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2 f ( x )=x 37 x 2 +3
3 f ' ( x )=3 x2 14 x
''
4 f ( x )=6 x 14
f ( xi ) f ' ( xi )
x i+1=x i 2
[ f ( x ) ] f ( x ) f
'
i i
''
( xi)
PRIMERA ITERACION
1 f ( x 0 ) =f ( 2.75 )=29.14062500
' '
2 f ( x 0 )=f ( 2.75 ) =15.81250000
'
f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )
x 1=x 0 2
[f '
( x 0 ) ] f ( x 0) f ( x 0 )
''
x 1=1.322917045
SEGUNDA ITERACION
f ( x 1) f ' ( x 1 )
x 2=x 1 2
[f '
( x1 ) ] f ( x 1 ) f ( x 1 )
''
x 2=0.636374253
n xn x n+1 x n|
0 2.75
1 1.322917045 1.427082955
2 0.636374253 0.686542792 2) Se sabe
3 0.687611363 0.051237110 que el
nmero
4 0.689488590 0.001877227 de
5 0.689488803 0.000000213 0.00001 vacancias
(vacantes
25
por una estructura BCCx10 10 ) est representado por la funcin de:
PRIMERA ITERACION
4) f ( x 0 ) =f ( 0 ) =3
f ( x0 ) f ' ( x0 )
x 1=x 0 2
[f '
( x 0 ) ] f ( x 0) f ( x 0 )
''
x 1=1.07142857
SEGUNDA ITERACION
f ( x 1) f ' ( x 1 )
x 2=x 1 2
[f '
( x1 ) ] f ( x 1 ) f ( x 1 )
''
x 2=1.00091408
n xn x n+1 x n|
0 0
1 1.07142857 1.07142857
2 1.00091408 0.07051449
3 1.00000014 0.00091394
4 1.00000014 0
Secante Modificado:
Ejemplo 1:
Xof ( Xo)
X 1=Xo
f ( Xo+ Xo )f ( Xo)
(0.01)(1.2)(0.32)
X 1=1.2
0.3468320.32
X1=1.2-0.14311270
X1=1.056887299
X1=1.056887299.f(X1)= 3(1.056887299)-5(1.056887299)+2 =
0.066595793
X1 + .X1=1.067456172..f(X1+X1) = 0.081107177
(0.01)(1.056887299)(0.0 .066595793)
X 2=1.056887299
0.0811071770.066595793
X2=1.056887299-0.04850278
X2=1.008384518
X2=1.008384518.f(X2)= 3(1.008384518)-5(1.008384518)+2 =
0.008595418
X2 + .X2=1.018468363..f(X2+X2) = 0.019491605
(0.01)(1.008384518)(0.008595418)
X 3=1.008384518
0.0194916050.008595418
X3=1.008384518-0.007954605
X1=1.000429913
i Xi Ea
0 1.2
1 1.056887299 0.143112701
2 1.008384518 0.048502781
3 1.000429913 0.007954605
Ejemplo 2:
Resolucin:
Xof ( Xo)
X 1=Xo
f ( Xo+ Xo )f ( Xo)
(0.02)(2)(0.2.4)
X 1=2
2.035136(2.4)
X1=2-(-0.26311735)
X1=2.26311735
X1=2.26311735.f(X1)= 2(2.26311735)-
11.2(2.26311735)+(2.26311735)+4= 0.487420191
X1 + .X1=2.30837397..f(X1+X1) =1.103771644
(0.02)(2.26311735)(0.487420191)
X 2=2.26311735
1.1037716440.487420191
X2=2.26311735-0.003579407
X2=2.259532328
X2=2.259532328.f(X2)= 2(2.259532328)-11.2(2.259532328)+
( 2.259532328)+4=0.440222047
X2 + .X2=2.304722975..f(X2+X2) = 1.052706296
(0.02)(2.259532328)(0.440222047)
X 3=2.259532328
1.0527062960.440222047
X3=2.227051625
X3=2.227051625.f(X3)= 2(2.227051625)-11.2(2.227051625)+
( 2.227051625)+4=0.022178889
X3 + .X3=2.271592658..f(X4+X4) =0.600149338
(0.02)(2.227051625)(0.022178889)
X 4=2.227051625
0.6001493380.022178889
X4=2.227051625-0.001709206
X4=2.225342419
I Xi
0 2
1 2.263111735 0.26311735
2 2.259532328 0.003579407
