bustling [bsl] ADJ[s

treets] animado, lleno de movimiento

shopaholic (informal /phlk/N comprador(a) $
obsesivo[-a], adicto[-a] m/fa las compras

noodlesnp (food: pasta-like

l
strips)

fideos nmpl
tallarines nmp
l
pasta

the stalls el patio de butacas

stall [stl]
(Agr) (=stable) establo m; (=manger) pesebre m; (for single
horse etc) casilla f
(in market etc) puesto m; (in fair) caseta f, casilla f;
(=newspaper stall) quiosco
[+ car, plane] parar, calar

unspoiled [nspld], unspoilt[nsplt] ADJ[place]

que no ha perdido su belleza natural; [child] nada mimado

unspoiled by tourism no echado a perder por el turismo

to remain unspoiled conservar la belleza natural

Se utiliza "what" para hacer una pregunta

cuando hay un nmero desconocido o infinitas
posibilidades de respuestas u opciones. Se usa
para preguntar en general.
En contraste con "what", usamos "which"
cuando las opciones posibles son limitadas a
un pequeo nmero (quizs 2, 3 o 4) y hay
que seleccionar una entre ellas. Se puede
utilizar tanto con cosas como con personas.

USED TO
Nota: No utilizamos "used to" para acciones
habituales en el presente. En vez de este verbo
modal, se usa un adverbio como "usually"
o"normally" por ejemplo.

Ejemplos:

Play
We usually go to the beach every summer.
ir a la playa cada verano.)

Play

(Solemos

He normally smokes a pack of cigarettes every

day. (Normalmente l fuma un paquete de cigarrillos cada da.)

Play
They usually play football on the weekends. (Suelen
jugar a ftbol los fines de semana.)

Nota: Tambin se puede utilizar el verbo modal

"would" para eventos o acciones repetidas en el
pasado. Pero ten en cuenta que slo se puede usar
con acciones, no con estados o hbitos. Tampoco se
puede utilizar "would" en el negativo. Para
informacin de los otros usos de "would" ver las
lecciones de frases condicionales y los verbos
modales.

Ejemplos:

Play
When I was young, we would go to the beach
every summer. (Cuando era joven Solamos ir a la playa cada
verano.)

Play
At the university, they would play football every
weekend. (En la universidad, ellos solan jugar a ftbol cada fin de
semana.)

He would smoke a lot.

When I was young we wouldn't go to the beach
every summer.

ADJETIVOS DE NACIONALIDAD Y
NOMBRES GENTILICIOS

Segn las reglas ortogrficas inglesas,

tanto unos como otros se escriben
con mayscula. Los adjetivos
que denotan nacionalidad se derivan
de nombres geogrficos.
Spain Spanish Espaa espaol
England English Inglaterra ingls
Wales Weish Gales gals
Poland Polish Polonia polaco

France French Francia francs

Greece Greek Grecia griego
Estos adjetivos se sustantivan al estar
precedidos por el determinante the y
dan lugar a nombres
gentilicios en plural. Cuando tales
adjetivos acaban en -sh o -ch, los
nombres correspondientes no
toman -s en plural.
Irish (adj.) the Irish (nombre) los
irlandeses
French (adj) the French (nombre) los
franceses
Greek (adj.) the Greeks los griegos
Algunos nombres gentilicios en
singular presentan formas diferentes
de los adjetivos de nacionalidad que
acabo de citar.
Spanish (adj.) a Spaniard (nombre) un
espaol

Polish (adj.) a Pole (nombre) un polaco

Scottish (adj.) a Scot (nombre) un
escocs
Tambin es frecuente la formacin de
nombres gentilicios en singular y
plural aadiendo man/woman o
men/women respectivamente al
correspondiente adjetivo.
English (adj.) an Englishman/an
Englishwoman un ingls / una inglesa
two Englishmen/Englishwomen dos
ingleses / as
French (adj.) a Frenchman / a
Frenchwoman un francs / una
francesa
ten Frenchmen / Frenchwomen diez
franceses / as
Otros sufijos comunes en la formacin
de adjetivos de nacionalidad son:

