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Tharyan P, Adams CE
Reproduccin de una revisin Cochrane, traducida y publicada en La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2008, Nmero 2
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NDICE DE MATERIAS
RESUMEN...................................................................................................................................................................1
RESUMEN EN TRMINOS SENCILLOS....................................................................................................................2
ANTECEDENTES........................................................................................................................................................2
OBJETIVOS.................................................................................................................................................................5
CRITERIOS PARA LA VALORACIN DE LOS ESTUDIOS DE ESTA REVISIN......................................................5
ESTRATEGIA DE BSQUEDA PARA LA IDENTIFICACIN DE LOS ESTUDIOS....................................................6
MTODOS DE LA REVISIN.....................................................................................................................................6
DESCRIPCIN DE LOS ESTUDIOS..........................................................................................................................8
CALIDAD METODOLGICA.....................................................................................................................................13
RESULTADOS...........................................................................................................................................................14
DISCUSIN...............................................................................................................................................................19
CONCLUSIONES DE LOS AUTORES......................................................................................................................23
AGRADECIMIENTOS................................................................................................................................................24
POTENCIAL CONFLICTO DE INTERS...................................................................................................................24
NOTAS.......................................................................................................................................................................24
FUENTES DE FINANCIACIN..................................................................................................................................25
REFERENCIAS.........................................................................................................................................................25
TABLAS......................................................................................................................................................................34
Characteristics of included studies.....................................................................................................................34
Characteristics of excluded studies....................................................................................................................50
Characteristics of ongoing studies......................................................................................................................54
Table 01 ECT versus SHAM ECT: Global impression: Adjustment (KAS, high=good, medium t........................55
Table 02 ECT versus SHAM ECT: Global psychopathology: percentage change (VAS, high = poor.................55
Table 03 ECT versus SHAM ECT: Mental State: 1. Average change (BPRS, high = poor)................................55
Table 04 ECT versus SHAM ECT: Mental State: 2. percentage change (MASS, high = poor)...........................56
Table 05 ECT versus SHAM ECT: Depression: 1. percentage change: (Visual analogue, high=p.....................56
Table 06 ECT versus SHAM ECT: Depression: 2. percentage change: (HDRS, high = poor)............................56
Table 07 ECT versus SHAM ECT: Adverse effects: 1. verbal memory ( high = good)........................................56
Table 08 ECT versus SHAM ECT: Adverse effects: 2. Extrapyramidal (UKU, high = poor)................................56
Table 09 UNILATERAL versus BILATERAL ECT: Mental state: short term (BPRS, high = poor).......................56
Table 10 UNILATERAL versus BILATERAL ECT: Adverse effects: 1. Verbal memory (high = good...................57
Table 11 UNILATERAL versus BILATERAL ECT: Adverse effects: 2. Verbal memory (high = good)..................57
Table 12 ECT + PLACEBO vs SHAM ECT + ANTIPSYCHOTIC: Mental State (BFCRS, high = poor)..............57
Table 13 ECT versus PSYCHOTHERAPY: Employment- over 2 years ( proportions)........................................57
Table 14 ECT vs PSYCHOTHERAPY + ANTIPSYCHOTICS: Employment - 2 years (proportions)...................57
Table 15 ECT versus PLACEBO: Employment -2 years (proportion).................................................................57
Table 16 ECT and PLACEBO vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC and SECT. Global imp: 1. Ave (BFCRS- hig......................57
CARTULA................................................................................................................................................................57
RESUMEN DEL METANLISIS.................................................................................................................................59
Terapia electroconvulsiva para la esquizofrenia
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NDICE DE MATERIAS
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NDICE DE MATERIAS
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iii
RESUMEN
Antecedentes
La terapia electroconvulsiva (TEC) consiste en la induccin de una crisis convulsiva con fines teraputicos, mediante la
administracin de un estmulo elctrico (shock) de frecuencia variable a travs de electrodos aplicados al cuero cabelludo. Los
efectos de su uso en personas con esquizofrenia son inciertos.
Objetivos
Determinar si la terapia electroconvulsiva (TEC) produce beneficios clnicamente significativos con respecto a la mejora global,
la hospitalizacin, los cambios en el estado mental, la conducta y el funcionamiento en personas con esquizofrenia, y si las
variaciones en la administracin prctica de la TEC influyen sobre el resultado.
Estrategia de bsqueda
Se realizaron bsquedas electrnicas en Biological Abstracts (1982-1996), EMBASE (1980-1996), MEDLINE (1966-2004),
PsycLIT (1974-1996), SCISEARCH (1996) y el registro del Grupo Cochrane de Esquizofrenia (Cochrane Schizophrenia Group)
(julio 2004). Tambin se inspeccionaron las referencias de todos los estudios identificados y se contact con autores relevantes.
Criterios de seleccin
Se incluyeron todos los ensayos clnicos controlados aleatorios que compararon la TEC con placebo, la TEC "simulada",
intervenciones no farmacolgicas y antipsicticos y diferentes esquemas y mtodos de administracin de la TEC en personas con
esquizofrenia, trastorno esquizoafectivo o trastorno mental crnico.
Recopilacin y anlisis de datos
De forma independiente, los estudios se seleccionaron y se evaluaron de forma crtica, los datos se extrajeron y analizaron por
intencin de tratar (intention-to-treat). Cuando fue posible y apropiado se calcul el riesgo relativo (RR) y sus intervalos de
confianza (IC) del 95% con el nmero necesario a tratar (NNT). Para los datos continuos, se calcularon las Diferencias de Medias
Ponderadas (DMP). Se presentaron datos de escalas slo para aquellos instrumentos que lograron niveles preespecificados de
calidad. Tambin se realizaron pruebas de heterogeneidad y sesgo de publicacin.
Resultados principales
Esta revisin incluye 26 ensayos con 50 informes. Cuando la TEC se compar con placebo o TEC simulada, un nmero mayor
de personas mejor en el grupo de TEC real (n = 392; 10 ECA; RR: 0,76; IC aleatorio: 0,59 a 0,98; NNT 6; IC: 4 a 12) y aunque
los datos fueron heterogneos (ji cuadrado 17,49; gl = 9; P = 0,04), su impacto sobre la variabilidad de los datos no fue importante
(I cuadrado 48,5%). Tambin se sugiri que la TEC result en menos recadas en el corto plazo que la TEC simulada (n = 47; 2
ECA, RR corregido: 0,26; IC: 0,03 a 2,2) y en una mayor probabilidad de recibir el alta hospitalaria (n = 98; 1 ECA; RR corregido:
0,59; IC: 0,34 a 1,01). No existen pruebas de que esta ventaja temprana de la TEC se mantenga a medio o a largo plazo. Los
pacientes tratados con TEC no abandonaron el tratamiento antes que aquellos tratados con TEC simulada (n = 495; 14 ECA; RR
corregido: 0,71; IC: 0,33 a 1,52; I cuadrado 0%). Datos muy limitados indicaron que la memoria visual podra deteriorarse despus
de la administracin de TEC comparada con la TEC simulada (n = 24; 1 ECA; DMP: 14,0; IC: - 23 a - 5); los resultados de las
pruebas de memoria verbal fueron contradictorios.
