Presin de Fractura

Es el gradiente de presin
requerido para inducir fracturas
a una profundidad determinada

Es necesario conocer el mximo

peso de lodo que se puede usar
sin fracturar la formacin

Este peso est definido por el

gradiente de fractura

Corresponde al esfuerzo mnimo

dividido por la profundidad

El peso del lodo se encuentra

entre el gradiente de presin de
poro y el gradiente de fractura

Presin de Fractura
1

Es mas sensible conocer el

gradiente de fractura cuando
1
se perfora una formacin con
3
sobre presin

Figure 6.35 Stress regime distributions in three plan of a block.

En cualquier punto en el
3
subsuelo existe un rgimen de
1
esfuerzos
de tres
esfuerzos
Figure
6.35
Stress
regime distributions in three plan of a block.
principales perpendiculares
entre ellos

La orientacin de la fractura se
efecta perpendicularmente al
esfuerzo mnimo

Presin de Fractura

El gradiente de fractura se
requiere para:

Seleccionar los sitios a

sentar revestimiento

Prevenir prdidas de
circulacin

Definir el plan de
fracturamiento hidrulico

Ayuda en la seleccin de
reas de produccin e
inyeccin

Presin de Fractura

Los factores que afectan el

gradiente de fractura:

Tipo de roca

Grado de anisotropa

Presin de poros

Presin de sobrecarga

Tectnica en el rea

Mtodos para Estimar

Presin de Fractura

La determinacin de la Presin
de Fractura se puede obtener:

Mtodos Directos

Mtodos Indirectos

Time
Increment of mud pumped in

Mtodos
Directos
Figure
6.37 Leak-off test.
Prueba de Integridad (Leak O
Test, LOT)

Una vez se sienta y cementa el

revestimiento se realiza la prueba
de integridad para verificar que el
revestimiento, el cemento y la
formacin soportan las presiones
de trabajo
En el LOT se hace una
presurizacin programada del
lodo hasta que la formacin se
fractura

A la presin de superficie se le
adicional la presin de la columna
del lodo para determinar la
presin de fractura

Pump stopped

3000

Pressure (psi)

SPfrac
2000

1000

2
4
6
Volume pumped
(bbl)

4 6
Time
(min)

Figure 6.38 Leak-off test results taken after drilling the first sand below the

Time
Increment of mud pumped in

Mtodos
Directos
Figure
6.37 Leak-off test.
Procedimiento:

Perfore el cemento debajo del

zapato del revestimiento,
aproximadamente 10 pies dentro
de la formacin

Circule para limpiar el pozo y

estabilizar la densidad del lodo

Cierre la preventora anular en

superficie

Bombee lodo a tasas de 0.25 a 1

bbl/min

Registre las presiones hasta que

se observe el desvo de la lnea
recta

Pump stopped

3000

Pressure (psi)

SPfrac
2000

1000

2
4
6
Volume pumped
(bbl)

4 6
Time
(min)

Figure 6.38 Leak-off test results taken after drilling the first sand below the

Volume pumped
Time
e pumped
Time
0
pumped
Time
(min)aft
off
results
taken
after(bbl)
drilling
the firsttaken
sand
below
the casing
bbl)test
(min)
Figure
6.38
Leak-off
test results
er drilling
theseat.
first0sand below the casingTime
seat.

bbl)

(min)

ff test results
after drilling
the first
sand below
the casing
Thetaken
predicted
surface
leak-off
pressure
is seat.
based

on the formationIncrement
fracture pressure
of mud pumped in
d surface
is based
on the
formation
fracture
predicted
by pressure
onesurface
of the
empirical
correlations
presented
the next section.
e preTheleak-off
predicted
leak-off
pressure
is based
on pressure
theinformation
fractureTh
pressure
ofpredicted
the
empirical
correlations
presented
in
theby:
nextfracture
section.
Thein
predicted
surface
leak-off
pressure
is
given
dne
surface
leak-off
pressure
is
based
on
the
formation
pressure
by
one
of
the
empirical
correlations
presented
the next section. The preFigure
6.37
Leak-off
test.
essure
is
based
on
the
formation
fracture
pressure
ssure is based on the formation fracture pressure
is correlations
given
by:next
eeak-off
of dicted
the pressure
empirical
presented
ine the
next section. The preorrelations
presented
in
section.
presurface
pressure
given
by:
rrelations
presented
inleak-off
thethe
next
section.
Thise Th
prePf
(6.45)
ak-off
is given by: Plo Pfp 0.052 m D
ven
by: pressure
en by:
Plo Pfp 0.052 m D
Pf
(6.45)
Plo Pfp 0.052 m D
Pf
(6.45)
DD
52
Plo PPfPfpf 0.052 m D
Pf (6.45)
52 mmHere
(6.45)
(6.45)
Plo = surface leak-off pressure, psi
Pump stopped
Here
ce leak-off
pressure,
psi
3000
Pfp = observed fracture pressure, psi
P
=pressure,
surfacepsi
leak-off pressure,
psi
lo
rved
fracture
3
psi
esi leak-off
pressure,
psi
B
=
mud
density,
lb
/ft
.
m =
P
3observed fracture
m pressure, psi
fp
,density,
psi
lb
/ft
.
e,
psifracture
ved
pressure,
psi
D m = total depth, ft.
A
3
SP
frac
3 mud density, lb /ft.
m
depth, ftlb
. /ft=
m
density,
.
Pm f ==friction
pressure
loss, psi
D
2000
total
depth,
ft
.
n
pressure
loss,
psi
depth, ft.
pressure loss, psi
pressurePloss,
psi
f = friction
Frictional
pressure loss
can
calculated
using the gel strength as:
ure loss
can be calculated
using
thebegel
strength as:

drillingthe
thefirst
first
sand
below
casing
drilling
sand
below
thethe
casing
seat.seat.

Pressure (psi)

Mtodos Directos

ated using the gel strength as:

atedloss
using
strengthloss
as: can
ure
canthe
be gel
calculated
using
thebe
gelcalculated
strengthg as:
Frictional
pressure
gel strength as:
Dusing the1000
D
g
Pf
g D
(6.46)
P
D
(6.46)
f
D
g
300
d
g
300
d
g D
(6.46)
300 d
(6.46)
P

300Here
d

Pf

300 d
300 d
2
= gel
rength, lbg m/100ft
.2 strength, lbm/100ft.
Here
= total
depth, lb
ftD.m/100ft
ength,
.2 depth, ft.
2
=
gel
strength,
lb
/100ft
.
inftd
rpipe,
diameter
drill pipe,
in mof the drill pipe, in
depth,
.g of the
= inner
diameter
= total
D of the
pipe, in
diameter
drill depth,
pipe, inft.
d
= inner diameter of the drill pipe, in

2
4
6
Volume pumped
(bbl)

(6.46)

(6.46)
2

4 6
Time
(min)