1.- -an / -ian. Cuando el nombre

geogrfico acaba en -a, el adjetivo
que designa a sus habitantes
suele finalizar en -an o -ian.
Amrica American Amrica americano
Indonesia Indonesian Indonesia
indonesio
Canad Canadian Canad canadiense
Argentina Argentinian Argentina
argentino
Sin embargo, el habitante de China
(nombre geogrfico que acaba en -a)
es Chinese, el de Malta
es Maltese, el de Genoa es Genoese y
el de Viena es Vienese. En cambio el
de Germaby
(nombre que no acaba en -a) es
German.

Cuando el nombre geogrfico acaba

en -y, el adjetivo que designa a sus
haitantes suele finalizar
en -ian, como Italy - Italian (Italia italiano).
Otros adjetivos acabados en -ian son:
Paris - Parisian, etc.
Las formas acabadas en -an o -ian,
cuando se usan como nombres,
toman -s en plural. Ej.: "The
American has arrived" (sing.) - "The
Americans have arrived" (pl.).
2.- -ese.
Portugal - Portuguese / Japan Japanese / Pekin - Pekinese . . . . .
Estas formas acabadas en -ese,
cuando se usan como nombres, no
toman -s en plural. Ej.: "A
Japanese has arrived" (sing.) - "The
Japanese have arrived" (pl.)

Orden de los adjetivos

Cuando 2 o ms adjetivos acompaan a un

sustantivo el orden de su colocacin es el siguiente:
1. Adjetivos subjetivos:
Expresan una opinin personal:

beautiful, ugly, nice, lovely, friendly, elegant,

useful...
2. Adjetivos objetivos
Definen propiedades objetivas del sustantivo. Estos
a su vez siguen el siguiente orden, si bien cabe
cierta flexibilidad:
a) Tamao:

big, small, huge, great, medium...

(excepto "little" que ira en el mismo lugar que
los que expresan edad)
b) Aspectos generales:

sporty, dirty,
strong...
c) Edad:

old, new, adult, young... (tambin "little")

d) Forma:

round, square, hexagonal, wide, narrow...

e) Personalidad:

quiet,

expensive,

healthy,

shy, ambitious, humble, arrogant...

f) Color:

red, yellow, blue...

g) Material:

plastic, wooden, metallic, woollen...

h) Origen:

Russian, Spanish, European...

fasten [fsn]
A
VT
1
(=secure) [+ belt, dress, seat belt] abrochar [+ door, box,
window] cerrar; (with rope) atar; (with paste) pegar; (with
bolt) echar el cerrojo a
to fasten two things together pegar/sujetar dos cosas
2
(=attach) sujetar; (fig) atribuir
to fasten the blame/responsibility (for sth) on sb echar
la culpa/atribuir la responsabilidad (de algo) a algn
they're trying to fasten the crime on me tratan de
achacarme oratribuirme el crimen a m
B
VI[door, box] cerrarse; [dress] abrocharse
it fastens in front se abrocha por delante

ypes of Adverbs (Tipos de adverbios)

1.

Adverbios de tiempo: Responden a la pregunta de

"cundo?"
Play
today,
Play
tomorrow,
Play
last week,
Play
next month,
Play
already,
Play
eventually,
Play

still,
Play
soon,
Play
yet,
Play
now,
Play
later...
Posicin: Los adverbios de tiempo normalmente van al
principio o al final de la oracin.

Ejemplos:

Play
We went to Paris last year.

(Fuimos a Pars el ao pasado.)

Play

I already finished my homework.

(Ya he acabado los deberes.)

Play

See you later!

(Hasta luego!)