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Cuando la TEC se compara directamente con los tratamientos farmacolgicos antipsicticos (n total = 443; 10 ECA), los resultados
favorecen al grupo de la medicacin (n = 175; 3 ECA; RR corregido "pacientes sin mejora al final del ciclo de TEC": 2,18; IC:
1,31 a 3,63). Pruebas limitadas sugieren que la TEC combinada con frmacos antipsicticos resulta en una mayor mejora en el
estado mental (n = 40; 1 ECA; DMP, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale [Escala de calificacin psiquitrica breve] -3,9; IC: - 2,28 a
-5,52) que con frmacos antipsicticos solos. Un estudio pequeo sugiri que hubo ms casos de deterioro de la memoria despus
de un ciclo de TEC combinada con antipsicticos que con antipsicticos solos (n = 20; DM de recuerdo de imgenes y nmeros
de serie: - 4,90; IC: - 0,78 a - 9,02), aunque este hecho result ser transitorio. Cuando se agreg la TEC peridica a los frmacos
antipsicticos, la combinacin fue claramente superior al uso de antipsicticos solos (n = 30; DMP Global Assessment of
Functioning [Evaluacin global del funcionamiento] 19,06; IC: 9,65 a 28,47) o la TECP sola (n = 30; DMP: - 20,30; IC: - 11,48
a - 29,12).
La TEC unilateral y la TEC bilateral fueron igualmente eficaces en cuanto a la mejora global (n = 78; 2 ECA; RR corregido
"pacientes sin mejora al final del ciclo de TEC" 0,79; IC: 0,45 a 1,39). Un ensayo demostr una ventaja significativa de 20
tratamientos sobre 12 tratamientos para el nmero de pacientes con mejora global al final del ciclo de TEC (n = 43; RR corregido:
2,53; IC: 1,13 a 5,66).
Conclusiones de los autores
Las pruebas en esta revisin sugieren que la TEC, combinada con el tratamiento con frmacos antipsicticos puede considerarse
una opcin para las personas con esquizofrenia, en particular cuando se desea una rpida mejora global y reduccin de los
sntomas. ste tambin es el caso para aquellos pacientes con esquizofrenia que muestran una respuesta limitada a la medicacin
sola. Aunque este efecto beneficioso inicial puede no durar ms all de un corto plazo no existen pruebas claras para refutar su
uso para las personas con esquizofrenia. La base de investigacin para el uso de TEC en las personas con esquizofrenia contina
amplindose, pero incluso despus de ms de cinco dcadas de uso clnico existen muchas preguntas sin respuesta con respecto
a su funcin en el tratamiento de las personas con esquizofrenia.
ANTECEDENTES
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medio plazo (de seis semanas a seis meses) y a largo plazo (ms
de seis meses).
2. Los objetivos secundarios fueron determinar si la TEC
produce una respuesta diferencial en las personas:
2.1 Con esquizofrenia bien definida en contraposicin con
aquellos con esquizofrenia definida menos rigurosamente, con
la presuposicin de que el segundo grupo presentar un mayor
componente afectivo en su enfermedad y sern ms sensibles
al tratamiento
2.2 Con esquizofrenia catatnica (estupor o excitacin)
2.3 Con esquizofrenia caracterizada por alucinaciones y delirios
predominantes (sntomas positivos) en contraposicin con
retraimiento social, apata y falta de respuesta emocional
(sntomas negativos)
2.4 Que se encuentran en una etapa temprana del curso de su
enfermedad (menos de dos aos)
2.5 Que fueron diagnosticadas con trastorno esquizoafectivo
en contraposicin con aquellas personas con esquizofrenia
"pura"
2.6 Que tambin reciben frmacos antipsicticos
2.7 Que no respondieron a los frmacos antipsicticos y se les
considera "resistentes al tratamiento"
2.8 Que se han sometido a un ciclo prolongado (ms de 12) o
corto (12 o menos) de TEC;
2.9 Que reciben tratamientos ms frecuentes que aquellas que
reciben tratamientos menos frecuentes
2.10 Que son tratados con TEC unilateral en comparacin con
TEC bilateral
2.11 Que son tratados con estmulos elctricos de nivel umbral
en comparacin con nivel supraumbral
2.12 Que reciben TEC peridica o de mantenimiento.
CRITERIOS PARA LA VALORACIN DE LOS
ESTUDIOS DE ESTA REVISIN
Tipos de estudios
Se incluyeron todos los ensayos controlados aleatorios
relevantes.
Tipos de participantes
Se incluyeron aquellas personas con esquizofrenia, trastorno
esquizoafectivo o trastorno mental crnico (no afectivo),
diagnosticados mediante cualquier criterio.
Tipos de intervencin
1. TEC (modificada o no modificada) - cualquier dosis,
frecuencia, nivel de estmulo versus uno o ms de los siguientes:
2. TEC (modificada o no modificada) - dosis umbral versus
superior que la dosis umbral
3. TEC (modificada o no modificada) - unilateral versus bilateral
4. TEC (modificada o no modificada) administrada tres das
por semana versus ms de tres das por semana
5. TEC (modificada o no modificada) - ciclo de 12 tratamientos
versus ciclo de ms de 12 tratamientos a 30 tratamientos versus
tratamiento peridico
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6. Placebo
7. "TEC simulada" o (el procedimiento de TEC menos el
estmulo elctrico) "subconvulsiva" (con un estmulo elctrico
pero sin la induccin de una crisis convulsiva)
8. Intervenciones farmacolgicas como antipsicticos u otros
tratamientos farmacolgicos
9. Intervenciones no farmacolgicas como psicoterapia,
asistencia social o terapia sobre el medio ambiente
10. Terapia convulsiva de acupuntura elctrica
11. Estimulacin magntica transcraneal repetitiva
12. Estimulacin del nervio vago
13. Estimulacin cerebral profunda
Tipos de medidas de resultado
Las variables de resultado de inters principal fueron las
siguientes:
1. Beneficio clnicamente significativo en el funcionamiento
global
2. Cambios en el estado mental, estado de hospitalizacin,
funcionamiento conductual, social y ocupacional
3. Remisin de los sntomas, independientemente de la
definicin
4. Alta hospitalaria o de la atencin
Puesto que se utilizaron diferentes escalas para cada variable
principal, la definicin de "beneficio clnicamente significativo"
se obtuvo a partir de la validacin de la escala original. Cuando
fue posible, los datos se convirtieron en binarios para generar
riesgos relativos. Si esto no era posible, se evaluaban los datos
continuos y el "beneficio clnicamente significativo" de los
cambios evaluados segn la validacin original de cada escala.
