Present

Present Perfect

I am a student
Soy un estudiante
I am studying
Estoy estudiando

I have been a student

He sido un estudiante
I have been studying
He estado estudiando

Past

Past Perfect

I was a student
Fui/era un estudiante
I was studying
Estuve/estaba estudiando

I had been a student

Haba sido un estudiante
I had been studying
Haba estado estudiando

Future

Future Perfect

I will be a student
Ser un estudiante
I will be studying
Estar estudiando

I will have been a student

Habr sido un estudiante
I will have been studying
Habr estado estudiando

Conditional

Conditional Perfect

I would be a student
Sera un estudiante
I would be studying
Estara estudiando

I would have been a student

Habra sido un estudiante
I would have been studying
Habra estado estudiando

Forma Afirmativa

Forma Negativa

Forma Interrogativa

I am (I'm)

I am not (I'm not)

am I?

soy, estoy

no soy, no estoy

soy yo?, estoy yo?

you are (you're)

you are not (you're not)

are you?

eres, ests

no eres, no ests

eres t?, ests t?

he is (he's)

he is not (he's not)

is he?

l es, est

l no es, no est

es l?, est l?

we are (we're)

we are not (we're not)

are we?

somos, estamos

no somos, no estamos

somos?, estamos?

you are (you're)

you are not (you're not)

are you?

sois, estis

no sois, no estis

sois?, estis?

they are (they're) they are not (they're

not)

are they?

ellos son, estn

son, estn ellos?

Forma Afirmativa

ellos no son, no estn

Forma Negativa

Forma
Interrogativa

I was

I was not (I wasn't)

was I?

fui, era,
estuve, estaba

no fui, no era,
no estuve, no estaba

fui?, era?
estuve?, estaba?

you were

you were not (you

weren't)

were you?

fuiste, eras,
estuviste, estabas

no fuiste, no eras,
no estuviste, no estabas

fuiste?, eras?
estuviste?,
estabas?

he was

he was not (he wasn't)

was he?

fue, era,
estuvo, estaba

no fue, no era,
no estuvo, no estaba

fue?, era?
estuvo?. estaba?

we were

we were not (we weren't)

were we?

fuimos, ramos,
estuvimos,
estbamos

no fuimos, no ramos,
no estuvimos, no estbamos

fuimos?, ramos?
estuvimos?,
estbamos?

you were

you were not (you

weren't)

were you?

fuisteis, erais,
estuvisteis, estabais

no fuisteis, no erais,
no estuvisteis, no estabais

fuisteis?, erais?,
estuvisteis?,
estabais?

they were

they were not (they

weren't)

were they?

fueron, eran
estuvieron, estaban

no fueron, no eran,
no estuvieron, no estaban

fueron?, eran?
estuvieron?,
estaban?

Vista Completa - Forma Afirmativa

Present

Present Perfect

I am - soy/estoy
you are - eres/ests
he is
we are
you are
they are

I have been - he sido/estado

you have been - has sido/estado
he has been
we have been
you have been
they have been

Past

Past Perfect

I was - fui/era/estuve/estaba
you were
he was
we were

I had been - haba sido/estado

you had been
he had been
we had been

you were
they were

you had been

they had been

Future

Future Perfect

I will be - ser/estar
you will be
he will be
we will be
you will be
they will be

I will have been - habr sido/estado

you will have been
he will have been
we will have been
you will have been
they will have been

Conditional

Conditional Perfect

I would be - sera/estara
you would be
he would be
we would be
you would be
they would be

I would have been - habra sido/estado

you would have been
he would have been
we would have been
you would have been
they would have been

Vista Completa - Forma Negativa

Present

Present Perfect

I am not
you are not
he is not
we are not
you are not
they are not

I have not been

you have not been
he has not been
we have not been
you have not been
they have not been

Past

Past Perfect

I was not
you were not
he was not
we were not
you were not
they were not

I had not been

you had not been
he had not been
we had not been
you had not been
they had not been

Future

Future Perfect

I will not be
you will not be
he will not be
we will not be
you will not be
they will not be

I will not have been

you will not have been
he will not have been
we will not have been
you will not have been
they will not have been

Conditional

Conditional Perfect

I would not be
you would not be
he would not be
we would not be
you would not be
they would not be

I would not have been

you would not have been
he would not have been
we would not have been
you would not have been
they would not have been

Vista Completa - Forma Interrogativa

Present

Present Perfect

am I?
are you?
is he?
are we?
are you?
are they?

have I been?
have you been?
has he been?
have we been?
have you been?
have they been?