Nota: "Yet" siempre va al final de la oracin. "Still" va

delante del verbo, excepto con el verbo "to be" que ir
detrs de este. Para ms informacin, ver la leccin
de Already/Just/Still/Yet.
o

Play
I haven't finished yet.

(No he acabado todava.)

Play

He still needs to finish his homework.

(Todava necesita acabar

los deberes.)

Play
I am still waiting.

2.

(Todava estoy esperando.)

Adverbios de lugar: Responden a la pregunta de

"dnde?"
Play
here,
Play
there,
Play
everywhere,
Play
nowhere...
Posicin: En general, los adverbios de lugar van despus
del objeto o del verbo.

Ejemplos:

Despus del objeto

Play
Is she here?

(Est aqu?)

Despus del verbo

Play
I have searched everywhere but I can't find my keys.
buscado por todas partes pero no puedo encontrar mis llaves.)

(He

3.

Adverbios de grado: Responden a la pregunta de

"en qu medida?"
Play
very,
Play
really,
Play
almost,
Play
hardly,
Play
quite,
Play
barely...
Posicin: Los adverbios de grado van adelante de la
palabra que modifican.

Ejemplos:

Play
He was almost late for the meeting.

(Casi lleg tarde a la

reunin.)

Play

We are very busy this week.

semana.)

Play

(Estamos muy ocupados esta

I really hope she passes the exam.

(Realmente espero que pase

el examen.)

4.

Adverbios de modo: Responden a la pregunta de

"cmo?"
Play
loudly,
Play
carefully,
Play
softly,
Play
beautifully,
Play
fast,
Play
hard...
Posicin: Los adverbios de modo van detrs del objeto
directo. Si no hay un objeto, van detrs del verbo.

Ejemplos:

Detrs del objeto

Play
You speak English perfectly.

(Hablas ingls perfectamente.)

Play
She read the book quickly.

(Ley el libro rpidamente.)

Detrs del verbo

Play
Please drive carefully.

Play
He runs fast.

5.

(Por favor, conduce con cuidado.)

(Corre rpidamente.)

Adverbios de frecuencia: Responden a la preguntas

de "con qu frecuencia?" o "cuntas veces?"
Play
often,
Play
frequently,
Play
usually,
Play
sometimes,
Play
rarely,
Play
seldom,
Play
never...
Posicin: Los adverbios de frecuencia van delante del
verbo, a excepcin de su uso con el verbo "to be" que se
colocarn detrs.

Ejemplos:

Play
They are frequently late. (Frecuentemente llegan tarde.)
Play

She usually wears black.

(Normalmente lleva ropa negra.)

Play

We never eat in restaurants.

(Nunca comemos en restaurantes.)

WARNING!
Los adverbios nunca van entre el verbo y el objeto.

Ejemplos:

Play
You speak English perfectly.

You speak perfectly English

Adverbs: Form and Function (Los

adverbios: La forma y el funcionamiento)
Un adverbio es una palabra que acompaa al verbo para
modificar su significado. Un adverbio tambin puede
modificar a los adjetivos, a los nombres o a otros
adverbios.

Ejemplo:

Play

She speaks quickly.

(Ella habla rpido.)

En este ejemplo "quickly" es un adverbio de modo que

modifica al verbo "to speak" para expresar como habla
ella.
Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)
1.

La regla general para formar adverbios es aadir la

terminacin "-ly" a un adjetivo, que equivale a la
terminacin en castellano de "-mente."
o
Ejemplos:
Play

o
quick
Play
quickly

(rpido rpidamente)

Play

o
honest
Play
honestly

(honrado honradamente)

2.

Para los adjetivos que terminan en consonante "-y,"

cambian la terminacin "-y" por
la de "-ily."
o
Ejemplos:
Play

o
easy
Play
easily
o

(fcil fcilmente)

Play

happy
Play
happily

(alegre alegremente)

3.

Adjetivos terminados en "-ic" se cambia la terminacin

"-ic" por "-ically."
o
Ejemplos:
Play

automatic
Play
automatically

(automtico automticamente)

Play

o
tragic
Play

tragically

(trgico trgicamente)

4.

