Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Líneas gruesas: Corriente secundaria ideal (azul) y real (negra) en amperios frente al tiempo en segundo
Líneas finas: la corriente secundaria ideal (azul) y real (negra) extrajo el valor rms fundamental, utilizan
400
300
200
100
-100
-200
-0.0164-0.0101-0.0038 0.0026 0.0089 0.0153 0.0216 0.0279 0.0343 0.0406 0.0469 0.0533 0.0596 0.0659 0.0723 0.0786 0.0849 0.0913 0.0976 0.
To determine the effect of saturation on a particular digital relay, one must have "models" for the blocks shown below:
ACTUAL
SECONDA RY DISCRETE FOURIER ULTIMA TE
CURRENT TRA NSFORM? RELAY EFFECT
A NTI-A LIA SING
PEA K DETECTION? FUNCTION
FILTER
(FROM A BOVE) DC-OFFSET REMOV A L? A LGORITHM CORRECT
RMS DETERMINA TION? TRIP?
CALCULOS
Total burden resistance = Rw + Rb = 0.200 ohms
Total burden power factor = 0.100 --- CALCULATION OF RP
Total burden impedance = 2.010 ohms
System time constant = 0.032 seconds S= 10
Peak flux-linkages corresponding to Vs 1.501 Wb-turns INDEX = 0 1
Radian freq = 376.99 rad/s ANGLE = 0 0.0157
Rms-to-peak ratio = 0.41976 (SINE^S)^2 = 0 0.0000
Coefficient in instantaneous ie
versus lambda curve: ie = A * l^S : 4.12E-01 --- RP = 0.4197583
Time step = 0.000083 seconds
Burden inductance = 0.00531 henries
empo en segundos.
amental, utilizando un DFT simple con una ventana de un ciclo.
49 0.0913 0.0976 0.1039 0.1103 0.1166 0.1229 0.1293 0.1356 0.1419 0.1483
n below:
ULTIMA TE
EFFECT
CORRECT
TRIP?
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2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
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8.74115E-31 2.895E-27 9.076E-25 7.814E-23 2.969E-21 6.40986E-20 9.148E-19 9.513E-18 7.703E-17 5.093E-16 2.848E-15 1.383E-14 5.954E-14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
0.2356194 0.2513274 0.2670354 0.2827433 0.2984513 0.3141593 0.3298672 0.3455752 0.3612832 0.3769911 0.3926991 0.408407 0.424115
2.31E-13 8.188E-13 2.679E-12 8.162E-12 2.334E-11 6.304E-11 1.617E-10 3.956E-10 9.272E-10 2.089E-09 4.537E-09 9.529E-09 1.94E-08
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
0.439823 0.4555309 0.4712389 0.4869469 0.5026548 0.5183628 0.5340708 0.5497787 0.5654867 0.5811946 0.5969026 0.6126106 0.6283185
3.834E-08 7.377E-08 1.383E-07 2.533E-07 4.534E-07 7.946E-07 1.365E-06 2.3E-06 3.806E-06 6.192E-06 9.909E-06 1.561E-05 2.423E-05
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
0.6440265 0.6597345 0.6754424 0.6911504 0.7068583 0.7225663 0.7382743 0.7539822 0.7696902 0.7853982 0.8011061 0.8168141 0.8325221
3.708E-05 5.596E-05 8.336E-05 0.0001226 0.0001782 0.0002559 0.0003635 0.0005106 0.0007097 0.0009766 0.0013305 0.0017955 0.0024005
54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
0.84823 0.863938 0.8796459 0.8953539 0.9110619 0.9267698 0.9424778 0.9581858 0.9738937 0.9896017 1.0053096 1.0210176 1.0367256
0.0031806 0.0041774 0.00544 0.0070256 0.0090001 0.0114387 0.0144262 0.0180574 0.0224366 0.0276773 0.0339018 0.0412397 0.0498265
67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
1.0524335 1.0681415 1.0838495 1.0995574 1.1152654 1.1309734 1.1466813 1.1623893 1.1780972 1.1938052 1.2095132 1.2252211 1.2409291
0.0598014 0.0713054 0.0844777 0.099453 0.1163573 0.1353043 0.156391 0.1796932 0.2052612 0.2331155 0.2632426 0.2955914 0.3300703
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92
1.2566371 1.272345 1.288053 1.303761 1.3194689 1.3351769 1.3508848 1.3665928 1.3823008 1.3980087 1.4137167 1.4294247 1.4451326
0.3665443 0.4048341 0.4447147 0.4859166 0.5281269 0.5709924 0.6141233 0.6570984 0.6994717 0.7407789 0.7805461 0.8182979 0.8535672
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
1.4608406 1.4765485 1.4922565 1.5079645 1.5236724 1.5393804 1.5550884 1.5707963
0.8859037 0.9148838 0.9401193 0.9612657 0.9780301 0.9901773 0.9975355 1
Sheet2
INSTRUCCIONES
1. Determine el voltaje de saturación (Vs) para el CT en cuestión. Esto se define como la tensión de excitación rms
correspondiente a la corriente de error del diez por ciento. Por ejemplo, para un CT nominal de cinco amperios que se espera
que maneje 100 amperios con un error del diez por ciento, la corriente de error en el voltaje de saturación Vs es de diez
amperios. * Para una máxima precisión, este debe ser un valor medido suministrado por el fabricante. Por ejemplo, un C400
tiene un Vs nominal de 400 voltios rms, pero los Vs medidos reales serán un valor más alto; Podría ser 420 voltios rms por
ejemplo.