3 2.227051625 0.032480703
4 2.225342419 0.001707383
Diferencia Progresiva
Puntos 0 1 2 3 4
Tiempo 0 5 10 15 20
(s)
Concentr 1.80 1.98 2.03 2.12 2.34
acin
(mol/L)
Aproxime la funcin tabulada por el polinomio de Newton en diferencias
dividas hacia adelante e interpole la concentracin en un tiempo de 3
segundos
Punto x f (x) f ( x) 2
f (x)
3
f ( x)
4
f (x)
s
0 0 1.80
0.18
1 5 1.98 -0.13
0.05
0. 17
2 10 2.03 0.04 -0.08
0.09 0.0 9
3 15 2.12 0.13
0.22
4 20 2.34
Solucin:
f ( x )=f ( x ) f ( x )=1 .981 . 80=0. 18
0 1 0
2 f (x ) = f ( x ) f ( x )=0.050. 18=0. 13
0 1 0
4 3 3
f (x )= f (x ) f ( x )=0.0 90.17=0.0 8
0 1 0
Veremos
x 1x 0=h h=50 h=5
xx 0
s=
h
30
s= s=0.6
5
p (3 )=1 .908
Puntos 0 1 2 3 4
Temperatu 10 20 30 40 50
ra(K)
Presin(Pa 25.24 37.81 41.25 53.14 61.07
)
Aproxime la funcin tabulada por el polinomio de Newton en diferencias
dividas hacia adelante e interpole la presin en una temperatura de 24
K.
Punto x f (x) f ( x) 2 f (x) 3 f ( x) 4 f (x)
s
0 10 25.24
12.57
1 20 37.81 -9.13
3.44 17.58
2 30 41.25 8.45 -29.99
11.89 12.41
3 40 53.14 -3.96
7.93
4 50 61.07
Solucin:
f ( x )=f ( x ) f ( x )=37.8125.24=12.57
0 1 0
f ( x )=41.2537.81=3.44
1
f ( x )=53.1441.25=11.89
2
f ( x )=61.0753.14=7.93
3
2 f (x ) = f ( x ) f ( x )=3.4412.57=9.13
0 1 0
2
f (x ) = f ( x ) f ( x )=11.893.44=8.45
1 2 1
2 f (x ) = f ( x ) f ( x )=7.9311.89=3.96
2 3 2
3 f ( x )= 2 f ( x ) 2 f ( x )=8.45(9.13 )=17.58
0 1 0
3 2 2
f ( x ) = f (x ) f (x ) =3.968.45=12.41
1 2 1
4 3 3
f (x )= f (x ) f ( x )=12.4117.58=29.99
0 1 0
Veremos
xx 0
s=
h
2410
s= s=1.4
10
p (24 )=42.838
a
n
pn ( x ) = s f ( x 1 )
()
k=0 k
k
s ( s1 ) 2 s ( s1 ) ( s2 ) ( s( n1 ) ) n
pn ( x )=f ( x 1 ) +s f ( x 1 ) + f ( x1 ) +..+ f ( x1 )
2! n!
2 42 0
p ( x )=37.81+3.44 ( 0.4 ) , s= =0.4
10
p (2 4 )=f ( 2 4 )=39.186
DIFERENCIA REGRESIVA
1) Conforme pasa el tiempo de lixiviacin de un mineral, la concentracin de la parte valiosa
de este aumenta. Con el ajuste correcto del mtodo de diferencial para determinar el
tiempo, se obtuvieron los datos experimentales de t(min) y Cu en (g/L)
Puntos 0 1 2 3 4
T(min) 10 20 30 40 50
Cu(g/L) 0.763518 0.998765 1.169250 1.315862 1.451760
Resolucin:
f(X0)=f(X1)-f(X0)=0.998765-0.763518=0.235247
f(X1)=f(X2)-f(X1)=1.169250-0.998765=0.170485
*2 f(X0)=(f(X0))=(f(X1)-f(X0))=f(X1)-f(X0)=0.170485-0.235247=
-0.064762
*2 f(X1)= (f(X1)= (f(X2)-f(X1))= f(X2)- f(X1)=0.146612-0.170485= -0.023873
*3 f(X0)=(*2 f(X0))=(f(X1)-f(X0))=*2 f(X1)-*2 f(X0) = -0.023873-(-
0.064762)=0.40889
*4 f(X0)=(*3 f(X0))=(*2 f(X1)-*2f(X0))=*3f(X1)-*3f(X0)=0.013159-
0.040889=-0.027730
Aproximando a un polinomio de 3er grado, considerando X0=20
f(x)= f(X1)+s. f(X1)+(s.(s-1). *2 f(X1))/2! +(s.(s-1).(s-2). *3 f(X1))/3!