Adjetivos terminados en "-le," se cambia la

terminacin "-le" por "-ly."
o
Ejemplos:
Play

o
terrible
Play
terribly

(terrible terriblemente)

Play

o
true
Play

truly
5.
o

(verdad verdaderamente)

Algunos adverbios no terminan en "-ly."

Ejemplos:
Play

o
hard

(difcil, duro o fuerte)

Play

o
fast

(rpido)

Function of Adverbs (La funcion de los adverbios)

Como hemos visto, los adjetivos nos dicen algo sobre un
nombre (una persona, una cosa, un lugar, etc.). Los
adverbios por otro lado, nos dicen algo sobre el modo de
hacer una accin. Pueden modificar a los verbos, a los
adjetivos o a otros adverbios.

Ejemplos:

Verbo

Play
Miguel runs fast.

(Miguel corre rpido.)

Play
You speak loudly.

(Hablas alto.)

Adverbio

Play
He runs really fast.

(l corre muy rpido.)

Play
You speak very loudly.

Adjetivo

(Hablas muy alto.)

Play
I am very happy. (Estoy muy contenta.)

Play
She is really nice.

(Ella es muy simptica.)

Adverbios De Duracion En Ingls

Los adverbios de duracin en ingls nos
ayudan a expresar la permanencia, la
perpetuidad y el transcurso de determinadas
actividades, estos adverbios tambin
responden a la pregunta:
for how long?
por cuanto tiempo?
Por ejemplo:
We knocked at the door for five minutes, but
in vain
Llamamos a la puerta durante cinco
minutos pero fue en vano
Humans were never meant to live forever
Los humanos nunca fueron hechos para
vivir por siempre

Por tanto a continuacin se muestra una lista

de los adverbios en ingls ms usados para
expresar duracin, junto a sus respectivos
ejemplos:
all day (l di)
todo el da
all week (l wik)
toda la semana
the whole
morning
la maana entera
for a while (for e
uil)
por un rato /
tiempo
for five minutes
por cinco minutos

Carl spent all

day looking for a job
Carl pas todo el da
buscando un trabajo
It is open all
week long except for
Sundays
Esta abierto toda la
semana menos
Domingos
The meeting
lasted the whole
morning
El encuentro dur toda la
maana entera

for two years (for

Leave the window
tch ers)
open for a while
por dos aos
Deja la ventana abierta
por un rato

Please wait for five

minutes
Por favor espera por
cinco minutos
He has been in
Colombia for two years
El ha estado en Colombia
por dos aos
for several days
por varios das
for three
centuries
por tres siglos
since (sns)
desde entoces
since then (sns
dn)
desde entoces
ever since (ver
sins)
desde entonces

She stayed at the

hotel for several days
Ella se qued en el hotel
por varios das
The bourgeoisie
struggled for three
centuries
La burguesa luch
durante tres siglos
They have been
there ever since
Ellos han vivido all
desde entonces
Three years have
passed since then

Tres aos han pasado

desde entonces

since Monday
desde el lunes

Nobody has seen

him ever since
Nadie le ha visto desde
entonces
He has been working
overtime since Monday
El ha estado trabajando
extra desde el lunes

from the
She's my girlfriend from
beginning
the beginning of year
desde el comienzo Ella es mi novia desde el
comienzo del ao
since 2010 (sns
2000)
I'm working
desde el ao 2010 on the blog since 2010
Estoy trabajando en el
until now (antl
blog desde el ao 2010
nu)
hasta ahora
I have been lucky until
now
till now (til nu)
Yo he tenido suerte hasta
hasta ahora
ahora

Till now I have not

problems with my laptop
Hasta ahora no tengo
problemas con mi laptop
up to now (p
tchu nu)
hasta ahora
until
Sunday (antl
sndei)
hasta el domingo
so far (su far)
hasta ahora
as yet (as it)
hasta ahora

