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• Prevention
– Dense concrete with low a/c
– Protective coatings (ACI 515)
5. Biological Attack
• Organisms and microorganisms (vegetables or
animals) may affect concrete
• Degradation processes:
– Biophysical: Ej. water absorption
– Biomechanical: penetration of roots
– Biochemical: generation of aggressive substances
– Biological: consumption of concrete components
Biological Attack
Biological Attack
Biological Attack
Biological Attack
Reinforcement Steel Corrosion
• Types
– Chemical attack
– Electrical parasites currents
– Electrochemical corrosion
• Failure Mechanism
– Corrosion products occupy more volume than original
products cracking and disintegration of concrete
– Reinforcement area reduction
Reinforcement Steel Corrosion
Mechanism
• Similar to batteries
• The main parts of a galvanic cell are:
– Anode: oxidation
– Cathode: reduction
– Electrical conductor: reinforcement steel
– Aqueous media: water, sea water
Process
H+ H+
H- H+ OH- OH- H+
OH- OH-
OH-
Electrolito OH+ H+ OH- H+
H+ H+
Fe++ Fe++
H2 H2 H2
e- - e- e- e- e-
e- e e-
Anodo Cátodo
electrones
Concreto
Formation of Rust Products
Fe + H2O(OH)2 + 1/2 O2 Fe(OH)2
Electrolito Fe(OH)3
Fe(OH)2
Anodo
Steel Anode
Concreto
Stains due to Corrosion
Deterioration Due to Corrosion
Deterioration Due to Corrosion
Corrosion of Postentioned Cables
Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete
• Carbonation
• Chlorides
Corrosion due to Carbonation
• When concrete pH around steel is high (> 12), a
passivating layer forms that protects steel against
corrosion
• Calcium Hydroxide (CH) produces high
alkalinity (pH alto)
• CO2 reacts with CH reduces pH y destroys the
passivating layer
pH
10 to 14 Steel passivated
Probability of corrosion = minimum
acero
pH around steel < 9.5
concreto
Corrosion begins
aceero
Volume increase produces
concreto cracking and delamination
Carbonation
e
acero e = k√t
concreto
Corrosión por Carbonatación
Gases ácidos
El pH desciende por la reacción
CO2 + H2O + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
H2O
CO2
Frente de carbonatación
H2O Delaminación
CO2 CO2 CO2 La carbonatación
avanza por la fisura
fisura
Delaminación y
desprendimiento
Al continuar la penetración de
cloruros mayor corrosión
Chlorides
Fisura ó
Junta Cloruros
e
acero e = k2√t
concreto
• Prevention
– Minimize exposition to moisture
– Low w/c
– Entrained air
– Sound Aggregates
– Good curing before freezing
2. Fire
• Aggregates swell
• Water evaporates
• Chemical changes
Fire
• Temperature gradient
• Spalling
• Matrix desintegration
• Reinforcement steel
damage
Recubrimiento?