Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Contenido
1.
OBJETIVOS................................................................................................ 1
2.
FUNDAMENTO TERICO...........................................................................2
3.
PROCEDIMIENTO EXPERIMENTAL.............................................................3
4.
( ) .........................................5
6.
7.
8.
CONCLUSIONES...................................................................................... 10
9.
OBSERVACIONES.................................................................................... 10
10.
BIBLIOGRAFA...................................................................................... 10
P g i n a 1 | 41
1. OBJETIVOS
Obtener las perdidas mecnicas que existen en los motores para el rgimen
trmico y rgimen de velocidad en motores de encendido por compresin y
motores Diesel.
Verificar en forma experimental las perdidas mecnicas en los motores ensayados y
construir grficas que permitan observar su tendencia de acuerdo a los diferentes
regmenes de velocidad y carga.
2. FUNDAMENTO TERICO
Perdidas Mecnicas.
Son aquellas originadas en todo tipo de rozamiento mecnico, en intercambio de gases,
accionamiento de mecanismos auxiliares (bombas de agua, de aceite, de combustible,
ventiladores, generador), perdidas en ventilacin debidas al movimiento de las piezas
del motor a grandes velocidades en emulsin de aceite y aire, as como en
accionamiento del compresor.
En los motores Diesel con cmaras de combustin separadas, a las perdidas
mecnicas comnmente se atribuyen tambin las perdidas gasodinmicas ocurridas al
transitar la carga entre las cavidades de la cmara de combustin.
Se introduce el concepto de la presin media de perdidas mecnicas, como de un
trabajo especfico de las perdidas mecnicas al efectuarse un ciclo. En otras palabras,
la presin media de perdidas mecnicas es un trabajo de las prdidas al efectuarse un
ciclo o el trabajo de las prdidas que corresponden a la unidad de la cilindrada
efectiva. La presin media de perdidas mecnicas puede representarse en forma de una
suma:
Pp.m = Proz. + Pp.g+ Paux. + Pvent. + Pa. comp
Donde:
Proz
Pp.g
Paux
Pven
La parte principal de las prdidas mecnicas son las prdidas por rozamiento Proz,
que constituyen hasta un 80 %. La mayor parte de las perdidas por rozamiento
corresponden a los pares embolo - camisa, segmentos de embolo - camisa (un 45
55% del total de las perdidas internas). Las prdidas por rozamiento en cojinetes
constituyen hasta un 20% del total de las prdidas mecnicas.
Caractersticas
de
Velocidad.
3. PROCEDIMIENTO EXPERIMENTAL
P g i n a 4 | 41
Ga C d A 2 g S seno 0 H 2O 3.600 ;
(kg / h)
Donde:
Cd=0,60 (de la placa orificio)
D: Dimetro de la placa orificio= 54,5 mm
A: rea del medidor, en m
D2
)
4
g=9,81m/s2
H 2O
=1.000 kg/m3
V
kg
c ( )
t
h
Donde:
Ga
100( )
30 V H n k
Donde:
VH: Cilindrada, en m3
n: rpm
( 260n )(kW )
Donde:
Me: Momento efectivo, en kN.m
A su vez:
Me=a [ (W 050)+ F d ] b
Donde:
Fd: Fuerza del dinammetro, en libras
W0: Tara, en libras.
a: factor de conversin de libras a kN
b: brazo de palanca, en m (0,36 m).
(m-1)
Donde:
k-1: coeficiente de absorcin, m-1.
H: Opacidad del humo, en %
4.7. PRESIONES
a) Presin media de prdidas mecnicas pm (MPa), es determinada por el mtodo
emprico de la lnea de Willans.
b)
La presin de prdidas mecnicas pm: ver la figura
N m=
pm V H n
120
pi= pe + pm
P g i n a 7 | 41
pe =
120 N e
nV H
4.8. EFICIENCIAS
a) Eficiencia indicada
i=3.600
Ni
H u Gc
e =3.600
Ne
H u Gc
c) Eficiencia mecnica
m =
e N e M e pe
= =
=
i N i M i pi
Gc =
3,6 V
c
t
Donde:
b)
en cm3,
c =0,81 kg / L
en s
gi=
1.000G c
Ni
P g i n a 8 | 41
c)
ge =
1.000Gc
Ne
4.10. POTENCIAS
a) Potencia de prdidas mecnicas Nm (kW)
Con la frmula deducida en 7.a
N i = pi V H
n
120
N e = pe V H
n
120
M e=
60 N e
2 n
M i=M e + M m
c) Momento de prdidas mecnicas (kN.m)
P g i n a 9 | 41
M m=
60 N m
2 n
ESPECIFICACIONES TECNICAS
Marca del motor: PERKINS
Tipo de Motor: Diesel, de cuatro tiempos, sobrealimentado con
turbocompresor.
