INSPECCIN MEDIANTE PHASED

ARRAY/TOFD SEGN LA ULTIMA

VERSIN DE ASME SEC V (2013)
Elaborado por: Ing. Carlos Enrique Surez Navas
ASNT NDT Level III

8 Jornada Andina de Ductos

ACIEM, 24 y 25 de 2013. Club el Nogal, Bogot Colombia
 INTRODUCCIN

Uno de los principales objetivos de los ensayos no

destructivos (NDT) es la deteccin de discontinuidades en
soldaduras. Tradicionalmente se ha empleado la radiografa.
Sin embargo, dadas las bondades del ensayo de Ultrasonido
en cuanto a seguridad, reduccin de contaminacin al medio
ambiente y reduccin de tiempos muertos durante la
realizacin del ensayo, cada vez se utiliza con mayor
frecuencia tcnicas como Phased array, TOFD, AUT, o
combinacin de stas.

El cdigo ASME SEC V incluye diferentes posibilidades de

realizar el ensayo de ultrasonido las cuales trataremos durante
la presentacin.
 OBJETIVOS

Concientizar a los usuarios y compaas

que realizan Ensayos No Destructivos
con tecnologas avanzadas de
ultrasonido, sobre las diferentes
alternativas que nos brinda el ASME SEC
V, art 4. Versin 2013, que alternativa
utilizar y que requisitos se deben cumplir
cuando se quiere cambiar radiografa por
ultrasonido segn ASME SEC VIII Div. 1
 TOFD: ASME SEC V.
Apndice Mandatorio III
TOFD: ASME SEC V. Apndice Mandatorio III
 TOFD: ASME SEC V. Apndice Mandatorio III

El ensayo automatizado de TOFD (Time of flight diffraction) es una

poderosa herramienta para la inspeccin de soldaduras, muy utilizada
mundialmente en el sector petroqumico minero y nuclear.

La tcnica permite realizar un control de calidad muy rpido y

eficiente a soldaduras de gran espesor, o con configuraciones de bisel
complejas, donde la tcnica P-E o PAUT puede tener problemas.

La tcnica de TOFD detecta las discontinuidades sin importar su

orientacin, sin embargo posee 2 zonas muertas, por lo que el ensayo
debe combinarse con tcnicas ultrasnicas como UT convencional,
UT PE mecanizado o Phased array.
 DESCRIPCIN DE LA TECNICA TOFD

El ensayo de TOFD se basa en

un sistema de adquisicin de Lateral wave

datos a computador, el cual

registra las variaciones en el Tip diffraction

tiempo de vuelo de ondas de

difraccin.

Actualmente todos los sistemas

de inspeccin automatizada de Back-wall reflection

soldaduras incluyen el TOFD, +

+
ya que permiten detectar
discontinuidades con
orientacin vertical, como en el _
_
caso de la IF (falta de fusin)
en juntas de HDPE.
Lateral Upper Lower Back wall
wave tip tip

Figure 2-40 Principle of TOFD and the phase sign of four major signals. The defect is
 DESCRIPCION
a with an RF display DE LA TCNICA
is usually encoded TOFD pixels,
as gray-scale
white limits from 100% to 100% (see Figure 4-15) to preserve
ormation. Gray-scale amplitude encoding
Superficie
is used in TOFD
a analysis, as shown in Figure 4-15. interna de
Superficie soldadura
externa de
soldadura
Defecto A-SCAN

B-SCAN
TOFD
REGISTRO TIPICO DE INSPECCION TOFD

Registro TOFD con Registro TOFD sin

discontinuidades discontinuidades
 FLUJOGRAMA PARA INSPECCIN POR TOFD

MANDATORY NONMANDATORY
APPENDIX III APPENDIX N
Referencing TIME OF FLIGHT TIME OF FLIGHT Acceptance
Code Section DIFFRACTION DIFFRACTION Standards
(TOFD) (TOFD)
TECHNIQUE INTERPRETATION

SHALL BE
TECNICA PHASED ARRAY

Phased array manual

Phased array con encoder

Principios Fsicos
PHASED ARRAY: VENTAJAS

Alta velocidad de barrido electronico sin movimiento del

palpador
Mejora las posibilidades de inspeccin, controlando las
caractersticas del haz mediante software
Inspeccin mendiante mltiples angulos con un simple control
electrnico del palpador
Variedad de configuraciones: P/E, T/R, TOFD, Tandem

Gran flexibilidad para la inspeccin de geometras coplejas

Enforque optimizado
Barrido de ngulos, localizado
PHASED ARRAY: PRINCIPIOS FSICOS
PHASED ARRAY: BARRIDO EN CONFIGURACIN LINEAL (E-SCAN)

HAZ NORMAL HAZ ANGULAR

PHASED ARRAY: BARRIDO EN CONFIGURACIN SECTORIAL (S-SCAN)

HAZ -30 a 30 HAZ 35 a 70

 MANDATORY APPENDIX IV
PHASED ARRAY MANUAL RASTER
EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES
USING LINEAR ARRAYS

ASME SEC
V
2013 ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code
AN INTERNATIONAL CODE
PHASED ARRAY MANUAL

