TALLERES

ESTUDIANTILES
CIENCIAS
UNAM

REAL
ANALYSIS
SECOND EDITION

Edicin
digital:
Educacin

para todos

Edicin
impresa:

Macmillan
Second edition
Stanford U.

Educacin

para todos
Educacin para todos no es un proyecto lucrativo,
sino un esfuerzo colectivo de estudiantes y profesores de
la UNAM para facilitar el acceso a los materiales necesarios
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Invitamos a todos los interesados en participar en este
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Nos encuentras en los Talleres Estudiantiles de la Facultad
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Contents

Prologue to the Student

1 Set Theory
1 Introduction, 5
2 Functions, 8
3 Unions, intersections, and complements, 11
4 Algebras of sets, 16
5 The axiom of choice and infinite direct products, 18
6 Countable sets, 19
7 Relations and equivalences, 22
8 Partial orderings and the maximal principle, 23
9 Well ordering and the countable ordinals, 24

Part One

Theory of Functions of a Real Variable

2 The Real Number System

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

29

Axioms for the real numbers, 29

The natural and rational numbers as subsets of R, 32
The extended real numbers, 34
Sequences of real numbers, 35
Open and closed sets o j real numbers, 38
Continuousjunctions, 44
Bore1 sets, 50
ix

Contents

xi

8 Topological Spaces

142

1 Fundamental notions, 142

2 Bases and countability, 145
3 The separation axioms and continuous real-valuedfunctions, 147
4 Product spaces, 150
5 Connectedness, 150
"6 Absolute SS'S,154
"7 Nets, 155

9 Compact Spaces
1
2
3
4
5
"6
7
"8

157

Basic properties, 157

Countable compactness and the Bolzano- Weierstrass property, 159
Compact metric spaces, 163
Products of compact spaces, 165
Locally compact spaces, 168
The Stone-eech compactijication, 170
The Stone- Weierstrass theorem, 171
The Ascoli theorem, 177

10 Banach Spaces

181

1 Introduction, 181
2 Linear operators, 184
3 Linear.functionals and the Hahn-Banach theorem, 186
4 The closed graph theorem, 193
"5 Topological vector spaces, 197
"6 Weak topologies, 200
"7 Convexity, 203
8 Hilbert space, 210

Part Three

General Measure and Integration Theory

11 Measure and Integration

1
2
3
"4
5
6
7

Measure spaces, 217

MeasurabIe.functions, 223
Integration, 225
General convergence theorems, 231
Signed measures, 232
The Radon-Nikodym theorem, 238
The L p spaces, 243

217

xii

Contents

12 Measure and Outer Measure

250

1 Outer measure and measurability, 250

2 The extension theorem, 253
* 3 The Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral, 26 1
4 Product measures, 264
" 5 Inner measure, 274
"6 Extension by sets qf measure zero, 281
"7 Carathbodory outer measure, 283

13 The Daniel1 Integral

1
2
3
4

Introduction, 286
The extension theorem, 288
Uniqueness, 294
Measurability and measure, 295

14 Measure and Topology

1
2
3
"4

286

30 1

Baire sets and Borel sets, 301

Positive linear functionals and Baire measures, 304
Bounded 1inear.functionalson C ( X ) , 308
The Borel extension qf a measure, 313

15 Mappings of Measure Spaces

317

1 Point mappings and set mappings, 317

2 Measure algebras, 319
3 Borel equivalences, 324
4 Set mappings andpoint mappings on complete metric spaces, 328
5 The isometries oj' L p , 331

Epilogue

335

Bibliography

337

Index of Symbols

339

Subject Index

34 1