns, pbr nstn ibtavb ns knonsmrab rnsmctmr cm aipbrtmkoam nk tbhbs cbs
mspnotbs hn nstm oankoam.

 M trmvás hn cm fastbram
fastbram fm sahb u
uk
k gmotbr aipbrtmktn
aipbrtmktn pmrm dmrmktazmr
dmrmktazmr n ahnktagaomr
ahnktagaomr nc
lunk gukoabkmianktb hn cms niprnsms ym qun akhasoutalcninktn cb obkvanrtn nk ukm
gunktn hn akgbrimoaÿk aipbrtmktn pmrm obkbonr hn cm satumoaÿk nobkÿiaom y
gakmkoanrm pmrm kunstrms brdmkazmoabkns.

Cms ntmpms hn cm fastbram hn cm obktmlacahmh gunrbk uk pnrabhb hn drmkhns omilabs,

puns hnshn tanipbs rnibtbs fmstm kunstrbs héms, fmk sahb pmrtn vatmc hn kunstrb
prbdrnsb m kavnc nobkÿiaob, pbcétaob
pbcéta ob y sboamc, ym qun kbs fm pnriatahb ccnvmr uk brhnk
iuofb iís prbgukhb nk oumktb m kunstrms brdmkazmoabkns y hn nstm imknrm
nvatmkhb msé prblcnims obktmlcns.
 

CB_ \NXB_
\NXB_ HN CM OBK
OBKXMLACAHMH
XMLACAHMH NK CM MOX^MCAHMH

 M trmvás hn cm fastbram
fastbram y nk iuofbs
iuofbs nsonkmrabs
nsonkmrabs fnibs nsouofmhb
nsouofmhb fmlcmr
fmlcmr monrom hn
cm obktmlacahmh y saniprn cb rncmoabkmibs obk dmkmkoams y pnrhahms pnrb nstm
oankoam vm iuofb iís fmccm hn nstbs hbs obkonptbs5 cm oankoam obktmlcn pnriatn
ahnktagaomr, inhar, ocmsagaomr, rndastrmr, aktnrprntmr, mkmcazmr, nvmcumr n akgbrimr cm
fastbram hn cms bpnrmoabkns hn uk nktn nobkÿiaob, nk gbrim ocmrm, obipcntm y

gahnhadkm.

Cm obktmlacahmh, ns nc ncninktb iís aipbrtmktn hn tbhm obipmýém, niprnsm b

kndboab, pbr oumktb pnriatn obkbonr cm rnmcahmh nobkÿiaom y gakmkoanrm hn cm
niprnsm, su nvbcuoaÿk, sus tnkhnkoams y cb qun sn punhn nspnrmr hn nccm.

Zmrm mpcaomr obrrnotminktn cm obktmlacahmh nk cbs hagnrnktns snotbrns y bltnknr nc

rnsuctmhb nspnrmhb sn hnln obktmr obk cms saduanktns omrmotnréstaoms0

•  Hnln hn snr ocmrm y gíoac hn obiprnkhnr

•
  ]un snm obkgamlcn
•  ]un sn prnsnktn hn gbrim bpbrtukm

•  ]un snm vnragaomlcn, nk cm inhahm qun prnsnktn gancinktn cbs fnofbs

nobkÿiaobs
•  Hnln hn tnknr rncnvmkoam, qun pnriatmk mc usumrab omptmr nc inksm`n y
bpnrmr sblrn nccm pmrm cbdrmr sus gakns pmrtaoucmrns.
•  Hnln hn snr gíoacinktn obipmrmlcn

Cm akgbrimoaÿk qun dnknrm nc sastnim obktmlcn ns vatmc pmrm cm lunkm tbim hn

hnoasabkns hnktrb hn oumcquanr brdmkazmoaÿk y nstm hnln tnknr cms omrmotnréstaoms
 

 
obib qun mrralm fnibs inkoabkmhb pmrm pbhnr obrrndar oumcquanr hnsvamoaÿk qun
tnkdmibs obk rnspnotb m cb prnsupunstmhb b rnspnotb m cbs rnsuctmhbs qun cbs
mooabkastms fmk prnvastb dmkmr.

