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1. Integrales indefinidas
1.1. Funciones racionales e irracionales
1.1.1. Contienen ax + b
Z
1
(ax + b)n dx = (ax + b)n+1 + C, n 6= 1 (1)
a(n + 1)
Z
dx 1
= ln |ax + b| + C (2)
ax + b a
Z
dx 1 x
= ln +C (3)
x(ax + b) a ax + b
Z
dx 1 1
2
=− · +C (4)
(1 + x) 1 + x
Z
xdx 1 2 1 1
3
=− · 2
− · +C (5)
(1 + bx) 2b (1 + bx) 2b 1 + bx
√
1.1.2. Contienen ax + b
1
1.1.3. Contienen x2 ± a2
Z
dx 1 x
= arctan + C, a>0 (10)
a2 +x 2 a a
Z
xdx 1
=√ +C (11)
(x2 2
±a ) 3/2
x ± a2
2
x√ 2 a2
Z
x
(a2 − x2 )3/2 dx = a − x2 + arc sen + C, a>0 (12)
2 2 a
Z
dx 1 a + x
+ C = 1 arctanh x
= ln (13)
a2 − x 2 2a a − x a a
Z
dx x
2 2 3/2
= √ +C (14)
(a − x ) a2 a2 − x 2
√
1.1.5. Contienen x 2 ± a2
Z √
2 2
1 √ 2 2 2
√
2 2
x ± a dx = x a ± x + a ln x + a ± x + C = (15)
2
√ 2
1 x a2 + x2 + a arcsenhx + C (+)
= 2 22
√
1 x a2 − x2 + a arccoshx + C (−)
2 2
Z √
1
x x2 ± a2 dx = (x2 ± a2 )3/2 + C (16)
3
Z √ 1 2
x3 x2 + a2 dx = ( x2 − a2 )(a2 + x2 )3/2 + C (17)
5 5
Z √ 2 √
x − a2 a
dx = x2 − a2 − a · arc cos +C (18)
x |x|
Z
dx x
√ = a · arcsenh + C (19)
2
x +a 2 a
Z
dx √ x
√ 2 2
= ln x + x − a + C = arccosh + C, (a > 0) (20)
2
x −a 2 a
2
Z
dx 1 a
√ = arc cos + C, (a > 0) (21)
x x −a 2 2 a |x|
√
x 2 ± a2
Z
dx
√ =∓ +C (22)
x 2 x 2 ± a2 a2 x
Z
xdx √
= x 2 ± a2 + C (23)
x 2 ± a2
√
x 2 ± a2 (a2 + x2 )3/2
Z
dx = ∓ +C (24)
x4 3a2 x3
x2 x√ 2 a2
Z
x
√ dx = x − a2 − arccosh + C (25)
x 2 − a2 2 2 a
√
1.1.6. Contienen a2 ± x 2
Z √
1 √ a2 x
a2 − x2 dx = x a2 − x2 − arc sen + C, (a > 0) (26)
2 2 a
Z √
1
x a2 ± x2 dx = ± (a2 ± x2 )3/2 + C (27)
3
Z √ x √ a2 x
x2 a2 − x2 dx = (2x2 − a2 ) a2 − x2 + arc sen + C, a > 0 (28)
8 8 a
Z √ 2 √
√
a ± x2 a + a2 ± x 2
dx = a2 ± x2 − a ln +C (29)
x x
√
− a2 − x 2
Z
dx
√ = +C (30)
x 2 a2 − x 2 a2 x
Z
dx x
√ = arc sen + C, a > 0 (31)
2
a −x 2 a
√
1 a + a2 − x2
Z
dx
√ = − ln +C (32)
x a2 − x 2 a x
Z
x √
√ dx = ± a2 ± x2 + C (33)
a2 ± x 2
x2 x√ 2 a2
Z
x