Up to now they have

worked very hard
Hasta ahora ellos han
trabajado muy duro
We will stay here until
Sunday
Nosotros nos
quedaremos aqu hasta
el domingo
The plan has been
successful so far
El plan ha sido un xitos
hasta ahora
I've heard nothing from
her as yet
No he oido nada de ella
hasta ahora

from now on
desde hoy en
adelante

From now on, try to

arrive on time.

hereafter (jer
fter)
a continuacin
forever (forver)
para siempre

Des hoy en adelante

traten de llegar a tiempo
You will record
everything
said hereafter
Tu grabars todo lo que
se diga a continuacin

eternally (etrnali
)
And history was
enternamente
changed forever
Y la historia cambi para
temporarily(temp siempre
orrili)
temporalmente
The artist is eternally a
boy
permanently(pr El artista es eternamente
manentli)
un nio
permanentemente
He was
forced to temporarily fl
ee the country.
Tuvo que
marcharse temporalment
e del pas
They're permanently im
printed on our memory

Estn permanentemente
grabadas en memoria

Adverbios De Certeza En Ingls

Los adverbios de certeza en ingls nos ayudan a
expresar certidumbre, verdad y seguridad para
determinadas acciones.
Estos adverbios responden a la pregunta:
how sure?
Qu tan seguro?
Como por ejemplo:
The single minded way he gets on with his life
is truly admirable
La forma honesta en que l vive
es realmente admirable
It would of course be cheaper for you to sleep at
our place
Por supuesto sera ms barato para ti dormir en
nuestra casa

Por tanto a continuacin se muestra la lista de

los adverbios en ingls para expresar certeza, junto
a sus respectivos ejemplos:
certainly (srtenli) He will certainly attend the
ciertamente, desde meeting
luego
El desde luego asistir a la
reunin
of course (of
Of course you can take it if
kors)
you want
por supuesto
Por supuesto que puedes
tomarlo s quieres
definitely (dfinetl
i)
I definitely won't do that
sin duda
again
Sin duda, no volver hacer eso
indeed (indid)
efectivamente, de Indeed this car is small, but it
is powerful
veras
Efectivamente el coche es
obviously (bviosli pequeo, pero poderoso
)
obviamente
really (rili)
realmente

He can speak French,

and obviously English
El puede hablar Francs y
obviamente Ingls
I really wasn't expecting that

from you
Realmente no esperaba eso
de ti
surely (shrli)
ciertamente, sin
duda

That surely is in everyone's

interests
Eso ciertamente es en inters
de todos

truly (trli)
realmente

I wonder if you
are truly happy
Me pregunto si realmente eres
undoubtedly(and
feliz
utedli)
indudablemente
That's an unusual
thing, undoubtedly
likely (likli)
Indudablemente, eso es algo
probablemente
inusual
perhaps (perjps)
quizs, tal vez
maybe (mib)
quizs
possibly (psibli)
posiblemente, tal
vez

The sky is overcast so

it's likely to rain
El cielo est nublado
probablemente llover
Perhaps she doesn't
remember my birthday
Quizs ella no se acuerda de
mi cumpleaos

Maybe she will be a good

probably (prbabli teacher
)
Quizs ella sea una buena
probablemente
profesora

Possibly, the accident will

delay his arrival
Posiblemente, el accidente
retrase su llegada
He'll probably win in the next
election
El probablemente ganar las
prximas elecciones

sacked ad UK, informal (dismissed despedido participi

j
from job) (verbo:
o
despedir)
He was sacked after several warnings about his
attitude.
Fue despedido tras varias advertencias sobre su
actitud.