Se realiza la tcnica phased array en configuracin Lineal o

Sectorial, de conformidad con ASTM E2700
 IV-410 SCOPE IV-422 WRITTEN PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS
ered by this Appendix are single12 (fixed angle), E-scan13 of Table T-421 and Table IV-422 shall apply.
(fixed angle), and S-scan 14
(sweeping multiple
This Mandatory Appendix describes the requirements angle). 15 IV-422.1 Requirements. The requirements of Table
for phased array, manual raster PHASED ARRAY MANUAL
In general, this Article is in conformance with SE-2700,
to be used scanning,
Standard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Welds
IV-461 T-421
ultra-
INSTRUMENT LINEARITY
and Table IV-422CHECKS
shall apply.
IV-461.2 Amplitude Control Linearity. The ultrasonic
sonic Using
techniques usingSE-2700
Phased Arrays. linear provides
arrays. details
The techniques
to be con- cov-
instruments IV-422.2 Procedure
amplitude control linearityQualification.
shall be evalu- The requirements
12 13
ered by thisinAppendix
sidered are used.
the procedures single (fixed angle), E-scan of Tablewith
ated in accordance T-421 and Table
Mandatory IV-422
Appendix II for shall
each apply.
14 15
(fixed angle), and S-scan (sweeping multiple angle). pulser-receiver circuit.
In general,
IV-420thisGENERAL El ensayo deber cumplir todas las variables esenciales de
Article is in conformance with SE-2700, IV-461 INSTRUMENT LINEARITY CHECKS
IV-462 GENERAL CALIBRATION REQUIREMENTS
StandardThePractice for Contact
of Article 4Ultrasonic
apply exceptTesting of Welds
IV-462.7 IV-461.2 Amplitude
focal law toControl Linearity. The ultrasonic
UsingbyPhased
requirements
ultrasonido convencional (Tabla T-421) y los del apndice IV, Tabla
as modified
Arrays. SE-2700 provides details to be con-
this Appendix.
Focal Law.16 The
instruments
the examination amplitude
shall be used
be used during
control linearity shall be evalu-
for calibration.
sidered in the procedures used.
IV-422 atedBeam
IV-462.8
used in the
in accordance
Calibration. with
examination shall
pulser-receiver
Mandatory
All individual beamsAppendix II for each
be calibrated to provide
circuit.
measurement of distance and amplitude correction over
IV-420 GENERAL the sound path employed in the examination. This shall in-
IV-462 GENERAL CALIBRATION REQUIREMENTS
Table IV-422 clude applicable compensation for wedge sound path var-
The requirements ofofArticle
Requirements 4 apply
a Phased except
Manual Rasteras modified
iations and wedge attenuation
IV-462.7 Law.16 The focal law to be used during
effects.
Focal
by this Appendix.
Scanning Examination Procedure Using
IV-492 the examination
EXAMINATION shall be used for calibration.
RECORD
Linear Arrays
Essential Nonessential
IV-462.8 the
For each examination, Beam Calibration.
required information Allof individual beams
T-492 andused
the following information shall be recorded:
in the examination shall be calibrated to provide
Requirements (As Applicable) Variable Variable
(a) search unit type, element size and number, and pitch
Search unit X ... measurement
and gap dimensions of distance and amplitude correction over
(element size and number, and pitch
and gap dimensions) (b) focalthe
lawsound pathincluding,
parameters, employed in the examination.
as applicable, angle, This shall in-
focal depth, element numbers used, range of elements, ele-
clude applicable compensation for wedge sound path var-
Focal range
Table IV-422X ...
(identify plane, depth, or sound path) ment incremental change, angular range, and angle incre-
Requirements of a Phased XManual Raster
Virtual aperture size ...
iations and wedge attenuation effects.
mental change
Scanning Examination Procedure Using
(i.e., number of elements, effective (c) wedge angle
height, and element width) IV-492 EXAMINATION RECORD
Wedge angle Linear ArraysX ...
--```,`,,``,,`,`````,,,``,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Additional E-scan requirements For each examination, the required information of

Essential Nonessential
Range of element numbers used X ... T-492 and the following information shall be recorded:
Requirements (As Applicable)
(i.e., 1126, 1050, etc.) Variable Variable
Element incremental change X ... (a) search unit type, element size and number, and pitch
Search unit X ...
(i.e., 1,2, etc.)
(element size and number, and pitch
and gap dimensions
and gap
Additional S-scan requirements
dimensions) (b) focal law parameters, including, as applicable, angle,
Angular range used X ...
Focal range(i.e., 40 deg 50 deg, 50 deg X ... focal depth, element numbers used, range of elements, ele-
(identify 70plane, depth, or sound path)
deg, etc.) ment incremental change, angular range, and angle incre-
Virtual Angle
apertureincremental change
size X
X ...
... mental change
(i.e., 1/2 deg , 1 deg, etc.)
(i.e., number of elements, effective (c) wedge angle
height, and element width)
Wedge angle X ...
--```,`,,``,,

75
Additional E-scan requirements
Copyright ASME International (BPVC)
TIPS ULTRASONICOS

El phased array manual, no podr ser empleada como nica tcnica

en los siguientes casos:

Inspeccin de tanques de almacenamiento cuando se requiera

cambiar radiografa por ultrasonido (API 650 o API 620)
Inspeccin de recipientes a presin donde se requiera cambiar
radiografa por ultrasonido (ASME SEC VIII, Div. 1)
Inspeccin de calderas bajo ASME SEC I
Inspeccin de tuberas de proceso bajo el Caso Codigo 181
A menos que se indique explcitamente lo contrario por el cdigo
de referencia, se recomienda utilizar el Apndice Mandatorio VII
cuando el estndar de aceptacin es basado en Workmanship y el
Apndice Mandatorio VIII cuando el estndar de aceptacin es
basado en Mecnica de la Fractura
 MANDATORY APPENDIX V
PHASED ARRAY E-SCAN AND S-
SCAN LINEAR SCANNING
EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES

ASME SEC
V
2013 ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code
AN INTERNATIONAL CODE
 PHASED ARRAY CON ENCODER: APNDICE MANDATORIO V

Foto de Jireh-Industries Foto de Jireh-Industries

Se realiza la tcnica phased array en configuracin Lineal o Sectorial

empleando un (1) palpador con encoder. Se requiere realizar un plan
de escaneo apropiado al bisel a inspeccionar.
 V-471.1 Examination Coverage. The required volume (a) The search
of the weld and base material to be examined shall be tance from the we
uirements scanned using a linear scanning technique with an enco- V-420 GENERAL means.
PHASED ARRAY CON ENCODER: APNDICE The
MANDATORIO V

