Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Keywords: Abstract
- Cirrhosis Diagnostic and therapeutic protocol of bacterial infections in cirrhosis
- Bacterial infections Introduction and pathophysiology. Cirrhotic patients present more severe and frequent bacterial
- Bacterial translocation infections than general population. The immune dysfunction and the intestinal barrier changes developed
over the course of the cirrhosis are related to this fact.
Epidemiology. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and urinary tract infections are the most common,
followed by pneumonia, cellulitis and bacteremia. Gram-negative gut bacteria are the most frequently
involved, although in recent years the isolation of multidrug resistant bacteria has increased.
Profilaxis, outcomes and treatment. Prevention, early identification and appropriate antibiotic treatment
are essential to reduce the negative impact on survival for cirrhotic patients.
El aumento de la susceptibilidad a las infecciones oca- el acceso de estas a otros territorios y aumentando el riesgo
siona un incremento de la mortalidad y del número de hos- de infecciones, en especial el de PBE.
pitalizaciones, así como un deterioro de la calidad de vida en
general. Por todo ello, es necesario implementar estrategias
de prevención, diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento empírico Grado de insuficiencia hepática
más eficaces.
Es el principal factor de riesgo asociado al desarrollo de in-
fecciones en los pacientes cirróticos.
Patogenia Se ha demostrado que aquellos con mayor grado de insu-
ficiencia hepática (estadio C de la clasificación de Child-
Las alteraciones del sistema inmune y de la permeabilidad Pugh) tienen más probabilidades de contraer una infección.
intestinal que se suceden a lo largo de la historia natural de Al mismo tiempo, ciertas situaciones asociadas a la evolución
la cirrosis condicionan una mayor susceptibilidad a las infec- de la cirrosis, como una baja concentración de proteínas en
ciones. Por este motivo, el riesgo aumenta a medida que au- el líquido ascítico, antecedentes de PBE o hemorragia diges-
menta el grado de insuficiencia hepática. A continuación se tiva por varices, también aumentan exponencialmente el
detallan los principales factores inmunológicos, micro- riesgo16-18. Por todo ello, las guías actuales de consenso reco-
biológicos, genéticos e intestinales implicados. miendan estrategias preventivas de profilaxis antibiótica en
estos casos como veremos más adelante.
Profilaxis primaria Los autores declaran que para esta investigación no se han
realizado experimentos en seres humanos ni en animales.
En la actualidad, la profilaxis primaria está indicada única-
mente en 2 situaciones que enumeramos a continuación
(tabla 3). Confidencialidad de los datos
Hemorragia digestiva Los autores declaran que en este artículo no aparecen datos
La incidencia de infecciones en pacientes con hemorragia de pacientes.
gastrointestinal es mayor que en los pacientes cirróticos hos-
pitalizados por otros motivos (44-66% frente a 32-34%)16.
Dado que la infección se asocia a mayores tasas de resangra- Derecho a la privacidad y consentimiento
do y mortalidad, se recomienda un tratamiento profiláctico informado
con norfloxacino 400 mg/12 horas por vía oral durante
7 días. En los pacientes con cirrosis avanzada, definida por al Los autores declaran que en este artículo no aparecen datos
menos dos de los siguientes criterios: ascitis, malnutrición de pacientes.
grave, encefalopatía o ictericia, ceftriaxona intravenosa en
dosis de 1 g/24 horas ha demostrado ser más eficaz que nor-
floxacino. Bibliografía
t Importante tt Muy importante
Cirrosis avanzada
Los pacientes con baja concentración de proteínas en líquido ✔ Metaanálisis ✔ Artículo de revisión
ascítico (menos de 15 g/l) e insuficiencia hepática o renal ✔ Ensayo clínico controlado ✔ Guía de práctica clínica
grave (Child-Pugh igual o más de 9, creatinina igual o supe- ✔ Epidemiología
rior a 1,2 mg/dl, BUN igual o mayor de 25 mg/dl y/o sodio
igual o menor a 130 mEq/l) tienen mayor riesgo de presentar
PBE y síndrome hepatorrenal48. En estos casos se ha de- ✔
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