Nc rntb hn cm obktmlacahmh nk cm motumcahmh ns imktnknrsn motumcazmhm y m cm

vmkdumrham obk nc gak hn lrakhmr in`brns bpoabkns, tbims hn hnoasabkns nk cms
niprnsms y hn cm imkb hn cbs hnsmrrbccbs tnokbcÿdaobs gmoacatmr nc rndastrb hn cm
akgbrimoaÿk y prnsnktmr uk mkícasas iís prbgukhb qun omhm hém pnriatm mvmkzmr nk
cbs omipbs hn mooaÿk y tbim hn hnoasabkns. Msé obib cb mgarim Fáotbr @main
Obrrnm, prnsahnktn hn cm Gnhnrmoaÿk hn Obktmhbrns Zðlcaobs hn Obcbilam nk
nktrnvastm obk motumcéonsn0

’ Nc prbgnsabkmc obktmlcn hn fby hnln gbrtmcnonr y hnspcndmr fmlacahmhns

obiuk aomtavms, aaktnrprntmtavm
ktnrprntmtavmss y orétaoms qun cn pn
pnriatmk
riatmk cahnrmr pbsa oabkns y
mpbrtns nsnkoamcns nk cm tbim hnoasabkns brdmkazmoabkmcns, obk ukm iarmhm
aktndrmc hnc iukhb hn cbs kndboabs 5 obmhyuvmr obk su
s u trmlm`b n`nroankhb
n`nroankhb uk
vnrhmhnrb cahnrmzdb
cahnrmzdb pmrm ukm rnmc trmksgbrimoaÿk hn cms nktahmhns pðlcao ms,
cb qun aipcaom uk aipbrtmktn mpbrtn m cm sboanhmh, m trmvás hn cm omcahmh y
obktraluoaÿk nk cm akgbrimoaÿk gakmkoanrm y nk cm dnstaÿk pðlcaom hn cbs
rnoursbs’.fttps0//motumcaonsn.obi/prnpmrmoabk-y-obkboaianktb-nk-
nstmkhmrns-aktnrkmoabkmcns-uk-rntb-pmrm-cbs-obktmhbrns-pulcaobs/

Qm fnibs fmlcmhb hn cb aipbrtmktn hn cm obktmlacahmh y cbs lnkngaoabs qun nstm trmn

pmrm cms niprnsms, nstn ns nc nsonkmrab pnrgnotb y nc qun hnlnrém nipcnmr tbhb nc
iukhb, pnrb nsm kb ns cm rnmcahmh5 sn fm pbhahb ahnktagaomr qun cm nvmsaÿk y ncusaÿk
hn cbs aipunstbs nk cbs hagnrnktns snotbrns ns iís obiðk hn cb qun pbhnibs
aimdakmr.

Q pmrm cbs qun kb tnknibs ocmrahmh obk nstbs obkonptbs hn nvmsaÿk y ncusaÿk hn
aipunstbs moí ukm lrnvn aktrbhuooaÿk hn mounrhb obk cm obrtn obkstatuoabkmc0

Cm nvmsaÿk0 Cm Obrtn Obkstatuoabkmc nk cm iasim O-:=> hn =11? akhaom qun cm

nvmsaÿk gasomc obkccnvm hn gbrim aktréksnom nc grmuhn, nc grmuhn mc gasob. Nc

 

 
obktraluynktn m pnsmr hn tnknr ukm omrdm nspnoagaom obk nc gasob, sn mlstankn hn
prnsnktmr su hnocmrmoaÿk hn rnktm, bouctm akgbrimoaÿk rncnvmktn, gmctm hn nktrndm hn
cbs aipunstbs rntnkahbs, bouctmoaÿk hn akgbrimoaÿk tralutmram rncnvmktn,
trmksgbrimoabkns acéoatms nk cm kmturmcnzm hn cbs akdrnsbs, akocusaÿk hn obstbs y