--```,`,,``,,`,`````,,,``,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ngle) and der. Each linear scan shall be parallel to the weld axis at
ons using requirements of Article 4 apply except as modified
a constant standoff distance with the beam oriented per-
pendicular to the weld axis. by this Appendix.
(a) The search unit shall be maintained at a fixed dis-
tance from the weld axis by a fixed guide or mechanical V-421.1 Requirements. The requirements of Table

modified
El ensayo deber cumplir todas las variables esenciales de ultrasonido
means. T-421 and Table V-421 shall apply.
V-421.2 Procedure Qualification. The requirements
convencional (Tabla T-421) y los del apndice
of TableV, Tabla
T-421 V-421
and Table V-421 shall apply.
Requireme
Scanning E
s of Table
V-422 SCAN PLAN
Table V-421
uirements
Requirements of a Phased Array Linear A scan plan (documented examination strategy) shall be Requirements (As
Scanning Examination Procedure Using provided showing search unit placement and movement Search unit(s)
Linear Arrays that provides a standardized and repeatable methodology (element pitch, size,
Essential Nonessential for the examination. In addition to the information in dimensions)
y) shall be Requirements (As Applicable) Variable Variable Table V-421, the scan plan shall include beam angles Focal range(s)
movement Search unit(s) X ... (identify plane, dept
and directions with respect to the weld axis reference
thodology (element pitch, size, number, and gap as applicable)
mation in dimensions) point, weld joint geometry, and number of examination Virtual aperture size(s
m angles Focal range(s) X ... areas or zones. (number of elements
(identify plane, depth, or sound path and effective height)
reference V-461.2 Amplitude Control Linearity. The ultrasonic
as applicable)
amination Wedge natural refracte
Virtual aperture size(s) X ... instruments amplitude control linearity shall be evalu- Scan plan
(number of elements, element width,
and effective height) [Note (1)]
ated in accordance with Mandatory Appendix II for each Weld axis reference po
ultrasonic Wedge natural refracted angle X ... pulser-receiver circuit.
be evalu- Additional E-scan req
Scan plan X ...
I for each Weld axis reference point marking ... X V-462.7 Focal Law.16 The focal law to be used during Rastering angle(s)
the examination shall be used for calibration. Aperture start and stop
Additional E-scan requirements: numbers
ed during Rastering angle(s) X ...
V-462.8 Beam Calibration. All individual beams used Aperture incremental c
Aperture start and stop element X ...
numbers in the examination shall be calibrated to provide measure- (number of elements
eams used Aperture incremental change(s) X ... ment of distance and amplitude correction over the sound Additional S-scan req
measure- (number of elements stepped) path employed in the examination. Sweep angular range(s
the sound Additional S-scan requirements: Angular sweep increm
Sweep angular range(s) X ... angle change, deg)
Angular sweep increment (incremental X ... V-467 ENCODER CALIBRATION Aperture element num
angle change, deg)
A calibration check shall be performed at intervals not last)
Aperture element numbers (first and X ...
ervals not last) to exceed one month or prior to first use thereafter, by
NOTE:
eafter, by moving the encoder a minimum distance of 20 in. (1) Effective height is
NOTE:
of 20 in. (1) Effective height is the distance measured from the outside edge of (500 mm). The display distance shall be within 1% of the first to last el
hin 1% of the first to last element used in the focal law. the actual distance moved.

76
76
Copyright ASME International (BPVC)
PHASED ARRAY CON ENCODER: APNDICE MANDATORIO V

REQUISITOS
Se debe cumplir con los requisitos de ultrasonido
convencional, adicional a los del apndice
Se requiere realizar una calificacin del procedimiento
para definir las variables esenciales
Se debe elaborar un plan de escaneo
El equipo debe cumplir con los requisitos de Linealidad
en el Control de Amplitud (segn apndice mandatorio
II)
Todas las leyes focales usadas en la calibracin deben
ser usadas en la inspeccin
Cada ley focal individual debe ser calibrada en cuanto
a sensibilidad (TCG), empleando el reflector de
referencia
PHASED ARRAY CON ENCODER: APNDICE MANDATORIO V

REQUISITOS, cont.

Se debe verificar la calibracin del encoder en

intervalos menores a 1 mes, empleando una distancia
de 500 mm. Tolerancia 1% de la longitud verificada
Se requiere realizar una calificacin del procedimiento
para definir las variables esenciales
Se debe evaluar el volumen de la soldadura y ZAC
El palpador debe mantenerse a una distancia fija de la
mitad de la soldadura, utilizando una gua o medios
mecnicos
El ngulo del E-Scan o el rango de ngulos del S-Scan,
debe ser apropiado a la junta a ser examinada.
PHASED ARRAY CON ENCODER: APNDICE MANDATORIO V

REQUISITOS, cont.

La velocidad de escaneo debe ser tal que no se pierdan

mas de 2 lneas de datos por pulgada (25 mm).
Para tcnicas basadas en S-Scan, el paso del ngulo no
debe ser mayor a 1
Para tcnicas basadas en E-Scan, el traslape entre
aperturas adyacentes debe ser mnimo de 50% de la
apertura activa
Cuando mltiples barridos son empleados, es requerido
un traslape de 10% de la apertura efectiva para los E-
Scan o el ancho del haz para los S-Scan
Reflectores transversales pueden ser inspeccionados
utilizando UT convencional
TIPS ULTRASONICOS

El plan de escaneo se debe validar empleando un software que

permita verificar el comportamiento del ultrasonido en la lnea de
fusin del bisel. Si el haz no es perpendicular a la lnea de fusin,
este arreglo no detectar la falta de fusin de este bisel
La inspeccin Phased Array segn el apndice V se considera un
sistema de adquisicin de datos a computador; sin embargo, es
muy susceptible de error ya que la distancia del centro de la
soldadura al frente de la zapata (index) es muy difcil de mantener;
por otra parte, siempre se requiere realizar como mnimo un
barrido por cada lado (ver ASME SEC V:2013, par. T-472.1.2) lo
cual duplicara el trabajo comparado con utilizar un escner con 2
palpadores.
 ULTRASONIDO MECANIZADO,
EMPLEADO PARA REEMPLAZAR
RADIOGRAFA POR ULTRASONIDO
Apndice VII. Inspeccin Ultrasnica para criterio de
aceptacin basado en Workmanship