mugger [mgr] N atracador(a) m/f, asaltante mf

Importante arriba la diferencia

entre IF y IN CASE

suitable [sutbl] ADJ

1
(=satisfactory) adecuado, apropiado

can't
(feel compelled no poder evitar, no
help [sth],
to do[sth])
poder sino loc
can't help
verb
doing[sth],
cannot help v
expr

happen [hpn] VI
(=chance)
it happened that I was out that day dio la casualidad de
que or resulta que aquel da estuve fuera
it might happen that no one turns up puede ocurrir que no venga
nadie
if you happen to see John, let him know si acaso vieras a
John or si da la casualidad de que ves a John, dselo
I happen to know that ... da la casualidad de que s que ...
he just happens to be here now da la casualidad de que est aqu
ahora
if anyone should happen to see you si acaso alguien te viera
would you happen to have a pen? no tendr un bolgrafo por
casualidad?
it happens to be true da la casualidad de que es verdad
as it happens ...,
it (just) so happens that ... da la casualidad de que ...
I do know him, as it happens pues da la casualidad de que s le
conozco

duvet [duve] (Brit)

A
N edredn m (nrdico)

We use gerunds (verb + ing):

After certain verbs - I enjoy singing
After prepositions - I drank a cup of coffee before
leaving
As the subject or object of a sentence - Swimming is
good exercise

We use 'to' + infinitive:

After certain verbs - We decided to leave
After many adjectives - It's difficult to get up early
To show purpose - I came to London to study English

We use the bare infinitive (the infinitive without 'to'):

 After modal verbs - I can meet you at six o'clock

After 'let', 'make' and (sometimes) 'help' - The teacher
let us leave early
After some verbs of perception (see, watch, hear,
notice, feel, sense) - I watched her walk away
After expressions with 'why' - why go out the night
before an exam

These verbs can be followed by either the gerund or

the infinitive with a change in meaning.
Remember + gerund
This is when you remember something that has
happened in the past. You have a memory of it, like
being able to see a movie of it in your head.
I remember going to the beach when I was a
child. (= I have a memory of going to the beach).
He remembers closing the door. (= He has a
memory of closing the door).
Remember + to + infinitive
This is when you think of something that you need to
do. (And usually, you then do the thing).
I remembered to buy milk. (= I was walking
home and the idea that I needed milk came into
my head, so I bought some).

 She remembered to send a card to her

grandmother.
Forget + gerund
This is the opposite of remember + gerund. It's when
you forget about a memory, something that you've
done in the past.
Have we really studied this topic before? I forget
reading about it.
I told my brother that we'd spent Christmas at
Granny's house in 1985, but he'd forgotten going
there.
Forget + to + infinitive
This is the opposite of remember + to + infinitive. It's
when you want to do something, but you forget about
it.
I forgot to call my mother. (= I wanted to call my
mother, but when it was a good time to call her, I
forgot. I was thinking about something else, and
the idea to call my mother didn't come into my
head).
She keeps forgetting to bring his book back.
Try + gerund
This is when you do something as an experiment. The
thing you do is not difficult, but you want to see if
doing it will have the result that you want.

 I wanted to stop smoking, so I tried using

nicotine patches. (= Using nicotine patches was
easy, but I wanted to know if it would help me
stop smoking).
She tried giving up chocolate, but it didn't help
her lose weight. (It was easy for her to give up
chocolate. She gave it up to see if it would help
her lose weight, but it didn't).
Try + to + infinitive
This is when the thing you do itself is difficult and
you don't succeed in doing it.
I tried to lift the suitcase, but it was too heavy.
She tried to catch the bus, but she couldn't run
fast enough.
Look at the difference:
I tried giving up chocolate (it was no problem to
stop eating chocolate) but it didn't make me feel
more healthy.
I tried to give up chocolate, but it was too hard. I
always ate some when my friends offered it to
me.
It was too hot in the room. I tried opening the
window (it was easy to open the window). It
didn't help though, because it was very hot
outside too.