Figure 6.38 Leak-off test results taken after drilling the first sand below the

Mtodos Directos
El revestimiento de un pozo se coloc a 10000 pies. El operador realiza una LOT para
evaluar el gradiente de fractura a 10000 pies. Si el peso de lodo usado fue de 11.2 lb/gal,
cual es el gradiente de fractura? Desprecie las prdidas por friccin. Los datos del LOT
son:
Volumen Bombeado
(bbl)
0.0

Presin (psi)

1.0

45

1.5

125

2.0

230

2.5

350

3.0

470

3.5

590

4.0

710

4.5

830

5.0

950

5.5

990

6.0

1010

Mtodos Directos
1200
1100
1000
900

Presin, psi

800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

Volumen Bombeado, Barriles

Mtodos Directos
1200
1100
1000

950 psi

900

Presin, psi

800
700
600
500
400
300

GF = ((11.2 lb/gal * 0.052 * 10000) + 950 psi)/10000 ft

GF = 0.6774 psi/ft
GF = 13.02 lb/gal

200
100
0

Volumen Bombeado, Barriles

Mtodos Indirectos

Los mtodos indirectos se

basan correlaciones tericas
y empricas

Se han derivado de estudios

de esfuerzos para reas
determinadas

Sin embargo se utilizan para

reas anlogas como
aproximaciones

Se calibran con los datos de

las LOTs

ures
and gradients
are based on theoretical and
6.2.7.2
Indirect Methods
ismber
for ofpredicting
gradient.
Many of these correlations
theoreticalthe
andfracture
field-developed
correEstimations of formation fracture pressures and gradients are based on theoretical and
ure
gradients.
These correlations
are established
mediate
application
in a particular
geologic area. However, it is an
empirical correlations. In literature, a number of theoretical and field-developed correfracture
of other)
these
correlations
ach
based
on density
(or
logging
measurements
taken
after
lations
are gradient.
reported
toMany
approximate
fracture
gradients.
These correlations
are established
n a In
particular
geologic
area. However,
itisisagradient.
anfunction
using
stress
analysis
predicting
the fracture
Many
thesepressure,
correlations
ed.
general,
theforfracture
gradient
of of
pore
(orsuitable
other)
logging
measurements
aft
er Calculation
are
for
immediate
application
a particular
geologic area. However,
it is an
ient,
overburden
gradient,
and intaken
stress
rate.
procedures
acture
gradient
is a function
of pore(or
pressure,
observation
approach
based on density
other) logging measurements taken after
on
either
a
history
of
the
fi
eld
or
geological
structure,
orpore
on pressure,
field
the
well
been
drilled.
In
general,
the
fracture
gradient
is
a
function
of
dient,
and
stress
rate.
Calculation
procedures
Modelo de Huber & Willis
izing
leak-off
tests oroverburden
logging
methods.
e following
equations
and
pore
gradient,
rate. Calculation
procedures
of
thepressure
field orgradient,
geological
structure,
or on and
fiTh
eldstress
for
these methods.
areas
a history
of the field
or geological
structure, or on field
mmonly
usedrely
to on
determine
theequations
fracture
pressure
theoretically.
logging
Theither
e following
and
Loutilizing
determinations
leak-off tests
logging methods. The following equations and
propusieron
enor1957

mine the fracture

pressure
theoretically.

Mtodos Indirectos

correlations are commonly used to determine the fracture pressure theoretically.

illis
Model: In 1957, they proposed a method for calculating frac fact
they
athat
method
forInformacin
calculating
fracSeWillis
fractura
la
onproposed
the
fracturing
occurs
when the
applied
fluid presi)d
Hubbert
and
Model:
1957,
they proposed
a method
for calculating
fracacturing
occurs
when
the
applied
fluid
presture
based
the
fact
thatand
fracturing
occurs pressure.
when the applied
uid prescuando
la
presin
aplicada
m
ofgradients
minimum
effon
ective
stress
formation
The effflective
ive
and
Thstress
edel
eff
ective
sure
exceeds
the
sum
of minimum
effective
stress
and pore
formation
pressure.Th
Theefraceffective
esformation
mayor
apressure.
la suma
thestress
difference
between
the
total
and
pressure.
stress
defined
as the
erence
betweenTh
thee total
en
theistotal
stress
anddiff
pore
pressure.
frac-stress and pore pressure. The fracesfuerzo
y la presin
ed tothe
beminimum
perpendicular
to the
minimum
principle
stress.stress.
The Th
below
ture
is
assumed
to
bemnimo
perpendicular
minimum
principle
e below
ar toplane
principle
stress. Thtoe the
below
determine
thetoporos
fracture
de
o pressure.
formacin
equation
is used
determine
the fracture pressure.
re
pressure.

Pf

Pfp

min

PPffp

Pf

(6.47)

min

(6.47)
(6.47)

Here
Pfp = observed fracture pressure at the point of interest, psi
e point
of
interest,at
psiective
minimum
eff
stress of
at the
point ofpsi
interest, psi
min =
racture
pressure
the point
interest,
P = formation
of interest,
psipressure
pore
at the
of interest,
me point
efff ective
stress
at
the point
of point
interest,
psi psi

oint of interest, psi

pore
pressure
the point
of interest,
psi
The failure
of theat
material
of porous
media is controlled
by the magnitude of the effec-

tive isstress
only andbynot
total stress.ofIn
this
the fracture pressure is condia
controlled
thethe
magnitude
the
effmethod,
ectrolled byof
overburden
stress gradient,
formation
pore
pressure gradient
andeff
Poissons
material
porousthemedia
is controlled
the magnitude
of the
ecIn this method,
fracture
pressure
is by
conratio
rocks.
Hubbert
andIn
Willis
was found
not applicable
in soft is
rocks.
dormation
notofthe
total
stress.
thismethod
method,
the fracture
pressure
conpore
pressure
gradient
and
Poissons
In calculating the fracture gradient, Hubbert and Willis explored the variables

effective
at the
pointisofcontrolled
interest, psiby the magnitude of the effecmin = minimum
The failure
of the material
ofstress
porous
media
pore
at the
pointIn
of this
interest,
psi the fracture pressure is conf = formation
tive Pstress
only and
notpressure
the total
stress.
method,
trolled
by overburden stress gradient, formation pore pressure gradient and Poissons
The failure of the material of porous media is controlled by the magnitude of the effecratio
of rocks.
Willis
method
was
found the
notfracture
applicable
in soft
rocks.
tive stress
onlyHubbert
and not and
the total
stress.
In this
method,
pressure
is conIn calculating
the stress
fracture
gradient,
Hubbert
and Willis
explored
the variables
trolled
by overburden
gradient,
formation
pore pressure
gradient
and Poissons
involved
in initiating
fracture
formation.
According
to them,
therocks.
fracture gradient
ratio of rocks.
Hubbertaand
Willis in
method
was found
not applicable
in soft
is a In
function
of overburden
formation
andexplored
a relationship
between the
calculating
the fracturestress,
gradient,
Hubbertpressure,
and Willis
the variables
involvedque
inand
initiating
a fracture
in Th
formation.
According
to them,
gradient
Proponen
lavertical
presin
de fractura
est
controlada
portheelfracture
esfuerzo
sobrecarga,
la
horizontal
stresses.
ey believed
this stress
relationship
to be
indethe
range
a function
ofofoverburden
stress,
formation
pressure,the
and
a relationship
between
theesfuerzo vertical y
ofis 1/3
to la
1/2formacin
the totaly overburden.
Therefore
fracture
gradient
determination
presin
de
la
relacin
de
Poisson
como
la relacin
entre
horizontal
vertical stresses. They believed this stress relationship to be in the range
would
be asand
follows:
horizontales
entre
1/2 y 1/3

