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7. COLUMNS
Columns were cast in reusable steel forms and will be open to view at most ¯oors after chipping
®ns,
®lling voids and bug holes, and priming the surface for ®nish painting.
The sixteen tower columns vary along their height from 2.4m (7.9 ft) diameter to 1.2m (3.9 ft).
Five size increments minimized the time and cost associated with formwork changes. Concrete
varied
from 80 Mpa (11 600 p.s.i. cube, 10 000 p.s.i. cylinder) to 30 Mpa (5800 p.s.i. cube, 4900 p.s.i.
cylinder) in three steps. The twelve bustle columns step in size three times, from 1.4m (4.6 ft) to
1m
(3.3 ft) diameter. Bustle concrete grades differ from the tower since its casting occurs on a later
schedule (see Figure 5).
Setbacks at ¯oors 60, 73 and 82 are handled without transfer girders by using sloped/stepped
columns over three-story heights (see Figure 6). A half-round outside nosing holds the critical
faceof-
column location for cantilever ¯oor trusses. The inside half-round gradually shifts inward by
adding in®ll panel forms at each ¯oor. Sloping concrete columns use round forms with modi®ed
formwork ends. Above ¯oor 84 slopes are greatest and steel columns and ring beams are used to
avoid complicated, and therefore slow, concrete formwork construction.
Las columnas se fundieron en formas de acero reutilizables y estarán abiertas para ver a lo más los
pisos después de desbastarlas,
Las dieciséis columnas de la torre varían a lo largo de su altura de 2,4 m (7,9 pies) de diámetro a
1,2 m (3,9 pies).
Cinco incrementos de tamaño minimizaron el tiempo y el costo asociados con los cambios de
encofrado. Concreto variado
desde 80 Mpa (11 600 p.s.i. cubos, 10 000 p.s.i. cilindros) hasta 30 Mpa (5800 p.s.i. cubos, 4900
p.s.i.
cilindro) en tres pasos. Las doce columnas de ajetreo suben de tamaño tres veces, de 1,4 m (4,6
pies) a 1 m
(3.3 pies) de diámetro. Los grados de concreto de ajetreo difieren de la torre ya que su fundición
ocurre en un momento posterior
horario (ver Figura 5).
Los retrocesos en los puntos 60, 73 y 82 se manejan sin vigas de transferencia mediante el uso de
pendientes / escalonados
columnas sobre alturas de tres pisos (ver Figura 6). Una media vuelta fuera de la nariz tiene la cara
crítica de
Ubicación de columna para vigas de techo voladizo. La media vuelta interior gradualmente se
desplaza hacia adentro
agregando en todos los formularios del panel en cada uno. Las columnas de hormigón inclinadas
usan formas redondas con modi®ed
el encofrado termina Las pendientes superiores a oor 84 son las más grandes y las columnas de
acero y las vigas de los anillos se utilizan para
evite la construcción de encofrados de hormigón complicada y, por lo tanto, lenta.
VIEWS FROM ABOVE AND BELOW THE PETRONAS (3)
A principal feature of bluff bodies is that they create separated flow regions which
become the source of vortex shedding. Vortex shedding excitation can create problems in a
variety of contexts in wind engineering. A prime example is the across-wind excitation of
very tall buildings by vortex excitation. Fig. 1 shows an example of base bending moment
My as a function of wind direction for a tall building. At around 1801 wind direction, the
mean moment is zero but the peak values in the negative and positive directions are at a
maximum. It is quite often the case that the highest overall wind loading on a tall slender
building results from across-wind vortex excitation which induces a large dynamic
response. The resulting motions of the building may cause discomfort to the building
occupants and it becomes a major concern of the structural designer and architect as to
how they can keep these motions to within acceptable limits.
Una característica principal de los bluff bodies es que crean regiones de flujo separadas que
convertirse en la fuente del desprendimiento de vórtices. La excitación de vertimiento de vórtices
puede crear problemas en una
variedad de contextos en ingeniería eólica. Un buen ejemplo es la excitación a través del viento de
edificios muy altos por excitación de vórtice. La Fig. 1 muestra un ejemplo de momento de flexión
de la base
Mi como una función de la dirección del viento para un edificio alto. En torno a 1801 dirección del
viento,
el momento medio es cero pero los valores máximos en las direcciones negativa y positiva están
en una
máximo. Es muy frecuente que la carga de viento más alta en general en un alto esbelto
la construcción de los resultados de la excitación del vórtice del viento que induce una gran
dinámica
respuesta. Los movimientos resultantes del edificio pueden causar molestias al edificio
ocupantes y se convierte en una gran preocupación del diseñador estructural y arquitecto en
cuanto a
cómo pueden mantener estos movimientos dentro de los límites aceptables.
The wind environment in Kuala Lumpur is benign; typhoons do not visit the
equatorial location. However, the tall, slender shapes of the towers could make them
susceptible to crosswind excitation from vortex shedding. The presence of two identical
towers could mean that vortices generated by the upwind tower could cause significantly
more severe loading on the downwind tower. And vortex shedding could be an issue for
the long, slender circular legs of the Skybridge as well. These conditions were studied by
extensive wind tunnel testing including force balance and aeroelastic models.
Testing showed that the highly articulated ‘points and arcs’ shape of each tower
perimeter was helpful to minimize crosswind excitation. See Figure 1. Overall lateral
forces were similar to those for drag on an octagon: somewhat higher than for a
streamlined circle but much lower than for a bluff square plan of similar width. Even so,
occupant comfort relates to stiffness and damping. A lateral load resisting system of
concrete core walls, concrete perimeter columns and concrete perimeter ring beams
economically provides strength, stiffness and inherent critical damping ratio of 2% using
materials and construction methods familiar to the local contractors. See Figure 5. The
core and the perimeter frame each resist about half of the base wind overturning moment.
10 yr. peak accelerations of 14-18 milli-g and 17-20 milli-g from aeroelastic and forcebalance
tests respectively are below a 21 milli-g comfort limit for office occupancy.
Forays into Building Identity: Kampung to Kampong in the Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan
Area (9)
Syntactical analysis of the accessibility and sociability of a square in the Kuala Lumpur
City Center (12)