Las medidas de resultado secundarias utilizadas fueron:
1. El retiro temprano de las personas del ensayo por decisin
de: (i) el participante del ensayo o (ii) los investigadores; y
2. Cualquier evento adverso durante el ciclo de tratamiento o
en el perodo de seguimiento.
Cada resultado se analiz durante el ciclo de TEC, a corto plazo
(menos de seis semanas), a medio plazo (seis semanas a seis
meses) y a largo plazo (ms de seis meses).
ESTRATEGIA DE BSQUEDA PARA LA
IDENTIFICACIN DE LOS ESTUDIOS
1. Bsqueda electrnica
1.1 Se realizaron bsquedas en Biological Abstracts (enero de
1966 a enero de 1996), EMBASE (enero de 1980 a enero de
1996), MEDLINE (enero de 1966 a noviembre de 2004) y
PsycLIT (Nivel 1 y 2 como se especific en la Estrategia de
Bsqueda del Grupo Cochrane de Esquizofrenia) (enero de
1974 a enero de 1996) mediante la frase del Grupo Cochrane
de Esquizofrenia para ensayos controlados aleatorios para
esquizofrenia (ver Estrategia de Bsqueda) con el agregado de:
[and (ECT or electroconvuls* or electro-convuls* or
electroshock* or electro-shock*)]
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4. Heterogeneidad
Despus de considerar la probabilidad de heterogeneidad clnica
basada en las comparaciones de los estudios incluidos, la
presentacin grfica de los resultados se complement con la
prueba de ji cuadrado de Mantel-Haenszel de heterogeneidad
para verificar si las diferencias en los resultados se debieron
slo al azar. Ya que esta prueba presenta bajo poder estadstico
para detectar heterogeneidad, un nivel de significacin menor
a 0,10 se interpret como evidencia de heterogeneidad. Adems,
para esta versin de la revisin, la inconsistencia entre los
estudios y su impacto sobre el metanlisis se cuantific al
analizar el valor de I cuadrado para calcular el porcentaje de
variabilidad debida a heterogeneidad en lugar de slo al azar.
Se interpret que un valor de I cuadrado de un 50% o ms
indicaba importantes niveles de heterogeneidad (Deeks 2003,
Higgins 2003). Si se detectaba heterogeneidad pero no se
consideraba que contribuyera de manera significativa a la
variacin en los datos, todos los datos se combinaban e
interpretaban mediante un modelo de efectos aleatorios. Si la
inconsistencia era significativa, los datos de los estudios
responsables no se combinaban y los resultados se presentaban
por separado y se estudiaban las razones de heterogeneidad. En
cualquier caso, si exista heterogeneidad significativa, se
realizaba un anlisis de sensibilidad de la presencia o ausencia
de estos datos.
5. Anlisis de sensibilidad y de subgrupos
Se realizaron anlisis de sensibilidad en todos los casos en que
se detect heterogeneidad. El efecto de incluir estudios con
altas tasas de abandono tambin se analiz en un anlisis de
sensibilidad. Adems, se esperaba detectar diferencias en los
resultados para las (a) personas con esquizofrenia definida
operativamente en contraposicin con aquellas diagnosticadas
por consenso clnico, (b) personas con diversos grados de
resistencia al tratamiento y aquellas cuya enfermedad no se
defini como tal, (c) personas que presentan sntomas
predominantemente positivos o negativos de esquizofrenia y
aquellas sin esta designacin y (c) personas que estuvieron
enfermas durante menos de dos aos y aquellas en una etapa
tarda de la enfermedad.
6. Sesgo de publicacin
Cuando los resultados incluan datos de cinco o ms ensayos,
se introdujeron los datos en un grfico de distribucin en
embudo (funnel graph) (efecto del ensayo versus tamao del
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3.1.6 Muerte
Un ensayo inform sobre la mortalidad durante un seguimiento
de tres aos (May 1968). No se informaron muertes en este
ensayo (n=98).
3.2 TEC versus frmacos antipsicticos
3.2.1 Impresin global
Cuando la TEC administrada sin antipsicticos se compara
directamente con el tratamiento con antipsicticos solos, los
resultados dicotmicos combinados favorecen firmemente el
grupo de medicacin (n = 175; 3 ECA; RR corregido: 2,18; IC:
1,3 a 3,6; I cuadrado 3,6%). Los datos homogneos tambin
favorecen los frmacos antipsicticos sobre la TEC con respecto
al nmero de pacientes dados de alta despus del tratamiento
(n = 135; 2 ECA; RR corregido: 1,98; IC: 0,97 a 4; I cuadrado
43,7%). Datos muy limitados indicaron que las personas tratadas
con TEC tienen menos probabilidades de presentar recadas
que aquellos tratados con antipsicticos (n = 32; 1 ECA; RR
corregido: 0,33; IC: 0,1 a 0,9). Las medidas continuas de
mejora global de un ensayo favorecieron a la TEC en el corto
plazo aunque los resultados fueron contradictorios en el largo
plazo.
Uno de nuestros objetivos secundarios fue evaluar si el agregado
de TEC es beneficioso para aquellos tratados con frmacos
antipsicticos. Hay algunos datos para sugerir que la
combinacin resulta en un aumento del nmero de personas
con mejora al final del ciclo de tratamiento en comparacin
con aquellas tratadas slo con TEC. Siete de los diez ensayos
que aportaron datos sobre la mejora clnica global en la
comparacin de TEC y TEC simulada / placebo estudiaron la
TEC ms antipsicticos versus la TEC simulada ms
antipsicticos (Abraham 1987, Brandon 1985, Goswami 2001,
Naidoo 1956, Sarita 1998, Sarkar 1994, Taylor 1980). Los tres
ensayos restantes no utilizaron antipsicticos en combinacin
con TEC o TEC simulada / placebo (Brill 1959, May 1968,
Small 1982). El anlisis de los datos heterogneos de estos siete
ensayos mostr una tendencia no significativa que favorece la
combinacin de TEC y antipsicticos (n = 203; RR aleatorio:
0,76; IC: 0,52 a 1,10; I cuadrado - 62,1%). La reduccin de la
heterogeneidad mediante la exclusin de un ensayo visiblemente
alejado (Taylor 1980) reduce ligeramente la incertidumbre
alrededor de la estimacin del efecto (n = 183; 6 ECA; RR:
0,81; IC fijo: 0,66 a 1,00; I cuadrado 44,6%).
Por el contrario, los datos homogneos de los tres ensayos (Brill
1959, May 1968, Small 1982) que compararon la TEC con la
TEC simulada / placebo y no utilizaron antipsicticos en
ninguno de los brazos complementan las pruebas acerca de que
la TEC es ms eficaz que la TEC simulada parta facilitar la
mejora clnica global (n = 189; RR: 0,70; IC fijo: 0,49 a 0,98;
NNT 7; IC: 4 a 10; I cuadrado 0%). Sin embargo, la
superposicin en los lmites de confianza para las estimaciones
del efecto en ambos subgrupos no permite proporcionar una
respuesta definitiva a esta cuestin clnicamente importante.