√ dx = ± a ± x2 ∓ arc sen + C, a > 0 (34)
2
a ±x 2 2 2 a
Z
dx √ x
√ = ln x + a2 + x2 + C = arcsenh + C, a > 0 (35)
2
a +x 2 a
3
1.1.7. Contienen ax2 + bx + c
√
1 2ax + b − b2 − 4ac
√ ln √ =
2 − 4ac 2 − 4ac
b 2ax + b + b
= √ 2 2ax + b
Z
dx
arctanh √ + C, b2 > 4ac
b 2 − 4ac b 2 − 4ac
= (36)
ax2 + bx + c 2 2ax + b
√ arctan √ + C, b2 < 4ac
4ac − b 2 4ac − b 2
− 2
+ C, b2 = 4ac
2ax + b
Z Z
x 1 2 b dx
2
dx = ln ax + bx + c −
2
+C (37)
ax + bx + c 2a 2a ax + bx + c
x · dx
Z
bx + 2c
= 2 +
(ax2 + bx + c) n (b − 4ac)(n − 1)(ax2 + bx + c)n−1
b(2n − 3)
Z
dx
+ 2 , n 6= 0, 1, b2 < 4ac (38)
(b − 4ac)(n − 1) (ax + bx + c)n−1
2
Z
dx 2ax + b
= +
(ax2 + bx + c) n −(b − 4ac)(n − 1)(ax2 + bx + c)n−1
2
2a(2n − 3)
Z
dx
+ 2
, n 6= 0, 1, b2 < 4ac (39)
−(b − 4ac)(n − 1) (ax + bx + c)n−1
2
√
1.1.8. Contienen ax2 + bx + c
Z √
2ax + b √ 2 4ac − b2
Z
dx
ax2 + bx + cdx = ax + bx + c + √ (40)
4a 8a ax2 + bx + c
a0 + a1 x + . . . + an x n
Z
√ dx Ver §3.5, pág. 12: método alemán (41)
ax2 + bx + c
√ √ 2
Z
dx 1
√ = √ ln 2ax + b + a ax + bx + c + C =
2
ax + bx + c a
1 2ax + b
√ arcsenh √ + C, ∆ < 0, a > 0;
1 a 4ac − b 2
4
√
ax2 + bx + c
Z Z
x b dx
√ dx = − √ (43)
ax2 + bx + c a 2a ax2 + bx + c
√ √
−1 2 c ax2 + bx + c + bx + 2c
√ ln + C, c > 0
Z
dx
c x
√ = (44)
2
x ax + bx + c 1 bx + 2c
√ arc sen √ 2
+ C, c<0
−c |x| b − 4ac
Z
dx 1 ax
= ln tan + C (45)
sen ax a 2
1 ax − cos ax · sen ax
Z
x sen 2ax
sen2 axdx = · +C = − +C (46)
2 a 2 4a
senn−1 ax · cos ax n − 1
Z Z
n
sen axdx = − + senn−2 axdx, n 6= 0, −1; (47)
a·n n
1 cos(a + b)x 1 cos(a − b)x
Z
sen ax sen bxdx = − − + C, a2 6= b2 (48)
2 a+b 2 a−b
Z Z
n 1 n n
x sen axdx = − x cos ax + xn−1 cos axdx (49)
a a
∞
(ax)2ν−1
Z
sen ax X
dx = (50)
x ν=0
(2ν − 1) · (2ν − 1)!
Z
dx 1 ax π
= tan ∓ +C (51)
1 ± sen ax a 2 4
1 ax + cos ax · sen ax
Z
cos2 axdx = · +C (52)
2 a
Z
dx 1 ax π
= ln tan − +C (53)
cos ax a 2 4
∞
(ax)2ν
Z
cos ax X
dx = ln |ax| + (−1)ν +C (54)
x ν=1
(2ν) · (2ν)!