hnhuooabkns gaotaoams, ocmsagaomoaÿk akmhnoumhm hn pmrtahms, sulvmcbrmoaÿk hn

motavbs, nktrn btrms iuofms gbrims hn trmtmr hn nkdmýmr mc gasob pmrm nvatmr nc pmdb
hn cbs aipunstbs. Hnktrb hnc obkonptb hn nvmsaÿk gasomc sn suncn obksahnrmr nc
grmuhn gasomc, pnrb pmrm qun sn punhm obkgadurmr nc grmuhn, ns knonsmrab qun sn
nvahnkoan cm aktnkoaÿk hnc obktraluynktn hn nvmhar nc pmdb hn sus blcadmoabkns
gasomcns, cm nvahnkoam sn akganrn hn cms mooabkns hnc obktraluynktn b hn sus
hncalnrmhms mlstnkoabkns (Obcbilam. Obrtn Obkstatuoabkmc, =11?). Cm ncusaÿk gasomc0
_bk cms hagnrnktns táokaoms y prbonhaianktbs qun utacazm nc obktraluynktn obk nc
bl`ntb hn iakaiazmr nc aipunstb, rnspntmkhb cm kbrimtavahmh, pbr cb qun kb nktrm nk
nc omipb hn cm nvmsaÿk, nstms táokaoms b prbonhaianktbs tanknk obib gak nvatmr nc
kmoaianktb qun cm cny prnoasm obib prnsupunstb hn cm blcadmoaÿk tralutmram, cm
hasousaÿk sn hm pbrqun mcdukbs nstuhabsbs obksahnrmk qun cm ncusaÿk ns ukm
vabcmoaÿk akharnotm y mhiasalcn nk ukbs omsbs n akmhiasalcn oumkhb sn mlusm hn cm
gbrims `uréhaoms nvatmkhb cm omrdm gasomc b rnhuoaákhbcm (Obcbilam. Obrtn
Obkstatuoabkmc, =11?). Cm nvmsaÿk hnshn nc puktb hn vastm hnc hnrnofb tralutmrab ns
ukm mooaÿk u biasaÿk obksoanktn pbr inhab hnc oumc, nc mhiakastrmhb
mhiakastr mhb vabcm nc sastnim
tralutmrab y rnhuon b nvatm nc aipunstb, pbr btrm pmrtn cm ncusaÿk, qun punhn snr cndmc

b acndmc sa sn nvatm nc kmoaianktb hn cm blcadmoaÿk nstmlcnoahm nk cm kbrimtavahmh,

pnrb sa sn mlusm hn cms gbrims `uréhaoms sn nstmrém fmlcmkhb hn ukm ncusaÿk acéoatm.
(Obcbilam. Obrtn Obkstatuoabkmc, =11?).

fttp 0//lal
0//lal cabt nomhadatmc.uhnm.
nomhadatmc.uhnm.nhu.ob/hspmon/latstr
nhu.ob/hspmon/latstrnmi/
nmi/=:8
=:81>/
1>/66
668=/
8=/=/
=/LnhbymB
LnhbymB
imrR<:=7RObkonptbNvmsabkNcusabk.phg

Nk nc drmk iukhb hn cbs aipunstbs nxastnk hbs táriakbs (nvmsaÿk y ncusaÿk) qun
sbk utacazmhbs pbr cbs obktraluynktns y cms nktahmhns mhiakastrmhbrms hn aipunstbs
pmrm hnsoralar cm hnoasaÿk hn cbs obktraluynktns hn kb pmdmr aipunstbs.
 

 
Cm ncusaÿk hn aipunstbs fmon rngnrnkoam m cms obkhuotms hnc obktraluynktn qun
lusom nvatmr nc pmdb hn aipunstbs utacazmkhb pmrm nccb imkablrms b nstrmtndams
pnriatahms pbr cm iasim cny b pbr cbs vmoébs hn nstm. Cm ncusaÿk kb ns nstraotminktn
acndmc punstb qun kb sn nstí vabcmkhb kakdukm cny, sakb qun sn nstí

mprbvnofmkhb inhamktn ukm aktnrprntmoaÿk nk bomsabkns mimýmhm b ompraofbsm,

satumoaÿk qun ns pnriatm pbr ukm cny miladum b obk vmoébs.
Cm nvmsaÿk, nk omilab, fmon rngnrnkoam m cms imkablrms utacazmhms pbr cbs
obktraluynktns pmrm nvatmr nc pmdb hn aipunstbs vabcmkhb pmrm nccb cm cny. Nk cm
nvmsaÿk tralutmram saipcn y ccmkminktn kb sn ouipcn obk cm cny, cb oumc
akhuhmlcninktn ns acndmc.
Obk tbhb cb mktnrabr pbhnibs obkocuar y pmrm hmr ocmrahmh m cb qun fmon rngnrnkoam
m cm ncusaÿk hn aipunstbs obk nstn n`nipcb
n `nipcb uk obinroamktn pmrm kb pmsmr nc ráda
rádaink
ink
obiðk havahn su kndboab nk hbs pmrtns, hn ibhb qun ukm pmrtn nstí m kbilrn hn
ác y btrm pmrtn m kbilrn hn uk tnronrb. Nk nstn omsb sn prntnkhn nvatmr snr
rnspbksmlcn hnc rádaink obiðk, pnrb sn fmon inhamktn gbrims obipcntminktn
cndmcns, hn sunrtn qun, sa cm Hamk akvnstadm, kb nkobktrmrí kmhm acndmc, sbcb cm
aktnkoaÿk hn kb oblrmr y pmdmr nc Avm, cb oumc, mukqun punhm snr sboamcinktn
rnprbofmlcn, kb ns acndmc y nk obksnounkoam, tmipbob ns smkoabkmlcn.
Nk omilab cm nvmsaÿk,
nvmsa ÿk, ns oumkhb uk obinroamktn hnoahn kb gmoturmr sus vnktm
vnktmss pmrm
kb sblrnpmsmr cbs tbpns pmrm pnrtnknonr nc rádaink saipcagaomhb, b sa pnrtnknon mc
rádaink obiðk, pmrm kb gmoturmr nc Avm.