Se ha sugerido un efecto para el agregado de antipsicticos a
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Recursos internos
Christian Medical College, Vellore INDIA
FUENTES DE FINANCIACIN
Recursos externos
Cochrane Schizophrenia Group General Fund UK
REFERENCIAS
Referencias de los estudios incluidos en esta revisin
Abraham 1987 {published data only}
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treatment of schizophrenia. A comparative study. British Journal of
Psychiatry 1987;151:152-5.
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Brewer 1972
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Childers 1964
Childers RT. Comparison of four regimes in newly admitted female
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Chanpattana 1997
*Chanpattana W. Continuation electroconvulsive therapy in schizophrenia:
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Cronholm 1961
Cronholm B, Molander L. Memory disturbances after ECT. Acta
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Chanpattana 1998
*Chanpattana W. Maintenance ECT in schizophrenia: A pilot study. Journal
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d'Elia 1970
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Goller 1960
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Gottlieb 1951
Gottlieb JS, Huston PE. Treatment of schizophrenia. A comparision of
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Christopher Phillips, RN Tel: 718-470-8163 E-mail: cphillip@lij.edu Zucker
Hillside Hospital Glen Oaks New York, 11004, USA Georgios Petrides,
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Geenberg RM, Crowe RR, Cooper TB, Prudic J. Continuation
pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive
therapy. Journal of the American Medical Association 2001;285:1299-307.
Salzman 1980
Salzman C. The use of ECT in the treatment of schizophrenia. American
Journal of Psychiatry 1980;137:1032-41.
Schooler 1993
Schooler NR, Keith SJ. The clinical research base for the treatment of
schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1993;29:431-46.
Scott 1991
Scott AIF, Weeks DJ, McDonald CF. Continuation electroconvulsive
therapy: preliminary guidelines and an illustrative case report. British
Journal of Psychiatry 1991;159:867-70.
Scott 1992
Scott AIF, Rodger CR, Stocks RH, Shering AP. Is old fashioned
electroconvulsive therapy more efficacious? A randomised comparative
study of bilateral brief-pulse and bilateral sine-wave treatments. British
Journal of Psychiatry 1992;160:360-4.
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Scott 1995
Scott A. ECT and depressive disorders. In: Freeman CP, editor(s). The ECT
Handbook. The Second Report of the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Special
Committee on ECT. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1995:3-5.
Shapira 1991
Shapira B, Calev A, Lerer B. Optimal use of electroconvulsive therapy:
choosing a treatment schedule. Psychiatric Clinics of North America
1991;14:935-46.
Ukoumunne 1999
Ukoumunne OC, Gulliford MC, Chinn S, Sterne JAC, Burney PGJ. Methods
for evaluating area-wide and organisation-based interventions in health and
health care: a systematic review. Health Technology Assessment
1999;3(5):iii-92. 10982317.
Shapira 1998
Shapira B, Tubi N, Drexler H, Lidsky D, Calev A , Lerer B. Cost and benefit
in the choice of ECT schedule. Twice versus three times weekly ECT.
British Journal of Psychiatry 1998;172:44-8.
Small 1985
Small JG. Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in schizophrenia, mania
and other disorders. I. Schizophrenia. Convulsive Therapy 1985;1:263-70.
Thornley 1998
Thornley B, Adam C. Content and quality of 2000 controlled trials in
schizophrenia over 50 years. BMJ 1998;317:1181-4.
Weiner 1986
Weiner RD, Rogers HJ, Davidson JR, Squire LR. Effects of stimulus
parameters on cognitive side effects. Annals of the New York Academy of
Sciences 1986;462:315-25.
Weiner 1994
Weiner RD. Treatment optimization with ECT. Psychopharmacology
Bulletin 1994;30:313-20.
* El asterisco seala los documentos ms importantes para este estudio
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TABLAS
Characteristics of included studies
Study
Abraham 1987
Methods
Participants
Interventions
Outcomes
Relapse.
Mental state: BPRS (18 item).
Global impression: CGI
Leaving the study early.
Notes
Allocation concealment
Study
Abrams 1967
Methods
Participants
Interventions
Outcomes
Cognitive tests: Weschler memory scale scores (Form I), confusion, disorientation,
memory loss, incontinence.
Notes
Allocation concealment
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Agarwal 1985
Methods
Participants
Interventions
Outcomes
Notes
Allocation concealment
Study
Bagadia 1981
Methods
Participants
Interventions
1. Modified ECT (bilateral) + placebo drug (6 tablets/day): 110 volts for 0.5 secs, 3 in
1st week, 2 times / week thereafter, 6-10 treatments. N=40.
2. Sham ECT + chlorpromazine: 6-10 ECT treatments, 600mg drug per day. N=38.
Outcomes
Notes
One publication reported some additional participants with depression - excluded from
this review.
Allocation concealment
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Bagadia 1988
Methods
Participants
Interventions
Outcomes
Notes
Allocation concealment
Study
Baker 1958
Methods
Participants
Interventions
1. Partly modified ECT (unclear if bi/unilateral): 3 times / week for treatment 1-12, 2 /
week for treatment 13-18, 1 / week thereafter, fixed number (20). N=18.
2. Insulin coma: 30 comas, 1 / day, 6 times / week. N=15.
3. Chlorpromazine: dose 300 mg / day, 6 days / week for 8 weeks. N=15.
All given 6 grains sodium amytal on treatment days, additional treatments not reported,
unclear if whether any medication was used in the follow up period.
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Discharged.
Relapse.
Global impression: not improved.
Leaving the study early.
Unable to use Mental state: Wittenborn rating scale (no SD).
Psychological tests: average scores (no SD).
Notes
Allocation concealment
Study
Baker 1960
Methods
Participants
Interventions
1. ECT (Ectonus technique; partly modified with sodium amytal, unclear if bi/unilateral)
fixed number of 12 treatments, 5 /week for 1 week, 3/week for 2 weeks and 1/week for
1 week. N=10.
2. ECT as above, fixed number = 12, 3/week for 3 weeks and 1/week for 1 week. N=14.
3. ECT as above, fixed number = 20, 5/week for 1 week, 3/week for 3 weeks, 2/week
for 2 weeks and 1/week for 2 weeks. N=12.
4. ECT as above, fixed number = 20, 3/week for 4 weeks, 2/week for 3 weeks, and
2/week for 2 weeks. N=7.
No details of additional treatments.
Outcomes
Notes
Data for the 2 groups given 12 ECT combined and compared with combined data for
2 groups given 20 ECT.
