Captulo 7

Aplicaciones de la termodinmica
a los procesos de flujo

La termodinmica del flujo se apoya en los balances de masa, energa y entropa, que se han desarrollado en
los captulos 2 y 5. En el presente captulo se examina la aplicacin de estos balances a procesos especficos. La
disciplina fundamental en el estudio de los flujos es la mecnica de fluidos, la cual incluye no slo los balances termodinmicos sino tambin el principio del momentum lineal (segunda ley de Newton). Lo anterior
hace de la mecnica de fluidos un amplio campo de estudio. La diferencia entre los problemas termodinmicos y los problemas de la mecnica de fluidos depende de si se requiere de este principio para su solucin.
Los problemas cuyas soluciones obedecen slo a la conservacin de la masa y a las leyes termodinmicas se
suelen apartar del estudio de la mecnica de fluidos y se tratan en cursos de termodinmica. Por lo tanto,
la mecnica de fluidos considera un amplio espectro de problemas en los cuales es necesario aplicar el
principio del momentum. Aun cuando la divisin es arbitraria, suele hacerse de tal manera porque es lo ms
conveniente.
Considere, por ejemplo, el flujo de gas en una tubera. Si se conocen los estados y las propiedades termodinmicas del gas a la entrada y a la salida de la tubera, la aplicacin de la primera ley establece en tal
caso la magnitud del intercambio de energa con los alrededores de la tubera. Por lo tanto, el mecanismo del
proceso, los detalles del flujo y la trayectoria de los estados que en realidad sigue el fluido entre la entrada y
la salida son innecesarios en este clculo. Por otra parte, si slo se tiene un conocimiento parcial de los estados
inicial y final del gas, en tal caso se necesita contar con informacin del proceso antes de hacer cualquier
clculo. Por ejemplo, la presin de salida del gas tal vez no est determinada. En tal caso es preciso aplicar el
principio del momentum de la mecnica de fluidos, y ello requiere de una expresin emprica o terica para
el esfuerzo cortante en la pared de la tubera.

 Noel de Nevers, Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers, 3a ed., McGraw-Hill, Nueva York, 2005. La mecnica de fluidos es
tratada como una parte integral de los procesos de transporte por R. B. Bird, W. E. Stewart y E. N. Lightfoot en Transport Phenomena, 2a
edicin, John Wiley, Nueva York, 200; por C. O. Bennett y J. E. Myers en Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2a ed., McGraw-Hill,
Nueva York, 982; por J. L. Plawsky en Transport Phenomena Fundamentals, Marcel Dekker, Nueva York, 200; por D. P. Kessler y R.
A. Greenkorn en Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer Fundamentals, Marcel Dekker, Nueva York, 999; y por D. E. Rosner en Transport Processes in Chemically Reacting Systems, Butterworths, Boston, 986, y DOVER, Mineola, Nueva York, 2000.

254

07-SmithVanNess.indd 254

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7.1.enDuct
Flow ofdeCompressible
Fluids
7.1. Flujo
conductos
fluidos compresibles
7.1. Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids

255
255

255

De manera
procesosresult
de flujo
resultan
de gradientes
presin
fluido; adems,
Flowinevitable,
processeslos
inevitably
from
pressure
gradients de
within
thedentro
fluid. del
Moreover,
pueden temperature,
existirFlow
gradientes
de
temperatura,
velocidad
y
aun
de
concentracin
dentro
del
fluido
circulacin.
processes
inevitably
result
from
pressure
gradients
within
the
fluid.
Moreover,
velocity, and even concentration gradients may exist within the flowingenfluid.
Lo anterior
contrasta
con
las
condiciones
uniformes
que
prevalecen
en
el
equilibrio
en
sistemas
cerrados.
La
temperature,
velocity,
and
even
concentration
gradients
may
exist
within
the
flowing
fluid.
This contrasts with the uniform conditions that prevail at equilibrium in closed systems. The
This
contrasts
with
the
uniform
conditions
that
prevail
at
equilibrium
in
closed
systems.
The
distribucin
de
las
condiciones
en
los
sistemas
de
flujo
requiere
que
las
propiedades
sean
atribuidas
a
las
distribution of conditions in flow systems requires that properties be attributed to point masses
distribution
conditions
in
flow
systems
requiresque
that
bespecific
attributed
tocomo
pointspecific
masses
masas puntuales
deloffluido.
De esta
manera,
suponemos
lasproperties
propiedades
intensivas,
la
densidad, la
of
fluid. Thus
we
assume
that
intensive
properties,
such
as density,
enthalpy,
ofespecfica,
fluid. etc.,
Thus
we
assume
that
intensive
properties,
such
as
density,
specific
enthalpy,
specific
entalpaentropy,
laatentropa
especfica,
etc.,
en
un
punto
se
determinan
slo
por
la
temperatura,
a point are determined solely by the temperature, pressure, and composition la
at presin
entropy,
etc.,
at
a
point
are
determined
solely
by
the
temperature,
pressure,
and
composition
at
y la composicin
en
ese
punto,
sin
la
influencia
de
gradientes
que
se
hallen
en
el
mismo.
Es
ms,
suponemos
the point, uninfluenced by gradients that may exist at the point. Moreover, we assume that the
the
point,
uninfluenced
by
gradients
that
may
exist
at
the
point.
Moreover,
we
assume
that
the
que el fluido
presenta
el
mismo
conjunto
de
propiedades
intensivas
en
el
punto,
como
si
existiera
un
fluid exhibits the same set of intensive properties at the point as though it existed at equilibrium equilifluid
the same presin
set
of intensive
propertiesLaatconsecuencia
the
as though
it se
existed
at equilibrium
brio a la
misma
temperatura,
y composicin.
es que
utilizara
una
ecuacin de
at
the exhibits
same
temperature,
pressure,
and composition.
Thepoint
implication
is that
an
equation
of state
at
the
same
temperature,
pressure,
and
composition.
The
implication
is
that
an
equation
of
state
estado local
y
de
manera
instantnea
en
cualquier
punto
en
un
sistema
fluido,
y
que
es
posible
invocar
el
applies locally and instantaneously at any point in a fluid system, and that one may invoke
a
applies
locally
and
instantaneously
at del
anyconcepto
point inof
a equilibrium.
fluid
system,
and
that oneshows
may invoke
a conconcepto
de estado
local,
independientemente
de
equilibrio.
LaExperience
experiencia
muestra
esto
concept
of local
state,
independent of
the
concept
thatque
this
concept
local
state,
independent
concept
ofobservation.
equilibrium.
Experience shows that this
duce, para
propsitos
prcticos,
a resultados
van
dewith
acuerdo
con la observacin.
leads
for of
practical
purposes
to resultsofque
inthe
accord
leads
forfcil
practical
purposes
results
in
with
Para
una
referencia,
en latotabla
seaccord
resumen
lasobservation.
ecuaciones
de balance
para sistemas
de
The
equations
of balance
for 7.
open
systems
from
Chaps. 2 and
5 are summarized
hereabiertos
in
The
equations
of balance
for
openare
systems
from
Chaps.
2 and
are summarized
los captulos
y 5.
Seeasy
hanreference.
incluido
las
ecuaciones
(7.)(7.1)
y (7.2),
que
son
las5formas
restringidas
delinbalance
Table 27.1
for
Included
Eqs.
and
(7.2),
restricted
forms
of thehere
mass
Table
for easy
reference.
Included
Eqs.
(7.1) and de
(7.2),
restricted
forms
the
mass
de masa.
Estas7.1
ecuaciones
son la are
base
del
anlisis
termodinmico
procesos
enprocesses
ste
y enofin
los
siguientes
dos
balance.
These
equations
the
basis
forare
the
thermodynamic
analysis
of
this
and
balance.
These
equations
arelos
the
basis for
the
thermodynamic
analysis of
processes
inelthis
and de las
captulos.
Cuando
sechapters.
combinan
con
enunciados
dethermodynamic
la propiedad termodinmica
permiten
clculo
the
next two
When
combined
with
property
statements,
they
allow
the next
two
When
with thermodynamic property statements, they allow
velocidades
del proceso
y de los
estados
del sistema.
calculation
ofchapters.
process
rates
andcombined
system
states.
calculation of process rates and system states.

7.1

FLUJO
EN CONDUCTOS
DE FLUIDOS COMPRESIBLES
7.1 DUCT
FLOW OF COMPRESSIBLE
FLUIDS
7.1 DUCT FLOW OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS

AlgunosSuch
problemas
como
delpipes
tamao
las shaping
tuberas of
y lanozzles
forma de
las toberas
requieren
de la apliproblems
as la
theeleccin
sizing of
anddethe
require
application
of the
2 y por
cacin del
principio
del
momentum
de
la
mecnica
de
fluidos,
lo
tanto,
no
entran
en
el
campo
de la ter2
Such problems
as theofsizing
of pipes andand
thetherefore
shaping do
of not
nozzles
require
the
momentum
principle
fluid mechanics,
lie within
theapplication
province ofofther2
modinmica.
De
cualquier
modo,
la
termodinmica
proporciona
ecuaciones
que
interrelacionan
los
momentum principle
of fluid
mechanics, does
and therefore
do not lie that
within
the province
of ther-cambios
modynamics.
However,
thermodynamics
provide equations
interrelate
the changes
que ocurren
en
la
presin,
la
velocidad,
el
rea
de
la
seccin
transversal,
la
entalpa,
la
entropa
y elofvolumen
modynamics.
However,
thermodynamics
doesarea,
provide
equations
that and
interrelate
changes
occurring
in pressure,
velocity,
cross-sectional
enthalpy,
entropy,
specificthe
volume
especfico
de
una
corriente
que
circula.
Consideramos
en
este
caso
un
flujo
en
una
dimensin,
en
estado
in pressure,
velocity,here
cross-sectional
enthalpy, one-dimensional
entropy, and specific
of estaaoccurring
flowing stream.
We consider
the adiabatic,area,
steady-state,
flow volume
of a comcionario,
adiabtico
de
un
fluido
compresible
en
ausencia
de
trabajo
de
flecha
y
de
cambios
en
la
energa
poa flowingfluid
stream.
Weabsence
considerofhere
thework
adiabatic,
one-dimensional
a compressible
in the
shaft
and ofsteady-state,
changes in potential
energy. flow
The of
pertinent
tencial. thermodynamic
Primero
se
deducen
las
ecuaciones
termodinmicas
pertinentes
y
en
seguida
se
aplican
al
flujo
en
pressible fluid inequations
the absence
of shaft
workthey
and are
of changes
in potential
energy.
pertinent
are first
derived;
then applied
to flow in
pipes The
and nozzles.
tuberasthermodynamic
y toberas.
equations
arebalance
first derived;
are With
then applied
to flow
in pipes
and to
nozzles.
The appropriate
energy
is Eq.they
(2.32).
Q, Ws and
z all
set equal
zero,
El balance
energa apropiado
es la ecuacin
(2.32).With
Con Q,
Q, W
Wss yand
zz
igualados
a cero,
Thede
appropriate
energy balance
is Eq. (2.32).
all set equal
to zero,
u 2
H + u 2 = 0
H + 2 = 0
2
In differential form,
d H = u du
(7.3)
En forma
= udu
In diferencial,
differential form,
d HdH
= u
du
(7.3) (7.3)
.
The
equation,de
Eq.continuidad,
(2.27), is also
applicable.(2.27).
Because
m. isque
constant,
its differTambin
se continuity
aplica la ecuacin
la ecuacin
Puesto
es constante,
su forma
The continuity
equation, Eq. (2.27), is also applicable. Because m is constant, its differential
form
is:
diferencial es:
ential form is:
d(u A/V ) = 0
d(u
A/V ) == 00
d(uA/V)
du
dA
dV
dA = 0
(7.4)
or
dVV du
u A =0
(7.4) (7.4)
or
o
V
u
A
2 See W. L. McCabe, J. C. Smith, and P. Harriott, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7th ed., Sec. 2,
2 See W. L.New
McGraw-Hill,
York, J.
2006;
R. H. Perry
D. Green,
Chemical
Engineers
Handbook, 7th ed., Sec.
McCabe,
C. Smith,
and P.and
Harriott,
UnitPerrys
Operations
of Chemical
Engineering,
Sec. 6,
2,

2 Ver W. L. McCabe, J. C. Smith y P. Harriott, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7a ed., Seccin 2, McGraw-Hill, Nueva
McGraw-Hill,
McGraw-Hill, New
NewYork,
York,1997.
2006; R. H. Perry and D. Green, Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7th ed., Sec. 6,
York, 2006; R. H. Perry y D. Green, Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7a ed., Seccin 6, McGraw-Hill, Nueva York, 997.
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1997.

07-SmithVanNess.indd 255

8/1/07 13:33:23

07-SmithVanNess.indd 256

(2.25)

(5.21)

.
Qj
.
d(m S)cv
.
= SG 0
+ (S m)fs
dt
T, j
j

.
.
.
d(mU )cv
+ H + 12 u 2 + zg m fs = Q + W
dt
(2.28)

dm cv
.
+ (m)fs = 0
dt

General Equations
Ecuaciones
generalesofdeBalance
balance

(5.22)

(2.30)

.
.
.
H + 12 u 2 + zg m fs = Q + Ws

(7.1)

.
Qj
.
.
(S m)fs
= SG 0
T, j
j

.
(m)fs = 0

procesos
de flujo
estable
Steady-Flow
Processes

(7.2)

(5.23)

Qj
= SG 0
T, j
j

u 2
+ gz = Q + Ws
2
(2.32a)

H +

.
.
.
m1 = m2 = m

Steady-Flow
Processes
de una corriente

for Single-Stream
para procesos
de flujo estable

Balance Equations
Ecuaciones
de balance

256

Balance Equations
Ecuaciones
de balancefor
para

Table 7.1:
7.1: Ecuaciones
Equations of
Tabla
deBalance
balance

256
CAPTULO
AplicacionesofdeThermodynamics
la termodinmica
los procesos
CHAPTER 7.7.Applications
to aFlow
Processesde flujo

8/1/07 13:33:24

7.1. Duct
Duct Flow
Flow of
of Compressible
Compressible Fluids
Fluids
7.1.
7.1. Flujo
en
conductos
deCompressible
fluidos compresibles
7.1.
7.1.
Duct
Duct
Flow
Flow
of
of
Compressible
Fluids
Fluids
7.1. Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids

257
257
257
257
257
257

257

The fundamental
fundamental property
property
relation appropriate
appropriate
to this
this application
application
is: esta aplicacin es:
The
fundamental
property
relation
appropriate
to
this
application
is:
La relacin
para la evaluacin
de una propiedad
apropiada para
The
relation
to
is:
The
The
fundamental
fundamental
property
property
relation
relation
appropriate
appropriate
to
to
this
this
application
application
is:
is:
The fundamental property relation appropriate to this application is:
dH
H=
=
T
d
S
+
V
d
P
(6.8)(6.8)
H
=
T
d
S
+
V
d
P
(6.8)
dddH
T
d
S
+
V
d
P
(6.8)
= dS + dP
dddH
H
=
=
T
T
d
d
S
S
+
+
V
V
d
d
P
P
(6.8)
(6.8)
H = T dS + V d P
(6.8)
In
addition,
the
specific
volume
of
the
fluid
may
be
considered
a
function
of
its
entropy
and
In
addition,
the
specific
volume
of
the
fluid
may
be
considered
a
function
of
its
entropy
and
In es
addition,
the
specific
volume
of the fluid
may be
consideredena funcin
functionde
of su
itsentropa
entropy yand
Adems,
posiblethe
que
el volumen
especfico
del
fluido
se
considere
de la preIn
In
addition,
addition,
the
specific
specific
volume
volume
of
of
the
the
fluid
fluid
may
may
be
be
considered
considered
a
a
function
function
of
of
its
its
entropy
entropy
and
and
pressure:
V
=
V
(S,
P).
Then,
In
addition,
thelo
pressure:
VPor
=
Vspecific
(S,
P). volume
Then, of the fluid may be considered a function of its entropy and
pressure:
V
=
V
(S,
P).
Then,
sin: V pressure:
=pressure:
V(S,
P).V
tanto,
=V
(S,P).
P).Then,
Then,

pressure: VV =
=
VV(S,
(S,
P).
Then,

V
V
V
V

V
V
d S +
P
d
V
=

V =
= V
+ V
P
V dd SS +
V ddd P
dd V
S
P
V
V
P SSS dddP
dddV
= SS PPP dddSSS+
+ P
VV =
=
+
PP
SSS PPP
P
PP SSSS
P
This equation
equation
is put
put
into
more
convenient
form
through
the mathematical
mathematical
identity:
This
equation
is
put
into
more
convenient
form
through
the
mathematical
identity:
Esta ecuacin
se expresa
eninto
forma
msconvenient
conveniente
porthrough
la identidad
matemtica:identity:
This
is
more
form
the
This
This
equation
equation
is
is
put
put
into
into
more
more
convenient
convenient
form
form
through
through
the
the
mathematical
mathematical
identity:
identity:

the
through
form

mathematical identity:
This equation is put into more convenient

V =
V T
= V
V
V
T
=
TV P TT
V
T
V

T
=
SSS PPP =

SSS PPP
P
=
P
SSS PPP
TTT PPP SSS PPP
P on the
P by Eqs.
P (3.2) and (6.17) gives:
Substituting
for
the two
two parciales
partial derivatives
derivatives
right
Sustituyendo
las dosfor
derivadas
de la derecha
por
las by
ecuaciones
(6.7)gives:
se obtiene:
Substituting
for
the
two
partial
derivatives
on the
the
right
by
Eqs. (3.2)
(3.2)(3.2)
and y(6.17)
(6.17)
gives:
Substituting
the
partial
on
right
Eqs.
and
Substituting
Substitutingfor
forthe
thetwo
twopartial
partialderivatives
derivatives
on
on
the
theright
rightby
byEqs.
Eqs.(3.2)
(3.2)and
and(6.17)
(6.17)gives:
gives:

Substituting
for
the
two
partial
derivatives
on
the
right
by
Eqs.
(3.2)
and
(6.17)
gives:

V
V T
V
V
TT

V
V
= V
V
=
=
V
V
T
CPPTT
V
C
= V
SSS PPP =
C
P
=
SSS PPP
C
CCPPPP
P
where
is the
the volume
volume
expansivity.
The
equation
derived
in deducida
physics for
for
the
speed
oflasound
sound
donde where
es el
de expansin
delThe
volumen.
La derived
ecuacin
enthe
fsica
paraof
velocidad
del
where
coeficiente
is
the
volume
expansivity.
The
equation
derived
in
physics
for
the
speed
of
sound
is
expansivity.
equation
in
physics
speed
ccc
where

is
is
the
the
volume
volume
expansivity.
expansivity.
The
The
equation
equation
derived
derived
in
in
physics
physics
for
for
the
the
speed
speed
of
of
sound
sound
c
c
in
a
fluid
is:
sonido where
cin
en
un
fluido
es:
where
is
for the
speed of sound c
in
fluid
is:the volume expansivity.

in physics
The equation derived

aa fluid
is:

P
P
V
V
V 222
in
inaaafluid
fluidis:
is:

V
V
2
2

in
fluid
is:

V
2
2
2
2
2
=
V
or
=

c
VV =

= V
V 2222P
or
=
V
V22
or
cc2 =
V
P S=
PP SS
V
P
o
=V
V2 V
or
or
=
V
ccc2222=
V
P
ccc22222
S =
=
V
or

S
S
V
P
ccc2
VV SSSS in the equation for
PP VSSSS now yields:
Substituting for
for the
the two
two partial
partial derivatives
derivatives
Substituting
for
the
two
partial
derivatives
in the
the equation
equation for
for dddV
V now
now yields:
yields:
Substituting
in
Substituting
Substituting
for
for
the
thetwo
twopartial
partialderivatives
derivatives
in
inthe
theequation
equation
for
for
dddV
nowyields:
yields:
Sustituyendo
las dos
derivadas
parciales
en la ecuacin
para
dV se
produce:
Substituting
for
the
two
partial
derivatives
in
the
equation
for
VV now
now
yields:
V
T
d
V
V
T
d
V
V dd P
T dd SS
dV =
V
P
(7.5)
= T
(7.5)
Td S
dddVV
V=
P
(7.5)
C
cVV222dddP
T
P ddSS
VV =
C
c

P
(7.5)
(7.5) (7.5)
=
P
V
C
c
(7.5)
= CCPPPP d S cc2222d P
V
VV
CP
c
Equations (7.3),
(7.3), (7.4),
(7.4), (6.8),
(6.8), and
and (7.5)
(7.5) relate
relate the
the six
six differentialsd
differentialsd H
H,,, du,
du, dddV
V ,,, ddd A,
A, ddd S,
S,
Equations
(7.3),
(7.4),
(6.8),
and
(7.5)
relate
the
six
differentialsd
H
du,
V
A,
S,
Equations
Las
ecuaciones
(7.3),
(7.4),
(6.8)
y (7.5)
relacionan
las
seis
diferenciales
dH,
du,
dV,
dA,
dSddyS,
Equations
Equations
(7.3),
(7.3),
(7.4),
(7.4),
(6.8),
(6.8),
and
and
(7.5)
(7.5)
relate
relate
the
the
six
six
differentialsd
differentialsd
H
H
,
,
du,
du,
d
d
V
V
,
,
d
d
A,
A,
S,dP. Con
and
d
P.
With
but
four
equations,
we
treat
d
S
and
d
A
as
independent,
and
develop
equations
Equations
(7.3),
(7.4),
(6.8),
and
(7.5)
, du,
d Vequations
, d A, dque
S,
and
P.
With
but
fourtratamos
equations,
we
treat
andthe
Asix
as differentialsd
independent,
andHdevelop
develop
equations
dd P.
With
but
four
equations,
we
treat
ddrelate
SS independientes,
and
dd A
as
independent,
and
no ms and
de
cuatro
ecuaciones,
dS
y
dA
como
y
desarrollamos
ecuaciones
and
d
P.
With
but
four
equations,
we
treat
d
S
and
d
A
as
independent,
and
develop
equations
and express
dP.
P. With
With
but
four equations,
equations,
we treat
treat
and dof
dofAAthese
as independent,
independent,
and develop
develop
equations
that
thebut
remaining
differentials
as functions
functions
these
two. First,
First, Eqs.
Eqs.
(7.3)
andequations
(6.8) are
are expreand
dexpress
four
we
ddestas
SS and
as
and
that
the
remaining
differentials
as
functions
two.
First,
Eqs.
(7.3)
and
(6.8)
are
that
express
the
remaining
differentials
as
of
these
two.
(7.3)
and
(6.8)
sen lasthat
diferenciales
restantes
como
funciones
de
dos.
Primero
se
combinan
las
ecuaciones
that
express
express
the
the
remaining
remaining
differentials
differentials
as
as
functions
functions
of
of
these
these
two.
two.
First,
First,
Eqs.
Eqs.
(7.3)
(7.3)
and
and
(6.8)
(6.8)
are
are(7.3) y
combined:
that
express the remaining differentials as functions of these two. First, Eqs. (7.3) and (6.8) are
combined:
combined:
(6.8): combined:
combined:
+V
V ddd P
P=
= u
u du
du
(7.6)
combined:
TT ddd SSS +
+
V
P
=
u
du
(7.6)
T
(7.6)
TTTdddSSS+
+
V
V
d
d
P
P
=
=
u
u
du
du
(7.6)
(7.6)
V dP
= u
Eliminating dddV
V and
and du
du from
from Eq.
Eq. (7.4)
(7.4) by
by+Eqs.
Eqs.
(7.5)
anddu
(7.6) gives
gives upon
upon rearrangement:
rearrangement: (7.6) (7.6)
Eliminating
V
and
du
from
Eq.
(7.4)
by
Eqs.
(7.5)
and
(7.6)
gives
upon
rearrangement:
Eliminating
(7.5)
and
(7.6)
Eliminating
EliminatingdddV
V and
anddu
dufrom
fromEq.
Eq.(7.4)
(7.4)by
by
Eqs.(7.5)
(7.5)
and(7.6)
(7.6)gives
givesupon
uponrearrangement:
rearrangement:
and
Eqs.
Eliminating
du
from
Eq.
(7.4)
Eqs.
(7.5)
and
upon
rearrangement:

Eliminando
dV y du deV laand
ecuacin
(7.4)
por
las by
ecuaciones
(7.5)
y(7.6)
(7.6)gives
obtenemos,
despus de reacomodarlas:
2
2
2
2
u2

u
T d S uuu2222d A = 0
22 )V d P + 1 + u
2
2
2
(7.7)
(1

M
2
T dd SS
uuuA2 dd A
)V dd P
P+
+ 11 +
+ u
A=
= 00
(7.7)
(1
M
M222)V
u2 T
(7.7)
(1
C
u
P TTddSS
C
A

)V
d
d
P
P
+
+
1
1
+
+
d
d
A
A
=
=
0
0
(7.7)
(7.7) (7.7)
(1
(1

M
M
2)V
P
C
A
(7.7)
(1 M )V d P + 1 + CCPPPP T d S AA d A = 0
CP
A
where M
M is
is the
the Mach
Mach number,
number, defined
defined as
as the
the ratio
ratio of
of the
the speed
speed of
of the
the fluid
fluid in
in the
the duct
duct to
to the
the
where
M
is
the
Mach
number,
defined
as
the
ratio
of
the
speed
of
the
fluid
in
the
duct
to
the
where
where
where
M
M
is
is
the
the
Mach
Mach
number,
number,
defined
defined
as
as
the
the
ratio
ratio
of
of
the
the
speed
speed
of
of
the
the
fluid
fluid
in
in
the
the
duct
duct
to
to
the
thea la vedonde M
es
el
nmero
de
Mach,
definido
como
la
relacin
de
la
velocidad
del
fluido
en
el
conducto
speed
of
sound
in
the
fluid,
u/c.
Equation
(7.7)
relates
d
P
to
d
S
and
d
A.
where of
Msound
is the in
Mach
number,
as (7.7)
the ratio
of the
fluid in the duct to the
speed
of
sound
in
the fluid,
fluid,
u/c.defined
Equation
(7.7)
relates
Pspeed
to dd SS of
andthedd A.
A.
speed
the
u/c.
Equation
relates
dd P
to
and
speed
speed
of
of
sound
sound
in
in
the
the
fluid,
fluid,
u/c.
u/c.
Equation
Equation
(7.7)
(7.7)
relates
relates
d
d
P
P
to
to
d
d
S
S
and
and
d
d
A.
A.
locidadspeed
del sonido
en elin(7.6)
fluido,
u/c.
La are
ecuacin
(7.7)
y dA.
Equations
(7.6)
and
(7.7)
are
combined
torelaciona
eliminate
Vtocon
P:
of sound
the fluid,
u/c.
Equation
(7.7)
relates
d dP
PV
SdS
and
d A.
Equations
and
(7.7)
combined
to
eliminate
V
P:
Equations
(7.6)
and
(7.7)
are
combined
to
eliminate
ddddP:
Equations
(7.6)
and
(7.7)
are
combined
to
eliminate
V
d
P:
Equations
(7.6)
and
(7.7)
are
combined
to
eliminate
V
d
P:
Las ecuaciones
(7.6)
y
(7.7)
se
combinan
para
eliminar
a
V
dP:
Equations (7.6) and (7.7)
are
combined
to
eliminate
V
d
P:

u222

u222 + M222

+
M
u
u

+
M
1
2
2
2
u

C
1
P

uuu22222d A = 0
C
+
+
M
M
1
2
P
C
u
du

T
d
S
+
(7.8)

P +M

u
du

T
d
S
+
A=
= 00
(7.8)
1
1

2
2
u du
T d S + 1 1M22 uuuA2 dd A
(7.8)

1PPPP
M
M22
C
T

CC
A
1

M
1

M
uuudu
du

T
d
d
S
S
+
+
d
d
A
A
=
=
0
0
(7.8)
(7.8) (7.8)
A
1
1

11M
T d S + 11M
du
(7.8)
222
222 AA d A = 0
M
M

2
2
A
1M
1M

07-SmithVanNess.indd 257

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258

258
258
258
258

CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes

CHAPTER
Applications
of
Thermodynamics
Flow
Processes
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
7.7.
7.7.
Applications
Applications
of
ofThermodynamics
Thermodynamics
toto
toFlow
Processesde flujo
CAPTULO
Aplicaciones
de
la termodinmica
aFlow
losProcesses
procesos