Modelo: C4.236V
Nmero de cilindros: 4 cilindros, en lnea
Refrigeracin: por lquido
Potencia nominal: 61 kW (82 HP) a 2800 rpm
Momento mximo: 256 N.m a 1450 rpm
Dimetro x carrera: 98,43 x 127,0 mm
Cilindrada: 3,865 L
Relacin de compresin: 16 a 1
Mxima presin de sobrealimentacin: 0,76-0,93 bar-g (manomtrico)
Freno dinamomtrico: Hidrulico, Froude
P g i n a 10 | 41
P g i n a 11 | 41
S[cm]
19.3
17
14.5
12
9.2
N[RPM]
2300
2000
1800
1600
1400
V [cm3]
25
25
25
25
25
Ga[kg/h]
Gc[kg/h]
v [%]
240.182
225.417
208.183
189.388
165.827
4.588
5.695
6.670
7.196
7.037
78.452
84.673
86.889
88.925
88.985
3.661
2.768
2.183
1.840
1.648
t[seg]
15.89
12.8
10.93
10.13
10.36
P1[Lbf]
50
75
100
125
150
P2[Lbf]
15
25
29
31
14
Me
Ne [kw]
H [%]
[kN.m]
0.024
5.785
2.547
1 DATOS A hc
= cte
0.080Tabla 16.769
2.127
0.127
23.846
2.127
0.170
28.441
7.049
0.183
26.764
15.802
Tm[F]
160
165
168
172
182
Pac[PSI]
57
55
53
51
48
Pk[cmhg]
-3.2
-1.2
0.8
2.4
2.6
0.625
0.150
0.200
0.180
0.340
0.703
0.410
0.611
0.732
0.934
Tk[C]
35
37
38
40
41
k [m-1]
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.17
0.4
Nm [kw]
46.299
9.663
11.595
9.276
15.331
P g i n a 12 | 41
Tac[C]
84
88
87
88
86
Ni [kw]
Ne [kw]
52.08
26.43
35.44
37.72
42.10
5.79
16.77
23.85
28.44
26.76
Mm
[kN.m]
0.19
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.10
Mi
[kN.m]
0.22
0.13
0.19
0.23
0.29
pe [bar]
pm [bar]
pi [bar]
ni [%]
ne [%]
nm [%]
0.78
2.60
4.11
5.52
5.94
6.25
1.50
2.00
1.80
3.40
7.03
4.10
6.11
7.32
9.34
89.83
36.72
42.04
41.47
47.33
9.98
23.30
28.29
31.27
30.09
11.11
63.44
67.28
75.41
63.58
gi[g/KWh ge[g/KWh
]
]
88.08
792.99
215.47
339.63
188.19
279.70
190.80
253.03
167.16
262.92
P g i n a 13 | 41
Gc vs pe2
4
3
2
1
0
-2
-1
Gc vs pe
Gc vs pe1
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-10
-8
-6
-4
Gc vs pe
-2
P g i n a 14 | 41
Gc vs pe4
-5
-3
2.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
-1
Gc vs pe
Grfica 3 Gc vs pe
Gc vs pe3
-2
-1
1
Gc vs pe
Grfica 4 Gc vs pe
P g i n a 15 | 41
N
7.5
7.8
8
8.2
8.5
S[cm]
20
20.3
21.5
22.8
23.7
N[RPM]
2300
2300
2300
2300
2300
N
N[RPM] pm [bar]
1
2300
6.25
2
2000
1.5
3
1800
V [cm3] t[seg]
P1[Lbf] 2P2[Lbf]
4 15.26 160050
1.8 18
25
5 11.62 140075
3.4 14
25
25
9.77
100
7
8.32
125
1
25
Tabla 5 DATOS a N = cte
7.46
150
37
25
S[cm]
15
16.2
17.3
18.6
19.5
N[RPM]
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
V [cm3]
25
25
25
25
25
Grfica 5 Gc vs pe
N
7.1
7.5
7.8
8.1
8.5
t[seg]
17.77
12.91
10.2
7.97
6.48
P1[Lbf]
50
75
100
125
150
P2[Lbf]
24
23.5
24
25
26
Tm[F]
165
168
170
178
181
Pac[PSI]
56
55
54
53
52
Pk[cmhg]
-2.8
-0.8
1.4
4
5.8
Tk[C]
38
40
42
46
50
k [m-1]
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.07
Tac[C]
91
94
95
96