 I tried to open the window, but I couldn't

because it was stuck.
Stop + gerund
When we stop doing something it means the verb in
the gerund is the thing that we stop. It can mean
'stop forever' or 'stop at that moment'.
I stopped working when I was expecting a baby.
(Working is the thing I stopped).
My grandmother stopped driving when she was
85. (Driving is the thing she stopped).
My boss came into the room, so I stopped
browsing the internet.
There was a fire alarm, so I stopped eating and
went outside.
Stop + to + infinitive
In this case, we stop something else in order to do the
verb in the infinitive.
I stopped to eat lunch. (I stopped something
else, maybe working or studying, because I
wanted to eat lunch.
She was shopping and she stopped to get a cup
of coffee. (She stopped shopping because she
wanted to get a cup of coffee).
Look at the difference:

 I stopped smoking. (I gave up cigarettes OR I

threw away my cigarette at that moment).
I stopped to smoke. (I stopped doing something
else because I wanted to have a cigarette).
Regret + gerund
This is when you are sorry about something you did
in the past and you wish you hadn't done it.
I regret going to bed so late. I'm really tired
today.
She regrets leaving school when she was sixteen.
She wishes that she had studied more and then
gone to university.
Regret + to + infinitive
We use this construction when we are giving
someone bad news, in quite a formal way. The verb is
almost always something like 'say' or 'tell' or 'inform'.
I regret to tell you that the train has been
delayed.
The company regrets to inform employees that
the London office will close next year.

Wish + Past simple

Se usa para expresar un deseo sobre una situacin
irreal

I wish I were rich (but I am not)

Yo deseo/ojal que fuera rico (pero no lo soy)

I wish I could fly.

Ojal pudiera volar.
I wish I spoke English more fluently.
Ojal hablara ingls ms fludamente.
I wish I lived in a house near the beach
Ojal viviera en una casa cerca de la playa.
I wish I knew how to dance Tango.
Ojal supiera bailar tango.
I wish it were not so cold today.
Ojal no estuviera tan fro hoy.
I wish I had more money.
Ojal tuviera ms dinero.
I wish I didn't have to work tomorrow.
Ojal no tuviera que trabajar maana.
I wish I had a better job
Ojal tuviera un trabajo mejor.

Wish + would/wouldn't
I wish you would stop making that noise.
Ojal dejaras de hacer ese ruido.
I wish they would stop fighting.
Ojal dejaran de pelear.
I wish you would just shut up!
Ojal te callaras!
I wish Tom wouldn't snore so much...
Ojal Tom no roncara tanto...
I wish that dog would stop barking!
Ojal ese perro dejara de ladrar!

I wish this computer would stop crashing.

Ojal esta computadora dejara de colgarse.
I wish my neighbor would turn that awful music down.
Ojal mi vecino bajara esa msica horrible.
I wish this phone would stop ringing!
Ojal este telfono dejara de sonar!
Expresamos desagrado o irritacin formando el
condicional con wish seguido de would:
I wish you would stop making that noise.
Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos traducidos.
Wish + Would Se usa para expresar desagrado o
irritacin sobre algo que pasa y que probablemente
no se pueda remediar

Wish + Past Perfect

Se usa para expresar un deseo frustrado sobre el
pasado

I wish I had learned English when I was

younger.
Ojal hubiera aprendido ingls cuando era ms
joven.

I wish I had stayed at the party.

Ojal me hubiera quedado en la fiesta.

I wish I hadn't seen Mark and Lucy

together!
Deseara no haber visto a Mark y a Lucy juntos!

I wish I had listened to you.

Ojal te hubiera escuchado.

I wish I had brought my camera!

Ojal hubiera trado mi cmara!

I wish I hadn't drunk so much beer last

night.
Deseara no haber tomado tanta cerveza anoche.

I wish I had studied more for this test!

Ojal hubiera estudiado ms para esta prueba!

I wish I had asked Penny to stay...

Ojal le hubiera pedido a Penny que se quedara...

