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Elementos Finitos 2 PDF
Elementos Finitos 2 PDF
K⋅A
Q1 = ⋅ (h1 − h2 )
L
K⋅A
Q2 = ⋅ (h2 − h1 )
L
e
K⋅A K ⋅ A
L − h
e
Q
e
L
1
1
⋅ =
K⋅A K ⋅ A h2 Q
2
− L L
[C ]e ⋅ {h}e = {Q}e
donde el superíndice e se utiliza para indicar que la ecuación
matricial se escribe para el elemento e.
e e
K ⋅ A K ⋅ A
c11 = c12 = −
L L
c21 = c12
e
K ⋅ A
c 22 =
L
o en forma equivalente,
[C ]⋅ {h} = {Q}
donde C es la "matriz global".
0 0 0 0 h1 0
0 c ( 2 )
11 c12( 2) 0 h2 Q1( 2 )
⋅ = ( 2)
0 c 21
( 2) ( 2)
c 22
0 h3 Q2
0 0 0 0 h4 0
0 0 0 0 h1 0
0 0 0 0 h2 0
⋅ =
0 0 c11( 3) c12( 3) h3 Q1(3)
( 3)
h4 Q2
( 3) ( 3)
0 0 c 21 c 22
Q2(1) + Q1( 2 ) = 0
y en el nodo 3:
Q2( 2 ) + Q1( 3) = 0
c11(1) c12(1) 0 0 h1 1
(1) (1)
c 21 c 22 + c11( 2) c12( 2) 0 h2 0
⋅ =
0 ( 2)
c 21 ( 2)
c 22 + c11( 3) c12(3) h3 0
( 3)
h4 Q2
( 3) ( 3)
0 0 c 21 c 22
h4 = 5
h1
h
[0 0 0 1]⋅ 2 = {5}
h3
h4
c11(1) c12(1) 0 0 h1 1 1
(1) (1) 0
c 21 c 22 + c11( 2 ) c12( 2) 0 h2 0
⋅ = ( 3) = ( 3)
0 ( 2)
c 21 ( 2)
c 22 + c11( 3) 0 h3 − c12 ⋅ h4 − c12 ⋅ 5
0 0 0 1 h4 5 5
L(u ) − f = 0
n
u~ = ∑ N I ⋅ C I
I =1
ε = L(u~ ) − f = 0
∫W I ⋅ ε dR = ∫ WI ⋅ (L(u~ ) − f ) dR = 0
R R
Una vez que se especifica una forma funcional para las funciones
de ponderación, se emplea la aproximación de u y se combina
esta información con la ecuación integral anterior para obtener un
conjunto de n ecuaciones simultáneas, con n valores incógnitas,
CI, I=1, 2, ..., n.
WI = δ (x − x I ), I = 1, 2,K, n
∫W I ⋅ ε dR = ∫ δ (x − x I ) ⋅ ε dR = ε (x I ) =0
R R
1 x ∈ RI
WI = , I = 1, 2,K, n
0 x ∉ RI
∫N
R
I ⋅ ε dR = 0
o,
∫ N ⋅ (L(u~ ) − f ) dR = 0
R
I para todo I = 1, 2,K, n
Paso 1
ne
u~ = ∑ N I ⋅ u I
I =1
Paso 2
∫N I ⋅ ε dR = ∑ ∫ N I ⋅ ε dR
R e Re
∫ I
N ⋅ (L (~ ) − f ) dR = Q e
u I para todo I = 1, 2, K, ne
Re
Paso 3
m +1
u~ (x ) = ∑ N i (x )⋅ u i
i =1
1 1
uˆ (x ) = ⋅ (x 2 − x ) ⋅ u1 + ⋅ (x − x1 )⋅ u 2
L L
La comparación entre las ecuaciones anteriores muestra que las
funciones de base están dadas por:
1 1
N 1e (x ) = ⋅ (x 2 − x ) N 2e (x ) = ⋅ (x − x1 )
L L
para x1 ≤ x ≤ x2 .