97
Tm[F]
172
173
176
181
190
Pac[PSI]
53
53
52
21
50
Pk[cmhg]
-2.8
-1.6
1.8
5.2
9.4
Tk[C]
42
41
42
47
50
k [m-1]
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.07
0.22
Tac[C]
97
96
96
95
99
S[cm]
N[RPM]
V [cm3]
t[seg]
P1[Lbf]
P2[Lbf]
Tm[F]
Pac[PSI]
Pk[cmhg]
Tk[C]
k [m-1]
Tac[C]
P g i n a 16 | 41
Tabla 6 DATOS a N = cte
13.2
13.5
14
14.7
14.9
1800
1800
1800
1800
1800
25
25
25
25
25
21.05
15.47
12.2
9.45
8.12
50
75
100
125
150
19.5
21
14
19.5
17.5
170
171
171
176
181
52
52
51
50
50
-2.8
-1.8
0
2.6
5.4
40
40
40
42
44
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.07
0.14
94
93
93
91
94
N
6.8
7
7.2
7.5
7.9
S[cm]
10.8
11
11.3
11.7
12.4
N[RPM]
1600
1600
1600
1600
1600
V [cm3]
25
25
25
25
25
t[seg]
25.58
18.5
13.5
9.91
8.02
P1[Lbf]
50
75
100
125
150
P2[Lbf]
19
16.5
19.5
30
34.5
N
6.5
6.8
7
7.2
7.5
S[cm]
8.5
9
8.6
8.8
9.1
N[RPM]
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
V [cm3]
25
25
25
25
25
t[seg]
P1[Lbf]
P2[Lbf]
32
50
16
23.03
75
10
Tabla 8 DATOS a N = cte
17.44
100
6
14.04
125
2.5
12.31
150
37
Tm[F]
173
173
174
178
185
Pac[PSI]
51
51
50
50
49
Pk[cmhg]
-2.6
-1.6
-0.2
2.6
6.2
Tk[C]
40
39
40
40
44
k [m-1]
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.12
0.37
Tac[C]
92
90
89
90
91
Tm[F]
174
170
171
172
177
Pac[PSI]
51
51
50
50
49
Pk[cmhg]
-2.4
-2
-1.2
0
1
Tk[C]
40
39
39
40
41
k [m-1]
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.15
Tac[C]
88
86
87
87
88
P g i n a 17 | 41
P g i n a 18 | 41
Ni
Ga[kg/
[kw]
h]
17.48
244.50
25.48
246.33
30.91
253.50
40.12
261.05
47.06
266.16
Ni [kw]
53.24
61.34
68.28
75.61
99.14
Nm
Gc[kg/
[kw]
h]
11.60
4.78
11.60
6.27
11.60
7.46
11.60
8.76
11.60
9.77
Nm
[kw]
46.30
46.30
46.30
46.30
46.30
gi[g/KW
Gc[g/s pm pe pi
Ne
Hge[g/KW
[%]
pe
h]
h] [MPa]] [MPa]
[bar][MPa]
[kw]
39.94
198.11
588.37 0.09
0.96 0.63
1.02 0.72
80.43 13.45
3.58
6.94
2.55
42.78
184.94
339.38 0.20
1.31 0.63
2.40 0.83
81.03 23.31
2.75
15.04
2.13
40.93
193.30
309.31 0.30
1.66 0.63
3.33 0.92
83.39 25.58
2.38
21.98
2.55
41.15
192.28
270.44 0.40
2.14 0.63
4.92 1.02
85.87 29.26
2.08
29.31
2.13
41.48
190.76
253.13 0.71
2.49 0.63
6.12 1.34
87.55 31.26
1.90
52.84
2.97
gi[g/K ge[g/K
pe
ni [%] ne [%] nm [%]
Gc[g/s]
Wh]
Wh]
[bar]
88.18 11.50 13.04
89.73
688.11
1.33
0.94
77.36 18.97 24.52 102.27
417.07
1.74
2.03
72.41 23.31 32.20 109.27
339.40
2.07
2.97
68.28 26.47 38.77 115.88
298.91
2.43
3.96
80.27 42.78 53.30
98.57
184.94
2.71
7.13
v[%]
[%] ne [%]
ni
nm
Me
[%]
[kN.m]
33.67
0.03
54.49
0.06
62.49
0.09
71.10
0.12
75.36
0.22
Ga[kg/ Gc[kg/
v [%]
h]
h]
211.74 4.10
80.23
220.05 5.65
83.38
227.40 7.15
86.16
235.79 9.15
89.34
241.42 11.25 91.48
3.61
2.73
2.22
1.80
1.50
Me
[kN.m]
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