If only
Ahora bien Cul es la diferencia entre I wish/ If only/ I
hope?
"If only" significa lo mismo que "I wish", pero es ms
enftico.
Adems, "if only" puede aparecer como una frase
independiente sin nada ms aadido.
As, por ejemplo, "If only!...."
"I wish" , en cambio, requiere que completemos la frase.
Para deseos presentes la estructura de "If only" es la
siguiente:
If + only + sujeto + verbo en past tense.

If only I were taller. Ojal fuera ms alta.

Para deseos futuros la estructura de "if only" es la

siguiente:
If + only + sujeto + would+ v. en infinitivo.
Ejemplos:

If only he would stop making noise. Ojal dejase de

hacer ruido.
Nota: El verbo que sigue a "stop" va siempre terminado en
-ing.

If only they would laugh a little. Ojal se rieran un

poco.
Para deseos pasados, la estructura de "if only" es:
If + only + sujeto + past perfect.

If only I had known. Si lo hubiese sabido

Como ves, son los mismos tiempos verbales que se utiliza
con "I wish..." cuando nos referimos al "presente" o
"pasado", pero no cuando nos referimos al futuro.
En el futuro, con "If only" utilizamos "would" y con "I wish",
no.
Expresando una queja o arrepentimiento
Tambin con las estructuras "I wish" o "If only" podemos
expresar una queja, o que estamos arrepentidos o que
lamentamos algo. Todo depende de lo que pongamos en la
frase, igual que en espaol.
Para ello las estructuras en pasado que hemos

mencionado ms arriba.
Por ejemplo:
Queja/lamentacin

I wish she hadn't come to my party. Ojal ella no

hubiese venido a mi fiesta.

If only she hadn't come to my party. Idem.

Arrepentimiento

I wish I hadn't been so rude. Ojal yo no hubiera sido

tan mal educado.

If only I hadn't been so rude. Idem.

Tambin es posible expresar una queja con "wish" y
"would" generalmente sobre un hbito que no nos
gusta

I wish you wouldn't say those things all the time. Ojal
no dijeses esas cosas todo el tiempo.

despite the fact

thatconj

(even
though)

a pesar de que loc

conj
aunque conj

in order to - para
so as to - para que, de manera que
so that - para que
so as not to se traduce casi siempre por para [no] +
infinitivo, equivalente a in order to ...
in order not to para no

so - entonces

So, tell me what you think about my new dress!

Entonces, dime que piensas acerca de mi nuevo vestido!

George knew he had to wake up early so he

went to bed at 8pm.
George saba que tena que levantarse temprano, entonces
se fue a la cama a las 8pm .

so that - para que

He gave her a present so that she would feel

better.
El le di un regalo para que ella se sintiera mejor.

You should study more so that you can pass the

exam.
Deberas estudiar ms duro para que puedas aprobar el
exmen.

so as to - para que, de manera que

We moved the table so as to have more space

for dancing.
Mudamos la mesa para tener ms espacio para bailar.

Jack opened the window so as to let in the

sunlight.
Jack abri la ventana para dejar entrar la luz del sol.

so as not to - para no

He took a nap so as not to be too tired for the

party.
Tom una siesta para no estar demasiado cansado para la
fiesta.

She wrote down his address so as not to forget

it.
Ella anot su direccin para no olvidarla.

in order to - para

They left early in order to arrive in time for the

movie.
Ellos salieron temprano para llegar a tiempo para la pelcula

We are working harder in order to earn more

money.
Estamos trabajando ms duro para ganar ms dinero

whose [huz] (relative) cuyo PRON (in direct and indirect

questions) de quin(in direct and indirect questions) de quin

full
stop n

UK (punctuation mark:
period) (gramtica)

punto n
m

long
(want [sth] keenly)
for [sth]vtr
phrasal insep

ansiar vtr

Have you ever longed for something so much

that you could almost taste it? The
businessman longed for more than material
wealth.
Nunca has ansiado algo tanto que casi lo
puedes saborear?
desear vtr