Past

Past Perfect

was I?
were you?
was he?
were we?
were you?
were they?

had
had
had
had
had
had

Future

Future Perfect

will
will
will
will
will
will

will
will
will
will
will
will

I be?
you be?
he be?
we be?
you be?
they be?

I been?
you been?
he been?
we been?
you been?
they been?

I have been?
you have been?
he have been?
we have been?
you have been?
they have been?

Conditional

Conditional Perfect

would
would
would
would
would
would

would
would
would
would
would
would

I be?
you be?
he be?
we be?
you be?
they be?

I have been?
you have been?
he have been?
we have been?
you have been?
they have been?

INFINITIVO
To be
ser, estar

PRETERITO
Was
fui, era

PARTICIPIO
Been
sido, estado

El verbo 'To be' tiene una importancia especial en ingls. Se corresponde a los verbos
espaoles "ser" y "estar". Dependiendo del sentido de la frase deduciremos de cual de
los dos se trata.
I am English / Soy ingls
I am in England / Estoy en Inglaterra
Tiene algunos usos especiales distintos a sus equivalentes espaoles.
- Sirve para expresar la edad, en cuyo caso se traduce por 'tener':
Mary is 20 years old / Maria tiene 20 aos
I am 21 / Yo tengo 21 aos
How old are you? / Cuntos aos tienes?
- Para expresar las sensaciones tambin se emplea el verbo 'to be' y equivale al
'tener' espaol.
Are you hungry? / Tienes hambre?
He is thirsty / Tiene sed
- Tambin para hablar sobre el tiempo atmosfrico. En este caso se traduce por
'hacer'
It's windy / Hace viento
It's very cold / Hace mucho fro
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO

FORMA NEGATIVA

PRETERITO (se corresponde al pretrito indefinido y al pretrito imperfecto espaol)

FORMA NEGATIVA

mos

En el Presente, las formas afirmativa y negativa se pueden contraer, mientras que en la

forma interrogativa no. En el pretrito solamente la forma negativa puede contraerse.
Las formas contraidas suelen utilizarse en la conversacin, pero no se usan de forma
escrita salvo cuando el propio escrito tiene un carcter informal o refleja una
conversacin.
TO BE + INFINITIVO
Cuando al verbo 'to be' le sigue un infinitivo adquiere una importancia especial:
- Es una forma de dar instrucciones u rdenes de manera impersonal.
She is to stay here till we return / Ella debe quedarse aqu hasta que volvamos
(en lugar de 'She must stay....')
- Sirve para establecer un plan
She is to be married next year / Ella va a casarse el ao prximo
TO BE + GOING TO

Expresa una forma de futuro. Equivale a las expresiones espaolas "ir a..., estar punto
de... tener la intencin de..., etc."
We are going to the theatre tonight / Vamos al teatro esta noche
I am going to travel to Buenos Aires next Monday / Tengo la intencin de viajar a
Buenos Aires el prximo lunes.

Ser o no ser, esa es la cuestin

Hamlet (William Shakespeare)

Contenidos

1 Significado de "to be"

2 Gramtica

3 Conjugacin del verbo "to be"

o

3.1 Presente Simple ( Present Simple)

3.2 Presente Continuo ( Present Continuous)

3.3 Pasado Simple ( Past simple)

3.4 Subjuntivo

3.5 Imperativo ( imperative)

3.6 Participio

4 Interrogacin con el verbo "to be"

5 La negacin con el verbo "to be"

6 Contracciones con el verbo "to be"

o

6.1 Contracciones del Presente Simple (afirmacin)

6.2 Contracciones del Presente Simple (negacin)

6.3 Contracciones del Pasado Simple (negacin)

Significado de "to be"

- El verbo "to be" significa ser o estar.
Entre los usos del verbo to be estn:

Indicar profesin

I am a pilot
yo soy piloto

Expresar sentimientos

I am tired
yo estoy cansado

Informar sobre precios/dinero

How much is the car?