m +1 x − xj
N i (x ) = ∏
j =1 xi − x j
(x − x2 )⋅ (x − x3 ) (x − x1 )⋅ (x − x3 )
N1 (x ) = N 2 (x ) =
(x1 − x2 )⋅ (x1 − x3 ) (x2 − x1 )⋅ (x2 − x3 )
(x − x1 )⋅ (x − x2 )
N 3 (x ) =
(x3 − x2 )⋅ (x3 − x1 )
CI71D Modelación Numérica en Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental
EJEMPLO: FLUJO UNIDIMENSIONAL EN UN MEDIO
POROSO UNIFORME
d2p
K ⋅ 2 = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 10
dx
0 en x = 0
p=
1 en x = 1
n
p (x ) = ∑ N j (x )⋅ p j
~
j =1
d2~p
K⋅ 2 =ε
dx
10
∫N
x =0
i ⋅ε dx = 0 i = 1, 2, K, n
d2~
10
p
∫
x =0
N i ⋅ K ⋅
dx 2
dx = 0 i = 1, 2, K, n
dN i d~ d~
10 10
p p
− ∫K ⋅ ⋅ dx + K ⋅ ⋅ Ni =0 i = 1, 2, K , n
0
dx dx dx 0
10
dN i d~
p
∫0 dx dx
K ⋅ ⋅ dx = 0 i = 2, 3, K, n − 1
10
dN i n dN j
∫0 K ⋅ dx ⋅ ∑
j =1 dx
⋅ pj dx = 0 i = 2, 3, K, n − 1
10
dN i n dN j
∫0 K ⋅ dx ⋅ ∑
j =1 dx
⋅ pj dx =
x 2 dN i n dN j
m
= ∑∫K ⋅ ⋅∑ ⋅ pj dx = 0
e =1 x1 dx j =1 dx
i = 2, 3, K, n − 1
x2 n
dN i dN j
∫∑K ⋅
x1 j =1
⋅
dx dx
⋅ pj dx = 0 i = 2, 3, K, n − 1
o al reordenarla se obtiene:
n x2
dN i dN j
∑ ∫
j =1 x1
K⋅
dx
⋅
dx
⋅ p j dx = 0 i = 2, 3, K, n − 1
2 x2
dN i dN j
∑ ∫K ⋅
j =1 x1
⋅
dx dx
⋅ p j dx = 0 i = 1, 2
∑C
j =1
e
i j ⋅ p ej = 0
[C ]e ⋅ {p}e =0
donde:
dN 1 dN 1 dN 1 dN 2
dx ⋅ ⋅
x2 dx dx dx
[C ]e = ∫K ⋅ dx
x1
dN 2 ⋅
dN 1 dN 2 dN 2
⋅
dx dx dx dx
x2
dN i dN j
C = ∫K ⋅
e
i j ⋅ dx
x1
dx dx
1
N 1e (x ) = ⋅ (x 2 − x )
L
1
N 2e (x ) = ⋅ (x − x1 )
L
tenemos que:
dN 1 dN 1e (x ) 1
= =−
dx dx L
dN 2 dN 2e (x ) 1
= =
dx dx L
1 − 1
[C ]e = K ⋅
L − 1 1
La ecuación:
[C ]e ⋅ {p}e =0
∂ ∂p ∂p
κ ⋅ = α ⋅ , 0 ≤ x ≤ 10
∂x ∂x ∂t
p(x,0 ) = p 0
p(0, t ) = 0
p(10, t ) = 0
n
p (x, t ) = ∑ N j (x )⋅ p j (t )
~
j =1
n 10
dN i dN j n 10 dp j
∑ ∫
j =1 0
κ⋅
dx
⋅
dx
⋅ p j dx + ∑ ∫ α ⋅ N i ⋅ N j ⋅
j =1 0 dt
dx = 0
n
dp j
∑ Ci j ⋅ p j + M i j ⋅
j =1 dt
= 0 i = 2, 3, K, n − 1
donde
10
dN i dN j
Ci j = ∫ κ ⋅ ⋅ dx
0
dx dx
10
M i j = ∫ α ⋅ N i ⋅ N j dx
0
La ecuación:
n
dp j
∑
Ci j ⋅ p j + M i j ⋅ dt = 0
j =1
i = 2, 3, K, n − 1
k +θ
n dp
C ⋅ p k +θ + M ⋅ j = 0
∑ ij j i j
dt
i = 2, 3, K, n − 1
j =1
k +θ
dp j p kj +1 − p kj
=
dt ∆t
p kj +θ = (1 − θ ) ⋅ p kj + θ ⋅ p kj +1
p kj +1 − p kj
[ ]
n
∑ Ci j ⋅ (1 − θ ) ⋅ p j + θ ⋅ p j + M i j ⋅
k k +1
=0
j =1 ∆t
La ecuación anterior corresponde a un sistema de ecuaciones
algebraicas o matriciales. dependiendo del valor de θ es posible
derivar diferentes aproximaciones.