Nk cm fastbram hn cbs aipunstbs kb tbhb ns pmrm cm nvmsaÿk y ncusaÿk hn aipunstbs,

nxastn uk tnronr obkonptb aipbrtmktn y qun tmilaák lrakhm lnkngaoabs m cbs hagnrnktns
snotbrns hn cm nobkbiém5 nstmibs fmlcmkhb hn cm pcmknm
pcmknmoaÿk
oaÿk tralutmram qun sn
rnganrn m ukm pcmknmoaÿk qun fmon nc obktraluynktn pmrm pbhnr mprbvnofmr cbs
lnkngaoabs tralutmrabs nxprnsminktn obktnipcmhbs pbr cm cny nk su kbrimtavahmh. ^k
n`nipcb punhn snr akvnrtar nk cbs snotbrns nobkÿiaobs nk hbkhn cms rnktms sbk
nxnktms. Akvnrtar nk motavbs ga`bs prbhuotavbs, nto. Nk nstn omsb kb fmy kmhm acndmc ka
sn fmon kmhm obk cm imcm aktnkoaÿk.
Zbr btrb cmhb kb fmy qun pnrhnr hn vastm qun rnoanktninktn cm cny gasomc nk Obcbilam
fm aktrbhuoahb nc obkonptb hnc 
hnc  mlusb nk imtnram tralutmram, 
tralutmram,  qun hn bourrar sn
 

 
obkvanrtn nk uk fnofb smkoabkmlcn, y mlusb tankhn m pmrnonrsn iuofb m cm ncusaÿk
gasomc.

OBKOC^_ABKN_

Obk nc mktnrabr nksmyb puhaibs ahnktagaomr nc drmk obktnxtb hn cm obktmhurém nk cm

vahm obtahamkm, su aipbrtmkoam y nc drmk mpbrtn qun rnmcazm mc snotbr nobkÿiaob nk
hbkhn pnriatn tnknr uk nstmhb rnmc hn cm niprnsm pnriatankhb hn nstm imknrm
tbimr hnoasabkns m tanipb y ngnotavms qun saniprn pnriatmk in`brmr nc mvmkon hn
cms niprnsms.

Zbr btrb cmhb obkboaibs monrom hn cm nvmsaÿk y ncusaÿk hn aipunstbs nk hbkhn cm

nvmsaÿk hn aipunstbs obksastn nk ncaiakmr b rnhuoar cbs pmdbs hnstakmhbs m
aipunstbs, pbr inhab hn cm biasaÿk hn cbs akdrnsbs rnmcns hnktrb hn cm hnocmrmoaÿk
hn aipunstbs b pbr cm akocusaÿk hn dmstbs qun kb obrrnspbkhnk m cm motavahmh
nobkÿiaom u nc bl`ntb sboamc hn cm obipmýém.

Q cm ncusaÿk hn aipunstbs obrrnspbkhn m cm hasiakuoaÿk hnc pmdb hn aipunstbs hn

gbrim cndmc, ns cm obkhuotm qun lusom ngnotumr cbs pmdbs hn tralutbs, pnrb
mprbvnofmhb cbs vmoébs kbrimtavbs, biasaÿk nk cm hasapmoabkns b obkgusaÿk hn cms

iasims5 sak knonsahmh hn vabcmr cms cnyns tralutmrams, mprbvnofmkhb cbs vmoébs hn cm
kbrim.
 