This equation relates du to d S and d A. Combined with Eq. (7.3) it relates d H to d S and d A,
This
equation
relates
du
SSand
and
A.
Combined
with
Eq.
(7.3)
ititrelates
relates
and
Esta ecuacin
relaciona
du (7.4)
con
yddSdA.
AldddV
con
la ecuacin
relaciona
dH
dS
yA,
This
Thiscombined
equation
equation
relates
relates
du
dudS
toto
and
dcombinarse
A.
A.
Combined
with
with
Eq.
Eq.(7.3)
(7.3)(7.3),
it
relates
dddHH
Htoto
to
dddSSScon
and
and
dddA,
A,dA, y al
and
with
ittodrelates
toCombined
these same
independent
variables.
and
combined
with
(7.4)
it
relates
d
V
to
these
same
independent
variables.
combinarse
con
la
ecuacin
(7.4)
relaciona
dV
con
esas
mismas
variables
independientes.
and
andcombined
combined
with
with(7.4)
(7.4)
relates
relates
ddVVtotoequations
these
thesesame
same
independent
independent
variables.
variables.
The differentials
initit
the
preceding
represent
changes
in the fluid as it traverses
The
differentials
in
the
preceding
equations
represent
changes
in
the
fluid
asititittraverses
traverses
Las
diferenciales
en las
representan
en in
el
fluido
conforme
stebe
atraviesa
The
Thedifferentials
differentials
in
inthe
thepreceding
preceding
equations
equations
represent
represent
changes
changes
inthe
thefluid
fluid
a differential
length
ofecuaciones
its
path.
If anteriores
this length
is d x,
then cambios
each
of the
equations
ofasas
flowtraverses
may
a
differential
length
of
its
path.
If
this
length
is
d
x,
then
each
of
the
equations
of
flow
may
be
una longitud
diferencial
de
su
trayectoria.
Si
esta
longitud
es
dx,
en
tal
caso
cada
una
de
las
ecuaciones
de
adivided
adifferential
differential
length
length
path.
path.IfIfthis
thislength
length
isisddx,then
x,then
then
each
eachofofthe
theequations
equationsofofflow
flowmay
maybebe
through
by dofof
x.itsits
Equations
(7.7)
and (7.8)
become:
divided
through
by
d
x.
Equations
(7.7)
and
(7.8)
then
become:
flujo sedivided
divide
entre
dx.
De
ese
modo,
las
ecuaciones
(7.7)
y
(7.8)
sern:
dividedthrough
throughby
byddx.x.Equations
Equations(7.7)
(7.7)and
and
(7.8)then
then
become:
(7.8)
become:
u 22
u 22 d A

d S
2 dP
u
22 2 dddSSS uuu
22 2 d A = 0
(7.9)
V (1 M 2)dddPPP + T 1 + u
u
+
+

=
00
(7.9)
(1

M
dx
A dddAxA=
P
+TTT 111+
+C

=
0
(7.9)
(7.9) (7.9)
VVV(1
(1
M
M22 )2))dd xx +
ddxx
CCCPPPP dddxxx AAAdddxxx

2
2

u
2

u
M2
u22 2 +
u

du
u dA
1
2
2
+
M
C
2 dS
P

+
+
M
M

du
ddSSS +
11 2 uuu2222dddAAA = 0
udu
T
(7.10)
CCP

du
d
1

C
P
P

+
=
00
(7.10)
1 M2 A d x =
dx +
1P M 2
uuudd xx
TTT
+
=
0
(7.10)
(7.10) (7.0)

d
x
A
d
x
1

M
1

ddxx
ddxx
11MM22 2
11MM22 2 AAddxx
According
to the second
law,
the irreversibilities
due to fluid
adiabatic
flow
De acuerdo
con la segunda
ley, las
irreversibilidades
propiciadas
por lafriction
friccinin
del
fluido en
un cause
flujo adiabAccording
to
the
second
law,
the
irreversibilities
due
to
fluid
friction
in
adiabatic
flow
cause
According
According
to
to
the
the
second
second
law,
law,
the
the
irreversibilities
irreversibilities
due
due
to
to
fluid
fluid
friction
friction
in
in
adiabatic
adiabatic
flow
flow
cause
causeel flujo
an
entropy
increase
in
the
fluid
in
the
direction
of
flow.
In
the
limit
as
the
flow
approaches
tico provocan
un
aumento
en
la
entropa
en
el
fluido
en
la
direccin
del
flujo.
En
el
lmite,
conforme
an
entropy
increase
the
fluid
the
direction
of
flow.
In
the
limit
as
the
flow
approaches
an
anentropy
entropyincrease
increase
inin
inthe
theapproaches
fluid
fluidinin
inthe
thezero.
direction
direction
of
offlow.
flow.
In
Inthe
thelimit
limitas
asthe
theflow
flowapproaches
approaches
reversibility,
this
increase
In
general,
then,
se aproxima
a la reversibilidad,
este
aumento zero.
tiendeIna general,
cero. Enthen,
tal caso, en general,
reversibility,
this
increase
approaches
reversibility,
reversibility,this
thisincrease
increaseapproaches
approacheszero.
zero.InIngeneral,
general,then,
then,
dS
0
ddddSxSS

000
d
x
ddxx

Pipe Flow
Pipe
Flow
Pipe
Pipe
Flow
Flow
Flujo For
en
tuberas
the
case of steady-state adiabatic flow of compressible fluids in a horizontal pipe of con-

For
the
case
of
steady-state
adiabatic
flow
of
compressible
fluids
horizontal
pipe
of
conFor
Forthe
the
case
caseof
ofsteady-state
steady-state
adiabatic
flow
flow
ofcompressible
compressible
fluids
fluidsreduce
inin
inaaahorizontal
horizontal
pipe
pipeof
ofconconstant
cross-sectional
area, d adiabatic
A/d
x = 0,
andofEqs.
(7.9) and (7.10)
to:
stant
cross-sectional
area,
d
A/d
x
=
0,
and
Eqs.
(7.9)
and
(7.10)
reduce
to:
En el caso
de
un
flujo
adiabtico
en
estado
estacionario
de
fluidos
compresibles,
en
una
tubera
horizontal
de
stant
stantcross-sectional
cross-sectionalarea,
area,
A/dxx
==0,0,and
andEqs.
Eqs.(7.9)
(7.9)and
and(7.10)
(7.10)reduce
reduceto:
to:
ddA/d

2
2 se reducen a:
rea de seccin transversal constante,
dA/dx
=
0
y
las
ecuaciones
(7.9)
y
(7.0)
u
u

1 + u2222
u2222 + M2
u
u d S
u + M2222 d S
u
T
du
dP
11+
+
C
C
P
P ++M

M
1
+

d
S
T
du
d
P
=

u
=
T
C
C

ddddSxSS

dddSxS
du
du
dddPxP = TVT

CM
CPPP2P
CC1PPPP M2
u
=
T
d
x
1

== V
u
u
=
=
T
T

2
2
d
x
d
x
d
x
1

M
1

M
11MM22 2 dddxxx
ddxx
VV 11MM22 2ddxx
ddxx

For subsonic flow, 2M22 < 1; all terms on the right sides of these equations are then positive,
Para unFor
flujo
subsnico,
MM
<22 2,
lo
todos
losright
trminos
lados
derechos
dethen
estas
ecuaciones son
For
subsonic
flow,
M
<
all
terms
on
the
right
sides
of
these
equations
are
then
positive,
For
subsonic
subsonic
flow,
flow,
M
<
<por
1;1;
1;all
alltanto
terms
terms
on
onthe
the
right
sides
sidesde
of
oflos
these
these
equations
equations
are
are
thenpositive,
positive,
and
positivos;
y,
and
dP
du
and
and
du
<0
and
>0
ddddPP
du
du
<
0
and
>0
xP <
d
x>
<
0
0
and
and
y
xx >00
dddxxx the velocity increases in
dddxthe
Thus the pressure decreases and
direction of flow. However, the
Thus
the
pressure
decreases
and
the
velocity
increases
in
the
directionof
offlow.
flow.
However,
the
Thus
Thus
the
the
pressure
pressure
decreases
decreases
and
and
the
the
velocity
velocity
increases
increases
in
in
the
the
direction
flow.
However,
However,
theposible
velocity
cannot
increase
indefinitely.
If
the
velocity
were
to
exceed
the of
sonic
value,
then
the
As que la presin disminuye y la velocidad aumenta en la direccindirection
del flujo.
Sin
embargo,
nothe
es
velocity
cannot
increase
indefinitely.
If
the
velocity
were
to
exceed
the
sonic
value,
then
the
velocity
velocity
cannot
cannot
increase
increase
indefinitely.
indefinitely.
If
If
the
the
velocity
velocity
were
were
to
to
exceed
exceed
the
the
sonic
sonic
value,
value,
then
then
the
the
above
inequalities
would
reverse.
Such
a
transition
is
not
possible
in
a
pipe
of
constant
crossaumentar la velocidad indefinidamente. Si la velocidad excediera el valor del sonido, en tal caso se invertiran
above
inequalities
would
reverse.
Such
transition
not
possible
pipe
ofconstant
constant
crossabove
aboveinequalities
inequalities
would
reverse.
reverse.
Such
aaatransition
transition
isisisnot
not
possible
inin
inaaade
pipe
pipe
of
constant
crosscrosssectional
area.
Forwould
subsonic
flow, Such
the
maximum
fluid
velocity
obtainable
in
aofpipe
of constant
las desigualdades
anteriores.
Esta
transicin
no
sera
viable
en possible
una
tubera
rea
de
seccin
transversal
sectional
area.
For
subsonic
flow,
the
maximum
fluid
velocity
obtainable
in
a
pipe
of
constant
sectional
sectional
area.
area.
For
For
subsonic
subsonic
flow,
flow,
the
the
maximum
maximum
fluid
fluid
velocity
velocity
obtainable
obtainable
in
in
a
a
pipe
pipe
of
of
constant
constant
cross
section
is
the
speed
of
sound,
and
this
value
is
reached
at
the
exit
of
the
pipe.
At
this
point
constante. Para flujo subsnico, la velocidad mxima del fluido alcanzada en una tubera de seccin
transvercrosssection
section
the
speed
of
sound,
and
this
value
isreached
reached
at
the
exit
of
the
pipe.
At
this
point
cross
section
isisisthe
thespeed
speed
of
ofsound,
sound,
and
this
thisGiven
value
value
is
reached
atpressure
the
theexit
exit
ofthe
the
pipe.
pipe.En
At
At
this
point
dcross
S/d xes
reaches
its
limiting
value
ofand
zero.
aisdischarge
low
enough
forthis
thepoint
flow dS/dx
sal constante
la rapidez
del
sonido,
y este
valor
se
alcanza
en laatsalida
deof
la
tubera.
este
punto,
ddS/d
S/d
reaches
its
limiting
value
of
zero.
Given
discharge
pressure
low
enough
for
the
flow
S/d
xxxreaches
reaches
its
its
limiting
limiting
value
value
ofzero.
zero.
Given
Given
aaadischarge
discharge
pressure
pressure
low
low
enough
enough
for
for
the
the
flow
flowsnico,
to
become
sonic,
lengthening
the of
pipe
does
not
alter
this
result;
the mass
rate
of flujo
flow
decreases
llega a dsu
valor
lmite
de
cero.
Dada
una
presin
de
descarga
bastante
baja
para
que
el
se
vuelva
to
become
sonic,
lengthening
the
pipe
does
not
alter
this
result;
the
mass
rate
of
flow
decreases
to
to
become
become
sonic,
sonic,
lengthening
lengthening
the
the
pipe
pipe
does
does
not
not
alter
alter
this
this
result;
result;
the
the
mass
mass
rate
rate
of
of
flow
flow
decreases
decreases
so
that
the
sonic
velocity
is
still
obtained
at
the
outlet
of
the
lengthened
pipe.
el alargamiento de la tubera no altera este resultado; la relacin de flujo msico disminuye, de modo que la
so
that
the
sonic
velocity
isisstill
still
obtained
atthe
the
outlet
of
the
lengthened
pipe.
so
sothat
thatThe
the
thean
sonic
sonic
velocity
is
still
obtained
obtained
theoutlet
outlet
of
ofthe
the
lengthened
pipe.
equations
for pipe
flow
indicate
that
when
flow
islengthened
supersonicpipe.
the
pressure increases
velocidad
snica
sevelocity
obtiene
en
la
salida
de laatat
tubera
alargada.
The
equations
for
pipe
flow
indicate
that
when
flow
is
supersonic
the
pressure
increases
The
The
equations
equations
for
for
pipe
pipe
flow
flow
indicate
indicate
that
that
when
when
flow
flow
is
is
supersonic
supersonic
the
the
pressure
pressure
increases
increases
and
the
velocity
decreases
in
the
direction
of
flow.
However,
such
a
flow
regime
unstable,
Las ecuaciones para el flujo en la tubera indican que cuando ste es supersnico,
la is
presin
aumenta y
and
the
velocity
decreases
in
the
direction
of
flow.
However,
such
a
flow
regime
is
unstable,
and
and
the
the
velocity
velocity
decreases
decreases
in
in
the
the
direction
direction
of
of
flow.
flow.
However,
However,
such
such
a
a
flow
flow
regime
regime
is
is
unstable,
unstable,
and
when
a
supersonic
stream
enters
a
pipe
of
constant
cross
section,
a
compression
shock
la velocidad disminuye en la direccin del flujo. No obstante, tal rgimen de flujo es inestable,
y cuando la
and
when
a supersonic
supersonic
stream
enters
pipe
of
constant
cross
section,
compression
shock
and
and
when
when
supersonic
stream
stream
enters
aaaand
pipe
pipe
of
ofconstant
constant
cross
section,
section,
aaacompression
compression
shock
shock
occurs,
theaaresult
of en
which
is
anenters
abrupt
finite
increasecross
in
pressure
and
decrease
in velocity
corriente
supersnica
entra
una
tubera
de seccin
transversal
constante,
ocurre
un choque
de
compresin
occurs,
the
result
of
which
is
an
abrupt
and
finite
increase
in
pressure
and
decrease
in
velocity
occurs,
occurs,
the
the
result
result
of
of
which
which
is
is
an
an
abrupt
abrupt
and
and
finite
finite
increase
increase
in
in
pressure
pressure
and
and
decrease
decrease
in
in
velocity
velocity
to
a
subsonic
value.
que origina un aumento repentino y finito en la presin, as como una disminucin de la velocidad a un valor
subsonic
value.
toto
toaaasubsonic
subsonicvalue.
value.
subsnico.

07-SmithVanNess.indd 258

8/1/07 13:33:39

7.1. Duct
Duct Flow
Flow of
of Compressible
Compressible Fluids
Fluids
7.1.
7.1.
Duct
Flow
of
Compressible
Fluids
7.1. Flujo en conductos de fluidos compresibles

259
259
259

259

Example 7.1
7.1
Example
Example
7.1
Ejemplo
7.1
Consider the
the steady-state,
steady-state, adiabatic,
adiabatic, irreversible
irreversible flow
flow of
of an
an incompressible
incompressible liquid
liquid in
in aa
Consider
Consider the steady-state, adiabatic, irreversible flow of an incompressible liquid in a

horizontal
pipe
of constant
constant
cross-sectional
area.
Show that:
that:
horizontal
of
cross-sectional
Show
Considere
un flujopipe
irreversible,
adiabtico,
en estadoarea.
estacionario
de un lquido incompresible, que est
horizontal
pipe
of
constant
cross-sectional
area.
Show
that:
en una tubera horizontal de rea de seccin transversal constante. Demuestre que:
(a) The
The velocity
velocity is
is constant.
constant.
(a)
(a)
The
velocity
is
constant.
(b) The
The temperature
temperature increases
increases in
in the
the direction
direction of
of flow.
flow.
(b)
(b)
The
temperature
increases
in
the
direction
of
flow.

a) La velocidad es constante.

b) La temperatura aumenta en la direccin del flujo.

(c) The
The pressure
pressure decreases
decreases in
in the
the direction
direction of
of flow.
flow.
(c)
(c)
The
pressure
decreases
in
the
direction
of
flow.

c) La presin disminuye en la direccin del flujo.

