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Consideraciones sobre el enemigo público

en Colombia: 1998-20091

Jaime Andrés Mesa


Periodista de la Facultad de Comunicaciones de la Universidad de Antioquia
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Dirección electrónica: jaime.mesa@gmail.com

Adriana María Ruiz Gutiérrez


Abogada con estudios en Filosofía y Letras
Especialista en Derecho Administrativo
Magíster en Filosofía Contemporánea
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Dirección electrónica: adrianamaruiz@gmail.com

Mesa, Jaime Andrés; Ruiz Gutiérrez, Adriana María (2013). “Considera-


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Antropología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Vol. 28, N.o 45, pp. 40-61.
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Resumen./RSROtWLFRKDVLGRGH¿QLGRDSDUWLUGHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOHQHPLJRS~EOLFRFRQTXLHQ
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por fuera del derecho sin ninguna concesión ni privilegio. Este artículo analiza el proceso de degradación
que ha sufrido el enemigo político en Colombia hacia formas absolutas y privadas de enemistad, a partir
de la teoría jurídico-política de Carl Schmitt y de los discursos de los actores armados colombianos so-

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Consideraciones sobre el enemigo público en Colombia: 1998-2009 / 41

bre la construcción del enemigo: Fuerzas Militares, Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias y Autodefensas
Unidas de Colombia, entre 1998 y 2009.
Palabras clave: enemigo público, enemigo absoluto, adversario político, guerra, estado, discur-
sos, reconocimiento, Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias —FARC—, Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia
—AUC—.

Considerations about the public enemy in Colombia:


1998-2009
Abstract.3ROLWLFVKDVEHHQGH¿QHGEDVHGRQWKHUHFRJQLWLRQRIWKH3XEOLF(QHP\ZKRPDNHVZDU
as well as peace. The Public Enemy as a precondition to politics is different from the Absolute Enemy, who
can be killed outside the law, without any concession or privilege. This article reviews the degradation of
the political enemy into the absolute and private enemy, as well as the process of degradation that looms
over the life of the political opposition in Colombia. To do this we will use the legal-political theory of Carl
Schmitt and the discourses produced by the armed groups in Colombia: Military Forces, Revolutionary
Armed Forces and United Self-Defense Forces between 1998 and 2009.
Keywords: Public Enemy, Absolute Enemy, State, —Revolutionary Armed Forces— FARC, Self-
Defense Forces of Colombia —AUC—.

A modo de introducción

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42 / Boletín de Antropología, Vol. 28 N.º 45, primer semestre de 2013. Universidad de Antioquia

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Consideraciones sobre el enemigo público en Colombia: 1998-2009 / 43

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44 / Boletín de Antropología, Vol. 28 N.º 45, primer semestre de 2013. Universidad de Antioquia

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48 / Boletín de Antropología, Vol. 28 N.º 45, primer semestre de 2013. Universidad de Antioquia

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50 / Boletín de Antropología, Vol. 28 N.º 45, primer semestre de 2013. Universidad de Antioquia

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