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N AÑO TITULO
DOI OBSERVACIONES
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03938-9
AOCS official
Peroxide value (PV) method Cd 8–53
Free fatty acid (FFA) AOCS official method Ca 5a-40
using a fatty acid methyl ester
Methyl ester fatty acid (FAME) procedure
50 ml
Monitoring oxidative stability of each oil (corn, high oleic sunflower, flax and sacha
inchi)
hojas, raíces y
almendras de Plukenetia volúbilis L. provenientes de
un cultivo desarrollado en invernadero con sistemas de
adaptación ambiental de la especie, ubicado en el
municipio de Ibagué-Tolima, (4º25´35´´N y 75º12´41´´O).
Las muestras se sometieron a secado (45°C), reducción
de tamaño de partícula (2 mm) y almacenamiento (4°C),
hasta su utilización.
Material vegetal
2.4. Oil extraction with hexane Oil extraction was conducted using a Soxhlet
apparatus for about 5 h with hexane as solvent at a
solid to solvent ratio of 1/7 m/v.
2.6. Thermal properties of Sacha inchi 2.6. Thermal properties of Sacha inchi seed oil
seed oil
RESULTADOS
Thus, in general
terms, the Sacha inchi oil showed high L* and hab values
and low C
ab values, and these data indicate that the samples
were from very light yellow to almost transparent
These results show that Sacha inchi oils presented an average value of 5.6 h
and the extreme values
were obtained for samples IP009 (2.72 h) and IP007
(16.00 h). According to Chasquibol et al
The total content of tocopherols in the
oils studied was between 700 and 3300 mg/kg, with an
average of 2220 mg/kg, regulations for Sacha inchi oil
indicate that the tocopherol content must have a minimum
of 1900 mg/kg.. average of 37.11 mg/kg atocopherol, 1255.99 mg/kg c-
tocopherol and 927.56 mg/kg
d-tocopherol. The presence of a-tocopherol was detected in
all samples, the concentration varied between 0.59 and
193.82 mg/kg. Some reports show small concentrations of
a-tocopherol. It is
important to note that the d-tocopherol/c-tocopherol ratio
(d/c) for the mentioned commercial oils was between 1.02
and 3.81, while the rest of the oils showed a 0.33–0.81
ratio............Sacha inchi oil contains a good
source of tocopherols compared to other oils such as
flaxseed (377.1 mg/kg), rapeseed (439 mg/kg), corn
(886.5 mg/kg), almond (379.8 mg/kg), walnut (209.4) and
sunflower oils (535 mg/kg) (Gliszczyn´ska-S´wigło et al.
2007; Yang et al. 2018).
(greater than 80%)… the major compounds are unsaturated fatty acids such as
oleic acid (C18:1 x9), a-linolenic acid (C18:3 x-3) and
linoleic acid (C18:2 x-6); the saturated fatty acids are
palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0). When all samples
were analyzed, palmitic acid varied between 3 and 11%,
while stearic acid ranged between 2 and 4%....Unsaturated
fatty acid concentrations of oleic acid varied between 9 and
23%, while linoleic acid fluctuated between 21 and 53%,
and a-linolenic acid ranged between 10 and 55%, these
three fatty acids, also show a wide range of variation..... shows the relative
levels of five significant
parameters: oleic:linoleic acid (O/L) ratio, linoleic:a-linolenic acid (L/Ln) ratio
(x-6/x-3), sum of saturated fatty
acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
In the oils analyzed, the O/L ratio varies between 0.26
and 0.75, other studies in authentic Sacha inchi identified a
relationship in the range of 0.23–0.32 (Follegatti-Romero
et al. 2009; Maurer et al. 2012; Liu et al. 2014; TrianaMaldonado et al. 2017).
The O/L ratio is often used as a
stability parameter, and oils with a higher ratio are also
those with superior oxidative stability.... The L/Ln ratio (x-6/x-3) in the
oils analyzed is around 0.63–5.32,....A high
ratio of dietary x-6/x-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is
associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases,
cancer, obesity and inflammatory diseases (Simopoulos
2016), whereas a lowest x-6/x-3 ratio (1:1) diet leads to
the least atherosclerotic formation. In the case of Sacha
inchi oil this proportion is close to 1:1..... SFAs varied between 6.83 and
15.90%, MUFAs
around 9.81–20.44% and PUFAs between 63.65 and
83.09%. These ranges found in Sacha inchi oils show larger margins than those
reported by Wang et al....On
the other hand, the rest of the commercial Sacha inchi oils
show fatty acid contents close to those reported by Wang
et al. (2018). These average values are: palmitic acid
(4.27 ± 0.35%), stearic acid (3.04 ± 0.18%), oleic acid
In general, unsaponifiable matter includes hydrocarbons
(squalene), waxes, sterols, alcohols tocopherols/tocotrienols, and is present in
edible oils at
level lower than 2% ...The content of the
unsaponifiable matter in the analyzed oils showed an
average of 0.60 g/100 g oil. Liu et al. (2014) reported a
value of 5.03 g/kg in Sacha inchi seed oil from China,
whereas in other commercial oils the unsaponifiable matter
varied between 0.82 and 2.58% (Chasquibol et al. 2016)..... Two compounds
were identified in commercial
samples that had not previously been reported in Sacha
inchi seed oil; brassicasterol and D7-campesterol. D5,23-
stigmastadienol was not detected in this study, however,
Chasquibol et al. (2016) reported the presence of this
compound in some samples of commercial Sacha inchi oils
with concentrations between 0.1 and 0.4%. Triterpene
alcohol m/z 484, was the predominant compound, with an
average of 37.98%, followed by the lanosterol isomer 1,
with a 17.34% average. Cycloartenol and
24-methylenecycloartanol were also detected with an