Ne
[kw]
8.05
16.27
24.82
33.54
42.26
H [%]
1.71
1.71
2.13
2.97
9.03
pe
[MPa]
0.12
0.25
0.39
0.52
0.66
pm
[MPa]
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
pi
[MPa]
0.27
0.40
0.54
0.67
0.81
Ni [kw]
17.71
25.93
34.48
43.20
51.92
Nm
[kw]
9.66
9.66
9.66
9.66
9.66
ni [%]
ne [%] nm [%]
34.16
36.33
38.17
37.37
36.52
15.52
22.79
27.48
29.01
29.72
45.45
62.73
71.98
77.63
81.39
gi[g/KWh ge[g/KW
Gc[g/s]
]
h]
231.62
509.66
1.14
217.78
347.15
1.57
207.27
287.97
1.99
211.73
272.72
2.54
216.67
266.22
3.13
pe
[bar]
1.25
2.53
3.85
5.21
6.56
Ga[kg/ Gc[kg/
v [%]
h]
h]
Me
[kN.m]
Ne
[kw]
H [%]
pe
[MPa]
pm
[MPa]
P g i n a 19 | 41
pi
[MPa]
3.46
4.71
5.98
7.71
8.98
83.35
84.29
85.84
87.96
88.55
4.01
2.98
2.39
1.90
1.64
0.03
0.07
0.10
0.15
0.19
5.89
13.89
19.32
28.52
35.47
2.13
1.71
2.13
2.97
5.84
0.10
0.24
0.33
0.49
0.61
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.30
0.44
0.53
0.69
0.81
Ga[kg/ Gc[kg/
h]
h]
179.67 2.85
181.33 3.94
183.78 5.40
187.01 7.36
192.52 9.09
v [%]
84.82
85.60
86.76
88.28
90.88
4.41
3.22
2.38
1.78
1.48
Me
[kN.m]
0.03
0.07
0.11
0.17
0.22
Ne
[kw]
5.10
11.13
18.65
28.17
36.09
H [%]
1.28
2.13
2.13
5.03
14.71
pe
[MPa]
0.10
0.22
0.36
0.55
0.70
pm
[MPa]
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
pi
[MPa]
0.28
0.40
0.54
0.73
0.88
Ni [kw]
14.37
20.41
27.92
37.45
45.36
Nm
[kw]
9.28
9.28
9.28
9.28
9.28
ni [%]
ne [%]
39.91
40.98
40.91
40.28
39.49
14.15
22.36
27.32
30.30
31.41
nm [%] gi[g/KWh]
35.47
54.55
66.78
75.23
79.55
198.27
193.06
193.38
196.43
200.38
ge[g/KW
Gc[g/s] pe [bar]
h]
559.03
0.79
0.99
353.89
1.09
2.16
289.58
1.50
3.62
261.11
2.04
5.47
251.88
2.52
7.00
Ga[kg/ Gc[kg/
v [%]
h]
h]
159.39 2.28
85.99
164.01 3.17
88.49
160.33 4.18
86.50
162.18 5.19
87.50
164.92 5.92
88.98
4.89
3.62
2.68
2.18
1.95
Me
[kN.m]
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.22
Ne
[kw]
3.76
8.22
13.15
18.19
32.16
H [%]
1.71
2.13
2.55
3.38
6.25
pe
[MPa]
0.08
0.18
0.29
0.40
0.71
pm
[MPa]
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
P g i n a 20 | 41
pi
[MPa]
0.42
0.52
0.63
0.74
1.05
P g i n a 21 | 41
Ni
[kw]
19.09
23.55
28.48
33.53
47.49
Nm
[kw]
15.33
15.33
15.33
15.33
15.33
ni [%] ne [%]
66.29
58.86
53.90
51.09
63.46
13.05
20.54
24.89
27.73
42.97
nm
[%]
19.68
34.89
46.17
54.27
67.72
gi[g/KW
h]
119.35
134.42
146.78
154.87
124.69
ge[g/KW Gc[g/s
h]
]
606.47
0.63
385.23
0.88
317.94
1.16
285.37
1.44
184.12
1.65
pe
[bar]
0.83
1.82
2.92
4.04
7.13
2300 RPM
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
ni vs Ne (1)
ne vs Ne (1)
nm vs Ne (1)
60.00
P g i n a 22 | 42
P g i n a 23 | 42
2000 RPM
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
ni vs Ne (2)
ne vs Ne (2)
nm vs Ne (2)
45.00