Apndice VIII. Inspeccin Ultrasnica para criterio de

aceptacin basado en Mecnica de la Fractura

SAUT o AUT
PAUT, TOFD, PE
 MANDATORY APPENDIX VII
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION
REQUIREMENTS FOR
WORKMANSHIP BASED
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

ASME SEC
V
2013 ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code
AN INTERNATIONAL CODE
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO WORKMANSHIP (APNDICE VII)

TOFD+PE

Este apndice incluye varias tcnicas, la inspeccin se puede realizar

combinando tcnicas como Phased array, TOFD o Pulso-Eco.
Se requiere el empleo de un escner automatizado (AUT) o semi-
automatizado (SAUT)
ENDNOTES : ASME SEC V:2013

18 Workmanship based is defined as a standard

for acceptance of a weld based on the
characterization of imperfections by type (i.e.,
crack, incomplete fusion, incomplete penetration,
or inclusion) and their size (i.e., length).
 Theis scanner
performed block for
is inworkmanship based acceptance
addition to the calibration block re-
VII-423 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS criteria. ities. T
quired per Article 4, unless the scanner block also has all perform
ULTRASONIDO
Only qualified UT PARA
personnelCRITERIO WORKMANSHIP
trained in the use of the (APNDICE VII) t h e s p ec i f i e d r e f e r e n c e r e f le c t o r s r e q u i r e d p e r Code Se
equipment and who have demonstrated the ability to Figure T-434.2.1. semi-au
properly acquire examination data, shall conduct produc- VII-420SCANNING
GENERAL
tion scans. Personnel who analyze and interpret the VII-442 DATA VII-4
El ensayo deber cumplir todas las variables
The original esenciales
collected data shall be a Level II or III who have documen-
The requirements
scanning ofdata,
Article 4 de
apply ultrasonido
unprocessed, except as modified
shall be saved cated
Figure
ted training in the use of the equipment and software
by this Appendix.
electronically (e.g., magnetic, optical, flash memory, etc.).
convencional (Tabla T-421) y los del apndice VII, Tabla VII-421
used. in the le
VII-466.1
VII-421.3 System
WrittenConfirmation
Procedure and Scan. The scanner
Procedure Qualifi- ness to
The training and demonstration requirements shall be block shall be scanned and the reference reflector indica-
cation. The requirements of Table T-421 and Table side-dr
addressed in the employers written practice. tions recorded
VII-421 shalltoapply.
confirm system calibration prior to and tivity se
at the completion of each examination or series of similar TOFD s
examinations, when examination personnel (except for The sca
Table VII-421 VII-423 equipment)
automated PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
are changed, and if the scan plan
Requirements of an Ultrasonic Examination quired
is required to be modified
Only qualified (i.e., VII-483)
UT personnel to in
trained satisfy the of
the use re-the
Procedure for Workmanship Based the sp
quirements of T-466.3.
equipment and who have demonstrated the ability to
Acceptance Criteria Figure
VII-466.2acquire
properly Calibration Checks.
examination The
data, requirements
shall of
conduct produc-
Essential Nonessential T-466.2 are notPersonnel
tion scans. applicable who
to this Appendix.
analyze and interpret the VII-44
Requirement (as Applicable) Variable Variable
collected data shall
VII-466.2.1 be a Level
Simulator II or IIIThe
Checks. whorequirements
have documen- The o
Scan plan X ...
Computer software X ... of ted training
T-466.2.1 areinnot
the use of the
applicable equipment
to this Appendix.and software electron
used.
Scanning technique (automated vs. X ... VII-471.1 Examination Coverage. The volume to be VII-4
semi-automated) The training and demonstration requirements shall be block s
scanned shall be examined per the scan plan.
Flaw characterization methodology X ... addressed in the employers written practice. tions re
Flaw sizing (length) methodology X ...
Search unit mechanical fixturing device X ... at the c
(manufacturer and model) examin
Scanner adhering and guiding ... X Table VII-421 automa
mechanism Requirements of an Ultrasonic Examination is requ
Procedure for Workmanship Based quirem
Acceptance Criteria
VII-4
Essential Nonessential T-466.2
--```,`,,``,,`,`````,,,``,`,`,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
78
Requirement (as Applicable) Variable Variable
Copyright ASME International (BPVC) VI
Scan plan X ...
Provided by IHS under license with ASME X
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Licensee=BP International/5928366101
Computer
Not for software
Resale, 08/08/2013 10:32:46 MDT X ... of T-46
Scanning technique (automated vs. X ... VII-4
semi-automated) scanned
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO WORKMANSHIP (APNDICE VII)

REQUISITOS
Se debe cumplir con los requisitos de
ultrasonido convencional, adicional a los
del apndice
Se requiere realizar una calificacin del
procedimiento para definir las variables
esenciales
Solo personal calificado como Nivel II o III
con entrenamiento documentado en el
uso del equipo y software deber analizar
e interpretar la data.
Se debe elaborar un plan de escaneo
El barrido para la deteccin de
discontinuidades transversales puede ser
realizado de forma automatizada con
escaner o manual
Se requiere contar con un Bloque de
Escaner que permita realizar verificacin
dinmica de la calibracin
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO WORKMANSHIP (APNDICE VII)

REQUISITOS, cont

Se almacenar la data sin procesar, en medios

magnticos, pticos, memorias, etc.
Se debe emplear el bloque de escner para
realizar barridos que confirmen la calibracin,
al inicio y fin de un set de datas.
Solo personal calificado como Nivel II o III con
entrenamiento documentado en el uso del
equipo y software deber analizar e
interpretar la data.
Se debe verificar la presencia de reflectores
laminares en el material base y modificar el
plan de escaneo de ser requerido.
La evaluacin final debe realizarse solo
despus que todos los ajustes han sido
realizados (SAFT, contraste, brillo, remocin
de onda lateral, etc.
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO WORKMANSHIP (APNDICE VII)

REQUISITOS, cont

D i s c o n t i n u i d a d e s d e t e c t a d a s
mediante la tcnica Automatizada
(AUT) o semi-automatizada (SAUT),
pueden ser alternativamente
evaluadas empleando otras tcnicas
manuales.