Since discharge was based on clinical impression of clincal and social improvement,
numbers not discharged were equated with those not improved on global impression.
Allocation concealment
Study
Brandon 1985
Methods
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Interventions
Outcomes
Notes
Allocation concealment
Study
Brill 1959
Methods
Participants
Interventions
Outcomes
Global impression: not improved (not improved on 2/3 measures on psychiatric status
9 point scale, Lorr 5 point psychiatric rating scale, psychological status.
Leaving the study early.
Unable to use Mental state: Lorr Psychiatric Rating Scale scores (data inadequate).
Psychological , biochemical and physiological tests: (imprecise statistical results
presented).
Notes
This study also had a comparision group of depressed and schizoaffective participants
(N=30). It was impossible to seperate depressed people from those with schizoaffective
disorder, so these data are excluded.
Allocation concealment
B
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Chanpattana 1999a
Methods
Participants
Interventions
Outcomes
Notes
Phase I: 114 people with reatment resistant schizophrenia treated with bilateral ECT
thrice weekly + flupenthixol 12-24 mg/day till BPRS <25 or 20 ECT were given. Then
each person who demonstrated clinical stability over 3 weeks with 3 ECT / week for 1
week and weekly ECT for 2 weeks during which BPRS remained<25. Responders (58,
51%) were eligible for randomisation in Phase II of the study.
Dr. Chanpattana was most helpful in providing additional data
Allocation concealment
Study
Chanpattana 2000
Methods
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Interventions
Outcomes
Global impression: BPRS < 25 after ECT and maintained over the 3 week "stabilisation
period".
ECT treatments: number of treatments and days to first improvement and till end of
study.
Leaving the study early.
Unable to use Mental state: BPRS (no usable data).
Global functioning: GAF (no usable data).
Cognitive functions: MMSE (Thai version) (no usable data).
Notes
Allocation concealment
Study
Doongaji 1973
Methods
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Interventions
Outcomes
Notes
Only 54/86 people completed treatments and only 25 were followed up for 3 months;
reasons for drop out not available.
Allocation concealment
Study
Girish 2003
Methods
Participants
Interventions
1. Bilateral modified ECT: thrice weekly till maximum clinical improvement maintained
over 1 week (6-13 treatments; average 8.9) + oral placebo twice daily. N=8.
2. Risperidone: dose 4-6 mg/day in divided doses + Sham ECT twice a week for 3
weeks (fixed). N=6.
All ECT given after titrating seizure threshold and subsequently marginally
suprathreshold doses (> 60 millicouloumbs) delivered; seizures monitored by cuff
method and computerised EEG.
All participants given Thiopentone (4 mg/kg body weight) and for real ECT
succinlycholine (1 mg/kg body weight) and atropine (0.6 mg).
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Global Impression: not improved at end of 3 weeks and needing further ECT.
Leaving the study early.
Adverse effects: Columbia Side effects checklist; Simpson Angus rating scale.
Unable to use Mental state: BFCRS (data skewed, see additional tables), PANNS (no usable data).
Notes
Details of randomisation, BFCRS (mean and SD) scores kindly provided by the first
author along with the unpublished manuscript.
Mean duration of illness (SD) in ECT arm 33.0 months(41.9), in Risperidone arm 50.3
months (40.6); similarly duration of catatonic signs also longer in Risperidone arm 69.8
weeks(113.79) VS ECT arm 14.9 (20.7).
Allocation concealment
Study
Goswami 2001
Methods
Participants
Interventions
1. Bilateral brief pulse ECT three times weekly, mean 14.4 treatments (SD 1.95, range
12-18), stimulus dose 50 - 200% above threshold. N = 17
2. Sham ECT.
N= 13.
Additional treatments: all subjects were given chlorpromazine in flexible doses of 200
-1000 mg/day,
trihexphenedyl upto 6 mg/day, intravenous diazepam or promethazine as needed for
agitation.
Outcomes
Notes
Drs. Goswami and Kumar were most helpful in supplying us the manuscript of the
unpublished study and additional information, particularly about those leaving the study
early (ECT 2; Sham ECT 3; total sample 30; data presented in publication only for 25.
Allocation concealment
Study
Janakiramiah 1981
Methods
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Interventions
Outcomes
Notes
Allocation concealment
Study
Janakiramiah 1982
Methods
Participants
Interventions
Outcomes
Notes
Allocation concealment
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May 1968
Methods
Participants
Interventions
1. Modified ECT (uni/bilateral): initially 3 times / week, then 2 and 1 / week, 7-45
treatments, men averaged 19, women 25. N=51.
2. Antipsychotic drugs: trifluoperazine (10-120 mg/day, average ~ 35mg/day, additional
chlorpromazine given temporarily to 7 participants. N=51.
3. Psychotherapy: individual psychoanlytic (ego-supportive and reality defining) given
by residents and supervised by experienced therapists, 7-97 hours. N=49.
4. Psychotherapy plus antipsychotics: drugs in flexible doses (4-120 mg) integrated to
facilitate psychotherapy. N=49.
5. Milieu therapy: standard care in a 'conservative, expectant, humanistic' environment.
N=47.
Follow up treatments not controlled. Included antipsychotics, psychotherapy and further
ECT (7 people), nursing care, hydrotherapy, occupational, recreational and industrial
therapy. Barbiturates prescribed as required.
Outcomes
Death.
Global impression: not improved.
Discharged.
Leaving the study early.
Mental state: Menninger Health-Sickness Scale (MHS), Motility Affect Cooperation
Communication Scale (MACC), Jenkins Symptom Rating Scale (JSRS).
Employment (data skewed, see additional tables).
Unable to use Mental state: Psychotic Confusion Scale (data similar to JSRS), Clyde Mood Scale,
Shipley Scale, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory (data not usable).
Notes
Allocation concealment
Study
Miller 1953
Methods
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Interventions
1. Unmodified ECT (bilateral): 1.5 milliamps, fixed 20 treatments over 3 weeks. N=10.
2. Thiopentone anaesthesia + subconvulsive ECT: 5 times / week over 4 weeks. N=10.
3. Sham ECT: 5 / week over 4 weeks. N=10.
Additional treatments: not reported.
Outcomes
Employment.
Unable to use Behavioural assessment: (data difficult to interpret and not clearly relevant).
Notes
Allocation concealment
Study
Naidoo 1956
Methods
Participants
Interventions
Outcomes
Global impression.
Leaving the study early.
Notes
Categorical data for global impression made binary by dichotomising at 'not any
improvement'.
Allocation concealment
Study
Sarita 1998
Methods
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Interventions
1. Modified brief pulse unilateral ECT three times weekly + haloperidol (mean dose
14.2 mg, SD 8.2 mg). N=12.
2. Modified brief pulse bilateral ECT three times weekly + haloperidol (mean dose 14.6
mg, SD 5.8 mg). N=12.