5
cosn−1 ax · sen ax n − 1
Z Z
n
cos axdx = + cosn−2 axdx + C, n 6= 0, −1; (55)
a·n n
1 sen(a − b)x 1 sen(a + b)x
Z
cos ax cos bxdx = − + + C, a2 6= b2 (56)
2 a−b 2 a+b
Z Z
1 n
xn cos axdx = xn sen ax − xn−1 sen axdx + C, n 6= −1 (57)
a a
Z
dx 1 ax
= ± tan +C (58)
1 ± cos ax a 2
Z
1
tan axdx = − ln cos ax + C (59)
a
Z
tan2 xdx = tan x − x + C (60)
tann−1 ax
Z Z
n
tan axdx = − tann−2 axdx, n 6= 1, 0; (61)
a(n − 1)
Z
1
cot axdx = ln sen ax + C (62)
a
cotn−1 ax
Z Z
n
cot axdx = − − cotn−2 axdx + C, n 6= 1, 0; (63)
a(n − 1)
Z
1h ax ax ax ax i
sec axdx = ln cos + sen − ln cos − sen +C (64)
a 2 2 2 2
Z
1
sec2 axdx = tan ax + C (65)
a
1 tan ax · secn−2 ax 1 n − 2 1 n−2
Z
secn xdx = + ax · dx + C, n 6= 1; (66)
a n−1 a n − 1 sec
Z
1
csc2 axdx = − cot ax + C (67)
a
1 cot ax · cscn−2 1 n − 2
Z Z
n
csc axdx = − + · cscn−2 ax · dx + C, n 6= 1; (68)
a n−1 a n−1
6
1.2.5. Varias funciones
Z
sec x · tan ax · dx = sec x + C (69)
Z
csc x · cot x · dx = − csc x + C (70)
m−1
cos x · senn+1 x m − 1 R
Z
+ cosm−2 x · senn x · dx
m n
cos x · sen x · dx = m + n m + n (71)
m+1
cos x · senn−1 x n−1 R
+ cosm x · senn−2 x · dx
m+n m+n
x √
Z
x
arc sen dx = x · arc sen + a2 − x2 + C, a > 0; (72)
a a
x √
Z
x
arc cos dx = x · arc cos − a2 − x2 + C, a > 0; (73)
a a
x2
Z
x x 1
arctan dx = x · arctan − a ln 1 + 2 + C, a > 0; (74)
a a a a
Z
x 1 x a
arccot dx = x · arccot + ln(a2 + x2 ) + C (75)
a a a 2
Z
x · arc cos xdx = x · arc cos x + arc sen x + C (76)
xn eax n
Z Z
n ax
x e dx = − xn−1 eax dx (77)
a a
eax (a sen bx − b cos bx)
Z
eax sen bx · dx = +C (78)
a2 + b 2
eax (b sen bx + a cos bx)
Z
eax cos bx · dx = +C (79)
a2 + b 2
x ln(a + benx )
Z
dx
= − +C (80)
a + benx a an
7
Z
x
loga xdx = x loga x − + C, ∀a > 0; (81)
ln a
2x2 ln x − x2
Z
x ln xdx = +C (82)
4
Z
n n+1 ln ax 1
x ln ax · dx = x − +C (83)
n + 1 (n + 1)2
xn+1
Z Z
n m m m
x (ln ax) dx = (ln ax) − xn (ln ax)m−1 dx, n, m 6= −1, x > 0; (84)
n+1 n+1
Z
ln axdx = x ln ax − x + C, x > 0; (85)
∞
eax X (ax)i
Z
dx = ln |x| + +C (86)
x i=1
i · i!
Z Z ax
ax 1 ax 1 e
e ln x · dx = e ln |x| − dx + C (87)
a a x
∞
lni x
Z
dx X
= ln | ln x| + + C, x > 0; (88)
ln x i=1
i · i!
Z
dx
= ln | ln x| + C, x > 0; (89)
x ln x
lnn x
Z
1
dx = lnn+1 x, n 6= −1, x > 0; (90)
x x+1
Z
1
senh axdx = cosh ax + C (91)
a
Z
1 1
senh2 xdx = senh 2x − x + C (92)
4 2
Z
1
cosh axdx = senh ax + C (93)
a
Z
1 1
cosh2 xdx = senh 2x + x + C (94)
4 2
Z
1
tanh axdx = ln | cosh ax| + C (95)
a
8
Z
1
coth axdx = ln | senh ax| + C (96)
a
Z
sechxdx = arctan(senh x) + C (97)
Z
sech2 xdx = tanh x + C (98)
Z x 1 cosh x + 1
cschxdx = ln tanh = − ln +C (99)
2 2 cosh x − 1
Z
senh x · tanh x · dx = −sechx + C (100)
Z
cschx · coth x · dx = −cschx + C (101)
x √
Z
x
arcsenh dx = x arcsenh − a2 + x2 + C, a > 0 (102)
a a
√
x arccosh x − x2 − a2 + C, arccosh x > 0, a > 0;
Z
x a √ a
arccosh dx = (103)
a x arccosh x + x2 − a2 + C, arccosh x < 0, a > 0;
a a
Z
x x 1
arctanh dx = x arctanh + a ln(a2 − x2 ) + C (104)
a a 2
Z
x x 1
arccoth dx = x arccoth + a ln(x2 − a2 ) + C (105)
a a 2
r
x2
Z
x x
arcsenh dx = x arcsech − a arc sen 1 − 2 + C (106)
a a a
r
x2
Z
x x
arcsech dx = x arccsch + a arccosh 1 + 2 + C (107)
a a a
2. Integrales definidas
Z ∞
n!