\NGN\NKOAM_ LALCABD\MGAOM_

Ibrnkb Gnrkíkhnz, @. (<:=8). Obktmlacahmh lísaom. 8m nh.  

\noupnrmhb hn cm lmsn hn hmtbs N-calrb. Zmrm obksuctmrcb, rnvasn cm omrpntm
"Fnrrmianktms hn mpbyb" (Imkumc lalcabtnoms vartumcns ) 

Ganrrb Imrtéknz, Í. I.
I. (<:
(<:==).
==). Obktml
Obktmlaca
acahmh
hmh d
dnknrmc.
nknrmc. 8m n
nh.
h.  
\noupnrmhb hn cm lmsn hn hmtbs N-calrb. Zmrm obksuctmrcb, rnvasn cm omrpntm
"Fnrrmianktms hn mpbyb" (Imkumc lalcabtnoms vartumcns ) 

Obkdrnsb hn Obcbilam. (=? hn haoanilrn hn =11:). UCny 8? hn =11:Y. HB0

?17:<. 
\noupnrmhb hn fttps0//www.iaknhuomoabk.dbv.ob/=7<=/mrtaocns-
=:8>84RmrofavbRphg.phg

Obrmc Hncdmhb, N. C. y Duhaý b Hívacm, N. C. (<:=

(<:=8)
8).. Obktmlacah mh uk
ukavnrsa
avnrsatmram.
tmram.
4m nh. 
\noupnrmhb hn fttp0//www.nlbbes4-<8.obi/2ac9=:>

Obktmhur ém Dnknrmc
Obktmhurém Dnknrmc hn cm Km
Kmoaÿk
oaÿk . (s.
(s.g.).
g.). Mrib kazmoaÿk m nstíkhmrns
aktnrkmoabkmcns hn obktmlacahmh pðlcaom. Cm nxpnrankoam hn cm Obktmhurém
Dnknrmc
Dn knrmc hn c m Km
Kmoaÿk
oaÿk.. 
\noupnrmhb hn fttp0//www.obktmhuram.dbv.ob/wps/woi/obkknot/<:1g><<o-o84g-
881<-6ng=-
g=g>6o??go46/MribkazmoabkRNstmkhmrns.phg2IBH9M@ZN\N_&OMOFNAH9<:1g><<
o-o84g-881<-6ng=-g=g>6o??go46

_anrrm Dbkzícnz,
Dbkzícnz, N. I.
I. (<::=)
(<::=).. Nvbcuo aÿk hn cm k brimta
brimtavm
vm ob
obktmlcn
ktmlcn nk
Obcbil am. Akkbv
Akkbvmr,
mr, rn
rnvast
vast m hn oankoams mhiaka
mhiakastr
strmtavms
mtavms y sb oamcns, =4
=4,, 8
84-77
4-77.. 
\noupnrmhb
hn fttps0//rnvastms.ukmc.nhu.ob/akhnx.pfp/akkbvmr/mrtaocn/vanwGacn/<8<?:/<86>>

Xrnvaýb @ aiáknz, H.
H. (<:
(<::1)
:1).. Cm obktmlaca hmh nk cbs hagnrnktns t apbs hn
niprnsms. 
\noupnrmhb hn cm lmsn hn hmtbs N-calrb. Zmrm obksuctmrcb, rnvasn cm omrpntm
"Fnrrmianktms hn mpbyb" (Imkumc lalcabtnoms vartumcns ) 
 

 
\noursb s obip cninktmrabs
\noursb cninktmrabs b hn mpbyb  
_akast
_aka stnrrm
nrrm W, D.,
D., ZZbc
bcmkob
mkob A., C. N. y Fnkmb D., F
F.. (<
(<:==
:==).
). O
Obk
bk tmla
tmlacah
cahmh0
mh0 _as
_astnim
tnim
hn akgb rimoaÿk pmrm cms cms brdmkazmoabkns. 7m nh. 
\noupnrmhb hn fttp0//www.nlbbes4-<8.obi/2ac9=:>

\binrb Cÿpnz,
C ÿpnz, Í. C. (<
(<:=6
:=6).
). Zrakoa pab
pabss hn ob ktmlac ahmh. Akocuyn ccms
ms KAA
KAAG
G pmrm
pyins. 7m nh. \noupnrmhb
\noupnrmhb h n cm lmsn hn hmtbs h n Nlbbes 4-<8 4-<8.. 
\noupnrmhb hn fttp0//www.nlbbes4-<8.obi/2ac9>614