3. Sham ECT three times weekly + haloperidol (mean dose 18.3 mg, SD 7.2 mg). N=12.
ECT given in fixed dose 168 mC for treatments 1-6 and if needed increased to 336 mC
subsequently.
Outcomes
Notes
Allocation concealment
Study
Sarkar 1994
Methods
Participants
Interventions
1. Modified ECT (bilateral): sine wave stimulus, 140 V for 0.6s, seizure duration
monitored by Hamilton cuff method, 25s seizure duration ensured at each treatment,
3 times / week, 6 treatments. N=15.
2. Sham ECT: 3 times / week, 6 treatments. N=15.
Additional treatments: fixed dose haloperidol 15 mg/day, additional antipsychotics
permitted but not used.
Outcomes
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Allocation concealment
Study
Small 1982
Methods
Participants
Interventions
1. ECT + thiothixene: non-dominant unilateral, Medcraft model MkII sine wave, 3 times
/ week, individualised number, miniminum 12, thiothixene - see below. N=25.
2. ECT + placebo: dose - see above. N=16.
3. Thiothixene: dose individual titrated, limited by dose, maximim 16mg / day. N=26.
4. Placebo: N=8.
Outcomes
Notes
Dr Small has been most helpful in supplying additional unpublished data; however no
usable data extractable for many primary outcomes.
Allocation concealment
Study
Taylor 1980
Methods
Allocation: 'random assignment', stratified according to sex and depression scores, method not described.
Blinding: participants blind to treatment assignment, research assesments blind but
supplemented by non-blind clinical assessments.
Follow up: 3 months after last treatment, (4 months after start of trial).
Participants
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1. Modified ECT (bilateral and unilateral): brief pulses 25J, 3 times / week, 8-12
treatments. N=10.
2. Sham ECT, 3 times / week, 8-12 treatments. N=10.
Additional treatments: chlorpromazine 300 mg per day or equivalent, after ECT,
additional antipsychotics permitted, occupational therapy.
Outcomes
Notes
Allocation concealment
Study
Ukpong 2002
Methods
Participants
Interventions
Outcomes
Adverse effects.
Leaving the study early.
Unable to use Mental state: BPRS (total and positive subscale scores), SANS scores, (data skewed,
see additional tables).
CGI (no data provided).
Notes
CGI data and details of items omitted in modified BPRS scale used, randomisation and
allocation sought from authors.
Allocation concealment
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Ungvari 1982
Methods
Participants
Interventions
1. ECT + standard dose haloperidol; ECT 2/day on 3 occasions over 6 days, haloperidol
4.5 - 9 mg/day, ave. 6.5 mg/day. N=36.
2. High dose haloperidol: 40 -120 mg IM on day 1, adjusted according to tolerence
thereafter for 6 days, range 50 -120 mg/day, average 72 mg/day. N=39.
Outcomes
Adverse events.
Leaving the study early.
Unable to use Mental state: FCRS (data not usable).
Notes
Allocation concealment
Study
Wu 1989
Methods
Participants
Interventions
1. Bilateral unmodified ECT (105 -125 mA) thrice a week (mean 7.5, SD 0.9, range
6-10 treatments) + chlorpromazine 300-650 mg/day (mean 472.5 mg, SD 51.8 mg).
N=20.
2. Chlorpromazine 300-600mg/day (mean 558.5 mg, SD 78.4 mg). N=20.
Additional treatments: not mentioned.
Outcomes
Notes
Allocation concealment
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Aoba 1983
Allocation: not randomised, case series with plasma studies before and after ECT.
Arato 1980
Ayers 1960
Baker 1961
Barker 1960
Allocation: randomised.
Participants: people with schizophrenia and depression.
Interventions: ECT modified or unmodified, each person received both methods on a random
basis, not a focus of this review for this version.
Benatov 1996
Berg 1959
Bhatia 1987
Bhatia 1998
Bowes 1956
Brewer 1972
Chanpattana 1997
Chanpattana 1998
Chanpattana 1999b
Chanpattana 1999c
Chanpattana 1999d
Allocation: not randomised, retrospective chart review of matched ECT responders drawn
from two hospitals who were part of an earlier randomised trial.
Chanpattana 1999e
Chanpattana 2000b
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Chanpattana 2002
Allocation: not randomised; case series with patients given different stimulus intensities,
though randomised to two different makes of ECT machines.
Chatterjee 1980
Childers 1961
Childers 1964
Cronholm 1961
Das 1991
Delva 1996
Dodwell 1989
Early 1999
El Islam 1970
Fink 1958
Frankenberg 1993
Friedel 1986
Gambill 1966
Allocation: randomised.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: ECT versus sham ECT versus thiopentone versus prochlorperazine.
Outcomes: no data presented in usable form. Reviewers attempted to contact author - no
reply.
Gander 1967
Allocation: unclear.
Participants: people with mixed diagnoses, not schizophrenia alone.
Gang 1997
Allocation: randomised.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: electroacupuncture plus reduced dose of antipsychotics versus antipsychotics
alone; no ECT or sham ECT comparison arm.
Gangadhar 2000
Geretsegger 1998
Goller 1960
Allocation: randomised.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: reserpine versus placebo, the two groups also given ECT, but not randomised
to ECT.
Gottlieb 1951
Green 1994
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Usado con permiso de John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Allocation: randomised.
Participants: people with mixed diagnoses, not schizophrenia alone.
Gujavarty 1987
Guo 2000
Hargreaves 1972
He 2001
Allocation: randomised.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: right unilateral ECT versus left unilateral ECT; not a focus of this review.
Heath 1964
Hirose 2001
Hrebicek 1965
Allocation: not randomised, a random sample of people given two treatments, allocation not
stated.
Ikeji 1999
James 1999
Jiang 1989
Johnson 1960
Johnstone 1997
Kellner 1999
Allocation: randomised.
Participants: people with major depressive disorder.
King 1958
Allocation: not randomised, participants drew playing cards and were assigned according to
value of drawn card.
King 1959
Allocation: randomised, method unclear, possibly sequentially (since other studies by same
author used sequential randomisation). Not blinded.
Participants: 37 males with schizophrenia; 18 with chronic schizophrenia hospitalized
continuously on average for 15 years, 19 with more recent illness.
Interventions: ECT thrice weekly (ECT) versus ECT twice daily 6 days a week (RECT). Both
groups received 20 treatments.
Outcomes: 'Ward quality'; discharge rates. Numbers of people assigned to each treatment
not reported.
King 1960
Klapheke 1999
Konig 1990
Krystal 1993
Kupchik 2000
Landy 1991
Langsley 1959
Allocation: randomised.
Participants: people with schizophrenia and people with mania.
Interventions: ECT versus chlorpromazine.
Outcomes: not presented separately by diagnosis, unable to use.
