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espaciales de a mano alzada son competencias are essential skills for engineers
fundamentales de todo ingeniero o and architects during their
los estudiantes de training and career. However,
arquitecto, tanto durante su formación
las nuevas titulaciones como en el desempeño de su successive curricula, in particular
técnicas. Estudio profesión. Sin embargo los sucesivos those resulting from the European
en la Universidad de planes de estudio, en particular los Higher Education Area, have
Granada derivados del Espacio Europeo de caused a marked decline in
Educación Superior, han supuesto una spatial skills of students pursuing
Spatial skills of importante merma en las habilidades technical degrees.
students in new This paper describes the
espaciales de los estudiantes de las
methodology introduced during the
technical degrees. titulaciones técnicas.
academic year 2012/2013 in several
Case study at the Este artículo describe la metodología
technical degrees at the University
implantada durante el curso
University of of Granada (Spain), designed to
académico 2012/2013 en varios enhance the spatial and sketching
Granada (SPAIN) grados técnicos de la Universidad skills of students by means of a
de Granada, diseñada para mejorar series of complementary activities
Jesús Mataix Sanjuán,
Carlos León Robles, las habilidades espaciales y de in Graphic Expression courses. The
Francisco de Paula Montes Tubío bocetado de sus estudiantes standardized tests administered to
mediante una serie de actividades students at the beginning and at
doi: 10.4995/ega.2014.1767 complementarias en las asignaturas the end of the course revealed a
de Expresión Gráfica. Los test major improvement in those who
estandarizados administrados a los participated in these activities.
estudiantes al principio y al final
del período lectivo han puesto de Keywords: Spatial skills; Spatial
manifiesto una importante mejora visualization; Graphic Expression;
en aquéllos que han participado en Technical degrees; European
estas actividades. Higher Education Area
1. Primer ítem del test MRT (Vandenberg & Kuse 2. Primer ítem del test PSVT-R (Guay 1977). En
1978). En la primera columna se presenta el cuerpo la primera fila se muestran las perspectivas
modelo. Hay que determinar qué dos figuras de las isométricas de un cuerpo antes y después de sufrir
cuatro posibles corresponden al cuerpo modelo visto uno o varios giros. Debe elegirse cuál de las cinco
desde diferentes perspectivas. opciones dadas corresponde al resultado de aplicar
al cuerpo modelo la misma secuencia de rotaciones.
1. The first item of the MRT test (Vandenberg & Kuse
1978). In the first column appears the model figure. 2. The first item of the PSVT-R test (Guay 1977). In the
The problem is to determine which two figures of the first column, isometric perspectives are shown of a
four possible ones correspond to the model figure figure before and after being turned once or more.
shown from different perspectives. The problem is to choose which options of the five
given correspond to the result of applying the same
type of rotation to the model figure.
2
3. Ejemplo de ejercicio de mejora de las habilidades ninguna en los últimos con objeto de que el alumno
de visión espacial y bocetado. Consiste en la se acostumbre de forma gradual a bocetar a mano
realización de varias operaciones espaciales con alzada.
cuerpos que han de resolverse a mano alzada, con la
3. Example of improvement in the spatial vision and
ayuda en los primeros ejercicios de una cuadrícula,
sketching abilities.
de una malla de puntos en los siguientes, y sin ayuda
269
Tabla 1
Estudio en la Universidad de principio del semestre de los test 3 Planning, designing and placing at the
PSVT-R y MRT. disposal of all students a collection of 25
Granada 2 Identificación de los estudiantes con exercises for improving their spatial ability
Durante el curso académico 2012/2013 habilidades espaciales menos desa- and sketching skills, formulated so that the
se llevó a cabo un estudio con alum- student would achieve immediate results
rrolladas en relación a los valores
nos de los Grados en Ingeniería Civil, in the least time possible. These exercises
medios en las distintas asignaturas, consist of diverse freehand execution of
Ingeniería Química e Ingeniería Elec- en virtud de los resultados de los different spatial exercises (Fig. 3): mentally
trónica Industrial de la Universidad test. Se seleccionó a un grupo de turning a figure; providing the standard views
de Granada, con dos objetivos funda- 40 alumnos que accedieron volun- (elevation, floor plan, and side view) and
mentales: evaluar sus habilidades es- tariamente a participar en una serie representation of the development of the
paciales al afrontar asignaturas de Ex- de seminarios, en los que se siguió sides of the previous figure; and drawing of
presión Gráfica, y evaluar la eficacia de una metodología análoga al boceta- the perspective of a figure defined by the
un conjunto de actividades específica- do mentorizado de Mohler y Miller shape of its sides.