Solucin
7.1
Solution
7.1
Solution
7.1

Solution 7.1

a) En este
volumen
de control
simplemente
unalength
longitud
finita de una
tubera
(a)caso,
The el
control
volume
here ises
is simply
simply aaa finite
finite
of horizontal
horizontal
pipe,
withhorizon(a)
The
control
volume
here
length
of
pipe,
with
(a)
The
control
volume
here
is
simply
finite
length
of
horizontal
pipe,
with
tal, con las
secciones
de
entrada
y
salida
identificadas
como

y
2.
Por
la
ecuacin
de
continuidad,
entrance and
and exit
exit sections
sections identified
identified as
as 11 and
and 2.
2. By
By the
the continuity
continuity equation,
equation,
entrance
entrance
la ecuacin
(2.27),and exit sections identified as 1 and 2. By the continuity equation,
Eq.
(2.27),
Eq.
(2.27),
Eq. (2.27),
A22 uuu11AA
A1
uuu222AA
2=
= 1 11
=
V22
V11
VV
VV
2
1
However,
A
=
A
(constant
cross-sectional
area)
and VV
V22 =
=
(incompressible
De cualquier
modo,
A
=
A
(rea
de
seccin
transversal
constante)
y VVV21=(incompressible
V (fluido incompresiHowever,
A
=
A
(constant
cross-sectional
and
However, A222 2= A111 (constant cross-sectional area)
area)
and
2 = V11 (incompressible
fluid).
Hence,
u
=
u
.
ble). Porfluid).
lo
tanto,
u
=
u
.
Hence,
u
=
u
.
2 u22 = u11 .
fluid). Hence,
2
1

b) El balance
deentropy
entropa
de la ecuacin
(5.23)
en este
caso simply
se
convierte
San
G=
. Para un
(b) The
The
entropy
balance
of Eq.
Eq. (5.23)
(5.23)
here
becomes
simply
=en

For
an
(b)
balance
of
here
becomes
SSSGG =
SS2S
SS1S.. 2For
(b)
The
entropy
balance
of
Eq.
(5.23)
here
becomes
simply
G = S22 S11 . For an
lquido incompressible
incompresible
con
capacidad
calorfica
CCC(vase
el ejemplo
6.2),
incompressible
liquid
with
heat
capacity
(see
Ex.
6.2,
pp.
203204),
liquid
with
heat
capacity
(see
Ex.
6.2,
pp.
203204),
incompressible liquid with heat capacity C (see Ex. 6.2, pp. 203204),
TT2

dT
T22 dT
=
S

S
=
C dT
S

S
=
SSSGG
G=
2
1
= S22 S11 = T CC
T
TT
T11
T1
But SSSGSG isis
is positive
positive
(flow
is irreversible)
irreversible)
and hence,
hence,
by the
the last
last equation,
equation,
Tltima
> TT
T11ecuacin
But
(flow
isis
and
by
,,
222 >
No obstante,
positiva
(el flujo
es irreversible)
y, en consecuencia,
para laTT
But
(flow
irreversible)
and
hence,
by
the
last
equation,
>
GG espositive
1,
and
temperature
increases
in
the
direction
of
flow.
and
temperature
increases
in
the
direction
of
flow.
T > T ,and
y latemperature
temperaturaincreases
se incrementa
la direccin
del flujo.
in theen
direction
of flow.
2

(c)
As
shown
in
(a),
= uuu121,,,=and
and
therefore
theenergy
energy
balance,
Eq.(2.32),
(2.32),
reduces
c) Como(c)
seAs
indica
enin
el(a),
inciso
u,therefore
y por lo tanto
el balance
de energa,
ecuacin
(2.32), se
shown
uuu222 a),
=
the
balance,
Eq.
reduces
(c)
As
shown
in
(a),
=
therefore
the
energy
balance,
Eq.
(2.32),
reduces
1 and
for
the
stated
conditions
to
H

H
=
0.
Combining
this
with
the
integrated
form
reduce para
las
condiciones
establecidas
a
H

H
=
0.
Al
combinar
sta
con
la
forma
integrada
for
the
stated
conditions
to
H

H
=
0.
Combining
this
with
the
integrated
form
2
1
2

2
1
for the stated conditions to H2 H1 = 0. Combining this with the integrated form
of
Eq.
(A)
of
Ex.
6.2
applied
to
an
incompressible
liquid
yields:
de la ecuacin
(A)
del
ejemplo
6.2
aplicada
a
un
lquido
incompresible
se
obtiene:
of
Eq.
(A)
of
Ex.
6.2
applied
to
an
incompressible
liquid
yields:
of Eq. (A) of Ex. 6.2 applied to an incompressible liquid yields:
TT2

T22

H
=
C dT
dT +
+ VV
V(P
(P22
PP1)) =
= 00
H

H
=
CC
H
dT
+
(P
H222 H111 =
2 P11 ) = 0
T11
TT
1

Whence,
Whence,
De donde,
Whence,

TT2

T22

P
)
=

C dT
dT
V(P
(P

P
)
=

VV
2
1
dT
(P22 P11 ) = T CC
TT11
1

As
shownen
inel
(b),
T22 >
> TTT
T11;;;>thus
thus
by the
the last
last
equation,
P22 <
<
P
and
pressure
As
shown
in
(b),
TT
by
equation,
PP
pressure
Como se
muestra
inciso
T; as,
por
la
ltima
ecuacin,
P2PP
<111,P,, and
, y la
presin dismiAs
shown
in
(b),
>
by
the
last
equation,
pressure
21 thus
and
2 b),
2 <
decreases
in
the
direction
of
flow.
decreases
in
the
direction
of
flow.
nuye endecreases
la direccin
del direction
flujo.
in the
of flow.
Repeating
this
example
for the
the case
case
of
reversible
adiabatic
flow isis
is instructive.
instructive.
example
for
adiabatic
flow
Repeating
this
example
for
the
case
of
reversible
adiabatic
flow
instructive.
ResultaRepeating
ilustrativothis
repetir
este ejemplo
paraof
unreversible
flujo adiabtico
reversible.
En este caso u2 =
In
this
case
u
=
u
as
before,
but
S
=
0.
The
entropy
balance
then
shows
that
In
this
case
u
=
u
as
before,
but
S
=
0.
The
entropy
balance
then
shows
G
2
1
G
2
1
this case
as before,
butelSbalance
Theentropa
entropymuestra
balanceque
thenT2shows
that
u comoInantes,
perouS2G== u0.1 Por
lo tanto,
= T,that
en cuya siG = 0. de
=
T
,
in
which
case
the
energy
balance
yields
P
=
P
.
We
conclude
that
the en el
T
=
T
,
in
which
case
the
energy
balance
yields
P
=
P
.
We
conclude
that
T
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
= T1 , indewhich
case
the energy
yields P2que
=P
We conclude
that the
the
tuacin T
el2 balance
energa
produce
P2 =balance
P. Concluimos
el1 .aumento
de temperatura
temperature
increase
of
(b)
and
the
pressure
decrease
of
(c)
originate
from
flow
temperature
increase
of
(b)
and
the
pressure
decrease
of
(c)
originate
from
flow
increase
and the
decrease
of (c) de
originate
from flow
inciso b)temperature
y la disminucin
de of
la (b)
presin
en elpressure
inciso c)
son la causa
las irreversibilidades
del
irreversibilities,de
specifically
fromthe
theirreversibilities
irreversibilities
associated
with
fluid
friction.
irreversibilities,
specifically
from
friction.
irreversibilities,
specifically
from
the
irreversibilities
associated
with
fluid
friction.
flujo, especficamente
las irreversibilidades
asociadas conassociated
la friccinwith
delfluid
fluido.

07-SmithVanNess.indd 259

8/1/07 13:33:43

260

CHAPTER
7.
Applications
of
to
CAPTULO
Aplicaciones
de
la termodinmica
a los Processes
procesos de flujo
CHAPTER
7. 7.
Applications
of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
to Flow
Flow
Processes

260
260

Toberas
Nozzles
Nozzles
The
of
fluids
in
The limitations
limitations
observed
for
flow
of compressible
compressible
fluids
in pipes
pipes do
do not
not
extend
tonoproperly
properly
Las limitaciones
que seobserved
observan for
paraflow
el flujo
de fluidos que
son compresibles
en extend
tuberasto
se extienden a
designed
nozzles,
which
bring
about
the
interchange
of
internal
and
kinetic
energy
of
aa fluid
designed
nozzles,
which
bring
about
the
interchange
of
internal
and
kinetic
energy
of
fluid de un
toberas diseadas adecuadamente, las cuales originan el intercambio de energas interna y cintica
as
the
result
of
a
changing
cross-sectional
area
available
for
flow.
The
relation
between
nozzle
as
the
result
of
a
changing
cross-sectional
area
available
for
flow.
The
relation
between
nozzle
fluido como resultado de un rea de seccin transversal variable disponible para el flujo. La relacin entre la
length and
cross-sectional
area
not
to
thermodynamic
analysis,
but
andde
cross-sectional
area is
isde
notlasusceptible
susceptible
tosusceptible
thermodynamic
analysis,
but is
is aa problem
problem
longitudlength
y el rea
seccin transversal
tobera no es
al anlisis
termodinmico,
sino que es
in
fluid
mechanics.
In
a
properly
designed
nozzle
the
area
changes
with
length
in
such
aa way
in
fluid
mechanics.
In
a
properly
designed
nozzle
the
area
changes
with
length
in
such
way as
as de tal
un problema de la mecnica de fluidos. En una tobera bien diseada, el rea cambia con la longitud,
to
make
the
flow
nearly
frictionless.
In
the
limit
of
reversible
flow,
the
rate
of
entropy
increase
to
make
the
flow
nearly
frictionless.
In
the
limit
of
reversible
flow,
the
rate
of
entropy
increase
manera que el fluido casi no tiene friccin. En el lmite de flujo reversible, la rapidez de incremento de entroapproaches
zero,
d S/d
xx == 0.
this
event
(7.9)
(7.10)
become:
approaches
zero, and
and
S/d
0. In
Inlas
thisecuaciones
event Eqs.
Eqs.(7.9)
(7.9)yand
and
(7.10)
become:
pa tiende
a cero y dS/dx
= 0.dEn
este
caso,
(7.0)
sern:

dA
1
2
dd P
11 dd A
du
P = uu 2
A
dA
du = uu
1
=
=

2
2
ddxx
V
ddxx
A
VA
A 11
A 11
M
M2 ddxx
M
M2 ddxx
The
of flow
on whether
the flow is
subsonic (M
or
The characteristics
characteristics
flow depend
depend
(M <
< 1)
1)
or supersonic
supersonic
Las caractersticas
del flujoofdependen
de si on
es whether
subsnicothe(Mflow
< )isosubsonic
supersnico
(M
> ).
En la tabla 7.2 se
(M
>
1).
The
various
cases
are
summarized
in
Table
7.2.
(M
>
1).
The
various
cases
are
summarized
in
Table
7.2.
resumen los diversos casos.

Tabla
7.2:
Caractersticas
delof
tobera
Table
7.2:
Characteristics
Flow
for
Nozzle.
Table
7.2:
Characteristics
offlujo
Flowpara
for aauna
Nozzle.
Subsonic:
Subsnica:
M<
< 11
Subsonic: M
M
<

Supersonic:
Supersnica:
M>
Supersonic: M
M
>> 11

Convergente
Converging
Diverging
Converging
Diverging
Converging Divergente
Diverging Convergente
Converging Divergente
Diverging
dd A
A
ddxx
dd P
P
ddxx
du
du
ddxx

++

++

++

++

++

++

subsonic
flow
in
nozzle,
the
and
the
De esteThus,
modo,for
el flujo
subsnico
en una tobera
velocidad
y la presin
Thus,
forpara
subsonic
flow
in aa converging
converging
nozzle,convergente,
the velocity
velocitylaincreases
increases
andaumenta
the pressure
pressure
decreases
as
the
cross-sectional
area
diminishes.
The
maximum
obtainable
fluid
velocity
the
disminuye
conforme
decrece
el rea dearea
la seccin
transversal.
La velocidad
mxima
alcanzada
por
decreases
as the
cross-sectional
diminishes.
The maximum
obtainable
fluid
velocity is
is
theel fluido
speed
of
sound,
reached
at
the
exit.
Because
of
this,
a
converging
subsonic
nozzle
can
be
used
ser la rapidez
sonido,
y staatsethe
obtiene
en la salida.
Debido
a esto, essubsonic
posible utilizar
una be
tobera
speed ofdel
sound,
reached
exit. Because
of this,
a converging
nozzle can
usedconverto
aa constant
flowrate
into
region
variable
pressure.
Suppose
aa compressible
fluid
to deliver
deliverpara
constant
flowrate
into aa de
region
of
variableen
pressure.
Suppose
compressible
fluid
gente subsnica
entregar
una relacin
flujoof
constante
una regin
de presin
variable. Suponga
que
enters
a
converging
nozzle
at
pressure
P
and
discharges
from
the
nozzle
into
a
chamber
of
1
enters
a converging
nozzle
at pressure
P1 and adischarges
the la
nozzle
a chamber
of cmaun fluido
compresible
entra en
una tobera
convergente
presin Pfrom
y desde
toberainto
se descarga
a una
As
discharge
pressure
decreases
below
the
velocity
variable
pressure
variable
pressure
P
As this
thisque
discharge
pressure
decreasesdisminuye
below P
P11,,debajo
the flowrate
flowrate
and
velocity
ra de presin
variable
P2.P
A22..medida
esta presin
de descarga
de P,and
aumentan
el caudal
increase.
Ultimately,
the
pressure
ratio
P
/P
reaches
a
critical
value
at
which
the
velocity
at
2
1
increase.AlUltimately,
the pressure
ratio P2 /PP12/P
reaches
value
at which
the velocity
at en la
y la velocidad.
final, la relacin
de las presiones
un valor
crtico
en el cual
la velocidad
 llegaaacritical
the
is
Further
effect
the
the
thelanozzle
nozzle
exit
is sonic.
sonic.
Further
reduction
inenP
P22Phas
no
effect
on
the conditions
conditions
intobera.
the nozzle.
nozzle.
salida de
toberaexit
es snica.
Una
mayorreduction
reduccinin
nono
afecta
lason
condiciones
de lain
El flujo per2has
The
flow
remains
constant,
and
the
velocity
at
the
nozzle
exit
is
sonic,
regardless
of
flow remains
the velocity
at the es
nozzle
exitsinisconsiderar
sonic, regardless
the
value
maneceThe
constante,
y en la constant,
salida de and
la tobera
la velocidad
snica,
el valorofdethe
P2value
/P, a condiP
itit is
than
the
For
steam,
critical
of
11,, provided
/P
provided
is always
always
less
thancrtico.
the critical
critical
value.
For el
steam,
the
critical
value
of this
this es, a
ofque
P22/P
cin deof
siempre
sea menor
que elless
valor
Para value.
el vapor,
valorthe
crtico
devalue
este cociente
ratio
is
about
0.55
at
moderate
temperatures
and
pressures.
ratio isy about
0.55moderadas,
at moderatede
temperatures
temperaturas
presiones
casi 0.55. and pressures.
Supersonic
velocities
readily
in
section
of
designed
Supersonic
velocities are
are
readily attained
attained
in the
the diverging
diverging
section
of aa properly
properly
designed
Las velocidades
supersnicas
se consiguen
con facilidad
en la seccin
divergente
de una
tobera converconverging/diverging
nozzle
(Fig.
7.1).
With
sonic
velocity
reached
at
the
throat,
aa further
converging/diverging
nozzle
(Fig.
sonic velocity
reached atenthela throat,
further
gente/divergente
bien diseada
(figura
7.).7.1).
Con With
la velocidad
snica alcanzada
garganta,
otro aumento
increase
and
decrease
in
an
in
area,
increaseyin
inla velocity
velocity
and en
decrease
in pressure
pressure
requires
an increase
increase
in cross-sectional
cross-sectional
area, aa
en la velocidad
disminucin
la presin
requiere requires
de un aumento
en el rea
de la seccin transversal,
una
to
accommodate
increasing
volume
of
The
occurs
at
diverging
section
to cabida
accommodate
increasing
volume
of flow.
flow.
The transition
transition
occurs
at the
the donde
seccindiverging
divergentesection
para dar
al creciente
volumen
de flujo.
La
transicin
ocurre en
la garganta,
where
== 0.
between
area,
throat,
where dd A/d
A/d
0. The
The relationships
relationships
between
velocity,
area, and
and pressure
pressure in
in aa convergconvergdA/dx =throat,
0. La relacin
entrexx velocidad,
rea y presin
en unavelocity,
tobera convergente/divergente
se ilustra numing/diverging
nozzle
are
illustrated
numerically
in
Ex.
7.2.
ing/diverging
nozzle
ricamente
en el ejemplo
7.2. are illustrated numerically in Ex. 7.2.