Modelo de Hubbert & Willis

of 1/3 to 1/2 of the total overburden. Therefore the fracture gradient determination
1 min 2 Pf
would be as follows:

G fr _ min

G fr _ min

G fr _ max

Here

G fr _ max

D 2 Pf D
1 3 min
v
3 D
D

1 min Pf
1 2 min
v D Pf D
2

(6.48a)

(6.48a)

(6.48b)

(6.48b)

Here Pfp
FORMATION PORE AND FRACTURE PRESSURE ESTIMATION
G fr
Pfp = fracture pressure gradient at the point of interest, psi/ft.
G fr D = fracture pressure gradient at the point of interest, psi/ft.
D
v
min

D
Gp
D

299

= minimum
Overburden effective stress gradient at the point of interest, psi/ft.
Pf
=
= formation pore pressure gradient at the point of interest, psi/ft.
D
= depth, ft.

If an overburden stress gradient or minimum effective stress gradient is assumed to be

1 psi/ft., Eq. (6.48) becomes as:

constructs a vertical line from this point to the minimum and maxi
ents.psi/ft
Read. the fracture mud weight from the ordinate. It is shown th
um effective stress gradient at the point of interest,
weight for a 12.0-lb/gal equivalent formation pressure could range
ormation pore pressure gradient at the point Eqs.
of interest,
. Hubbert and Willis assumed that the stress relatio
(6.48 psi/ft
6.49),
burden gradients were constant for all depths. Since this has been pr
ft.

Modelo de Hubbert & Willis

ress gradient or minimum effective stress gradient is assumed to be

Asumiendo el gradiente de sobrecarga igual a 1 psi/ft
becomes as:

(6.49a)
(6.49b)

res can be done in a graphical form for a quick solution. Lets assume
mple 12.0 lb/gal) value required to balance the formation and enter it
ure 6.39). Applying this value draws a horizontal line along the presthe limit of the intersection of formation pressure gradient lineand
Este
a formaciones
l line
frommodelo
this pointaplicable
to the minimum
and maximum fracture gradiure normalmente
mud weight frompresurizadas,
the ordinate. It ispresenta
shown thatun
the fracture mud
b/galgradiente
equivalent de
formation
pressure
could range
from 14.4 to 15. In
fractura
constante
con la
Hubbert
and Willis assumed
stress relationships
profundidad
y facilitathat
unthe
desarrollo
grficoand the overere para
constant
for all depths.
Since this has
been proven untrue in most
obtener
una respuesta
rpida.

um
im
ax

g
fp

p
3
0.7

im
Por
um
ep
fp
res
g0
sur
eg
0..76
rad
43 pp
ien
ssii/
t
ftt

Pf

17

f
si/

16
15

in

Minimum and maximum

fracture and mud weight,
lb/gal

G fr _ max

1
1
2

18

2 Pf

Pore and Fracture Pressure, lb/gal

G fr _ min

1
1
3

19

14
13
12
11

Pore pressure

10
9
0.4

19
18

Minimum and maximum

fracture and mud weight,
lb/gal

3
0.7

i/f
s
p

0.5

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Pressure Gradient, psi/ft

1.0

Figure 6.39 Graphical determination of fracture gradients as proposed by Hubbert a

constructs a vertical line from this point to the minimum and maxi
ents. Read the fracture mud weight from the ordinate. It is shown th
weight for a 12.0-lb/gal equivalent formation pressure could range
Eqs. (6.48 6.49), Hubbert and Willis assumed that the stress relatio
burden gradients were constant for all depths. Since this has been pr

Modelo de Hubbert & Willis

Calcular los gradientes mximo y mnimo del

Modelo de Hubbert&Willis si se est perforando en
el rea del Golfo de Mxico con lodo de 12 lb/gal
para balancear la presin de la formacin

um
im
ax

g
fp

p
3
0.7

im
Por
um
ep
fp
res
g0
sur
eg
0..76
rad
43 pp
ien
ssii/
t
ftt

Gfm = (1/2)(1 + 12(lb/gal) *0.052) = 0.812 psi/ft = 16.6 Lb/gal

17

f
si/

16
15

in

Gfm = (1/3)(1 + 2*12(lb/gal) *0.052) = 0.749 psi/ft = 14.4 Lb/gal

Minimum and maximum

fracture and mud weight,
lb/gal

GfM = (1/2)(v/D + Pf)

18

Pore and Fracture Pressure, lb/gal

Gfm = (1/3)(v/D + 2Pf)

19

14
13
12
11

Pore pressure

10
9
0.4

0.5

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Pressure Gradient, psi/ft

1.0

Figure 6.39 Graphical determination of fracture gradients as proposed by Hubbert a

300

FORMATION PORE AND FRACTURE PRESSURE ESTIMATION 301

FUNDAMENTALS OF SUSTAINABLE DRILLING ENGINEERING

subsequentOFmethods
haveDRILLING
attempted
to12,000
account
for
one
or
both
of
these
variables
0 cases,
FUNDAMENTALS
SUSTAINABLE
ENGINEERING
= 6,960 psi
The pore pressure at a depth of 12,000 ft. = 0.58
cases,
subsequent
have
attempted
to accountstress
for one
of these
more
accurately.
Mathewsmethods
and Kelly
method,
the minimum
can or
beboth
calculated
by variables
Eq.
Using
more
accurately.
(6.50)
as:
ses,
subsequent
methods have attempted to account for one or both of these variables

Modelo de Matthew & Kelly

Matthews and Kelly Model: Matthews and Kelly (1967) published a fracture gradioreii)accurately.
ii)ent
Matthews
and Kelly
Model:
Matthews
and
Kelly
(1967)
published
a fracture
gradiF
0.712
11400
6960
4,440
psi
relationship
which
diff
ers
from
the
Hubbert
and
Willis
model.
Th
ey
noticed based
min
z
ent
relationship
whichModel:
diff
ers Matthews
from
the Hubbert
and
Willis
model.
Th
ey noticed
based
En
1967
Matthew
y
Kelly
publicaron
el
modelo.
En
su
experiencia
en
perforacin
notaron
Matthews
and
Kelly
and
Kelly
(1967)
published
a
fracture
gradion drilling experience that the formation fracture gradients increase with depth, even
on
drilling
experience
that
the
formation
fracture
gradients
increase
with an
depth,
even
Th
e fracture
pressure
can
befrom
obtained
using
Eq. and
(6.51)
as:
que
los
gradientes
de
fractura
aumentaban
con
la
profundidad
en
formaciones
con
t relationship
which
diff
ers
the
Hubbert
Willis
model.
Th
ey
noticed
based
in
normally
pressured
formations.
Th
erefore,
the
following
correlation
was
introduced.
indrilling
normally
pressured
formations.
Therefore,
thegradients
followingincrease
correlation
was
introduced.
compactacin
normal
experience
that
the
formation
fracture
with
depth,
even
Pfp 4440 6960 11,400 psi
Aplicaron
la correlacin:
normally
pressured
formations. Therefore, the
F following correlation was introduced.(6.50)
min