Cunto cuesta el coche?

Informar sobre la edad

I am ten years old

tengo diez aos
- To be es uno de los verbos auxiliares en ingls junto con to do, to
have y will. 'To be' cuando realiza el papel de verbo auxiliar carece de
significado.
to be se usa de auxiliar en los siguientes tiempos verbales:

Presente continuo (present continuous)

Pasado continuo (past continuous)

Pluscuamperfecto continuo (past perfect continuous)

Futuro continuo (futur continuous)

Adicionalmente se usa como auxiliar para construir la voz pasiva .

Gramtica
El verbo to be es el nico verbo copulativo pleno en ingls, lo que
significa que utiliza adjetivos en lugar de adverbios para completar el
significado del verbo:
My boss is good
Mi jefe es bueno

Conjugacin del verbo "to be"

El verbo to be es muy irregular, afortunadamente en ingls los tiempos
verbales simples son pocos (los que son necesarios aprender de
memoria), la mayora de los tiempos verbales son compuestos donde el
verbo "to be" es regular.

Presente Simple ( Present Simple)

La estructura es:

[SUJETO] + am/are/is
Conjugacin

Significado

I am

yo soy

you are

t eres

he is
she is
it is

l es
ella es
ello es

we are

nosotros somos

you are

vosotros sois

they are

ellos son

La mayora de verbos usa el verbo to do como auxiliar ('do/does').

Pero el verbo to be en present simple forma la negacin y
la interrogacin de manera distinta al resto al resto de
verbos. am/are/is actan como auxiliar:
Oraciones interrogativas:
Are you a student?
Eres un estudiante?
Oraciones negativas:
He is not your teacher
l no es tu profesor

Presente Continuo ( Present Continuous)

Este tiempo tiene la forma:
[SUJETO] + am/are/is + being
Conjugacin

Significado

I am being

yo estoy siendo

you are being

t ests siendo

he is being
she is being

l est siendo
ella est siendo

it is being

ello est siendo

we are being

nosotros estamos siendo

you are being

vosotros estis siendo

they are being

ellos estn siendo

Pasado Simple ( Past simple)

La construccin de este tiempo es:
SUJETO + was/were
Conjugacin

Significado

I was

yo fui

you were

t fuisteis

he was
she was
it was

l fue
ella fue
ello fue

we were

nosotros fuimos

you were

vosotros fuisteis

they were

ellos fueron

NOTA: La interrogacin y la negacin del verbo to be no se forma con el

auxiliar did en el "past simple" como el resto de verbos sino
que was/were hace las veces de auxiliar:
Oracin interrogativa:
Where were you last night?
Dnde estabas anoche?
Oracin negativa:
You weren't in love with me
T no estabas enamorada de mi

Subjuntivo
El verbo to be es el nico verbo en ingls que tiene subjuntivo.
La estructura es:

SUJETO + were
Conjugacin

Significado

I were

yo fuera

you were

t fueras

he were
she were
it were

l fuera
ella fuera
ello fuera

we were

nosotros furamos

you were

vosotros fuerais

they were

ellos fueran

Imperativo ( imperative)
Conjugacin

Significado

be

se/seis

do not be

no seas / no seis

Participio
Conjugacin
been

Significado
estado, sido

Interrogacin con el verbo "to be"

La interrogacin se forma invirtiendo el orden del sujeto y del verbo.
La oracin afirmativa siguiente:
you are beautiful
t eres preciosa
Se convierte en interrogativa, intercambiando el orden del sujeto y del
verbo:
are you beautiful?
eres preciosa?

Recordad que la formacin de la interrogacin es diferente para el verbo

"to be" que para los verbos normales (donde para los tiempos simples
se usa un auxiliar para formar la interrogacin).