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7.1. Flujo
conductos
fluidos compresibles
7.1.enDuct
Flow ofdeCompressible
Fluids

7.1.
Duct Flow
of Compressible
Fluids
7.1.
7.1. Duct
Duct Flow
Flow of
of Compressible
Compressible Fluids
Fluids
7.1. Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids

261

26

261
261
261
261

Figura 7.1:
Tobera
Figure
7.1: convergente/divergente.
Converging/diverging
Figure
7.1:
nozzle.
Figure
Figure7.1:
7.1:
Converging/diverging
Converging/diverging
Converging/diverging
Figure
7.1:
nozzle.
nozzle.
nozzle.
Converging/diverging
nozzle.

La rapidez
sonido
se logra
en la garganta
de unaoftobera
convergente/divergente
Thedel
speed
of sound
is attained
at the throat
a converging/diverging
nozzleslo
onlycuando
when la presin en the
la garganta
es
bastante
baja
para
alcanzar
el
valor
crtico
de
P
/P
.
Si
la
cada
de
presin
disponible
2

pressure at the throat is low enough that the critical value of P2 /P1 is reached. If insufficient
The
speed
of
sound
is
attained
at
the
throat
of
aa converging/diverging
nozzle
only
when
en la tobera
es
insuficiente
para
que
la
velocidad
sea
snica,
la
seccin
divergente
de
la
tobera
acta
The
speed
of
sound
is
attained
at
the
throat
of
converging/diverging
nozzle
only
when
The
speed
of soundinis the
attained
thethe
throat
of a converging/diverging
nozzle only
when como
pressure
drop
is available
nozzleatfor
velocity
to become sonic, the diverging
section
/P
reached.
If
insufficient
pressure
at
the
throat
is
low
enough
that
the
critical
value
of
PP2velocidad
1 is
difusor.the
Es
decir,
despus
de
llegar
a
la
garganta
la
presin
aumenta
y
la
disminuye;
ste
es el com/P
is
reached.
If
insufficient
the
pressure
at
the
throat
is
low
enough
that
the
critical
value
of
The
speed
of
sound
is
attained
at
the
throat
of
a
converging/diverging
nozzle
only
when
reached. rises
If insufficient
thethe
pressure
the as
throat
is low enough
the the
critical
value
of P22 /P1the
of
nozzleatacts
a diffuser.
That is,that
after
throat
is reached
and the
1 is pressure
pressure
drop
is
available
in
the
nozzle
for
thesecciones
velocity
to
become
sonic,
the
diverging
section
portamiento
convencional
para
el
flujo
subsnico
en
divergentes.
pressure
drop
is
available
in
the
nozzle
for
velocity
to
become
sonic,
the
diverging
section
/P
is
reached.
If
insufficient
the
pressure
at
the
throat
is
low
enough
that
the
critical
value
of
P
pressuredecreases;
drop is available
in the
nozzle for behavior
the velocity
to become
sonic,
the diverging
section
velocity
this is the
conventional
for subsonic
sections.
2 flow
1 in diverging
of
the
nozzle
as
aa diffuser.
That
is,enafter
the
throat
is reached
the
pressure
rises
and
the
La
de acts
la
velocidad
a la
una
isentrpica
sesonic,
expresa
manera
analtica
of
the
nozzle
acts
as
That
the
reached
the
pressure
rises
and
the
pressure
drop
is
available
in
the
nozzle
forafter
the
velocity
tois
the de
diverging
section
ofrelacin
theThe
nozzle
acts
as velocity
a diffuser.
diffuser.
That is,
is,
after
the throat
throat
isbecome
reached
the
pressure
rises
and
the si el
relation
of
topresin
pressure
in
an tobera
isentropic
nozzle
can
be expressed
analytically
velocity
decreases;
this
is
the
conventional
behavior
for
subsonic
flow
in
diverging
sections.
fluido seif
comporta
como
un
gas
ideal
con
una
capacidad
calorfica
constante.
Si
se
combinan
las
ecuaciones
velocity
decreases;
this
is
the
conventional
behavior
for
subsonic
flow
in
diverging
sections.
of
the
nozzle
acts
as
a
diffuser.
That
is,
after
the
throat
is
reached
the
pressure
rises
and
the
velocity
decreases;
the conventional
behavior
forcapacities.
subsonic flow
in diverging
the fluid
behaves this
as anis ideal
gas with constant
heat
Combination
of sections.
Eqs. (6.8)
The
relation
of
velocity
to
pressure
in an
isentropic nozzle
can be
expressed analytically
(6.8) y (7.3)
para
el
flujo
isentrpico
se
The
relation
of
velocity
to
pressure
an
nozzle
velocity
decreases;
this
is thegives:
conventional
for subsonic
flowbe
diverginganalytically
sections.
The
relation
of
velocity
toobtiene:
pressure in
inbehavior
an isentropic
isentropic
nozzle can
can
beinexpressed
expressed
analytically
and
(7.3)
for
isentropic
flow
ifif the
fluid
behaves
as an
ideal gas
with
constant heat
capacities. Combination
of Eqs.
(6.8)
fluid
behaves
an
with
heat
Eqs.
velocity
togas
pressure
in
an isentropic
nozzle canCombination
be expressedof
analytically
if the
the The
fluidrelation
behavesofas
as
an ideal
ideal
gas
with constant
constant
heat capacities.
capacities.
Combination
of
Eqs. (6.8)
(6.8)
u
du
=
V
dP
and
(7.3)
for
isentropic
flow
gives:
u du
= Vheat
d P capacities. Combination of Eqs. (6.8)
and
isentropic
flow
gives:
ifand
the(7.3)
fluidfor
behaves
as an
ideal
gas with
constant
(7.3)
for
isentropic
flow
gives:
(7.3) for isentropic
flow gives:de entrada
Laand
integracin,
con las condiciones
yV
salida
indicadas por  y 2, produce:
uu du
=
d PPde la tobera,
Integration, with nozzle entrance and exit
conditions
by 1 and 2, yields:
=
udu
du
= V
V dddenoted
P
u du = V ddenoted
P

P2 exit
Integration,
with nozzle
entrance
by 11
and
2,
yields:
( 1)/
Integration,
entrance and
and exit conditions
conditions
2,
P21 and
2 P1 Vdenoted
Integration, with
with nozzle
nozzle
by
and
2, yields:
yields:
1denoted by
2
2 entrance and exit conditions
(7.11) (7.)
1 by 1and 2, yields:
= 2 andVexit
d Pconditions
=

2 u 1entrance
Integration, with unozzle

1)/

P V1denoted
P1 (
P
2

PP

1PP
(
1)/
2
1
1
2
(
1)/
2
2
2 PP11VV11 1 PP22
(7.11)
u 22 = 2
V d P = 2
uu2222

(7.11)
(7.11)
P1 ( 1)/
uu1121 =
= 2
2P1P2 VV ddPP =
= 2
u22

11 1 11
P

P
1V
21
where the final term
upon
elimination
of
V
by
Eq.
(3.30c),
P
V
=
const.
2 is obtained
2
1

1
P
P

1
P
1 y,
(7.11)
1

u
=
2
V
d
P
=
donde se llega al trminoufinal
al
eliminar
V
mediante
la
ecuacin
(3.30c),
PV
=
constante.
2
1
1 ratio P2 P
/P
for which
u 2 reaches the
Equation (7.11)
may
be solved
for the pressure
P1
La
ecuacin
(7.)
se puede
resolver
para
la relacinofdeVVpresiones
P121/P para
u2 llega a la rapidez
where
the
final
term
is
obtained
upon
elimination
by
Eq.
(3.30c),
PPVV la==que
const.
where
the
final
term
is
obtained
by
Eq.
(3.30c),
const.
whereofthe
final term
is obtained upon
upon elimination
elimination of
of
V
by
Eq.
(3.30c),
P
V
=
const.
speed
sound,
i.e., where
ratio
P2 /P1 for which
del sonido, esEquation
decir,
donde
u
the
(7.11)
may
be
solved
for
the
pressure
2
uu22 reaches
reaches
(7.11)
for
ratio
Pby
whereEquation
the final term
is may
obtained
upon
Eq.PP(3.30c),
V = const.
22/P
/P11 for
forPwhich
which
reaches the
the
Equation
(7.11)
may be
be solved
solved
for2 the
the pressure
pressure
ratio
2 elimination
2of V
speed
of
sound,
i.e.,
where
u
=
c
=
V
2 for the pressure

speed
of
i.e.,
may be solved
speedEquation
of sound,
sound,(7.11)
i.e., where
where
Vratio
P
S P2 /P1 for which u 2 reaches the
speed of sound, i.e., where
uu2222=
c222=
V 222 PP
=
u22 =
= ccwith
= V
V
The derivative is found by differentiation
respect V
to
VS of P V = const.:
P
2
2
2 V
V
SS
u2 =
=
V
c with
The
derivative
is
found
by
differentiation
respect
to
V
of PPVV == const.:

P
The
isis found
by
with
to
The derivative
derivative
found
by differentiation
differentiation
with respect
respect
to V
VS of
of=Pconstante:
V = const.:
const.:
La derivada
se
encuentra
por diferenciacin
con respecto
a V de
PV
=

= const.:

Vwith
V
The derivative is found by differentiation
to
V
of
P
V
P
S respect
PP
P
P

VP =
=

VVP
2
S

P
uV
=

P
V
Substitution then yields:
V
2 SS = 2 2 V
V
V
PP20,
V
Substitution
then
uu2222=
With
this
foryields:
u 22 in Eq. (7.11) and with
uS1=
for the pressure ratio at the throat
Substitution
then
yields:
La sustitucin
nosvalue
da:
=
P22VV22solution
Substitution
then
yields:
u22 =
2
2
gives:
P20,
V2solution
Substitution
then
yields:
u
With
this
value
uu2222in
Eq. (7.11)
and
with
uu1=
the
pressure ratio
at
the throat

2 =
/(
1) for
2 for
With
this
value
for
in
and
with
0,
the
at
With
this
value
forla
u22ecuacin
inEq.
Eq.(7.11)
(7.11)
and
with
u121==
=
0,
solution
for
thelapressure
pressure
ratio
atthe
thethroat
throat
P
Con este
valor
para
u
en
(7.)
y
con
u
0,
lasolution
solucinfor
para
relacinratio
de presiones
en la gar2
2
gives:
2
=
(7.12)
gives:
With
this
value
for
u
in
Eq.
(7.11)
and
with
u
=
0,
solution
for
the
pressure
ratio
at
the
throat

gives:
1
ganta da:

/(
1)
2
P

+
1

1
2 /( 1)
PP2
gives:
P22 = 22 /( 1)
(7.12)
(7.12)
= +
(7.12)
PP12 =
2+111 /( 1)
P11 = +
(7.12) (7.2)
P1
+1

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262

262
262
262
262
262
262
262
262

CHAPTER
CHAPTER
7. 7.Applications
Applications
of of
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
to to
Flow
Flow
Processes
Processes
CHAPTER
7.7.Applications
Applications
ofofThermodynamics
Thermodynamics
totoFlow
Flow
Processes
CHAPTER
Processes
CHAPTER
7. 7.
Applications
of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
to Flow
Flow
Processes
CAPTULO
Aplicaciones
de la termodinmica
a los Processes
procesos de flujo
CHAPTER
7.
Applications
of
to
CHAPTER
CHAPTER7.
7. Applications
Applicationsof
ofThermodynamics
Thermodynamicsto
toFlow
FlowProcesses
Processes

Example
Example
7.2
7.2
Example
7.2
Example
7.2
Example
7.2
Ejemplo
7.2
7.2
C.
C.
A Example
high-velocity
A
high-velocity
nozzle
nozzle
is is
designed
designed
to to
operate
operate
with
with
steam
steam
at at
700
700
kPa
kPa
and
and
300
300
C.At
At
Ahigh-velocity
high-velocity
nozzle
isisdesigned
designed
totooperate
operate
with
steam
atat700
700
kPa
and
300
At
Example
7.2
C.
A
nozzle
with
steam
kPa
and
300
C.At
Example
A
high-velocity 7.2
nozzle
is designed
designed 1
to 1
operate
with
steam
at 700
700 kPa
kPa
and
300
At
C.
1
A
high-velocity
nozzle
is
to
operate
with
steam
at
and
300
At

the
the
nozzle
nozzle
inlet
inlet
the
the
velocity
velocity
is is
30
m
30m
smmsfuncionar
.sCalculate
.Calculate
Calculate
values
values
of
the
the
ratio
ratio
A/A
(where
(where
Aentrada
Se disea
una
tobera
de
alta
velocidad
para
con
vapor
a of
700
kPa
yA/A
300
En
1
the
nozzle
inlet
the
velocity
isis30
30
s1
.Calculate
values
ofofthe
the
ratio
A/A
A1A11 de
la
1 C.
1(where
1At
1(where
the
nozzle
inlet
the
velocity
values
ratio
A/A
A
high-velocity
nozzle
isis
designed
with
steam
at
700
kPa
and
C.
the
nozzle
inlet
the
velocity
is 30
30 m
m to
sto
.. Calculate
Calculate
values
of
the
ratio
A/A
(where
AAAt
1operate
11 300
1
A
high-velocity
nozzle
designed
operate
with
steam
at
700
kPa
and
300
C.
1
the
nozzle
inlet
the
velocity
is
s
.
values
of
the
ratio
A/A
(where
A
is
the
is
the
cross-sectional
cross-sectional
area
area
of
the
of
the
nozzle
nozzle
inlet)
inlet)
for
the
for
the
sections
sections
where
where
the
the
pressure
pressure
is
is secla tobera
velocidad
es
30velocity
m area
sarea
. Calcule
los
valores
defor
lavalues
relacin
A/A
(donde
A11 pressure
es
el rea
de
1is
isla
the
cross-sectional
of30
the
nozzle
inlet)
for
thesections
sections
where
the
pressure
1where
is
the
cross-sectional
of
the
nozzle
inlet)
the
the
is
the
nozzle
inlet
the
is
m
ss1
of
the
ratio
A/A
(where
AA
1.. Calculate
1pressure
1
is
the
cross-sectional
area
of
the
nozzle
inlet)
for
the
sections
where
the
is
the
nozzle
inlet
the
velocity
is
30
m
Calculate
values
of
the
ratio
A/A
(where
1
1
is
the
cross-sectional
area
of
the
nozzle
inlet)
for
the
sections
where
the
pressure
is
600,
600,
500,
500,
400,
400,
300,
300,
and
and
200
200
kPa.
kPa.
Assume
Assume
that
that
the
the
nozzle
nozzle
operates
operates
isentropically.
isentropically.
cin transversal
de
la entrada
de200
la
tobera)
para las
secciones
donde
la where
presin
es 600, 500, is
400, 300
600,500,
500,
400,
300,and
and
200
kPa.nozzle
Assume
thatfor
the
nozzle
operates
isentropically.
600,
400,
300,
kPa.
Assume
that
the
nozzle
operates
isentropically.
is
cross-sectional
area
the
inlet)
the
sections
the
600,
500,
400,
300,
and
200of
kPa.
Assume
that
the
nozzle
operates
isentropically.
is the
the
cross-sectional
area
ofkPa.
the Assume
nozzle
inlet)
for
the
sections
where
the pressure
pressure is
600,
500,
400,
300,
and
200
that
the
nozzle
operates
isentropically.
y 200 kPa.
Suponga
que
la
tobera
funciona
de
manera
isentrpica.
600, 500, 400, 300, and 200 kPa. Assume that the nozzle operates isentropically.
600, 500, 400, 300, and 200 kPa. Assume that the nozzle operates isentropically.