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Laurell 1970b
Levin 1990
Levine 1995
Levine 1997
Lewis 1982
Li 2002
Ligthart 1956
Lingl 1964
Lui 1993
McInnes 1972
Meyendorf 1981
Mezquita 1973
Milstein 1990
Murillo 1973
Allocation: not randomised, retrospective case series with prospective follow up.
Natani 1983
Ostzovscki 1997
Ottosson 1960
Petrides 1996
Allocated: randomised.
Participants: people with schizophrenia (1), schizoaffective (4), bipolar disorder (3) and people
with depression (24).
Interventions: different schedules of stimulus doses for ECT.
Outcomes: elicitation of seizures, electrical dose requirements, no clinical data.
Peyman 1956
Pisvejc 1998
Rahman 1968
Ray 1962
Allocation: not randomised, divided into three groups, controlled clinical trial.
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Allocation: randomised.
Participants: people with schizophrenia, people with affective psychosis, others.
Interventions: bilateral versus unilateral ECT.
Outcomes: not reported separately for people with schizophrenia, no usable data.
Rhode 1961
Safferman 1992
Sajatovic 1993
Small 1968
Allocation: randomised.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: flurothyl induced convulsion versus ECT, no sham ECT.
Smith 1967
Stenback 1957
Sullivan 1974
Swoboda 2001
Tang 2003
Ulett 1956
Allocation: not randomised, matched groups assigned "respectively" to four treatment groups.
Vojtechovsky 1970
Allocation: unclear.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: centrophenoxin versus placebo, all given ECT.
Weinstein 1971
Wessels 1972
West 1982
Allocation: randomised.
Participants: mixed psychiatric inpatients.
Interventions: discussion group versus activity group, some patients received ECT but were
not randomised for ECT.
Xie 1994
Xue 1985
Allocation: randomised.
Participants: people with schizophrenia.
Interventions: electric acupuncture convulsive therapy versus ECT; no sham ECT; used
different electrode types (round plates, acupuncture needles, clips) and placements that
overlapped between intervention arms.
d'Elia 1970
Petrides 2000
Unknown.
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Diagnosis: schizophrenia.
Expected N=64.
Age: 18- 60.
Sex: both.
History: "receiving >2 X 400 mg doses of chlorpromazine equivalents for > 4 weeks (may
include newer antipsychotics), having substantial psychotic symptoms despite > 12 weeks
of treatment with clozapine (at least 8 weeks at a consistent dose).
Interventions
Outcomes
Unknown.
Starting date
Contact information
Christopher Phillips, RN
Tel: 718-470-8163
E-mail: cphillip@lij.edu
Zucker Hillside Hospital
Glen Oaks
New York, 11004, USA
Georgios Petrides, MD
Tel: 718-470-8569
E-mail: gpetrides@lij.edu
Christine J Svetina, Ph.D
Tel: 718-470-8448
E-mail: csvetina@lij.edu
Notes
Sarkar 1994
11.0 (7.7)
15
11.3 (8.0)
15
Table 02 ECT versus SHAM ECT: Global psychopathology: percentage change (VAS, high = poor
Period
Study
Mid-course
Brandon 1985
47 (10.4)
80.0 (2.5)
41 (12.7)
69 (9.9)
Medium term
Brandon 1985
48 (7.8)
43 (7.8)
Long term
Brandon 1985
46 (7.0)
39 (10.4)
Table 03 ECT versus SHAM ECT: Mental State: 1. Average change (BPRS, high = poor)
Period
Study
Mid course
8.3 (5.5)
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Table 03 ECT versus SHAM ECT: Mental State: 1. Average change (BPRS, high = poor)
At end of course Sarita 1998
17.0 (18.4)
12
14.7 (16.2)
12
Short term
1.4 (1.8)
Medium term
Sarkar 1994
15
3.6 (3.9)
15
1.8 (2.1)
Table 04 ECT versus SHAM ECT: Mental State: 2. percentage change (MASS, high = poor)
Period
Study
8 (1.4)
9 (1.8)
Medium term
3 (1.0)
Long term
4 (1.3)
Table 05 ECT versus SHAM ECT: Depression: 1. percentage change: (Visual analogue, high=p
Period
Study
Brandon 1985
58 (5.4)
67 (5.6)
54 (6.2)
71 (6.4)
Medium term
Brandon 1985
60 (3.2)
48 (8.3)
Long term
Brandon 1985
57 (2.4)
57 (3.2)
Table 06 ECT versus SHAM ECT: Depression: 2. percentage change: (HDRS, high = poor)
Period
Study
27 (5.2)
25 (6.5)
Medium term
48 (8.3)
Long term
57 (3.2)
Table 07 ECT versus SHAM ECT: Adverse effects: 1. verbal memory ( high = good)
Study
Sarita 1998
20.6 (14.2)
43.7 (16.8)
12
12
Table 08 ECT versus SHAM ECT: Adverse effects: 2. Extrapyramidal (UKU, high = poor)
Study
Sarita 1998
1.5 (1.7)
12
1.2 (1.7)
12
Table 09 UNILATERAL versus BILATERAL ECT: Mental state: short term (BPRS, high = poor)
Study
Sarita 1998
25.2 (13.2)
17.0 (18.4)
12
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12
Table 10 UNILATERAL versus BILATERAL ECT: Adverse effects: 1. Verbal memory (high = good
Study
Sarita 1998
32.7 (19.2)
2.7 (14.2)
12
12
Table 11 UNILATERAL versus BILATERAL ECT: Adverse effects: 2. Verbal memory (high = good)
Study
Sarita 1998
25.2 (13.2)
17.0 (18.4)
12
12
Table 12 ECT + PLACEBO vs SHAM ECT + ANTIPSYCHOTIC: Mental State (BFCRS, high = poor)
Study
Girish 2003
3.9 (3.5)
7.7 (3.6)
Sarita 1998
20.6 (14.2)
43.7 (16.8)
12
12
May 1968
1.7 (1.9)
47
1.8 (1.7)
44
May 1968
1.7 (1.9)
1.6 (1.7)
47
42
Table 16 ECT and PLACEBO vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC and SECT. Global imp: 1. Ave (BFCRS- hig
Period
Study
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
mid-course
Girish 2003
3.88 (3.52)
7.67 (3.61)
0.62 (1.18)
6.16 (4.75)
CARTULA
Titulo
Autor(es)
Tharyan P, Adams CE
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1996/1
1997/2
Fecha de la modificacin ms
reciente"
16 febrero 2005
"Fecha de la modificacin
SIGNIFICATIVA ms reciente
16 febrero 2005
Cambios ms recientes
12 noviembre 2004
Fecha de modificacin de la
seccin conclusiones de los
autores
14 noviembre 2004
Direccin de contacto
Dr Prathap Tharyan
Professor
Department of Psychiatry
Christian Medical College
Vellore
632001
Tamil Nadu
INDIA
Tlefono: +91 416 2284519
E-mail: prathap@cmcvellore.ac.in
Facsimile: +91 416 2261632
CD000076
Grupo editorial
HM-SCHIZ
Pgina 58
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Usado con permiso de John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N de