F
min

(6.50)

Therefore, maximum equivalent mud weight which can be calculated using Eq. (4.36a)
F z
(6.50)
as:
min

Here
Here
11400
F F = variable
matrix
stress
coeffi
cient cient
for the
depth
valuethe
of value
= variable
matrix
stress coeffi
for
the
depth
which
of
EMW
18.27
lbmat
/which
gal atthe
z would
max
ere
0.052
12000
be be
normal
matrix
stress,
dimensionless
normal
matrix
stress,
dimensionless
F
= variable matrix stress coefficient for
the depth at which the value of z would
matrix
stress
= ob=mud
Pf , weight
psi
z the=minimum
And
equivalent
can be calculated as:
=
matrix
stress
Pf , psi
z be normal matrix stress,obdimensionless
= overburden pressure, psi
ob
= overburden
psi
=
matrix
stress = ob pressure,
Pf , psi 6960
ob
z
11.15 lbm / gal
EMW
=
overburden
pressure,
min psi
ob
Substituting
the Eq.la(6.50)
into Eq.
(6.47),
fracture pressure can be obtained as:
0.052
12000
Sustituyendo
Ec. (6.50)
en
la Ec.(6.47):

would

Substituting the Eq. (6.50) into Eq. (6.47), fracture pressure can be obtained as:
Equationthe
(6.51)
can beinto
expressed
in terms
of pressure
fracture gradient.
Matthews
and Kelly
bstituting
Eq. (6.50)
Eq.Pfp(6.47),
fracture
can
be
obtained
as:
F z Pf
(6.51)
developed the following equation for calculating
fracture gradients in the sedimentary

Pfp

Pf

(6.51)

Pfp Fstress
Pf cient is a monotonic function
(6.51)
En trminos
gradiente:
Informations
Eq.
(6.51),as:thede
variable
matrix
coeffi
of depth to
z

represent
formation
ThFis coeffi
relates
matrix stress
condiIn Eq. (6.51),
the properties.
variable matrix
stress
coeffi
cientthe
is aactual
monotonic
function
of depth to
Pfcient
z
Eq. (6.51), the variable matrix
stress
coeffi
cient
is
a
monotonic
function
of
depth
to
G frconditions
(6.52)
tions
of the formation
toproperties.
the
of
matrix
stress
if
the
formation
were comrepresent
formation
Th
is
coeffi
cient
relates
the
actual
matrix
stress condiD
D
present
formation
properties.
Th
is
coeffi
cient
relates
the
actual
matrix
stress
condipacted
normally.
For simplicity,
theconditions
authors assumed
an overburden
pressure
gradient
tions
of
the
formation
to
the
of
matrix
stress
if
the
formation
Thofeythe
believed
that the
conditions
necessary
for fracturing
the formation
formation would
be were comons
formation
to
the
conditions
of
matrix
stress
if
the
were
comequal
to 1.0
psi/ft. and
a pore
pressurethe
gradient
equal
to 0.465
. In their work,
the gradient
pacted
normally.
For
simplicity,
authors
assumed
anpsi/ft
overburden
pressure

Modelo de Mattew & Kelly

302

FUNDAMENTALS OF SUSTAINABLE DRILLING ENGINEERING

El trabajo fue emprico para el Golfo de Mxico y

las reas de Louisiana y el Sur de Texas.
Asumieron el gradiente de presin d e la
formacin como 0.465 psi/ft y el gradiente de
sobrecarga como 1 psi/ft.

Matrix stress coefficient

Versus D1 for
South Texas Gulf Coast
and
Louisiana Gulf Coast

2
4

South Texas
Gulf Coast

Depth 1,000 ft

Se sigue el procedimiento:
1. Se obtiene la presin de la formacin
2. Se calcula el esfuerzo de la matriz, z,
como z = ob - Pf
3. Determine Di para el cual z tendr la
tendencia normal. Asuma que z es 1
psi/ft y gradiente de la formacin 0.465
psi/ft, 0.535Di = z
4. Use el valor de Di en la Figura y
determine F
5. Calcule el Gradiente de Fractura, Gf

8
Louisiana
Gulf Coast

10
12
14
16
18
20

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7
F

0.8

0.9

1.0

= total vertical depth = 12,500 ft.

Pf
=
= pore pressure gradient = 0.695 psi/ft.
D

ired data:
Pfp
=
= fracture pressure gradient in psi/ft.
D
302 FUNDAMENTALS OF SUSTAINABLE DRILLING ENGINEERING
Pfp
ppg de Mxico y el
sepressure
perfora
en elinGolfo
= Un =pozo
fracture
gradient
D
0

Modelo de Mattew & Kelly

Gp =

Pf

= 0.695 psi/ft.

Depth 1,000 ft

rea de Lousiana, a 12500 ft y donde el

ase gradiente
Pf and D are known
i.e. pore pressure
gradient is known.
de presin
de la formacin
fue Th
dee matrix stress,
2
be calculated
using
P
where
overburden
gradient
is
considered
as
z
ob elf gradiente de fractura en
0.695 psi/ft. Calcule
Finally F is determined graphically using Figure 6.40. We will use the above
4
psi/ft
y lb/gal.
re to
calculate
the fracture gradient.
1. Se determina Gp
6
First, determineFORMATION
the pore pressure
gradient.
PORE
AND FRACTURE PRESSURE ESTIMATION

Matrix stress coefficient

Versus D1 for
South Texas Gulf Coast
and
Louisiana Gulf Coast

D FORMATION PORE AND FRACTURE PRESSURE ESTIMATION

xt, calculate the matrix stress.

calcula
esfuerzo
de
matriz
ATION PORE
AND
FRACTURE
PRESSURE
ESTIMATION
the matrix
stress.
D2. 2.Se
P Next,
D calculate
1 el0.695
12500
0.305 303
12500
ob

South Texas
Gulf Coast

303

10

3,812.5 psi

303

Louisiana
Gulf Coast

D Pf D 1 0.695 12500 0.305 1250012 3,812.5 psi

z
ob
trix
stress.
ow determine the depth, Di under normally pressured conditions. In

14 conditions.
would
3,812.5
psi and
normal
pore In
s1case,
the 3.
rock
matrix
Now
determine
the zdepth,
Di be
under
normally
pressured
0.695
12500
0.305stress
12500
3,812.5
psi
this
rock. matrix stress z would be 3,812.5 psi and normal pore
essure gradient
iscase,
0.46the
psi/ft
16
pressure
gradient
is 0.46
psi/ft.
3. Determine
Di.
epth, Di under
normally
pressured
conditions.
In
pore
rix stress z would be 3,812.5 psi and
Di normal
Pfn D
zn
obn
18
Di P
D