El fabricante ser el responsable por

la revisin, interpretacin,
evaluacin y aceptacin del set
completo de datas, asegurando el
cumplimiento con ASME SEC V, art. 4
y apndice mandatorio VII
 TIPS ULTRASONICOS

El plan de escaneo se debe validar empleando un software que permita

verificar el comportamiento del ultrasonido en la lnea de fusin del bisel. Si
el haz no es perpendicular a la lnea de fusin, este arreglo no detectar la
falta de fusin de este bisel
El ASME SEC I (calderas), exige que el ensayo de ultrasonido de debe
realizar con base en este apndice (ASME SEC V, Apndice Mandatorio
VII)
Este apndice aplica cuando el cdigo de referencia (diseo), establece los
estndares de aceptacin en funcin del tipo de discontinuidad por ejemplo:
porosidades, grietas, escorias, falta de fusin, falta de penetracin,
concavidades internas, etc.
Bajo este apndice se realizan inspecciones de alta calidad ya que contempla
la combinacin de diferentes tcnicas, con el objetivo de mejorar la
probabilidad de deteccin. Podra ser una buena alternativa para proponer en
Pipeline bajo API 1104, par. 1.4.7.3 Automated Ultrasonic Weld Testing
 MANDATORY APPENDIX VIII
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION
REQUIREMENTS FOR A
FRACTURE MECHANICS BASED
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

ASME SEC
V
2013 ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code
AN INTERNATIONAL CODE
 ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO MECANICA DE LA FRACTURA(APNDICE VIII)

Imagen de Inspectra, Bolivia

Este apndice al igual que el VII,

incluye varias tcnicas, la
inspeccin se puede realizar
combinando tcnicas como Phased
array, TOFD o Pulso-Eco.
Se requiere el empleo de un escner
Inspectra, Bolivia automatizado (AUT) o semi-
automatizado (SAUT)
ENDNOTES : ASME SEC V:2013

19 Fracture mechanics based is

defined as a standard for
acceptance of a weld based on the
categorization of imperfections by
type (i.e., surface or subsurface) and
their size (i.e., length and through-
wall height).
 Co
Only qualified UT personnel trained in the use of the The scanner block is in addition to the calibration block re-
equipment and who have demonstrated the ability to
VIII-420
quired per Article GENERAL
4, unless the scanner block also has all
sem
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO MECANICA
properly acquire examination data, shall conduct produc- DE
t h e sThe LA FRACTURA(APNDICE
p ecrequirements
i f i e d r e f e r eofn Article
c e r e f 4leapply
c t o r sexcept i rVIII)
r e q uas emodified
d per V
tion scans. Personnel who analyze and interpret the col- Figure T-434.2.1. sam
by this Appendix.
lected data shall be a Level II or III who have
El ensayo
documented trainingdeber
in the use cumplir
of the equipmenttodas las variables
and soft- VIII-421.2
VIII-442 esenciales
Procedure
SCANNING DATA de ultrasonido
Qualification. Procedure quali-
ca
ware used. fication is required per Mandatory Appendix IX.
convencional (Tabla T-421) y los del
The training and demonstration requirements shall be
apndice
The VIII,scanning
original Tabladata, VIII-421
unprocessed, shall be saved Fig
addressed in the employers written practice. electronically (e.g., magnetic, optical,and
VIII-421.3 Written Procedure flashProcedure
memory,Qualifi-
etc.). in t
cation. The requirements of Table T-421 and Table nes
VIII-466.1 System Confirmation Scan. The scanner
VIII-421 shall apply. sid
block shall be scanned and the reference reflector indica-
Table VIII-421 tions recorded to confirm that prior to and at the comple- tiv
Requirements of an Ultrasonic Examination tionVIII-423 PERSONNEL
of each examination QUALIFICATIONS
or series of similar examinations, TO
Procedure for Fracture Mechanics Based whenOnly examination
qualified UT personnel
personnel(except trained for automated
in the use of the Th
Acceptance Criteria equipment)
equipment and who have demonstrated the required
are changed, and if the scan plan is ability to qu
to be modified (i.e., VIII-483) to satisfy the requirements th
Essential Nonessential properly acquire examination data, shall conduct produc-
of T-466.3. Fig
Requirement (as Applicable) Variable Variable tion scans. Personnel who analyze and interpret the col-
Scan plan X ... VIII-466.2
le c t e d d a t aCalibration
s h a l l b e aChecks.
L e v e l The
I I orequirements
r II I w h o haof
ve
Computer software X ... T-466.2 are nottraining
applicable to use
thisofAppendix.
documented in the the equipment and soft- VII
Scanning technique (automated vs. X ...
semi-automated) ware used.
VIII-466.2.1 Simulator Checks. The requirements
The training and demonstration T
Flaw sizing (length) methodology X ... of T-466.2.1 are not applicable to thisrequirements
Appendix. shall be
Search unit mechanical fixturing device X ... addressed in the employers written practice. ele
(manufacturer and model) VIII-471.1 Examination Coverage. The volume to be
Scanner and adhering and guiding ... X scanned shall be examined per the scan plan. V
mechanism blo
VIII-471.3 Rate of Search Unit Movement. The rate of
Table VIII-421 tio
search unit movement shall not exceed that qualified.
Requirements of an Ultrasonic Examination tio
Procedure for Fracture Mechanics Based wh
80
Acceptance Criteria equ
opyright ASME International (BPVC) to
ovided by IHS under license with ASME X Licensee=BP International/5928366101
Essential Nonessential
o reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 08/08/2013 10:32:46 MDT
Requirement (as Applicable) Variable Variable
of
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO MECANICA DE LA FRACTURA(APNDICE VIII)