average of 12.70 and 4.47%, respectively. The total alcohol content
ranged from 881.95 to 10,562.80 mg/kg, with an average
of 3987.00 mg/kg. Aliphatic alcohol content was 1.56%, of
which hexacosanol and docosanol were the most abundant,
each about 0.69 and 0.50% respectively. T
en el aceite de
Plukenetia volubilis de Loreto (extraído por prensado
en frío) evaluado fue 229,39 mg/100 g de aceite (con
predominio del gamma-tocoferol 159,07 mg/100 g y el
delta-tocoferol 69,8 mg/100 g) La actividad antioxidante de los
tocoferoles en los lípidos sigue este orden: gamma > delta >
alfa > beta (40), y justamente el aceite de sacha inchi evaluado
contiene cantidades significativas de los dos primeros
tocoferoles.........El beta-sitosterol (130,27 mg/100 g) es el fitoesterol
predominante en el aceite de Plukenetia volubilis evaluado,
seguido del estigmasterol (60,45 mg/100 g) y el campesterol
(16,31 mg/100 g);................ Los fitoesteroles son importantes, porque
se demostró que su suplementación en la dieta puede
disminuir los niveles de LDL-C (10%) lo cual reduciría el
riesgo cardiovascular (10-20%) (43). ...........Los compuestos fenólicos
totales(CFT) para el aceite de
Plukenetia volubilis evaluado fue 1,02 mg equivalente
ácido gálico (EAG)/100 g de aceite, hay escasos reportes del
contenido de fenoles en el aceite de esta especie, pero si
hay información de CFT en semillas de 16 cultivos de sacha
inchi de otras regiones, en donde se estableció un rango
64,6 – 80,0 mg equivalente ácido gálico (EAG)/100 g de
semilla (17), evidenciando que hay más fenoles en las semillas
que en el aceite...........También se halló 0,02 % de fosfolípidos totales en el
aceite
de Plukenetia volubilis evaluado, ............... los fosfolípidos son
importantes porque pueden aumentar la estabilidad oxidativa
de aceites vegetales, debido a sus propiedades antioxidantes
y sinergismo con los tocoferoles ..................La gravedad
específica (o densidad) del aceite (0,9276) es más alta que
del aceite de maíz, semilla de algodón y soya (45); esto se
explica porque cuanto más insaturado es un aceite, mayor
es su densidad. El índice de refracción del aceite de sacha
inchi evaluado (1,48) es bastante similar al del aceite de
oliva (1,467), el aceite de soja (1,473), el aceite de girasol
(1,473), el aceite de maíz (1,473) y el aceite de semilla de
algodón (1,468) (2). El índice de refracción está en relación
directa con el número de dobles enlaces (45). Su índice de
se determinaron algunos índices farmacognósticos
de extractos etanólicos obtenidos a partir de hojas y
semillas de P. volúbilis. No se observaron diferencias
importantes entre ellos. La baja acidez revelada insinúa
la presencia de componentes de naturaleza fenólica
(flavonoides, taninos, fenilpropanoides, cumarinas, entre
otros), los que a su vez explicarían, al menos en parte,
la fluorescencia observada. Además de flavonoides, el extracto etanólico de
las hojas dejó ver cumarinas, iridiadas, antraquinonas
y compuestos de naturaleza herpética y/o esteroidal.
Es claro que no se presentaron
diferencias las propiedades físicas entre el aceite de
sacha de acuerdo al método de extracción aplicado, así
como tampoco entre él y el de oliva virgen......Estudios experimentales
reconocen que la densidad
de un aceite es un factor dependiente de su índice de
saponificación, por cuanto éste parámetro está influenciado por el promedio
del peso molecular de los ácidos
grasos; de igual manera, está asociado al índice de yodo
en lo que tiene que ver con el grado de insaturación de al contenido de ácidos
libres
en el aceite y, fundamentalmente, con la temperatura a
la que se haya hecho la medición (18). Se afirma que la
densidad se modifica -0.68 kg/m3
por cada grado centígrado en que se incremente la temperatura (19). Por su
parte, los valores de yodo y de saponificación, además
de estar relacionados a las propiedades físicas y químicas
del material graso, son considerados como índices de
estructura y utilizados como control de calidad en los
procesos de hidrogenación (20). Es notorio que más del 90%del aceite está
constituido
por ácidos grasos insaturados, destacándose el linoléico
(ω-6, 33,9%) y el alfa-linolénico (ω-3, 50,2%).
the moisture
content of SIS (3.3±0.3%) was within the range
of 0–13% reported to be suitable for storage and
processing without microorganism degradation of
the triacylglycerols ………….SIS were rich in oil (41.1±0.4%
(w/w)) and crude protein (24.7±0.5% (w/w)). The oil
extraction yields obtained with hexane (42.0±1.1%) .............SIS contains a
relatively low value of total
carbohydrate (30.9%), due to the high levels of crude
oil and protein. ......The calorific value of SIS, calculated
from the contents of fat, protein and carbohydrate,
was 576 kcal/100 g sample
SIS contains significant
amounts of dietary essential minerals, such as
magnesium (3210 mg/kg), calcium (2406 mg/kg),
and zinc (49 mg/kg), …………..Potassium was the most abundant
mineral found in SIS (5563.5 mg/kg), while minor
amounts of iron (103.5 mg/kg), sodium (15.4 mg/
kg) and copper (12.9 mg/kg) were also presents.
CONCLUSION
The results demonstrated that the 60% of evaluated sample were classified as extra virgin oils and 40% as virgin oils.
The chromatic parameters show that the oils, in general terms, are low-vivid light yellow and these oils have low
carotene concentrations, except for two samples. Moreover, the results show a low oxidative stability so it could not
be used during heating.