46 psi/ft.
zn

obn

zn

Di

1.0-0.465
1.0
0.46

Pfn Di

Di

obn

fn

D
3,812.5
1.0i 0.46
Di 3,812.5

7,060.19
7126 Di ft 7,060.19 ft

20

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7
F

0.8

0.9

1.0

Pf

3,812.5
0.65
0.695 0.893 psi /
12,500

G fr
3. Now determine the depth, Di under normally pressured conditions.
In
D
D
this case, the rock matrix stress z would be 3,812.5 psi and normal pore
pressure gradient is 0.46 psi/ft.
In terms of ppg, the formation fracture gradient is

Modelo de Mattew
D P
D& Kelly
zn

obn

1.0 0.46

Di

Di

fn

3,812.5

Matrix stress coefficient

Versus D1 for
South Texas Gulf Coast
and
Louisiana Gulf Coast

7,060.19 ft
2

4. Using Di 7060 ft, Matthews and Kelly plot (Figure 6.40) is applied to
4. Obtenga F de la grfica, de 0.64
construct Figure 6.41 and obtained the corresponding value of Fz 0.65
4 .
5. Finally to calculate the formation fracture gradient (G f ), Eq. (6.52) is
5. Se calcula el Gf
applied.

South Texas
Gulf Coast

Pf

3,812.5
G fr
0.65
0.695 0.893 psi / ft
D
12,500 ENGINEERING
FUNDAMENTALSDOF SUSTAINABLE
DRILLING
rms of ppg, the formation fracture gradient is
0.893 psi / ft
G fr
17.18 ppg
0.052
z

Depth 1,000 ft

8
10
12

ii) Pennebaker Model: The Pennebaker (1968)

correlation
Matrix stress
coefficientis similar to the Mathews
Versus D1 for
d Kelly method as shown
by Eq. (6.50). HeSouth
correlated
stress rate coeffi
2
14cient with
Texas Gulfthe
Coast
and
th regardless of the pore pressure gradient. Pennebaker
did not assume a constant
Louisiana Gulf Coast
4
rburden pressure gradient.
Instead he used a variable overburden pressure
gradient
16
ing into account the depth and formation type.
South Texas
6
v) Eaton Model: In 1969, Ben Eaton modifiedGulf
theCoast
Hubbert and Willis method.
18
assumed that both overburden stress and Poissons ratio are assumed to be vari8
es with depth. Eaton
also assumed an elastic rock behavior and a lateral strain
t could be related10to the vertical
stress ratio as a function of Poissons20ratio. The
Louisiana
0.3
0.4
Gulf Coast
izontal and vertical stress ratio
and the matrix stress coefficient are dependent
epth 1,000 ft

Louisiana
Gulf Coast

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0.893
psi / ft 17.18 ppg
0.052
0.052
GGfr fr
17.18 ppg
0.052
0.052(1968)
iii) Pennebaker
Model:
The Pennebaker
(1968)
correlation
is similar
to the Mathews
iii) Pennebaker
Model:
The Pennebaker
correlation
is similar
to the Mathews
iii)
Pennebaker
Model:
ePennebaker
Pennebaker
(1968)
correlation
similar
to the
the
Mathews
andand
Kelly
method
as shown
by Eq.
(6.50).
He correlated
the
stress
coeffi
with
iii)
Pennebaker
Th
eEq.
correlation
isissimilar
to
Mathews
Kelly
method
as Model:
shown
byTh
(6.50).
He(1968)
correlated
the rate
stress
ratecient
coeffi
cient
with
and
Kelly
shownbybyEq.
Eq.(6.50).
(6.50).
Hecorrelated
correlated
the
stress
ratea coeffi
coeffi
cient with
depth
regardless
ofmethod
the
pressure
gradient.
Pennebaker
didthe
notdid
assume
constant
and
Kelly
method
asasshown
He
stress
cient
with
depth
regardless
of pore
the
pore
pressure
gradient.
Pennebaker
notrate
assume
a constant
depth
regardless
thepore
porepressure
pressure
gradient.
Pennebaker
didpressure
not assume
assume
overburden
pressure
gradient.
Instead
he used
aused
variable
overburden
gradient
depth
regardless
ofof
the
gradient.
did
not
aa constant
constant
overburden
pressure
gradient.
Instead
he
a Pennebaker
variable
overburden
pressure
gradient
overburden
pressure
gradient.
Instead
he
used
a
variable
overburden
pressure
gradient
taking
intointo
account
the depth
and formation
type.
overburden
pressure
gradient.
Instead
he
used
a variable overburden pressure gradient
taking
account
the
depth
and
formation
type.
taking
into
account
thedepth
depth
andformation
formation
type.
iv) taking
Eaton
Model:
In 1969,
Ben
Eaton
modifiedtype.
the Hubbert and Willis method.
into
account
the
and
iv) Eaton
Model:
In
1969,
Ben
Eaton
modified
the
Hubbert
and
method.
iv)that
Eaton
Model:
In 1969,
Benand
Eaton
modified
theare
Hubbert
andtoWillis
Willis
method.
He assumed
both
overburden
stress
Poissons
ratio
assumed
be
variiv) Eaton
Model:
In
1969, Benstress
Eatonand
modified
the ratio
Hubbert
and Willistomethod.
He
assumed
that
both
overburden
Poissons
are
assumed
bevarivariHe
assumed
that
both
overburden
stress
and
Poissons
ratio
are
assumed
to be
En 1969
Ben
Eaton
modific
el
modelo
de
Hubbert
y
Willis.
Asumi que tanto
ables
with
depth.
Eaton
also
assumed
an
elastic
rock
behavior
and
a
lateral
strain
He
assumed
that
both
overburden
stress
and
Poissons
ratio
are
assumed
to
be
variablesables
withwith
depth.
Eaton
alsoalso
assumed
ananelastic
rock
behavior
and
aa lateral
lateral strain
strain
depth.
Eaton
assumed
elastic
rock
behavior
and
that
could
be
related
to
the
vertical
stress
ratio
as
a
function
of
Poissons
ratio.
The
esfuerzo
debesobrecarga
como
lastress
relacin
de
Poisson
varan
lastrain
profundidad.
ables
with
depth.
Eaton
also
assumed
anratio
elastic
behavior
and a con
lateral
that
could
related
to the
vertical
asasrock
a afunction
of
Poissons
ratio.
The
that
could
be
related
to
the
vertical
stress
ratio
function
of
Poissons
ratio.
The
horizontal
and
vertical
stress
ratio
and
the
matrix
stress
coefficient
are
dependent
that couldand
be vertical
related
tostress
thecomportamiento
vertical
stress
ratio
aselstico
astress
function
Poissons
ratio.
The
Adicionalmente
asumi
y ofrelacin
de esfuerzos
horizontal
horizontal
ratio
and
the
matrix
coefficient
are
dependent
horizontal
and
vertical
stress
ratio
and
the
matrix
stress
coefficient
dependent
on thehorizontal
Poissons ratio
of the formation.
Mathematically
thestress
model
can be written
as:
and
vertical
stress
ratio
and
the
matrix
coefficient
are
dependent
vertical
de
deMathematically
Poisson:
onen
thefuncin
Poissons
ratio
of relacin
the
formation.
Mathematicallythe
themodel
model can be written
on the
Poissons
ratio
of la
the
formation.
writtenas:
as:
on the Poissons ratio of the formation. Mathematically the model can be written as:
fr