estudios
N de
participantes
Mtodo estadstico
Subtotales
nicamente
98
165
04 Impresin global: 4.
Puntuacin de punto final
promedio (escala MHS,
puntuacin alta = bueno)
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
90
Diferencia de medias
-2.10 [-5.19, 0.99]
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC
del 95%
07 Conducta: Puntuacin de
punto final promedio - a mediano
plazo (escala MACC, puntuacin
alta = bueno)
90
Diferencia de medias
4.10 [-0.40, 8.60]
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC
del 95%
08 Empleo: 1. En la sala
30
Subtotales
nicamente
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
16
98
No estimable
02 TEC con o sin FRMACOS ANTIPSICTICOS versus FRMACOS ANTIPSICTICOS con o sin TEC
SIMULADA
Resultado
N de
estudios
N de
participantes
Pgina 59
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Usado con permiso de John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mtodo estadstico
Subtotales
nicamente
02 TEC con o sin FRMACOS ANTIPSICTICOS versus FRMACOS ANTIPSICTICOS con o sin TEC
SIMULADA
02 Impresin global: 2. Recada corto plazo (versus antipsicticos
solos)
33
135
04 Impresin global: 4.
Puntuacin de punto final
promedio (MHS, puntuacin alta
= bueno)
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
07 Conducta: Puntuacin de
punto final promedio - mediano
plazo (MACC, alta = bueno)
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
Subtotales
nicamente
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
11
645
52
Subtotales
nicamente
Subtotales
nicamente
Subtotales
nicamente
Subtotales
nicamente
Pgina 60
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Usado con permiso de John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N de
estudios
Mtodo estadstico
Subtotales
nicamente
Subtotales
nicamente
03 Impresin global: 3.
Puntuacin de punto final
promedio (MHS, puntuacin alta
= bueno)
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
05 Conducta: Puntuacin de
punto final promedio - mediano
plazo (escala MACC; alta =
bueno)
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
Subtotales
nicamente
N de
participantes
149
N de
estudios
N de
participantes
Mtodo estadstico
33
33
03 Recada
33
N de
estudios
N de
participantes
Mtodo estadstico
01 Impresin global: 1.
Puntuacin de punto final
promedio (GAF, puntuacin alta
= bueno)
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
Pgina 61
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Usado con permiso de John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subtotales
nicamente
Subtotales
nicamente
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
N de
estudios
N de
participantes
Mtodo estadstico
Subtotales
nicamente
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
Subtotales
nicamente
N de
estudios
N de
participantes
Mtodo estadstico
Subtotales
nicamente
Subtotales
nicamente
03 SUBGRUPO de personas en
remisin - nmero de tratamientos
de TEC: 1. Hasta la primera
mejora
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
04 SUBGRUPO de personas en
remisin - nmero de tratamientos
de TEC: 2. Al final del ciclo de
TEC
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
05 SUBGRUPO de personas en
remisin - das de tratamiento: 1.
Hasta la primera mejora
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
06 SUBGRUPO de personas en
remisin - das de tratamiento: 2.
Al final del ciclo de TEC
Diferencia de medias
Subtotales
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC nicamente
del 95%
Pgina 62
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Usado con permiso de John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N de
estudios
N de
participantes
Mtodo estadstico
10
No estimable
10
Diferencia de medias
2.97 [-8.45, 14.39]
ponderada (efectos fijos) IC
del 95%
N de
estudios
N de
participantes
43
Mtodo estadstico
Pgina 63
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Usado con permiso de John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pgina 64
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Usado con permiso de John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
01.04 Impresin global: 4. Puntuacin de punto final promedio (escala MHS, puntuacin alta = bueno)
Pgina 65
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01.05 Estado mental: 1. Puntuacin de punto final promedio (BPRS, puntuacin alta = malo)
01.06 Estado mental: 2. Puntuacin de punto final promedio - a mediano plazo (escala de Jenkin, puntuacin alta = malo)
Pgina 66
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01.07 Conducta: Puntuacin de punto final promedio - a mediano plazo (escala MACC, puntuacin alta = bueno)
Pgina 67
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Pgina 68
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Pgina 69
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Fig. 02 TEC con o sin FRMACOS ANTIPSICTICOS versus FRMACOS ANTIPSICTICOS con o sin TEC
SIMULADA
02.01 Impresin global: 1. Pacientes sin mejora - al final del ciclo de TEC
Pgina 70
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02.03 Impresin global: 3. Pacientes no dados de alta del hospital (versus antipsicticos solos)
02.04 Impresin global: 4. Puntuacin de punto final promedio (MHS, puntuacin alta = bueno)
Pgina 71
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02.05 Estado mental: 1. Puntuacin de punto final promedio (BPRS, puntuacin alta = malo)
02.06 Estado mental: 2. Puntuacin de punto final promedio (escala de Jenkin, alta = malo)
Pgina 72
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Usado con permiso de John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
02.07 Conducta: Puntuacin de punto final promedio - mediano plazo (MACC, alta = bueno)
Pgina 73
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Pgina 74
Copyright John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Usado con permiso de John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
02.11 Efectos adversos: 3. Efectos secundarios extrapiramidales - versus antipsicticos y TEC simulada
Pgina 75
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Pgina 76
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Pgina 77
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03.03 Impresin global: 3. Puntuacin de punto final promedio (MHS, puntuacin alta = bueno)
Pgina 78
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03.04 Estado mental: Puntuacin de punto final promedio - mediano plazo (escala de Jenkin, alta = malo)
03.05 Conducta: Puntuacin de punto final promedio - mediano plazo (escala MACC; alta = bueno)
Pgina 79
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Pgina 80
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04.03 Recada
Pgina 81
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Pgina 82
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05.03 Estado mental: Puntuacin de punto final promedio (BPRS, puntuacin alta = malo)
Pgina 83
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05.05 Efectos adversos - cognitivos: Puntuacin de punto final promedio (MMSE, puntuacin alta = bueno)
Pgina 84
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06.02 Estado mental: 1. Puntuacin de punto final promedio (BPRS, alta = malo)
Pgina 85
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Pgina 86
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07.03 SUBGRUPO de personas en remisin - nmero de tratamientos de TEC: 1. Hasta la primera mejora
Pgina 87
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07.04 SUBGRUPO de personas en remisin - nmero de tratamientos de TEC: 2. Al final del ciclo de TEC
Pgina 88
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07.06 SUBGRUPO de personas en remisin - das de tratamiento: 2. Al final del ciclo de TEC
Pgina 89
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08.02 Efectos adversos: 2. Memoria - puntuacin de punto final promedio (escala de memoria Weshler - formulario I, puntuacin alta =
bueno)
Pgina 90
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