xn e−qx dx = , n > −1, q > 0; (108)
0 q n+1
9
Z ∞
2 Γ[(m + 1)/2]
xm e−ax dx = , a>0 (109)
0 2a(m+1)/2
n!
= , Si m impar : m = 2n + 1
2an+1 r
1 · 3 · . . . · (2n − 1) π
= n+1 2n+1
, Si m par : m = 2n
2 a
Z
√
r
2 −ax2 −a2 1 π
xe dx = − e + erf( a) (110)
0 2a 4 a3
Z ∞
n!e−at a2 t2 an tn
n −ax
x e dx = n+1 1 + at + + ... + , n = 0, 1, . . . , a > 0; (111)
t a 2! n!
Z ∞
n − 1 ∞ n−2 −ax2
Z
n −ax2
x e dx = x e dx (112)
0 2a 0
Z ∞ r
−ax2 1 π
e dx = (113)
0 2 a
Z ∞
2 1
xe−ax dx = (114)
0 2a
Z x
dx 1
= ln (115)
0 1−x 1−x
Z x
dx x
2
= (116)
0 (1 − x) 1−x
Z x
dx 1
= ln(1 + x) (117)
0 1 + x
Z x
1 + x 1
dx = (1 + ) ln − x (118)
0 1−x 1−x
Z x
1 + x (1 − )x 1
2
dx = − ln (119)
0 (1 − x) 1−x 1−x
Z x
(1 + x)2 2 (1 + )2 x
2
dx = 2(1 + ) ln(1 − x) + x + (120)
0 (1 − x) 1−x
Z x
dx 1 ΘB − x
= ln , ΘB 6= 1 (121)
0 (1 − x)(ΘB − x) ΘB − 1 ΘB (1 − x)
Z x
dx −2 2
2
= + , b2 = 4ac (122)
0 ax + bx + c 2ax + b b
Z x
dx 1 q x−p
2 + bx + c
= ln · , b2 > 4ac; p, q son las raı́ces; (123)
0 ax a(p − q) p x − q
Z x
a + bx bx ag − bc
dx = + ln(c + gx) (124)
0 c + gx g g2
10
3. Métodos de integración
3.1. Integración por partes:
Z Z
u · dv = u · v − v · du
11
M 1
Ir = · + (M c + N ) · Jr
2(1 − r) ((x − c)2 + d2 )r−1
1 x−c 1
Jr = 2 Jr−1 + r−1 − 2 Jr − 1
d d2 2(1 − r) ((x − c)2 + d2 ) d 2(1 − r)
donde U (x) es un polinomio de un grado menos que su denominador. Todas las constantes se
determinan derivando la expresión e identificando coeficientes.
12
m+1
2. ∈ Z → a + bxn = tq siendo q el denominador de p.
n
m+1 a + bxn
3. +p∈Z→ = tq siendo q el denominador de p.
n xn
13
4. Ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias
4.1. Ecuaciones diferenciales lineales
R
Z R
0 − (x)dx p(x)dx
y + p(x)y = q(x) =⇒ y = e q(x)e +C
Z t
0 −t/τ 1
τ y + y = p(t) =⇒ y = e p(t)et/τ dt + y0
τ 0
1
y 0 = f (x, y) → yi+1 = yi + (k1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4)h
6
k1 = f (xi , yi ) k2 = f (xi + h/2, yi + k1 h/2)
k3 = f (xi + h/2, yi + k2 h/2) k4 = f (xi + h, yi + k3 h)
14