Modelo de Eaton

h
y y
y

1h

11
1

z z
z

(6.53)

Pfp

ob

P1fpPfp

G fr
1
GGfr fr

ob

Pf

ob

PPf
Pf
f
PPf f PPf f

obob
1
1 interest can be written as:
The fracture gradient for any depth of

The fracture gradient for any depth of interest can be written as:
ThTh
e fracture
gradient
e fracture
gradientfor
forany
anydepth
depthofofinterest
interestcan
canbe
bewritten
written as:

G fr

11

1 D

Pf

ob

obob

PPff
PPfDf
D

DD

Pf
PPfD
f

DD

(6.53)
(6.53)
(6.53)

Here
Here
Here
=
x Herematrix stress in x-direction, psi
= matrix
stress
in x-direction,
psi
x
=
matrix
stress
in
x-direction,
psi
x
=
matrix
stress
in
y-direction,
psi
y
stress
x y = matrix
= matrix
stressininx-direction,
y-direction,psi
psi
= matrix
stress
in
y-direction,
psi
y= Poissons
ratiostress
= matrix
in y-direction, psi
y
= Poissons
ratio
= Poissons
= Poissonsratio
ratio
Pf andP applying
EquationEquation
(6.53) is(6.53)
analogous
with Eq.with
(6.51).
Substituting
z = ob =
is
analogous
Eq.
(6.51).
Substituting
z
ob Sustituyendo
f and applying
Es
similar
a
la
ecuacin
de
Mattew&Kelly,
Ec.
(6.51).
P
and applying
applying
(6.53)
is isanalogous
with
Substituting
the Equation
analogy,
the
fracture
pressure
can
beEq.
obtained
as:
z =
ob
Pff and
Equation
(6.53)
analogous
with
Eq.
(6.51).
Substituting
the analogy,
the
fracture
pressure
can(6.51).
be obtained
as:
z = ob
aplicando
la the
analoga:
thethe
analogy,
fracture
analogy,
the
fracturepressure
pressurecan
canbe
beobtained
obtainedas:
as:

Pfp

el

(6.54) (6.54)
(6.54)
(6.54)

(6.55) (6.55)
(6.55)
(6.55)

Eaton prepared
several graphs
monographs
both forboth
overburden
stress and
Poissons
Eaton prepared
severaland
graphs
and monographs
for overburden
stress
and Poissons

z = ob - Pf

Modelo de Eaton

DEPTH, ft

DE

4000
6000
8000
10,000
12,000
14,000
0.75 0.80
0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05
16,000
Overburden
18,000 Stress Gradient, psi/ft
20,000
0.70 as0.75
0.80 0.85
0.90 0.95
Variation of overburden stress with depth
proposed
by Eaton.

12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
0.70

Figurelos
6.42esfuerzo de sobrecarga y relacin de Poisson
Eaton prepar varias grficas para

1.00

Overburden Stress Gradient, psi/ft

6.42 Variation of 305

overburden stress with depth as proposed by Eaton
FORMATION PORE AND FRACTURE PRESSUREFigure
ESTIMATION

4
2
Overburden
FORMATION PORE AND FRACTURE PRESSURE ESTIMATION 305
equals 1.0 psi/ft 6
Overburden 4
shale
Variable Overburden Stress by Eaton
8 equals 1.0 psi/ft 6
0
8

10

Depth 1,000 ft

2000
4000
6000
8000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
0.75 0.80
0.70

shale

12
14
16

1.00 1.001.05
0.95
1.05

Overburden
Stress Gradient,
Overburden Stress
Gradient,
psi/ft psi/ft

20

12
14

varia
overb

West Texas
overburden Wes
equals 1.0 psi/ft
over
producing equ
formations prod

16

18

0.85 0.800.900.85 0.95

0.75
0.90

10

Extreme upper limit

Gulf Coast
variable
overburden Gulf
Extreme upper limit

Depth 1,000 ft

0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
0.70

Variable Overburden Stress by Eaton

DEPTH, ft

DEPTH, ft

form

18

20

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

0.50.20.60.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0 0.1
Poissons ratio Poissons ratio

Figure 6.42 Variation of overburden stress with depth as proposed by Eaton.

Figure
6.43 Variation
of depth
Poissons
with depth
as proposed by Eaton.
Figure 6.43 Variation of
Poissons
ratio with
asratio
proposed
by Eaton.

on of overburden stress with depth as proposed by Eaton.

0

to increase with increases in depth, overburden stress, and geol

according to the derived relationship is found to be empirically related to the shaliness

of the sand as estimated by the use of sonic and density logs. Then, the fracture pressure, which is dependent upon Poissons ratio (i.e., by shaliness) as well as by porosity,
is assumed to have a uniform behavior with depth.
vii) Belloti and Giacca Model: Another formula that was used to calculate fracture
pressure gradient was based on the Terzaghi equation and presented by Belloti and
Giacca (1978). This technique classified the formations according to their elasticity and
other
properties such
as
permeability,
shaliness,
etc. The following equations can be
308
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
SUSTAINABLE
DRILLING
ENGINEERING
Propuesto
1978 ythe
basado
la ecuacin
useden
to calculate
fractureen
pressure
gradient. de Terzagui. Para fluidos que no presentan

Modelo de Belloti y Giacca

filtrado:
308
FUNDAMENTALS
OF SUSTAINABLE DRILLING ENGINEERING
Here
2
(6.59)
G
G
Gob G p
G fr = fracture gradient,frpsi/ftp.
Gob = overburden gradient, psi/ft1.
Here
G fr = G
fracture
gradient,
psi/ft
.
= pore
pressure
gradient,
psi/ft.
p
Gob = overburden gradient, psi/ft.
(6.59) isgradient,
used whenpsi/ft
the pressure
is totally employed at the well bore, as in case
G p Equation
= pore pressure
.

of filtration controlled by wall-building fluids. For the case of free formation invasion
by(6.59)
drilling
uidswhen
wherethe
thepressure
pressure is
distribution
creates aatgradient
theinrock,
Equation
is flused
totally employed
the wellinside
bore, as
casethe
caso
de
fluidos
con
altobenivel
filtrado
a lacase
formacin:
following
equation
is
can
used:de
ofEn
filtration
controlled
by
wall-building
fluids.
For the
of free formation invasion

by drilling fluids where the pressure distribution creates a gradient inside the rock, the
G fr G p 2 Gob G p
(6.60)
following equation is can be used:
The authors used a constant value of ( ) according to rock lithology.