REQUISITOS
Se debe cumplir con los requisitos de
ultrasonido convencional, adicional a los
del apndice
Se requiere realizar una calificacin del
procedimiento para definir las variables
esenciales basado en ASME SEC V,
Apndice Mandatorio IX
Solo personal calificado como Nivel II o III
con entrenamiento documentado en el
uso del equipo y software deber analizar
e interpretar la data.
Se debe elaborar un plan de escaneo
El barrido para la deteccin de
discontinuidades transversales puede ser
realizado de forma automatizada con
escner o manual
Se requiere contar con un Bloque de
Escner que permita realizar verificacin
dinmica de la calibracin
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO MECANICA DE LA FRACTURA(APNDICE VIII)

REQUISITOS, cont

Se almacenar la data sin procesar, en medios

magnticos, pticos, memorias, etc.
Se debe emplear el bloque de escner para
realizar barridos que confirmen la calibracin,
al inicio y fin de un set de datas.
Solo personal calificado como Nivel II o III con
entrenamiento documentado en el uso del
equipo y software deber analizar e
interpretar la data.
Se debe verificar la presencia de reflectores
laminares en el material base y modificar el
plan de escaneo de ser requerido.
La evaluacin final debe realizarse solo
despus que todos los ajustes han sido
realizados (SAFT, contraste, brillo, remocin
de onda lateral, etc.
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO MECANICA DE LA FRACTURA(APNDICE VIII)

REQUISITOS, cont

Las dimensiones de las discontinuidades son determinadas por un rectngulo

que la contiene. La longitud de la discontinuidad para evaluacin ser la longitud
del rectngulo, la altura ser la dimensin del rectngulo que es normal a la
superficie que retiene la presin interna.

Las discontinuidades sern categorizadas como superficiales y sub-

superficiales, no existirn mas categoras.

Discontinuidades detectadas durante la inspeccin automatizada (AUT) o semi-

automatizada (SAUT), podrn ser alternativamente evaluadas por tcnicas
complementarias manuales.

El fabricante ser el responsable por la revisin, interpretacin, evaluacin y

aceptacin del set completo de datas, asegurando el cumplimiento con ASME
SEC V, art. 4 y apndice mandatorio VIII
 ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO MECANICA DE LA FRACTURA(APNDICE VIII)

REGLA DE INTERACCIN DE DISCONTINUIDADES 2013 SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2

13 Figure 7.12
2013 SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2
Multiple Planar Flaws Oriented in a Plane Normal to the Pressure Retaining Surface

2a S > 0.4a
Figure 7.11 13
a 2d1
Single Indications

d2

(whichever (whichever
is is
t t greater)
greater)
S < 2d1 or 2d2
S < 2d1 or 2d2 !
2d S a !
a
Surface Flaw #1 Surface Flaw #2

--`,,`,```,,``,```,,`,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2d2

l l S < 2d2 or 2d3

(whichever is
S!d greater)
Unclad Surface
(a) Surface Indication (b) Surface Indication
d1 2d3
2d1
--`,,`,```,,``,```,,`,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

2d2
S < 2d3 or 2d2
(whichever is greater)
Surface Flaw #3
S > 0.4d1 !
Clad Surface
S < 2d1 or 2d2
l (whichever is greater)
t Pressure Retaining Surface
2a 2d3 S > 0.4d3 Of Unclad Component Or
2a Clad-Base Metal Interface
S Of Clad Component

S < 0.4d1 2d1 2d2 S > 0.4d2

S>a

(c) Subsurface Indications

! = 2a
Surface Flaw #4 S < 2d1 or d2
(whichever is greater)

d,d1,d2,d3
2d1,2d2,2d3 = depths of
individual flaws !
2a Surface Flaw #5

S < 2d1 or 2d2

(whichever is
greater) 2d1 d2

737
Copyright ASME International (BPVC)
Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=BP International/5928366101
 netration weld includes a fillet weld, then the thickness of the throat of the fillet weld shall be included in t .
(b) A subsurface indication shall be considered as a surface flaw if the separation (S in Figure 7.11) of the indication from the nearest
surface of the component is equal to or less than half the through dimension (2d in Figure 7.11, Sketch (b)) of the subsurface
ULTRASONIDO PARA CRITERIO MECANICA DE LA FRACTURA(APNDICE VIII)
indication.
(c) The acceptance limits specified here are based upon workmanship considerations and are not necessarily intended for use in eval-
uating flaws identified after the vessel has gone into service.
(d) a and l are as defined in paragraph 7.5.5.2.
Estndar de aceptacin basado en longitud y altura de discontinuidades

Table 7.10 13
Flaw Acceptance Criteria For Welds With Thickness Between 25 mm (1 in.) And Less Than or Equal to
300 mm (12 in.)
Flaw 25 mm (1 in.) 64 mm (2 1/2 in.) 100 mm (4 in.) 300 mm (12 in.)
Aspect Ratio Surface Flaw Subsurface Flaw Surface Flaw Subsurface Flaw

0.00 0.031 0.034 0.019 0.020

0.05 0.033 0.038 0.020 0.022
0.10 0.036 0.043 0.022 0.025
0.15 0.041 0.054 0.025 0.029
0.20 0.047 0.066 0.028 0.034
0.25 0.055 0.078 0.033 0.040
0.30 0.064 0.090 0.038 0.047
0.35 0.074 0.103 0.044 0.054
0.40 0.083 0.116 0.050 0.061
0.45 0.085 0.129 0.051 0.069
0.50 0.087 0.143 0.052 0.076

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The parameter t is the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement, and the parameter l is the length of the flaw.
For a butt weld joining two members having different thickness at the weld, t is the thinner of these two thicknesses. If a full
penetration weld includes a fillet weld, then the thickness of the throat of the fillet weld shall be included in t .