n
M i j k +1 n M i j k
∑
∆t j
j =1
⋅ p = ∑
∆t − Ci j
⋅ pj
j =1
n
M i j k +1 n
Mi j k
∑ Ci j +
j =1 ∆ t
⋅ p j = ∑
j =1 ∆t
⋅ pj
n
Ci j M i j k +1 n
M i j Ci j k
∑ 2 + ∆t ⋅ p j = ∑ ∆t − 2 ⋅ p j
j =1
j =1
{E}k +1 = [G ]⋅ {E}k
Utilizando normas compatibles para la matriz y los vectores, así
como la desigualdad de Schwartz, se obtiene:
k +1 k
E ≤ G⋅E
G ≤1
G 2 = max λi
i
max λi ≤ 1
i
[I ] = [G ] + ∆t ⋅ [M ]−1 ⋅ [C ]
Utilizando la norma de una matriz se tiene:
I 2
≤ G 2 + ∆t ⋅ M −1 ⋅ C 2
2
G 2 ≤1
dN 1 dN 1 dN 1 dN 2
⋅ ⋅
∆x dx dx dx dx
[C ]e =κ ⋅ ∫ dx = κ ⋅ 1 − 1
∆ x − 1 1
0 dN dN 1 dN 2 dN 2
2 ⋅ ⋅
dx dx dx dx
N1 ⋅ N1
∆x
N1 ⋅ N 2
[M ]e = α ⋅ ∫ dx = α ⋅ 2 1
6 1 2
0
N 2 ⋅ N1 N 2 ⋅ N 2
dp 2
κ 2 − 1 p 2 α ⋅ ∆x 4 1 dt 0
⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ =
∆x − 1 2 p3 6 dp
1 4 3 0
dt
desde donde:
κ 2 − 1
[C ] = ⋅
∆x − 1 2
4 1
[M ] = α ⋅ ∆x ⋅
6 1 4
[G ] = [I ] − ∆t ⋅ [M ]−1 ⋅ [C ]
donde,
g11 g12
[G ] =
g 21 g 22
De esta manera,
g11 g12
[G ] =
g 21 g 22
donde
18 ⋅ κ ⋅ ∆t 12 ⋅ κ ⋅ ∆t
g11 = g 22 = y g = g = −
5 ⋅ α ⋅ (∆x ) 5 ⋅ α ⋅ (∆x )
2 12 21 2
6 ⋅ κ ⋅ ∆t 6 ⋅ κ ⋅ ∆t
λ1 = −1 y λ2 = −1
α ⋅ (∆x ) 5 ⋅ α ⋅ (∆x )
2 2
max λi = λ1 ≤ 1
i
6 ⋅ κ ⋅ ∆t α ⋅ (∆x )
2
−1 ≤ −1 ≤ 1 o ∆t ≤
α ⋅ (∆x )
2
3 ⋅κ