mente diseñadas para la mejora de las (2008). The collection of exercises are organized into
habilidades espaciales y de bocetado. five blocks that, in addition to the progressive
3 Planificación, diseño y puesta a dis-
Este estudio se desarrolló en las si- complexity of the figures are differentiated
posición de todos los estudiantes de in the assistance provided by freehand
guientes fases: una colección de ejercicios de me- sketching. In the first two blocks this help
1 Evaluación inicial de las habili- jora de las habilidades espaciales consists of a grid, finer in the first one than
dades espaciales de los estudian- y de bocetado (Fig. 3), elaborados in the second one; in the third block, the grid
tes mediante la administración al con la finalidad de que el alumnado is replaced by a network of points; in the
270 last two, no help at all is provided. On the obtenga resultados inmediatos em- Conclusiones
other hand, in the exercises of the first three pleando el menor tiempo posible.
blocks, work is done in oblique and isometric Es tal la correlación entre las habili-
Los ejercicios se complementan
perspective, while in the two final blocks, dades espaciales y el éxito académico
con recursos multimedia de ayuda
the student is given the liberty to choose y profesional dentro de la ingeniería
para los estudiantes con más difi-
the perspective. This approach is meant to y la arquitectura, que no se puede re-
foment the gradual development of freehand
cultades. nunciar al desarrollo de las mismas en
sketching. 4 Evaluación de la mejora obtenida los estudiantes como consecuencia de
All these activities are included in a web en las habilidades espaciales me- las limitaciones de tiempo impuestas
page, where the students also have access to diante la administración al final por los actuales planes de estudios.
the theoretic bases necessary to perform the del semestre de los mismos test em- El estudio realizado en la Universi-
exercises, multimedia resources to help the pleados al principio. dad de Granada sobre un total de 834
students who have the most difficulties, and
after the exercises are turned in, the students A diferencia de las metodologías de alumnos de tres titulaciones, ha puesto
can make a self-evaluation. Sorby y Baartmans (2000), Fleisig et de manifiesto que es posible detectar
4 Evaluation of the improvement in the spatial al. (2004) y Mohler y Miller (2008) deficiencias en las habilidades espa-
abilities by the administration at the end of expuestas en el apartado anterior, las ciales de los estudiantes y mejorarlas
the semester of the same test used at the actividades llevadas a cabo en la Uni- con las actividades diseñadas, siendo
beginning. versidad de Granada no constituyen la posibilidad de enmarcarlas dentro
As opposed to the methodologies of Sorby una asignatura específica; por el con- de una asignatura troncal la principal
and Baartmans (2000), Fleisig et al. (2004) and trario, se inscriben dentro de las asig- novedad con respecto a los estudios
Mohler and Miller (2008) presented in the above naturas troncales de Expresión Grá- realizados en otras universidades, ba-
section, the activities conducted at the University fica, lo que tiene como consecuencia sados en asignaturas específicas de un
of Granada did not constitute a specific course; una inversión de tiempo muy inferior trimestre o más de duración, y en los
on the contrary, they were subsumed under que el número de estudiantes involu-
por parte de los estudiantes.
the core subjects of Graphic Expression, with a crados ha sido muy inferior.
En la Tabla 1 se recogen los resulta-
weight in the final grading of between 5% and Habida cuenta de los resultados ob-
10%, depending on the subject, which had as a dos generales del estudio. En términos
globales, cabe destacar que la mejora tenidos, se ha optado por implementar
consequence a very low investment of time by
obtenida en el test final respecto del el sistema definitivamente en las asig-
the students.
Table 1 presents the general results of the study. inicial por los estudiantes que parti- naturas de Expresión Gráfica objeto
In overall terms, the improvement achieved in ciparon en alguna de las actividades de este estudio, teniendo muy presente
the final test with respect to the first one taken planteadas es del 24,3%, significati- que es un proceso vivo que precisará
by the students who participated in any of vamente superior al de los estudiantes futuras investigaciones que lo retroa-
the activities proposed was 24.3%, this being que no participaron en ninguna acti- limenten con la finalidad de mejorar
significantly higher than for students who did progresivamente su eficacia. n
vidad (11,1%).
not participate in any activity (11.1%).
The improvement of 24.3% found for the La mejora del 24,3% observada
students who participated in any of the activities en los estudiantes que han participa- Referencias
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