Solution
Solution
7.27.2
7.2
Solution
Solution
7.2
The
The
required
required
area
area
ratios
ratios
areare
given
aregiven
given
byby
Eq.
by
Eq.
(2.27),
(2.27),
and
and
thethe
velocity
thevelocity
velocity
u is
found
from
from
The
required
area
ratios
are
given
by
Eq.
(2.27),
and
the
velocity
found
from
Solution
7.2
The
required
area
ratios
Eq.
(2.27),
uyuufound
is
from
Las relaciones
de las
reas
requeridas
estn
dadas
por
la and
ecuacin
(2.27)
laisisfound
velocidad
u se en-

Solution
7.2
Solution
7.2
Solucin
7.2
Solution
7.2

The required
required area
area ratios
ratios are
are given
given by
by Eq.
Eq. (2.27),
(2.27), and
and the
the velocity
velocity uu is
is found
found from
from
theThe
integrated
the
integrated
form
of
Eq.
(7.3):
Eq.(7.3):
(7.3):
the
integrated
form
ofofEq.
Eq.
(7.3):
the
integrated
form
of
The
required
area
ratios
are
given
Eq.
(2.27),
and
the
velocity
uu isisfound
from
cuentra
aThe
partir
de laform
forma
integrada
de laby
ecuacin
(7.3):
the
integrated
form
of
Eq.
(7.3):
required
area
ratios
are
given
by
Eq.
(2.27),
and
the
velocity
found
from
the integrated form of Eq. (7.3):
the
integrated
form
of
Eq.
(7.3):
V
V
u
u
A
V
u
A
1
1
the integratedA form
of
Eq.
(7.3):
1
2
2
2
2
VV
AA= ===uuu11V
u==
2(H
2(H
2(H

H
)HH ))
andand
yand u u=
u2u2
2(H
H
and
u2u2=
1
A
=
= 1uuu22111

2(H
1H
H11))1)1
and
u 22 =
A1A
u11VV
A1A1=
1 V1uV
1u1uu
V
and
u
2(H
2
2
1
AA1 = V
Vu11uV
uu112
2(H
HH11 ))
uu 2 =
, and
2 tiene unidades
A
1 = V1 u
=

Con unidades para la velocidad

m
uand
de
m22(H
s2.
Las unidades
de J kg para
11 1
12
Aunits
ude
1
2 s,has
2 sm
2
1 H
1
22has
22s2
2
1of m
11
,
u
u
the
has
units,
the
units,
m
.
s
Units
.
Units
of
Jofof
kg
Jkg
kg
for
forH
are
are
ForFor
For
velocity
velocity
units
of
s
m
s
A
V
u
1
2
2
1
,
u
the
units,
m
.
Units
Jkg
for
HHare
are
For
velocity
units
of
m
s
1 of m1s1 , u23 has the units, m2 s2
1
2
2

.
Units
of
J
for
velocity
units
H son consistentes
estas
unidades,
ya que
J2 =2
kg
, de donde
1J kg
2m2 s2.
u 2 has
has
the units,
units,
m
sm
Units
of1JJ kg
kg
for
H
are
For velocity
velocitycon
units
of3 m
m
1 ,, u
22
2 ..s Units
22
1
21 sm
2
2=2
33ssbecause
2m
2
1
2H
2
the
s
of
for
are
For
units
of
consistent
consistent
with
with
these,
these,
because
because
1
J
=
1
1
J
kg
=
1
m
kg
s
m
,
s
whence
,
whence
1
J
kg
1
J
kg
=
1
m
=
.
s
3
2
1
2
consistent
with
these,
1
J
=
1
kg
m
s
,
whence
1
J
kg
=
1
m
s
.
1
2
2
2
1
3 because
2
1
2H
2 .. . especconsistent
with
these,
because
kg
m22 lasm
s2
kgJ1
1for
m
units,
kg
For
velocity
units
of
m
ss1,, uu 2iniciales
2,,swhence
2.. Units
De las
tablas
de
vapor,
los
valores
para
la111entalpa
volumen
11has
JJ =
==the
11 kg
kg
m
JJof
kg
=y=1
1el
m
ssH
consistent
with
these,
3mbecause
2s
2are
has
the
units,
mentropa,
swhence
Units
of
J1
kg
for
are
For
velocity
units
of
1
J
1
m
s
,
whence
J
kg
=
1
m
.
consistent
with
these,
Initial
Initial
values
values
for
entropy,
for
entropy,
enthalpy,
enthalpy,
and
and
specific
specific
volume
volume
from
from
the
steam
the
steam
tables:
tables:
Initial
values
for
entropy,
enthalpy,
and
specific
volume
from
the
steam
tables:
3
2
2
2
Initial values
values
for entropy,
entropy,
enthalpy,
and
specific
volume1from
from
the
steam
tables:
11JJ==11and
kg
m
JJkg
11m
ss2
with
these,
3 because
2 ss2,,whence
1 =
2tables:
2..
fico son:consistent
Initial
for
enthalpy,
specific
volume
the
steam
consistent
with
these,
because
kg
m
whence
1
kg
=
m
Initial values for entropy, enthalpy, and specific volume from the steam tables:
Initial
values
for
entropy,
and
the
steam
3 333volume
3 tables:
33 1
1
1
1K
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Initial
values
for
entropy,
and
specific
volume
the
steam
7.2997
7.2997
kJ kJ
kg
kJkg
kg
K
H1enthalpy,
=
H1=
3,059.8
3,059.8
specific
10
10
J3 kg
Jkg
kg
V1from
=V11=
371.39
371.39
cmcm
cm
gtables:
g1
S1 S=
1
1
1
==7.2997
7.2997
kJ
kg
H
==3,059.8
3,059.8
10
10
Jkg
V
==
371.39
cm
S1S11=
33 g
1
1
1
1
KK
Henthalpy,

Vfrom
371.39
11=
1 = 371.39
=
7.2997
kJ
kg
K
H
3,059.8

10
V
cm
S
3 JJ kg
3 gg1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3,059.8
10
S1 = 7.2997 kJ kg1 K1 H1 =
3 J kg 1 V1 = 371.39 cm 3 g 1
3 JVkg 1 V1 = 371.39 cm 3 g 1

7.2997 kJ kg 1 KK1 A
HH1 A=

SS1 =

3030
30
VV
30
VJ kg
=3,059.8
3,059.8
10
10
V1 = 371.39 cm g
1 = 7.2997 kJ kg
1 A
A

A
30
V
Thus,
Thus,
=
=
(A)(A)
(A) (A)
Thus,
=
(A)

Thus,
=
A
30
V
As queThus,

=
(A)
A1AAA1=
371.39
u Vuuu
371.39
1 371.39
30
371.39
Thus,
(A)
1
A
30
V
A
371.39
u
Thus,
(A)
A11 =
u
Thus,
= 371.39
(A)
AA12(H
371.39
uu 103 )1033 )
371.39
andand
and
u 2u=
900
900

2(H

3,059.8

3,059.8

(B)
(B) (B)
3
1
y
and
u22u22=
==900
900

2(H

3,059.8

10
)
(B)
3

2(H

3,059.8

10
)
(B)
and
= 900
900
2(H
2(H
3,059.8
3,059.8
10
103 ))
(B)
and
uu 22 =
(B)
3
and
900

(B)
2=
3)) values
Because
thethe
expansion
theexpansion
expansion
isuuisentropic,
isentropic,
S2(H
=SS=
S
S1;1=
;steam-table
values
values
at las
600
600
kPa
kPa
are:
are:
Because
the
expansion
=1=;S3,059.8
SS1steam-table
;steam-table
atat600
600
kPa
are:
and
=isentropic,
900
2(H
10
10
(B) a 600
PuestoBecause
que
el proceso
de
expansin
es
isentrpico,
Ssteam-table
valores
de
tablas
de
vapor
Because
isisis
isentropic,
values
at
kPa
are:
; los
Because
the expansion
expansion
is
isentropic,
SS =
=
S13,059.8
; steam-table
steam-table
values
at
600
kPa
are:
Because
the
is
isentropic,
S
S
;
values
at
600
kPa
are:
1
kPa son:Because
the
expansion
is
isentropic,
S
=
S
;
steam-table
values
at
600
kPa
are:
3
3
3
3
3 1
1kg
1
1K
1
1
1Vvalues
1
1
1
the
is1
isentropic,
S =S1
;10
steam-table
at418.25
600cm
kPa
are:
K
HH
=
3,020.4
3,020.4
10
10
J33kgJkg
Jkg
kg
=
418.25
418.25
cm
g331
g1
S Because
=
S=
7.2997
7.2997
kJexpansion
kg
kJkg
1
1
1
HH=
==3,020.4
3,020.4
10
VV=
==418.25
cm
g1
==7.2997
7.2997
kJ
kg1
1
1
1
KK
cm
SS=
kJ
K
H=
= 3,020.4
3,020.4
10
1033 JJJ kg
kg1
VV =
= 418.25
418.25 cm
cm
7.2997 kJ
kJ
kg1
3 gg1
1
K
H
V
g
SS =
7.2997
kg
3
3 1
1 1
1
3 J1
3,020.4

10
kg
SSFrom
=
7.2997
kJ
kg
1
==
m
kg1 VV =
=418.25
418.25cm
cm3 gg,1, , ,
=
7.2997
kJ
kg1 KK1 HHu=
From
Eq.Eq.
(B),
Eq.
(B),
u=
282.3
282.3
m
s10
ms1
sJ1
From
Eq.
(B),
==282.3
282.3
m
s1
From
(B),
uu3,020.4
From
Eq.
(B),
u
=
282.3
m
s
From Eq. (B),
=282.3
s1
,,

uuu=
1


mm

From
Eq.
(B),
=
282.3
m
s
,,

De la ecuacin
(B),
282.3
s
1

418.25
418.25
From Eq. (B), A AAA 3030
u30= 282.3
m s
418.25
30
418.25

A= ===
418.25
30
ByBy
Eq.
ByEq.
(A),
Eq.(A),
(A),
==
0.120
0.120
By
Eq.
(A),
==0.120
0.120

A
418.25
30
282.3
418.25
371.39
By Eq.
Eq. (A),
(A),
= 0.120
0.120
=
A1AAA1=
371.39
282.3=
371.39
282.3
1 371.39
30
282.3
By
418.25
30
AA11 =
371.39
282.3
Eq.
=
0.120
A
371.39
282.3
1
UsandoBy
la ecuacin
By
Eq.(A),
(A), (A),
=
0.120
=
AApressures
371.39
282.3
1pressures
Area
Area
ratios
ratios
for
other
for
other
pressures
are
evaluated
are
evaluated
the
same
the
same
way,
way,
andand
and
thethe
results
theresults
results
areare
are
Area
ratios
for
other
are
evaluated
the
same
way,
and
the
results
are
371.39
282.3
1
Area ratios
ratios for
for other
other pressures
pressures are
are evaluated
evaluated the
the same
same
way,
Area
way,
and the
the results
results are
are
Area
ratios
for
other
pressures
are
evaluated
the
same
way,
and
summarized
summarized
in
the
in
following
the
following
table.
table.
summarized
in
the
following
table.
Las relaciones
de lasin
para
otrastable.
presiones
se evalan
de igual manera
y los resultados
se
summarized
inreas
the
following
table.
Area
other
pressures
are
summarized
the
following
Area ratios
ratios for
for
other
pressures
are evaluated
evaluated the
the same
same way,
way, and
and the
the results
results are
are
in
the
following
table.
resumensummarized
en la siguiente
tabla:
summarized
in
the
following
table.
summarized
in33the
following
table.
3/cm
1
1
3/cm
1
1A/AA/A
33g1
P/kPa
P/kPaV /cm
V
g331
g1
u/m
u/m
s1s1
s1
A/A
A/A
P/kPaV /cm
g331
g1
u/m
u/m
s1s1
s1
1
P/kPa
/cm
g1
u/m
s1
A/A
P/kPa
VV
/cm
u/m
s1
A/A
1 111P/kPa
1 111
1
P/kPa
VV/cm
/cm
g1
u/m
A/A
P/kPa
/cm
u/m
A/A
P/kPa
V
g
u/m
s
A/A
P/kPa
VV/cm
/cm
gg1
u/m
s1 A/A
A/A
3
1
3g
1
1
P/kPa V /cm3 g1 u/m s1 A/A
P/kPa
V
u/m
s
1
1
3
1
1
P/kPa
V
/cm
s30
P/kPa
V
/cm
ss1 0.088
A/A
3 gg1 u/m
1 A/A
3 gg1 u/m
1
1
P/kPa
V
/cm
u/m
s
A/A
P/kPa
V
/cm
u/m
A/A
700
700
371.39
371.39
30
1.0
1.0
400
400
571.23
571.23
523.0
523.0
0.088
700
371.39
30
1.0
400
571.23
523.0
0.088
1
700
371.39
30
1.0
400
571.23
523.0
0.0881
700
371.39
30
1.0
400
571.23
523.0
0.088
700
371.39
30
1.0
400
571.23
523.0
0.088
418.25 282.3
282.3 0.120
0.120 300
300 711.93
711.93 633.0
633.0 0.091
0.091
600
600 418.25
418.25
282.3
0.120
300
711.93
633.0
0.091
600
418.25
282.3
0.120
300
711.93
633.0
0.091
600
700
371.39
30
1.0
400
571.23
523.0
0.088
418.25
282.3
0.120
300
711.93
633.0
0.091
600
700
371.39
30
1.0
400
571.23
523.0
0.088
600
418.25
282.3
0.120
300
711.93
633.0
0.091
500
500
481.26
481.26
411.2
411.2
0.095
0.095
200
200
970.04
970.04
752.2
752.2
0.104
0.104
500
481.26
411.2
0.095
200
970.04
752.2
0.104
500
481.26
411.2
0.095
200
970.04
752.2
0.104
418.25
282.3
0.120
300
711.93
633.0
0.091
600
500
481.26
411.2
0.095
200
970.04
752.2
0.104
418.25
282.3 0.095
0.120
300
711.93
633.0 0.104
0.091
600
500
481.26
411.2
200
970.04
752.2
500
481.26
411.2
200
970.04
752.2
500
481.26
411.2 0.095
0.095
200
970.04
752.2 0.104
0.104
The
The
pressure
pressure
at
the
at
throat
the
throat
of
the
of
nozzle
the
nozzle
is
about
is
about
380
380
kPa.
kPa.
At
lower
At
lower
pressures,
pressures,
The
pressure
at
the
throat
of
the
nozzle
is
about
380
kPa.
At
lower
pressures,
The
pressure
at
the
throat
of
the
nozzle
is
about
380
kPa.
At
lower
pressures,
Theen
pressure
at the
thedethroat
throat
of the
theesnozzle
nozzle
is380
about
380
kPa. At
At lower
lower
pressures,
Lathe
presin
la clearly
garganta
la tobera
de casiis
kPa.
A kPa.
presiones
ms pressures,
bajas, es evidente
The
pressure
at
of
about
380
nozzle
the
nozzle
clearly
diverges.
diverges.
the
nozzle
clearly
diverges.
the
nozzle
clearly
diverges.
The
pressure
atat
the
throat
of
the
nozzle
isisabout
380
kPa.
At
lower
pressures,
the
nozzle
clearly
diverges.
que la tobera
difiere.
The
pressure
the
throat
of
the
nozzle
about
380
kPa.
At
lower
pressures,
the nozzle clearly diverges.
the
thenozzle
nozzleclearly
clearlydiverges.
diverges.