P g i n a 24 | 42
1800 RPM
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
ni vs Ne (3)
ne vs Ne (3)
nm vs Ne (3)
40.00
P g i n a 25 | 42
1600 RPM
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
ni vs Ne (4)
ne vs Ne (4)
nm vs Ne (4)
40.00
1400 RPM
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
ni vs Ne (5)
ne vs Ne (5)
nm vs Ne (5)
35.00
P g i n a 26 | 42
Grafica 10 a 1400 RPM CTE
2300 RPM
780.00
680.00
580.00
480.00
380.00
280.00
180.00
80.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
gi vs Ne
ge vs Ne
60.00
P g i n a 27 | 42
2000 RPM
580.00
480.00
380.00
280.00
180.00
80.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
gi vs Ne
ge vs Ne
60.00
P g i n a 28 | 42
1800 RPM
680.00
580.00
480.00
380.00
280.00
180.00
80.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
gi vs Ne
ge vs Ne
60.00
P g i n a 29 | 42
1600 RPM
680.00
580.00
480.00
380.00
280.00
180.00
80.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
gi vs Ne
ge vs Ne
60.00
P g i n a 30 | 42
1400 RPM
680.00
580.00
480.00
380.00
280.00
180.00
80.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
gi vs Ne
ge vs Ne
60.00
P g i n a 31 | 42
2300 RPM
10.00
800.00
8.00
600.00
6.00
400.00
4.00
200.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
Gc vs Ne
ge vs Ne
P g i n a 32 | 42
2000 RPM
10.00
600.00
8.00
500.00
400.00
6.00
300.00
4.00
200.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
Gc vs Ne
ge vs Ne
P g i n a 33 | 42
1800 RPM
800.00
10.00
8.00
600.00
6.00
400.00
4.00
200.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
Gc vs Ne
ge vs Ne
P g i n a 34 | 42
1600 RPM
10.00
600.00
8.00
500.00
400.00
6.00
300.00
4.00
200.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
Gc vs Ne
ge vs Ne
P g i n a 35 | 42
1400 RPM
8.00
800.00
6.00
600.00
4.00
400.00
2.00
200.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
Gc vs Ne
ge vs Ne
P g i n a 36 | 42
2300 RPM
800.00
4.00
600.00
3.00
400.00
2.00
200.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
ge vs Ne
alfa vs Ne
0.00
60.00
P g i n a 37 | 42
2000 RPM
600.00
4.00
500.00
3.00
400.00
300.00
2.00
200.00
1.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
ge vs Ne
alfa vs Ne
0.00
60.00
P g i n a 38 | 42
1800 RPM
700.00
600.00
500.00
400.00
300.00
200.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
ge vs Ne
alfa vs Ne
0.00
60.00
P g i n a 39 | 42
1600 RPM
600.00
5.00
500.00
4.00
400.00
3.00
300.00
2.00
200.00
1.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
ge vs Ne
alfa vs Ne
0.00
60.00
P g i n a 40 | 42
1400 RPM
700.00
600.00
500.00
400.00
300.00
200.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
0.00
60.00
ge vs Ne
alfa vs Ne
P g i n a 41 | 42