Calculo de s para X0=10
X=X0+s.h, h=X1-X0=20-10=10 , s=(X-X0)/h=(60-20)/10=4
F(60)=0.998765+4(0.170485)+(4.(4-1).(-0.023873))/2!+(4.(4-1).(4-2).(0.013159))/3!
= 1.590103
Er%=[1.581235-1.590103]/ 1.59103 x 100 =0.557375
2) Un grupo de estudiantes de ingeniera metalrgica viaja desde lima a una mina
ubicada en la regin de Cajamarca , se observa que la presin de los estudiantes
vara segn la temperatura , por lo tal se pide extrapolar el valor de dicha presin a
una temperatura de 98 grados Fahrenheit , empleando la siguiente tabla y el
polinomio de newton en diferencias divididas hacia atrs
0 50 24.94
5.17
1 60 30.11 0.77
5.94
0.08
2 70 36.05
0.85 0.01
6.79
3 80 42.34 0.09
0.94
7.73 -0.03
4 90 50.57 0.06
1.00
8.73
5 100 59.30
Resolucin:
Aproximaremos a un polinomio de 1 er grado:
P1(98)=f(x5)+ f(x5).s
Donde: s=(x-xn)/h=(x-x5)/h=(98-100)/10=-0.2
Entonces:
P1(98)=59.30+8.73.(-0.2)=57.554
Usando un polinomio de 2 do grado , se emplea los tres primeros trminos de abajo hacia
arriba
P2(98)=f(x5)+ f(x5).s+(s(s+1). *2 f(x5))/2!
P2(98)=59.30+8.73.(-0.2)+((-0.2).(-0.2+1).(1))/2!=57.474
X1 2 3 -1 4
F(X)=Y 1 2 3 4
Donde:
xx 2
xx 3
x 1x 2
4 xx 4
xx j x 1x 3
L1 ( x ) = =
j=1 x 1x j x 1x 4
x3
x +1
23
x4
2+1 ( x3 ) ( x+ 1 ) (x4)
L1 ( x ) = =
24 (1 ) ( 3 ) (2)
( x3 ) ( x+1 ) (x 4)
L1 ( x ) =
6
xx 2
xx 3
x 1x 2
4 xx 4
xx j x 1x 3
L2 ( x ) = =
j=1 x 1x j x 1x 4
x2
x +1
32
x4
3+1 ( x2 ) ( x +1 ) (x4)
L2 ( x ) = =
34 ( 1 ) ( 4 ) (1)
( x2 ) ( x +1 ) (x4)
L2 ( x ) =
4
xx 2
xx 3
x 1x 2
4 xx 4
xx j x 1x 3
L3 ( x ) = =
j=1 x 1x j x1x 4
x 2
x3
12
x4
13 ( x 2 )( x3 )( x4)
L3 ( x ) = =
14 (3 ) (4 ) (5)
( x2 ) ( x3 ) ( x4)
L3 ( x ) =
60
xx 2
x x3
x 1x 2
4 xx 4
x x j x 1x 3
L4 ( x ) = =
j=1 x 1x j x 1x 4
x2
x3
42
x+1
43 ( x2 ) ( x 3 ) (x +1)
L4 ( x ) = =
4+1 ( 2 ) (1 ) (5)
( x2 )( x3 )( x+1)
L4 ( x ) =
10
xi
g()Li ( x )=Y 1 L1 ( x )+Y 2 L2 ( x ) +Y 3 L3 ( x ) +Y 4 L4 (x )
4
P3 ( x ) =
i=1
Agrupando
1 3
P3 ( x ) = (x + 21 x 264 x +96)
60
xi 0 1 2 5
F(x)=Y 5 7 9 15
Solucin.
Reemplazando en la ecuacin (2)
xx1 xx 0 xx 0 xx 0
xx 2 xx 2 x x1 xx 1
x 0x 1 x 1x 0 x2 x0 x 3x 0
xx 3 xx 3 xx 3 xx 2
x 0x 2 x1 x2 x 2x 1 x 3x 1
Y= Y 0+ Y 1+ Y 2+ Y
x 0x 3 x 1x3 x 2x 3 x 3x 2
Haciendo x=3
31 30 30 30
32 32 31 31
01 10 20 50
35 35 35 32
02 12 21 51
Y= 5+ 7+ 9+ 15
05 15 25 52
Y=11 solucion.