3 When
1 , 1
1 must
1 and
1by
3 3When
1
When
u isuuin
uis(ft)(s)
is
in
(ft)(s)
H1
in
(Btu)(lb
in
(Btu)(lb
)1
must
be be
multiplied
multiplied
by by
778.16(ft
by
778.16(ft
lbf )(Btu)
and
the
by
dimensional
the
dimensional
(ft)(s)
(Btu)(lb
)1
must
bebe
multiplied
by
778.16(ft
and
by
the
dimensional
1
1
1
m ) m)1
m
f )(Btu)
f )(Btu)
33When
1
1
When
is
inin(ft)(s)
(ft)(s)
, ,H
H,HH
inin(Btu)(lb
(Btu)(lb
must
multiplied
778.16(ft
lblbflb
)(Btu)
and
by
the
dimensional
m)1 must
u32.174(lb
is
in
,)(ft)(lb
in
be multiplied
by 778.16(ft
lb
)(Btu)
and
by
the
dimensional
1
1
2(s)
2
1
2
m
3 When
1
1 and
f )(Btu)
constant
constant
g
g
=
=
32.174(lb
)(ft)(lb
)(ft)(lb
)
(s)
)
.
.
constant
g
=
32.174(lb
)
(s)
.
1
2
c
c
m
m
u
is
in
(ft)(s)
,
H
in
(Btu)(lb
)
must
be
multiplied
by
778.16(ft
lb
by
the
dimensional
f
f
c
m



f
m
constant
gccu=(ft)(s)
= 32.174(lb
32.174(lb
)(ft)(lb
)1
(s)2
3 When
1
1constante
Cuando
,Hm
en
(Btu)(lb
debe
multiplicarse
por 778.6 (ft778.16(ft
lbf)(Btu) f y por la
dimensional gc = 32.74
m1
m)(s)
constant
gen
)(ft)(lb
.. )1
, , HH inin
(Btu)(lb
3u es g
1must
m
ff)1
uis32.174(lb
isinin(ft)(s)
(ft)(s)
mustbe
bemultiplied
multipliedby
by 778.16(ftlblbf f)(Btu)
)(Btu)1and
andby
bythe
thedimensional
dimensional
constant
(s)2
 When
2c =
m )(ft)(lb
f ) (Btu)(lb
2 ..m )
(lbm)(ft)(lb
f) (s) gc. = 32.174(lbm )(ft)(lbf )1
constant
(s)
1
2
constant gc = 32.174(lbm )(ft)(lbf ) (s) .
3

07-SmithVanNess.indd 262

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7.1.
Duct
Flow
of
Fluids
7.1.
Duct
Flow
ofofCompressible
Compressible
Fluids
7.1.Duct
DuctFlow
Flowof
CompressibleFluids
Fluids
7.1.
Compressible
Flow of Compressible
Fluids
7.1. Duct 7.1.
FlowDuct
of Compressible
Fluids
7.1. Flujo en conductos de fluidos compresibles

263

263
263
263
263
263

263

Example
7.3
Example
7.3
Ejemplo
7.3 7.3
Example
7.3
Example
Consider
again
the nozzle
of Ex. 7.2,
assuming now
that steam
behaves as
an ideal
Example
7.3
Example
7.3
Consider
again
Consider againthe
thenozzle
nozzleofofEx.
Ex.7.2,
7.2,assuming
assumingnow
nowthat
thatsteam
steambehaves
behavesas
asan
anideal
ideal

Considere
deCalculate:
nuevo
la tobera
del ejemplo
7.2, assuming
pero ahoranow
suponga
que el behaves
vapor se as
comporta
como un
Consider
again
the nozzle
of Ex. 7.2,
that steam
an ideal
gas.
gas.
Calculate:
Consider
Ex. 7.2, assuming
now that
steam as
behaves
as an ideal
Consider
again
theagain
nozzlethe
of nozzle
Ex. 7.2,ofassuming
now that steam
behaves
an ideal
gas.
Calculate:
gas ideal.
Calcule:
gas.
Calculate:
gas.(a)
Calculate:
gas. Calculate:
The
critical
pressure
ratio
and
velocity
at
throat.
(a)
The
critical
pressure
ratio
and the
the
velocity
at the
the
throat.
(a)The
The
critical
pressure
ratio
thevelocity
velocity
thethroat.
throat.
a) La relacin
de
presiones
crticas
y and
laand
velocidad
en laatat
garganta.
(a)
critical
pressure
ratio
the
the
(a)
The
critical
pressure
ratio
and
the
velocity
at
the
throat.
(a) The critical
pressure
ratio
and
the
velocity
at
the
throat.
(b)
The
discharge
pressure
for
a
Mach
number
of
2.0
at
nozzle
exhaust.
(b)
The
discharge
pressure
for
a
Mach
number
of
2.0
at the
the
nozzle
exhaust.
(b)The
The
discharge
pressure
foraaMach
Mach
number
of2.0
2.0
thenozzle
nozzle
exhaust.
b) La presin
dedischarge
descargapressure
para
un nmero
Mach
de 2.0 of
en
el
escape
de
la tobera.
(b)
for
number
atatthe
exhaust.
(b)
The
discharge
pressure
for
a
Mach
number
of
2.0
at
the
nozzle
exhaust.
(b) The discharge pressure for a Mach number of 2.0 at the nozzle exhaust.

Solution
7.3
Solucin
7.3
Solution
7.3
Solution
7.3

Solution 7.3
(a)
ratio
specific
heats
steam
about
Substituting
7.3of
Solution
7.3
a) LaSolution
relacin
los
calores
especficos
aproximadamente
.3.(7.12),
Sustituyendo en
(a) The
Thede
ratio
of
specific
heats for
for para
steamelis
isvapor
aboutes1.3.
1.3.
Substituting in
in Eq.
Eq.
(7.12),
(a)The
Theratio
ratioofofspecific
specificheats
heatsfor
forsteam
steamisisabout
about1.3.
1.3.Substituting
SubstitutingininEq.
Eq.(7.12),
(7.12),
(a)

ecuacin
(7.2),
1.3/(1.31)
(a)of
The
ratio of
specific
heats
for
steam
is
about
1.3.
Substituting
in
Eq.
(7.12),

(a)laThe
ratio
specific
heats
for steam
is
about
1.3.
Substituting
in
Eq.
(7.12),
1.3/(1.31)
P
1.3/(1.31)
P22 = 222
= 0.55
2 1.3/(1.31)
PP
1.3/(1.31)
0.55
2 2=
1.3/(1.31) =
=
0.55
1.3
+
1
1
2
P
==0.55
2P
P2
1.3
+
1
21 =
1.3++11 = 0.55 = 0.55
P1 1= 1.3
=
+
1 speed
Pat
1.3P1+ equal
1 1.3
The
velocity
throat,
to
the
of
sound,
is
found
from
Eq.
(7.11),
The
velocity
at1 the
the
throat,
equal
totorapidez
the
speed
of
sound,
isencuentra
found
from
Eq.
(7.11),
La velocidad
en la garganta,
al
igual
que la
delof
sonido,
seis
a partir
de
la ecuacin
Thevelocity
velocity
theproduct
throat,
equal
the
speed
of
sound,
isfound
foundfrom
from
Eq.(7.11),
(7.11),
The
atatthe
throat,
equal
to
the
speed
sound,
Eq.
which
contains
the
P
V
.
For
steam
as
an
ideal
gas:
11 V11 to
which
contains
the
product
P
.
For
steam
as
an
ideal
gas:
The
velocity
at
throat,
equal
the
speed
of
sound,
is
found
from
Eq.
(7.11),
The(7.),
velocity
at
the
throat,
equal
to
the
speed
of
sound,
is
found
from
Eq.
(7.11),
que
contiene
el
producto
P
V
.
Para
el
vapor
como
un
gas
ideal:
V
.
For
steam
as
an
ideal
gas:
which
contains
the
product
P


1
1
which contains the product P1 V1 . For steam as an ideal gas:
an ideal gas: 2 2
whichthe
contains
which contains
productthe
P1product
V1 . RT
For1 P
steam
as ansteam
idealas
gas:
1 V(8,314)(573.15)
1 . For
RT
1 = (8,314)(573.15)
2 s 2
m
P
RT
(8,314)(573.15)=
1 = (8,314)(573.15)
VV11 =
==RT
= 264,511
264,511
mm
PP11 V
1
2 2s2
s2
264,511m
M
18.015
1 1 1=
RT
s 2
==264,511
P11V
RT
(8,314)(573.15)
MM1 ==(8,314)(573.15)
18.015
2
2
2
18.015
=
s
=
=
264,511
m
M
18.015
s
=
264,511
m
P1 V1 = P1 V=
1
this
equation
R/M
the
units:
M18.015
18.015
En esta In
ecuacin
R/MMtiene
lashas
unidades:
In
this
equation
R/M
has
the
units:
thisequation
equationR/M
R/Mhas
hasthe
theunits:
units:
InInthis
In thisR/M
equation
R/M
has the units:
In this equation
has the
units:
2
22 s2
2 m
2
JJ
N
m
m
NNm
mm = kg
kg
mmss2
mm
2m
2 2ss2
=
kg
s
m
s2
JJ =
N
m
kg
m
s
m
m
=
=
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
kg
K
kg
K
JK
Nm
m
kg m
J
Nkg
kgm
K ==kg
kg
Ks==m
kgsm
K sm == m K
Ks
KK
= kgkgKK== kgkgKK= 2 2
=kgkgKK =
kgVKK, son
kg
Kin
kg
K Kunits
K
, iskg
m
s 2
,, the
of
velocity
squared.
SubstiThus
RT
/M,
and
hence
P
kg
kg
2K
22las
V1en
in
m
units
ofof
velocity
squared.
SubstiThus
RT
/M,
and
hence
PP11 V
As, RT/M,
y,RT
por
lo Ktanto
P
unidades
deof
lavelocity
velocidad
al cuadrado.
Si susti1 , ,is
2 2ss2
  P
isin
insm
m
s2
,the
theunits
units
velocity
squared.
SubstiThus
RT/M,
/M,
andhence
hence
1V
ism
, the
squared.
SubstiThus
and
1V
1 ,12
tution
in
Eq.
(7.11)
gives:
2
2
2
tution
in
Eq.
(7.11)
gives:
V1s, is,in
munits
s ,ofthe
units ofsquared.
velocitySubstisquared. SubstiThus
RT
/M,
and
hence
Pm
tuimos
en
la
ecuacin
(7.)
obtenemos:
V
,
is
in
the
velocity
Thus
RT /M,
and
hence
P
1
1
1
tution
in
Eq.
(7.11)
gives:
tution in Eq. (7.11) gives:

tution
in
Eq. (7.11)2gives:
tution in Eq.
(7.11)
(2)(1.3)(264,511)
22 gives:
(2)(1.3)(264,511)
1 (0.55)(1.31)/1.3
2 + (2)(1.3)(264,511)
(1.31)/1.3 = 296,322
=
(30)
(2)(1.3)(264,511)
throat
2
2
(1.31)/1.3
2u
u
==296,322
=
(30)
+
1

(0.55)
11(0.55)
2 +
(1.31)/1.3 =

throat =(2)(1.3)(264,511)
u2throat
=(30)
(30)
296,322
(0.55)
1.3
u ugarganta
296,322
1.3
111
2 throat
2 + (2)(1.3)(264,511)
(1.31)/1.3
2
2
(1.31)/1.3
1.3
u throat+= (30) +
= 296,322
1.3 1 1 (0.55)1 (0.55)
u throat = (30)
=
296,322
1
1= 544.35
1.3 1 1.3
1
m
uuthroat
544.35
mmss1
throat =
544.35m
s1
uthroat
uugarganta
throat==544.35
s
1
1
=the
mobtained
s
u throat
This
result
is
agreement
with
value
in
7.2,
because
steam
= 544.35
m
s544.35
u throat
This
result
is in
in good
good
agreement
with
the
value
obtained
ininEx.
Ex.
7.2,
because
steam
This
result
good
agreement
withthe
thevalue
value
obtained
Ex.
7.2,because
because
steam
This
result
isis
iningood
agreement
with
obtained
in
Ex.
7.2,
steam
Este
resultado
va
de
acuerdo
con
el
valor
obtenido
en
el
ejemplo
7.2,
ya
que,
en
estas
condiciones,
at
these
conditions
closely
approximates
an
ideal
gas.
atis
these
conditions
closely
approximates
an
ideal
gas.
This
result
is
in
good
agreement
with
the
value
obtained
in
Ex.
7.2,
because
steam
This resultat
in
good
agreement
with
the
value
obtained
in
Ex.
7.2,
because
steam
at
these
conditions
closely
approximates
an
ideal
gas.
these
conditions
closely
approximates
an
ideal
gas.
el vapor
asemeja
mucho
a un gas
ideal.
atsethese
conditions
closely
approximates
an ideal gas.
at these
conditions
closely
approximates
an ideal gas.
(b)
For
a
Mach
number
of
2.0
(based
on
the
velocity
of
at
nozzle
throat)
(b)
For
a
Mach
number
of
2.0
(based
on
the
velocity
of sound
sound
atatthe
the
nozzle
throat)
(b)nmero
Fora aMach
Mach
number
of2.0
2.0(based
(based
onthe
thevelocity
velocity
soundat
thegarganta
nozzlethroat)
throat)
b) Para (b)
un
Mach
de 2.0
base
enon
la
velocidad
del
enthe
la
de la tobera)
For
number
of(con
ofofsonido
sound
nozzle
the
discharge
velocity
is:
the
discharge
velocity
is:
(b)
For
a
Mach
number
of
2.0
(based
on
the
velocity
of
sound
at
the
nozzle
throat)
(b)laFor
a
Mach
number
of
2.0
(based
on
the
velocity
of
sound
at
the
nozzle
throat)
thedischarge
discharge
velocity
velocidad
de descarga
es: is:is:
the
velocity
1
the velocity
dischargeis:velocity2uis:
the discharge
1
= (2)(544.35)
=
m
throat
2u
(2)(544.35)
==1,088.7
1,088.7
mmss1
1
throat =
(2)(544.35)
1,088.7
s
2uthroat
throat===
(2)(544.35)
=
1,088.7
m
s
2u
2u
(2)(544.35)
=

088.7
m
s
1
garganta
1
=
(2)(544.35)
=
1,088.7
m
s
2u
2uof
=value
(2)(544.35)
= 1,088.7
mcalculation
s
throat
throat
Substitution
this
in
(7.11)
allows
of
pressure
ratio:
Substitution
of
this
value
ininEq.
Eq.
(7.11)
allows
calculation
ofofthe
the
pressure
ratio:
Substitutionof
ofthis
thisvalue
valuein
Eq.(7.11)
(7.11)allows
allowscalculation
calculation
thepressure
pressure
ratio:
Substitution
Eq.
of
the
ratio:

La sustitucin
devalue
este
en(7.11)
la in
ecuacin
(7.)
permite
calcular
la
relacin
de
las

Substitution
ofvalor
thisEq.
value
Eq.
(7.11)
allows
calculation
of
the
pressure
ratio:
(1.31)/1.3
Substitution
of this
in
allows
calculation
of
the
pressure
ratio:

P2 (1.31)/1.3 presiones:

(2)(1.3)(264,511)
(1.31)/1.3
22
22
P2 (1.31)/1.3
(2)(1.3)(264,511)

(1,088.7)

(30)
= (2)(1.3)(264,511)
(2)(1.3)(264,511)
11(1.31)/1.3
(1,088.7)
PP
(30)
2 2(1.31)/1.3
2 2
2 2=
(1,088.7)
1

(30)
=
1.3

1
1
P
(2)(1.3)(264,511)
(1,088.7)
1

(30)
=
P
(2)(1.3)(264,511)
1.3

1
21
2
2 (1,088.7)
2 2 (30)2 =
1.3111
1 PP
1.3
(1,088.7) (30) =
11
P1
1.3 1 1.3 1 P1

P
(1.31)/1.3
(1.31)/1.3
P22(1.31)/1.3
(1.31)/1.3
and
P22 =
=
kPa
PP
Thus,
(1.31)/1.3
Thus,
= 0.4834
0.4834
and
= (0.0428)(700)
(0.0428)(700)
==30.0
30.0
kPa
2 2(1.31)/1.3 =
Thus,
0.4834and
and PPP
(0.0428)(700)=
30.0kPa
kPa
P
Thus,
==0.4834
30.0
P
PP
211
2 2==(0.0428)(700)
2
1
P2 = (0.0428)(700)
P1 =
Thus,
and
(0.0428)(700)
= kPa
30.0 kPa= 30.0 kPa
As, Thus,
= 0.4834 y=
P0.4834
(700)
= 30.0
2 = and
2 =P(0.0428)
P1
P1

07-SmithVanNess.indd 263

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264

CAPTULO 7. Aplicaciones de la termodinmica a los procesos de flujo

Procesos de estrangulamiento
Cuando un fluido pasa por una restriccin, como un orificio, una vlvula cerrada parcialmente o un tapn
poroso, sin ningn cambio apreciable en la energa cintica o potencial, el principal resultado del proceso es
una cada de presin en el fluido. Este proceso de estrangulamiento no produce trabajo de flecha y, en ausencia de transferencia de calor, la ecuacin (2.32) se reduce a
H = 0

H2 = H

Por lo tanto, este proceso ocurre a entalpa constante.

