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Estado tcnico 07.01. Debido al constante desarrollo y mejora del


producto, los datos que aparecen en el mismo estn sujetos a
posibles variaciones.
No se permite la reproduccin total o parcial de este cuaderno, ni el registro
en un sistema informtico, ni la transmisin bajo cualquier forma o a travs
de cualquier medio, ya sea electrnico, mecnico, por fotocopia, por
grabacin o por otros mtodos, sin el permiso previo y por escrito de los
titulares del copyright.
TTULO: Suspensin y ruedas
AUTOR: Organizacin de Servicio
SEAT S.A. Sdad. Unipersonal. Zona Franca, Calle 2.
Reg. Mer. Barcelona. Tomo 23662, Folio 1, Hoja 56855
1. edicin
FECHA DE PUBLICACIN: Julio 01
DEPSITO LEGAL: B-46594-2001
Preimpresin e impresin: S.A. LITOGRAFIA
Torrent de Vallmajor, 26-28 08911 BADALONA

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$

$
%

B13-62

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& 7DOQ

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B13-64

B13-63






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$ 3RFDSUHVLQGHLQIODGR
% ([FHVLYDSUHVLQGHLQIODGR
& 0DOHTXLOLEUDGRGHODUXHGD

B13-5645
B13-65

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$ $QFKRVHFFLQ
% 'LPHWUR
& 6HULH
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( 9HORFLGDGP[LPDSHUPLWLGD
B13-66

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$ 0D\RUVHJXULGDGDFWLYD
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& 5SLGDGHVLQIODGDHQFDVRGHSLQFKD]R
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Soluciones:
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CAS13CB

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