`,`,,`---
(b) A subsurface indication shall be considered as a surface flaw if the separation (S in Figure 7.11) of the indication from the nearest
 TIPS ULTRASONICOS

El ASME SEC V, Apndice Mandatorio VIII aplica cuando se requiere

cambiar radiografa por ultrasonido en recipientes a presin (ASME
SEC VIII Div.1/Div.2), Tanques de almacenamiento (API 650/API
620), y en piping bajo ASME B31.3 Caso Cdigo 181

Este apndice aplica cuando el cdigo de referencia (diseo), permite

emplear estndares de aceptacin alternativos, basados en mecnica de
la fractura, donde la longitud mxima permisible de una
discontinuidad, depender de su altura y de la ubicacin (superficial o
sub-superficial).

Es importante verificar requisitos adicionales que son establecidos en

el cdigo de referencia, por ejemplo, bajo API 650:2013, toda la
evaluacin de la data debe ser revisada por un Nivel III, etc.
 CAMBIO DE RADIOGRAFA POR
ULTRASONIDO SEGN ASME SEC
VIII Div. 1

ASME SEC
VIII Div. 1
2013 ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code
AN INTERNATIONAL CODE
 C that (2) A written radiographic examination procedure is
CAMBIO DE RADIOGRAFA POR ULTRSAONIDO SEGN ASME SEC VIII. Div. 1
einfor- not required. Demonstration of density and penetrameter
image requirements on production or technique radio-
La realizacin
graphs shalldelbeensayo de radiografa
considered satisfactorytiene implicaciones
evidence of com- de
diseo ya que
pliance withinfluye en2laofEficiencia
Article Section V. de Junta, por tal motivo,
solo se puede cambiar
(3) The el ensayo
requirements de radiografa
of T-274.2 por2 ultrasonido,
of Article of Sec-
g pro- tion V are
siguiendo lo toestablecido
be used only as ena guide.
UW-51 FinalRADIOGRAPHIC
acceptance of
s been radiographsOF
EXAMINATION shall be basedJOINTS
WELDED on the ability to see the pre-
nufac- scribed penetrameter image and the specified hole or
he re- the designated wire of a wire penetrameter.
(4) As an alternative to the radiographic examination
requirements above, all welds in material 1/4 in. (6 mm)
and greater in thickness may be examined using the ultra-
sonic (UT) method per the requirements of 7.5.5 of Section
VIII, Division 2.
g on a
(b) Indications shown on the radiographs of welds and
opera-
characterized as imperfections are unacceptable under
ents of
the following conditions and shall be repaired as provided
at only
in UW-38, and the repair radiographed to UW-51 or, at
 CAMBIO DE RADIOGRAFA POR ULTRSAONIDO SEGN ASME SEC VIII. Div. 1

Flujograma para el cambio de radiografa por ultrasonido segn ASME SEC VIII Div. 1. (2013)
 full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the throat of the fillet shall be included in t .

13 7.5.5 ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION USED IN LIEU OF RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

7.5.5.1 When used in lieu of the radiographic examination requirements of paragraph 7.5.3, ultrasonic examination
shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure conforming to the requirements of Section V, Article 4, Man-
datory Appendix VIII and the following additional requirements. For SAW welds in 21/4 Cr1Mo1/4V vessels, ultrasonic
examination is required [see 7.5.4.1(e)].
(a) The ultrasonic examination area shall include the volume of the weld, plus 50 mm (2 in.) on each side of the weld for
material thickness greater than 200 mm (8 in.). For material thickness 200 mm (8 in.) or less, the ultrasonic examination
area shall include the volume of the weld, plus the lesser of 25 mm (1 in.) or t on each side of the weld. Alternatively,
examination volume may be reduced to include the actual heat affected zone (HAZ) plus 6 mm (1/4 in.) of base material
beyond the heat affected zone on each side of the weld provided the following requirements are met:
(1) The extent of the weld HAZ is measured and documented during the weld qualification process; and
(2) The ultrasonic transducer positioning and scanning device is controlled using a reference mark (paint or low
stress stamp adjacent to the weld) to ensure that the actual HAZ plus an additional 6 mm (0.25 in.) of base metal is
examined.
(b) The initial straight beam material examination (T-472 of Section V, Article 4) for reflectors that could interfere with
the angle beam examination shall be performed:
(1) Manually,
(2) As part of a previous manufacturing process, or
(3) During the automatic UT examination provided detection of these reflectors is demonstrated.
(c) Personnel performing and evaluating UT examinations shall be qualified and certified in accordance with
paragraph 7.3. Only UT Level II or III personnel shall analyze the data or interpret the results.
(d) Contractor qualification records of certified personnel shall be approved by the Certificate Holder and maintained
by their employer.
(e) In addition, personnel who acquire and analyze UT data shall participate in the qualification of the procedure per
Section V, Article 4 Mandatory Appendix IX.
(f) Application of automated ultrasonic examinations shall be noted on the Manufacturer's Data Report, as well as the
extent of its use.
NOTE: Sectional scans (S-scans) with phased arrays may be used for the examination of welds, provided they are qualified satisfactorily in
accordance with paragraph (e). S-scans provide a fan beam from a single emission point, which covers part or all of the weld, depending on trans-

2013
ducer size, joint geometry, and section thickness. While S-scans can demonstrate good detectability from side drilled holes, because they are

ASME SEC ASME Boiler and

omni-directional reflectors, the beams can be mis-oriented for planar reflectors (e.g., lack of fusion and cracks.) This is particularly true for thick-
er sections, and it is recommended that multiple linear passes with S-scans be utilized for components greater than 25 mm (1 in.) thick. An

Pressure Vessel Code

adequate number of flaws should be used in the demonstration block to ensure detectability for the entire weld volume.

