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La figura muestra un segmento de línea con distribución líneal uniforme de carga λ y un
punto cualquiera A separado una distancia “a”del eje del segmento.
r λ ⋅ dx ⎛ x a ⎞
dE = k 2 ⎜ + î + ˆj ⎟
r ⎝ r r ⎠
r ⎛ k ⋅ λ ⋅ x ⋅ dx k ⋅ λ ⋅ a ⋅ dx ˆ ⎞
dE = ⎜ 3
î + j⎟
⎝ r r3 ⎠
r
dE = +dE x î + dE y ĵ
v
Integrando E = ∫ dE x ⋅ î + ∫ dE y ⋅ ˆj
Para hallar el campo total en el punto A necesitamos sumar (integrar) las contribuciones de
todos los segmentos.
Integrando primero la componente en x.
x2 x2 λ ⋅ x ⋅ dx x 2 x ⋅ dx
E x = ∫ dE x = ∫ k 3
= k ⋅ λ∫
x1 x1 r x1 r3
(
Como r = x 2 + a 2 )1/ 2
; r3 = x2 + a 2 ( ) 3/ 2
;
x2 x ⋅ dx
Sustituyendo E x = k ⋅ λ ∫
+ a2x1
(x 2
) 3/ 2
Ex = k
λ
2
[
− 2u −1 / 2 ]x2
x1
⎡ 1 ⎤
= kλ ⎢ − 1 / 2 ⎥ ;
⎣ u ⎦ x1
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ a
E x = kλ ⎢ 2 − ⎥×
⎣⎢ ( x 1 + a )
2 1/ 2
(x 22 + a 2 )1 / 2 ⎦⎥ a
λ
E X = k [senθ1 − senθ 2 ]
a
Integrando la componente en y
x2 x2 λ ⋅ a ⋅ dx
E y = ∫ dE y = ∫ k
x1 x1 r3
x 2 a ⋅ dx x2 dx
E y = k ⋅ λ∫ = k ⋅ λ ⋅ a∫
x1 r 3 x1
(x 2 + a 2 )3 / 2
x
ctgθ = ; x = a ⋅ ctgθ ; dx = − a csc 2 θ ⋅ dθ
a
x 2 − a ⋅ csc θ ⋅ dθ
2
E y = k ⋅ λ ⋅ a∫
x1
(
a 2 ctg 2 θ + a 2
3/ 2
)
x2 a ⋅ csc 2 θ ⋅ dθ
E y = k ⋅ λ ⋅ a∫ −
x1
(
a 3 ctg 2 θ + 1 ) 3/ 2
1
Recordando que (sen 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1)( );
sen 2 θ
sen 2 θ cos 2 θ 1
+ = ; 1 + cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ;
sen θ sen θ sen θ
2 2 2
x2 a ⋅ csc 2 θ ⋅ dθ
E y = k ⋅ λ ⋅ a∫ −
x1
a 3 csc 2 θ (
3/ 2
)
x2 csc θ ⋅ dθ
2
x2 dθ
E y = k ⋅ λ ⋅ a∫ − =k ⋅ λ ⋅ a ∫ − 2
x1 a (csc θ)
2 3 x1 a (csc θ)
a x2
Ey = k ⋅λ ⋅
a2 ∫ x1
− senθ ⋅ dθ
λ x2 1
∫ − senθ ⋅ dθ = k ⋅ λ ⋅ [cos θ]x12
x
Ey = k ⋅
a x1 a
1
E Y = k ⋅ λ ⋅ [cos θ 2 − cos θ1 ]
a