Por cierto, es posible que las mediciones reales realizadas por el fabricante no se hayan realizado con un medidor de "rms
verdadero". Se ha determinado que el error debido al uso de un medidor de tipo "promedio rectificado", por ejemplo, no es
significativo.
2. Determine la pendiente (1 / S) de la parte superior de la curva de saturación, teniendo cuidado de que la curva se trace en
escalas log-log con el espaciado de la década igual en ambos ejes. "S" se define como el recíproco de esta pendiente. Debe
obtener una pendiente tal que S esté cerca de 15 <S <25. Tenga en cuenta que el resultado no es muy sensible al valor de S
3. Ingrese otros parámetros, como la resistencia del devanado del CT, la carga, el grado de dc-offset en la forma de onda de
corriente primaria (hasta 1 por unidad), la relación X / R del sistema primario, la remanencia ** y la primaria Corriente rms
simétrica.
Una vez que se realiza cualquier cambio en un parámetro de ENTRADA, aparece una nueva gráfica automáticamente. El aju
de escala es automático y se cree que la trama se explica por sí misma.
_______
* Esta es una definición utilizada en la Guía que no es estrictamente correcta pero se usa aquí para ser coherente con la Gu
Si la corriente secundaria ideal (nominal máxima) es de 100 amps rms y la corriente de excitación (error) es de 10 amps rms
entonces la corriente secundaria real es generalmente de 99+ amps rms, no de 90 amps rms. Esto se debe a que la corrient
excitación está desfasada y no sinusoidal, por lo que la simple resta no se aplica. Entonces, cuando especificamos un error d
corriente de 10 amperios a unaP corriente secundaria de 100 amps, el error es en realidad menos del 1% generalmente, pero
H A S O R S F O R T H E " 1 0 a m p s e r r o r " C O N D IT IO N
** Tenga en cuenta que la remanencia por unidad se define en relación con Vs. Si el voltaje del punto de inflexión (punto de
pendiente de 45 grados) es 80% de Vs, entonces el valor máximo de remanencia es 0.8. Tenga en cuenta que las polaridade
MODIFICATION HISTORY
para esta simulación son tales strict
3 Oct '00: Added que calculation
una remanencia
of RP and positiva es la CT
hence A; added condición
model on del "peor
sheet 4. caso" para una saturación prematura.
22 Dec '00: Corrected Vs notation, expanded time frame, exposed calculations.
5 Jan '01: Added diagram below plot.
18 Jan '01: Deleted figures on Sheet 4.
26 Feb '01: Clarified INSTRUCTIONS wording.
4 Jun '01: Changed notation: 'form factor FF' to 'RP'
5 Mar '02: Remanent flux is now 'locked,' for all t<0. Otherwise, incorrect results for low X/R.
17 Sep '02: Cell for X/R ratio was inadvertantly locked. Now unlocked.
26 Sep '02: "HOW TO MEASURE SLOPE" diagram added.
4 Oct '02: Added "rms of fundamental" to calculations and plot.
30 Dec 02: Improved asterisk note on error current, and added phasor diagram.
Page 77
Sheet2
n de excitación rms
cinco amperios que se espera
aturación Vs es de diez
cante. Por ejemplo, un C400 CT
dría ser 420 voltios rms por
10
Do NOT read currents or voltages for this purpose.
(We assume equal decade spacing of the axes)
9
8
ffset en la forma de onda de la
la primaria Corriente rms
7
6
áfica automáticamente. El ajuste Ruler, inches or centimeters
5
4
ara ser coherente con la Guía. slope = 0.7/9.3 = 1/S
3
ón (error) es de 10 amps rms,
2
sto se debe a que la corriente de S = 9.3/0.7 = 13
ndo especificamos un error de
1
s del 1% generalmente, pero
Page 78
Sheet4
ANTECEDENTES
Este programa está destinado a mostrar únicamente el comportamiento de CORRIENTE GRANDE o BURDEN ALTO; no representa con
precisión las condiciones en la parte inferior de la curva de saturación de hierro. En consecuencia, la pérdida por histéresis y la pérdida por
corrientes de Foucault no se modelan porque tienen un efecto insignificante en el comportamiento de la región de saturación.
Otra suposición es que el gráfico log-log habitual de la tensión de rms en comparación con la corriente rms para la curva de saturación es
correcto cuando se representa como una línea recta para la parte saturada de la curva. Esto implica una ley de potencia pura que relaciona el
voltaje instantáneo con la corriente instantánea, y la pendiente de la parte superior de la gráfica de registro de uso común se encuentra en la
vecindad de 1/20 para un CT toroidal moderno. Se supone que el valor de Vs, el "voltaje de saturación", se encuentra en un valor de rms
medido correctamente de una corriente de excitación de 10 amperios, el voltaje es sinusoidal y la corriente se relaciona con el flujo mediante
una función de orden Sth (solo). Si el valor de 10 amperios se mide con un medidor de 'no-rms verdadero', el error no es lo suficientemente
grande como para causar un error significativo.
El programa se comparó con una variedad de ejemplos, incluidos los del reciente documento IEEE "Modelos matemáticos para
transformadores de voltaje de capacitor de corriente, voltaje y acoplamiento", Grupo de trabajo C5 de PSRC, Transferencia de potencia IEEE,
enero de 2000, pp. 62-72. (Tenga en cuenta que hay un error en las figuras 4a y 5a de ese documento: en realidad hubo una remanencia no
nula para este caso, según lo confirmaron los autores).
Page 79