VIII Div
7.5.5.2 Flaw2 Sizing. The dimensions of the flaw shall be determined by the rectangle that fully contains the area of
the flaw (see Figures 7.11 through 7.15).
AN INTERNATIONAL CODE
(a) The length (l) of the flaw shall be drawn parallel to the inside pressure-retaining surface of the component.
(b) The depth of the flaw shall be drawn normal to the inside pressure retaining surface and shall be denoted as "a" for

`---
 (3) 19 mm ( /4 in.) for t greater than 57 mm (2- /4 in.)
In the above criteria, t is the thickness of the weld, excluding any allowable reinforcement (see paragraph 6.2.4.1(d)).
For a butt weld joining two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of these two thicknesses. If a
CAMBIO DEweld
full penetration RADIOGRAFA POR
includes a fillet weld, the ULTRSAONIDO
thickness of the throat SEGN
of the fillet ASME SEC VIII.
shall be included in t . Div. 1

13 7.5.5 ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION USED IN LIEU OF RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

7.5.5.1 When used in lieu of the radiographic examination requirements of paragraph 7.5.3, ultrasonic examination
shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure conforming to the requirements of Section V, Article 4, Man-
datory Appendix VIII and the following additional requirements. For SAW welds in 21/4 Cr1Mo1/4V vessels, ultrasonic
examination is required [see 7.5.4.1(e)].
(a) The ultrasonic examination area shall include the volume of the weld, plus 50 mm (2 in.) on each side of the weld for
material thickness greater than 200 mm (8 in.). For material thickness 200 mm (8 in.) or less, the ultrasonic examination
area shall include the volume of the weld, plus the lesser of 25 mm (1 in.) or t on each side of the weld. Alternatively,
examination volume may be reduced to include the actual heat affected zone (HAZ) plus 6 mm (1/4 in.) of base material
beyond the heat affected zone on each side of the weld provided the following requirements are met:
(1) The extent of the weld HAZ is measured and documented during the weld qualification process; and
(2) The ultrasonic transducer positioning and scanning device is controlled using a reference mark (paint or low
stress stamp adjacent to the weld) to ensure that the actual HAZ plus an additional 6 mm (0.25 in.) of base metal is
examined.
(b) The initial straight beam material examination (T-472 of Section V, Article 4) for reflectors that could interfere with
the angle beam examination shall be performed:
(1) Manually,
(2) As part of a previous manufacturing process, or
(3) During the automatic UT examination provided detection of these reflectors is demonstrated.
(c) Personnel performing and evaluating UT examinations shall be qualified and certified in accordance with
paragraph 7.3. Only UT Level II or III personnel shall analyze the data or interpret the results.
(d) Contractor qualification records of certified personnel shall be approved by the Certificate Holder and maintained
by their employer.
(e) In addition, personnel who acquire and analyze UT data shall participate in the qualification of the procedure per
Section V, Article 4 Mandatory Appendix IX.
(f) Application of automated ultrasonic examinations shall be noted on the Manufacturer's Data Report, as well as the
extent of its use.
NOTE: Sectional scans (S-scans) with phased arrays may be used for the examination of welds, provided they are qualified satisfactorily in
accordance with paragraph (e). S-scans provide a fan beam from a single emission point, which covers part or all of the weld, depending on trans-
 CONCLUSIONES

Existen varias alternativas para reemplazar radiografa por ultrasonido,

pero es importante emplear la metodologa apropiada indicada por el
cdigo de referencia

Tal como lo muestra el ASME SEC VIII, Div 2, API 650 apndice U, API
620 apndice U, ASME Caso Cdigo 181, la tendencia de los cdigos es a
emplear estndares de aceptacin alternativos basados en la mecnica de
fractura, donde la longitud mxima permisible de las discontinuidades,
est en funcin de la altura de estas. Para lograr apropiadamente realizar
este tipo de evaluaciones, es requerido emplear tecnologas con alta
probabilidad de deteccin y precisin en el dimensionamiento, inspectores
competentes en las tcnicas y procedimientos calificados empleando
soldaduras con discontinuidades.

Si logramos implementar estas metodologas en nuestros proyectos,

estaremos contribuyendo en el cuidado al medio ambiente y la reduccin
del riesgo.
Carlos Enrique Surez Navas
ASNT NDT Level III, AUT DI CSWIP / ISO 9712/EN473

RESUMEN

Ingeniero Mecnico con 15 aos de experiencia en Ensayos No Destructivos.

Certificado como ASNT Nivel III en los ensayos de Ultrasonido (UT), Radiografa (RT), Inspeccin Visual (VT),
Lquidos Penetrantes (PT) y Partculas Magnticas (MT).
Certificado en AUT Phased Array Data Interpreter bajo el esquema CSWIP ISO 9712 y EN473
Entrenamiento y experiencia en las siguientes tecnologas de AUT y SAUT:
o ASME CODE COMPLIANT (Eclipse Scientific)
o AUT Olympus Pipewizard
o Advance Phased Array Inspection and Analysis / TOFD Inspection and Analysis
o AGR TD Focus Scan/Handyscan (Phased array On-line, Off-Line Utilities and Data Analysis)

Ha participado en el desarrollo de trabajos empleando tecnologas limpias como AUT y SAUT en proyectos
realizados en Per, Bolivia y Colombia.

Actualmente Director Tcnico y Gerente en Integrity & NDT Solutions SAS

Datos del Autor

 CONTACTOS

Carlos Enrique Surez Navas

ASNT NDT Level III
Integrity & NDT Solutions SAS

Colombia. Tel. 1-3814946 ext. 101 Cel: 314-2985211

Mxico: Tel. 5541708349
Peru: Tel. 1-7201685,
Chile: Tel. 229381208
Email: csuarez@integrity-ndt.com

www.integrity-ndt.com