G fr

Gp 2

Gob G p

(6.60)

Example 6.12: A well of 14,750 ft. was drilled at South Texas Gulf Coast area where the
The authors
used a constant
of ( )ataccording
rock lithology.
pore pressure
gradientvalue
was found
0.74 psi/ftto
. Calculate
the fracture gradient in units
of psi/ft and lbm/gal using the Hubbert and Willis model, Matthews and Kelly model,
Example
6.12:model,
A welland
of 14,750
ft. was
SouthSummarize
Texas Gulfthe
Coast
area
Eaton
the Belloti
anddrilled
Giacca at
model.
results
in where
tabularthe
form,
pore pressure
gradient
foundofatlb/gal
0.74 and
psi/ft
. Calculate
showing
answers,was
in units
also
in psi/ft. the fracture gradient in units

of psi/ft and lbm/gal using the Hubbert and Willis model, Matthews and Kelly model,
Solution:
Eaton model, and the Belloti and Giacca model. Summarize the results in tabular form,

Gradiente de Fractura
Un pozo se perfora en el Golfo de Mxico, rea del Sur de Texas. Se tiene una
profundidad de 14750 pies y un gradiente de presin de poros de 0.74 psi/pie. Calcule
el gradiente de fractura en psi/ft y lb/gal usando los modelos de Hubbert & Willis,
Matthews & Kelly, Eaton y Belloti & Giacca

showing
answers,
in units
of lb/gal
and and
also also
in psi/ft
. .
showing
answers,
in units
of lb/gal
in psi/ft
Solution:
Solution:
Given
data:
Given
data:
D D= total
vertical
depth
= 14,750
ft. ft.
= total
vertical
depth
= 14,750
Pf Pf
Gp G= = = pore
pressure
gradient
= 0.74
psi/ftpsi/ft
. .
= pore
pressure
gradient
= 0.74
p D
D

Gradiente de Fractura
Required data:

Required
data:
Un pozo se perfora
en
el Golfo de Mxico, rea del Sur de Texas. Se tiene una
Pfp Pfp
profundidad de
y un
gradiente
de
presin
fracture
pressure
gradient
in psi/ft
. . de poros de 0.74 psi/pie. Calcule
Gfr 14750
= fracture
pressure
gradient
in psi/ft
G=fr D= =pies
D
el gradiente de fractura
Pfp Pfp en psi/ft y lb/gal usando los modelos de Hubbert & Willis,
Gfr G=Eaton
= fracture
pressure
gradient
in ppg
Matthews & Kelly,
y
Belloti
&
Giacca
=
=
fracture
pressure
gradient
in ppg
fr D

Humbert

D
& Hubbert
Willis:
and and
Willis
model:
Hubbert
Willis
model:

1 1 2 Pf 2 Pf 1 1
G fr _G
psi /psi
ft / ft
1 21 0.74
0.827
1
2 0.740.827
minfr _ min 1
3 3 D D 3 3
1 1 Pf Pf 1 1
G fr _G
psi /psi
ft / ft
1 1
1 0.74
1 0.740.870.87
max
fr _ max2
2 D D2 2
In terms
of ppg,
the formation
fracture
gradient
is is
In terms
of ppg,
the formation
fracture
gradient
En trminos
de
lb/gal:

0.827
psi /psi
ft / ft
0.827
15.90
ppgppg
G fr _G
andand
15.90
minfr _ min
psi /psi
ft / ft
0.052
0.052
FORMATION
FRACTURE PRESSURE ESTIMATION 309
lbmPORE
/lbgalAND
/ gal
m

G fr _ max

0.87 psi / ft
psi / ft
0.052
lbm / gal

16.73 ppg

FORMATION PORE AND FRACTURE PRESSURE ESTIMATION 309

FORMATION PORE AND FRACTURE PRESSURE ESTIMATION 309
FORMATION PORE AND FRACTURE PRESSURE ESTIMATION 309

0.87 psi / ft
16.73 ppg
0.87 psi
/
ft
psi/ /ftft 16.73 ppg
0.87 psi
0.052 psi / ft 16.73 ppg
psi
ft
lb
0.052
m / gal
0.052 lb / gal
lbmm / gal

G fr _ max
G
Gfrfr__max
max

Gradiente de Fractura
Matthews
Matthews
& Kelly:and Kelly model:

Matthews
Matthewsand
andKelly
Kellymodel:
model:
1. First, determine the pore pressure gradient.
Primero se determina el gradiente de presin de poros:
1.1. First,
gradient.
First,determine
determine the
the pore pressure
pressure
gradient.
Pf
Gp = P = 0.74 psi/ft.
Dff
== 0.74
Gp =
0.74psi/ft
psi/ft. .
D
2. Next, calculate the matrix stress.
Next,
calculate the
the
matrix
Se determina
el esfuerzo
dematrix
matrizstress.
2.2. Next,
calculate
stress.
D Pf D 1 0.74 14,750 0.26 14,750 3,835.0 psi
z
ob
D PPf D
D 11 0.74
14,750
0.26
14,750
3,835.0
psipsi
z
ob D
0.74
14,750
0.26
14,750
3,835.0
z
ob
f
3. Now determine the depth, Di under normally pressured conditions. In
3. this
Nowcase,
determine
the
depth,stress
Di under
normally
pressured
conditions.
In
would
be 3,812.5
psi and
normal pore
the rock
matrix
z
3.
Now
determine
the
depth,
D
under
normally
pressured
conditions.
In normales de
Se calcula la
profundidad
a la stress
cual
se
encuentra
enand
condiciones
i
would
be
3,812.5
psi
normal
pore
this
case,
the
rock
matrix
pressure
gradient
ismatrix
0.46 psi/ft
. z would be 3,812.5 psi and normal pore
this
case,
the
rock
stress
presurizacin,pressure
Di gradient is 0.46 psi/ft. z
pressure gradient is 0.46 psi/ft. D P D
zn
zn
zn
1.0

obn
obn
obn
0.46
0.465

fn

Di Pfn Di
D
fn Di
Dii P3,835.0
1.0 0.46 Di 3,835.0
1.0 D0.46
Di 3,835.0
7168
7,101.85
ft
i
Di 7,101.85 ft

Di 7,101.85 ft
4. Using Di 7101.85 ft , Matthews and Kelly plot (Figure 6.40) is applied to
4. Using Di 7101.85 ft , Matthews and Kelly plot (Figure 6.40) is applied to
construct Figure 6.46 and obtained the corresponding value of Fz 0.74.
construct
Figure
6.46
and
obtained
theKelly
corresponding
value
ofisFzapplied
0.74.to
4.
Using
,
Matthews
and
plot
(Figure
6.40)
D
ft
7101.85
i
Eq.(6.52)
(6.52)is is
5.5. Finally
to
calculate
the
formation fracture
fracture gradient
gradient(G
(G),f ),Eq.
Finally
to
calculate
the
formation
construct Figure 6.46 and obtained the corresponding value
of F 0.74.
f

radient is 0.46 psi/ft.