La negacin con el verbo "to be"

La negacin se construye aadiendo el adverbio "not":
La oracin afirmativa siguiente:
he is an actor
l es un actor
Se convierte en negativa aadiendo "not":
he is not an actor
l no es un actor

Contracciones con el verbo "to be"

Con una frecuencia muy elevada los pronombres personales y el verbo
"to be" contrae:

Contracciones del Presente Simple (afirmacin)

Sin contraer

Contrado

I am

I'm

you are

you're

he is
she is
it is

he's
she's
it's

we are

we're

you are

you're

they are

they're

Contracciones del Presente Simple (negacin)

Sin contraer
I am not

Contrado
I'm not

you are not

you're not
you aren't

he is not
she is not
it is not

he's not o he isn't

she's not o she isn't
it's not o it isn't

we are not

we're not o we aren't

you are not

you're not o you aren't

they are not

they're not o they aren't

Como se puede observar para todas las persona menos para la primera
del singular existen 2 posibilidades de contraccin. Por ejemplo:
you are not se contrae en you're not si se quiere destacar el not o en you
aren't si se quiere destacar you.
Existe la posibilidad aunque se usa muy poco de utilizar una doble
contraccin:
you are not se contrae en you'ren't

Contracciones del Pasado Simple (negacin)

Sin contraer

Contrado

I was not

I wasn't

you were not

you weren't

he was not
she was not
it was not

he wasn't
she wasn't
it wasn't

we were not

we weren't

you were not

you weren't

they were not

they weren't

"To be" (Ser/Estar)

El verbo "to be" es el verbo ms importante del ingls y al mismo tiempo, el ms complicado.
Se utiliza tanto como un verbo principal como un verbo auxiliar y es irregular en el presente y el
pasado.

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)

Affirmative (Afirmativo)
Sujeto

Presente Simple Forma corta

Espaol

yo soy/estoy
Play

Play

Play

am

I'm

Play

Play

Play

you

are

you're

Play

Play

Play

he

is

he's

Play

Play

Play

she

is

she's

Play

Play

Play

it

is

it's

Play

Play

Play

we

are

we're

Play

Play

Play

they

are

they're

tu eres/ests

l es/est

ella es/est

es/est

nosotros
somos/estamos

ellos son/estn

Negative (Negativo)
Sujeto

Presente Simple Forma corta

Play

Play

Play

am not

I'm not

Play

Play

Play

you

are not

you're not/you aren't

Espaol

yo no soy/estoy

tu no eres/ests

Play

Play

Play

he

is not

he's not/he isn't

Play

Play

Play

she

is not

she's not/she isn't

Play

Play

Play

it

is not

it's not/it isn't

Play

Play

Play

we

are not

we're not/we aren't

Play

Play

Play

they

are not

they're not/they aren't

l no es/est

ella no es/est

no es/est

nosotros no
somos/estamos

ellos no son/estn

Interrogative (Interrogativo)
Nota: En preguntas con el verbo "to be", el sujeto y el verbo cambian posiciones.
Presente Simple

Play

Espaol

Yo soy/estoy?

Am I?

Play

Tu eres/ests?

Are you?

Play
Is he?

l es/est?

Play

Ella es/est?

Is she?

Play

Es/est?

Is it?

Play

Nosotros somos/estamos?

Are we?

Play

Ellos son/estn?

Are they?

Uses (Usos)
1.

Se utiliza "to be" como verbo principal para mostrar el estado o las caractersticas de
alguien o algo (como un verbo estativo). Tambin se puede utilizar con las preposiciones de
lugar para indicar donde algo est localizado.

Ejemplos:

Con un sustantivo:

Play
I am a teacher. (Soy profesor.)

Play
You aren't a student. (No eres estudiante.)

Play
Is he a doctor? (l es mdico?)

Con una preposicin de lugar + un sitio:

Play
She is in New York. (Ella est en Nueva York.)

Play

They aren't at home. (Ellos no estn en casa.)

o

Play
Is the book on the table? (El libro est en la mesa?)

Con un adjetivo:

Play
We are happy. (Nosotros estamos contentos.)

Play
He isn't sad. (l no est triste.)

Play
Are you tired? (Ests cansado?)