0.052
pressure gradient is 0.46 psi/ft.
Di Pfn Di
The summaries of the fracture gradients by different models are shown in Tabl
zn
obn
Di Pfn Di
zn
obn
In the above example, it is noted that all the methods applied here take into
1.0 0.46 Di 3,835.0
eration the pore pressure gradient. As the pore pressure increases, the fracture
1.0 0.46 Di 3,835.0
Di 7,101.85 ft
Di 7,101.85 ft
7101.85 ft , Matthews and Kelly plot (Figure 6.40) is applied to
Using D
Kelly plot
(Figure
is applied to
ft , Matthews
7101.85
Figure
6.46
and
the corresponding
value
of Fz 6.40)
0.74
i
Con
Di obtained
= 7101.85,
seand
aplica
la grfica
de .Matthews
& Kellyy se lee Fz = 0.74
F
.
construct
Figure
6.46
and
obtained
the
corresponding
value
of
0.74
calculate the formation fracture gradient (G f ), Eq. (6.52) is
z
Finally to calculate the formation fracture gradient (G f ), Eq. (6.52)0 is
Finalmente se calcula el gradiente de fractura:
Matrix stress coefficient
applied.
Versus D1 for
F z Pf
3,835.0
2
0.74 P
0.74 0.9324 psi / ft
South Texas Gulf Coast
F
3,835.0
f
D
D
14,750
z
and
G fr
0.74
0.74 0.9324 psi / ft
Louisiana Gulf Coast
D
D
4
e formation fracture
gradient
is 14,750
of ppg, the formation
0.9324 psifracture
/ ft gradient is
South Texas

Gradiente de Fractura

17.93 ppg
0.052 0.9324 psi / ft
G fr
17.93 ppg
0.052

Depth 1,000 ft

G fr

Gulf Coast

8
Louisiana
Gulf Coast

ws that the overburden stress gradient and Poissons ratio should be 10

odel:
m(6.55)
the graphs
Figure
6.42 and Figure
as proposed
by Eaton.
showsinthat
the overburden
stress6.43
gradient
and Poissons
ratio should be
gure 6.48 show the overburden stress gradient and Poissons ratio 12
t first from the graphs in Figure 6.42 and Figure 6.43 as proposed by Eaton.
47 and Figure 6.48 show the overburden stress gradient and Poissons ratio
14
ely as: ob
0.48
and

0.98 psi / ft

0.98
psi
/calculated
ft and as:0.48
6.55), the fracture gradient
can
be
D
lying Eq.0.48
(6.55), the fracture gradient can bepsi
calculated as:
G fr
0.98 0.74 0.74 0.962
ft
1 0.48
psi
0.48
G fr
0.98 0.74 0.74 0.962
ft
1 0.48
ob

16
18
20

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7
F

0.8

0.9

1.0

DEPTH, ft

Gradiente de Fractura
Modelo de Eaton

4000
6000
8000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

Overburden Stress Gradient, psi/ft

Se leen los valores de gradiente de sobrecarga y Relacin de Poisson de las grficas

Figure 6.47 Variation of overburden stresses with depth for Example 6.12.
de Eaton:

Variable Overburden Stress by Eaton

Overburden
equals 1.0 psi/ft
shale

Extreme upper limit

0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
0.70

311

Depth 1,000 ft

DEPTH, ft

Gradiente de Sobrecarga = ob = 0.98 psi/ft

FORMATION
AND FRACTURE
Relacin dePORE
Poisson
= = 0.48PRESSURE ESTIMATION0

6
8
10
12
14
16
18

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

Overburden Stress Gradient, psi/ft

1.05

20

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Poissons ratio

Gulf Coast
variable
overburden

West Texas
overburden
equals 1.0 psi/ft
producing
formations

applied.
G fr

F
D

Pf

0.74

3,835.0
0.74
14,750

Gradiente de Fractura0.9324 psi / ft

0.9324 psi / ft

In terms of ppg, the formation fracture gradient is

G fr

Modelo de Eaton

0.052

17.93 ppg

Eaton model:
that thede
overburden
stress gradient
and Poissons
ratio shouldde
be
Se leen losEquation
valores(6.55)
de shows
gradiente
sobrecarga
y Relacin
de Poisson
de Eaton: found out first from the graphs in Figure 6.42 and Figure 6.43 as proposed by Eaton.
Figure 6.47 and Figure 6.48 show the overburden stress gradient and Poissons ratio
respectively as:

Gradiente de Sobrecarga = ob = 0.98 psi/ft

ob
0.98 psi / ft and
Relacin de Poisson = = 0.48
D

0.48

Now applying Eq. (6.55), the fracture gradient can be calculated as:

310 FUNDAMENTALS OF SUSTAINABLE

0.48 DRILLING ENGINEERING

G fr

0.98 0.74

1 0.48 gradient is:

In terms of ppg, the formation fracture

G fr

0.962 psi / ft
0.052

0.74

psi
0.962
ft

18.49 ppg

Belloti and Giacca model:

Applying Eq. (6.60), the fracture gradient can be calculated as:

G fr

Gp 2

Gob G p

0.74 2 0.48 0.98 0.74

In terms of ppg, the formation fracture gradient is:

0.9704 psi / ft

las grficas

310 FUNDAMENTALS OF SUSTAINABLE DRILLING ENGINEERING

In terms of ppg, the formation fracture gradient is:
In terms of ppg, the formation fracture gradient is:

0.962 psi / ft
G fr
18.49 ppg
0.9620.052
psi / ft
G fr
18.49 ppg
0.052

Gradiente
de
Fractura
Belloti and Giacca model:
G fr

G fr

Gp 2

Gp 2

Gob G p

Gob G p

0.74 2 0.48 0.98 0.74

0.9704 psi / ft

0.74 2 0.48 0.98 0.74

0.9704 psi / ft

In terms of ppg, the formation fracture gradient is:

In terms of ppg, the formation fracture gradient is:

G fr

G fr

0.9704 psi / ft
0.052
0.9704
psi / ft

18.662 ppg

18.662 ppg

0.052by different models are shown in Table 6.9.

The summaries of the fracture gradients
In the above example, it is noted that all the methods applied here take into considThe summaries of the fracture gradients by different models are shown in Table 6.9.
eration the pore pressure gradient. As the pore pressure increases, the fracture gradient
In the above example, it is noted that all the methods applied here take into consideration the pore pressure gradient. As the pore pressure increases, the fracture gradient

24
46

0 ft
1,000 ft

Modelo de

Applying
(6.60),
the fracture gradient can be calculated as:
Belloti
andEq.
Giacca
model:
Applying
(6.60), the fracture gradient can be calculated as:
Belloti
&Eq.
Giacca

68
810

Matrix stress coefficient

Versus D1 for
Southstress
Texascoefficient
Gulf Coast
Matrix
and
Versus
D1 for
Louisiana
Gulf
South Texas GulfCoast
Coast
and
Louisiana Gulf Coast
South Texas
Gulf Coast
South Texas
Gulf Coast
Louisiana
Gulf Coast