Ya que la entalpa de un gas ideal depende slo de la temperatura, un proceso de estrangulamiento no
cambia la temperatura de un gas ideal. Para la mayor parte de los gases reales en condiciones moderadas de
temperatura y presin, una reduccin en la presin a entalpa constante origina un descenso en la temperatura.
Por ejemplo, si el vapor a  000 kPa y 300 C se estrangula a 0.325 kPa (presin atmosfrica),
H 2 = H  = 3 052. kJ kg 
La interpolacin en las tablas de vapor para esta entalpa y a una presin de 0.325 kPa indica una temperatura corriente abajo de 288.8 C. La temperatura ha disminuido, pero el efecto es pequeo.
Es posible que el estrangulamiento de vapor hmedo a presiones suficientemente bajas haga que el lquido se evapore y el vapor se sobrecaliente. De ese modo, si el vapor hmedo a  000 kPa (t sat = 79.88 C)
con una calidad de 0.96 se estrangula a 0.325 kPa,
H 2 = H  = (0.04)(762.6) + (0.96)(2 776.2) = 2 695.7 kJ kg 
El vapor a 0.325 kPa con esta entalpa tiene una temperatura de 09.8 C; en consecuencia, est sobrecalentado (tsat = 00 C). En este caso, la considerable cada de temperatura es resultado de la evaporacin del
lquido.
Si un lquido saturado se estrangula a una presin menor, algo del lquido se evapora o vaporiza repentinamente, lo que produce una mezcla de lquido y vapor saturados a menor presin. De manera que si el
agua lquida saturada a  000 kPa (t sat = 79.88 C) se vaporiza de manera repentina a 0.325 kPa (t sat =
00 C),
H 2 = H  = 762.6 kJ kg 
A 0.325 kPa la calidad del vapor resultante se encuentra mediante la ecuacin (6.73a) con M = H:
762.6 = ( x)(49.) + x(2 676.0)
= 49. + x(2 676.0 49.)
Por lo tanto,

x = 0.52

As, 5.2% del lquido original se evapora en el proceso. De nuevo, la gran cada de temperatura se debe a la
evaporacin del lquido. Los procesos de estrangulamiento con frecuencia se encuentran aplicados en la refrigeracin (captulo 9).
El siguiente ejemplo ilustra el uso de las correlaciones generalizadas en los clculos para procesos de
estrangulamiento.

07-SmithVanNess.indd 264

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7.1. Duct
Duct Flow
Flow of
of Compressible
Compressible Fluids
Fluids
7.1.
7.1.en
Duct
Flowof
of
Compressible
Fluids
7.1.
Duct
Flow
Compressible
Fluids
7.1. Flujo
conductos
de
fluidos compresibles
7.1.
Duct
Flow
of
Compressible
Fluids
7.1.
Duct
Flow
of
Compressible
Fluids
7.1. Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids

265
265
265
265
265
265
265

265

Example
7.4
Ejemplo
7.4 7.4
Example
Example
7.4
Example
7.4
Propane
gas
at
20 bar
bar and 400
400 K is throttled in
in a steady-state flow
flow process to
to 1 bar.
Propane
gas
at
Propane gas at20
20 barand
and 400KKisisthrottled
throttled inaasteady-state
steady-state flowprocess
process to11bar.
bar.

Propane
gas
and
400
throttled
in
flow
bar.
Propane
gas
at
20bar
bar
and
400K
Kis
isen
throttled
inaaaasteady-state
steady-state
flowprocess
processto
to1111hasta
bar. 1 bar.
Propane
gas
at
20
bar
and
400
K
is
throttled
in
steady-state
flow
process
to
bar.
Propane
gas
at
20
bar
and
400
is
throttled
in
steady-state
flow
process
to
bar.
Gas propano
a 20
barat
y 20
400
K se
estrangula
un proceso
de
en estado
estacionario
Estimate
the
final
temperature
ofK
the
propane
and
itsflujo
entropy
change.
Properties
of
Estimate
the
final
temperature
of
the
propane
and
its
entropy
change.
Properties
of
Propane
gas
at
20temperature
bar and 400of
Kthe
is throttled
in
a steady-state
flow process
to 1 bar.
Estimate
the
final
temperature
of
the
propane
and
its
entropy
change.
Properties
of
Estimate
the
final
propane
and
its
entropy
change.
Properties
of
Estimate
the
final
temperature
of
the
propane
and
its
entropy
change.
Properties
of
Estimate
the
final
temperature
of
the
propane
and
its
entropy
change.
Properties
of
Estime propane
la temperatura
final
delfrom
propano
y sugeneralized
cambio en la
entropa. Las propiedades del propano
se
can
be
found
suitable
correlations.
propane
can
be
found
from
suitable
generalized
correlations.
Estimate
thebe
final
temperature
of the
propane and
its entropy change. Properties of
propane
can
be
found
from
suitable
generalized
correlations.
propane
can
found
from
suitable
generalized
correlations.
propane
can
be
found
from
suitable
generalized
correlations.
propane
can
be
found
from
suitable
generalized
correlations.
obtienen a partir de correlaciones generalizadas apropiadas.
propane can be found from suitable generalized correlations.

Solution
7.4
Solution
7.4
Solucin
7.4
Solution
7.4
Solution
7.4
Solution
7.4

Solution
Apply
Eq.7.4
(6.93)
to this
this
constant-enthalpy
process:
Apply
Eq.
(6.93)
to
constant-enthalpy
process:
Aplicando
la ecuacin
(6.93)
a este
proceso de entalpa
constante:
Apply
Eq.(6.93)
(6.93)
tothis
this
constant-enthalpy
process:
Apply
Eq.
to
constant-enthalpy
process:
Apply
Eq.
(6.93)
to
this
constant-enthalpy
process:
Apply
Eq.
(6.93)
to
this
constant-enthalpy
process:
Apply Eq. (6.93) to this constant-enthalpy
process:
ig
ig
CPig
(T22
TT11)) +
+H
H2R2RRRRR
H
H1R1RRRRR =
= 00
H =
= C
igH(T
H
ig
H (T
CPPig

(T

T
)
+
H

H111R =
=0000
H=
=C

T
)
+
H

H
H
C

(T

T
)
+
H

H
=
H
=
2
1
2
1
C

(T

T
)
+
H

H
=
H
=
2
1
2
P
H
2
ig
1
2R
P H
H 2
2
1
P
H
H = C P H (T2 T1 ) + H2 H1 = 0
R
RR = 0,
0,Hand
and
If
propane
in
its
final
state
at
1
bar
is
assumed
to
be
an
ideal
gas, then
thenloH
H2tanto
Si se supone
que el
en
suat
a  bar
gas
ideal,
por
IfIfpropane
propane
ininpropano
its
final
state
atatestado
1 bar
isfinal
assumed
totoes
be
an
ideal
gas,
2 = 0, y la
0,and
and
propane
itsfinal
finalstate
state
baris
isassumed
assumed
beun
anideal
ideal
gas,then
thenH
H2R22R2RR==
If
in
to
an
gas,
0,
and
If propane
propane
inits
its
final
state
at1111bar
bar
is
assumed
tobe
be
an
ideal
gas,
then
H
===0,
0,
and
If
in
its
final
state
at
bar
is
assumed
to
be
an
ideal
gas,
then
H
R
2
,
becomes
the
preceding
equation,
solved
for
T
,
becomes
the
preceding
equation,
solved
for
T
ecuacin
anterior,
resuelta
para
T
,
ser:
2assumed
=
0,
and
If
propane
in
its
final
state
at
1
bar
is
to
be
an
ideal
gas,
then
H
2
2
becomes
thepreceding
precedingequation,
equation,solved
solvedfor
forTTTT222,,,,becomes
2
the
becomes
the
preceding
equation,
solved
for
becomes
the
preceding
equation,
solved
for
the preceding equation, solved for T22 , becomes
H1R1RRRRR
H
H111 +
H
(A)
= H
+ TT11
(A)
T22 =
(A)
1R +
ig
ig
= CH
+TTTT1111
(A)
(A)
TT
=
+
(A)
Hig
=
+
(A)
TTT2222=
ig
1H
C
ig
ig
P
H
P
+
T
(A)
T2 = C
C

1
CPPPig
C
PH
H
H
HH
= 369.8
369.8 K
K
Pcc C
= P42.48
42.48
bar
=
= 0.152
0.152
For propane,
propane, TTcc =
P
=
bar

For
=
369.8K
K
=42.48
42.48bar
bar
=
=0.52
0.152
Forpropane,
propane, TTTTccTcc=
PPPPcccc=
=
0.152
Para el For
propano,
=369.8
=

=
369.8
K
=
42.48
bar

=
0.152
For
propane,
c=
369.8
K
=
42.48
bar

=
0.152
For
propane,
Pc = 42.48 bar
= 0.152
For propane, Tc = 369.8 K
Thus for
for the
the initial
initial state,
state,
Thus
Thus
forthe
the
initialstate,
state,
Thus
for
initial
As, para
el estado
inicial:
Thus
for
the
initial
state,
Thus
for
the
initial
state,
Thus for the initial state,
400
20
400
20
400 =
20 =
400
20
Trr11 =
= 1.082
1.082
= 0.471
0.471
= 400
= 20
400
20
PPPrr11 =
=
T
=
1.082
=0.471
0.471
=
=
TT
=
1.082
P
=
T
=
1.082
P
=
0.471
=
=
r
r
369.8
42.48
400
20 =
rrr1111 = 42.48
Trrr1111 = 369.8
=
1.082
P
0.471
369.8 = 1.082
42.48 =
369.8
42.48
Tr1 = 369.8
Pr1 = 42.48
= 0.471
369.8
42.48
42.48
At these
these conditions
conditions369.8
the generalized
generalized correlation
correlation based
based on
on
second virial
virial coefficients
coefficients
At
the
second
At
theseconditions
conditions
thegeneralized
generalized
correlation
based
onsecond
second
virialen
coefficients
these
the
correlation
based
coefficients
At
these
conditions
the
generalized
correlation
based
on
second
virial
coefficients
En estasAt
condiciones
es(Fig.
satisfactoria
la correlacin
generalizada,
que(6.87),
se virial
basa
el segundo
At
these
conditions
the
generalized
correlation
based
on
second
virial
coefficients
R byon
R
is
satisfactory
3.14),
and
calculation
of
H
Eqs.
(3.65),
(6.89), coefiis
satisfactory
(Fig.
3.14),
and
calculation
of
HH
by
Eqs.
(6.87),
(3.65),
(6.89),
At
these conditions
generalized
correlation
based
on
second
virial
coefficients
R
1RRR by
1R
issatisfactory
satisfactory
(Fig.ythe
3.14),
andcalculation
calculation
of
by
Eqs.
(6.87),
(3.65),
(6.89), (6.89),
is
(Fig.
3.14),
and
of
H
Eqs.
(6.87),
(3.65),
(6.89),
is
satisfactory
(Fig.
3.14),
and
calculation
of
H
by
Eqs.
(6.87),
(3.65),
(6.89),
ciente virial
(figura
3.4),
el
clculo
de
H
a
travs
de
las
ecuaciones
(6.87),
(3.65),
is
satisfactory
(Fig.
3.14),
and
calculation
of
H
by
Eqs.
(6.87),
(3.65),
(6.89),
11
 6.7):
(3.66),
and (6.90)
(6.90)
is represented
represented
by (Sec.
(Sec.
6.7):
(3.66),
and
is
by
is
satisfactory
(Fig.
3.14),
and calculation
of H111R by Eqs. (6.87), (3.65), (6.89),
(3.66),
andrepresenta
(6.90)
isrepresented
represented
by
(Sec.6.7):
6.7):
(6.90)
is
by
(Sec.
(3.66),
and
(6.90)
is
represented
by
(Sec.
6.7):
(3.66) y(3.66),
(6.90)and
se
por (seccin
6.7):
(3.66),
and
(6.90)
is
represented
by
(Sec.
6.7):
(3.66), and (6.90) is Rrepresented
by (Sec. 6.7):
H1R1RRRR
H
H111 =
H
H
=
HRB(1.082,0.471,0.152)
= 0.452
0.452
H
HRB(1.082,0.471,0.152)
=
=HRB(1.082,0.471,0.152)
HRB(1.082,0.471,0.152)=
=0.452
0.452
=
HRB(1.082,0.471,0.152)
=
0.452
H11Rcc =
RT
=
HRB(1.082,0.471,0.152)
=
0.452
RT
RT
RT
RTcccc = HRB(1.082,0.471,0.152) = 0.452
RT
RTc
1
1
= (8.314)(369.8)(0.452)
(8.314)(369.8)(0.452) =
= 1,390
1,390 JJ mol
mol1
Whence,
H1R1RRRRR =
Whence,
H
1
1
=(8.314)(369.8)(0.452)
(8.314)(369.8)(0.452)=
=1,390
1,390JJJJmol
mol1
Whence,
H111 =
Whence,
H
=
(8.314)(369.8)(0.452)
=
1,390
mol
Whence,
H
=
(8.314)(369.8)(0.452)
=
1,390
mol
Whence,
H
De donde,
Whence,
H11R = (8.314)(369.8)(0.452) = 1,390 J mol1 ig
ig
The only
only remaining
remaining quantity
quantity in
in Eq.
Eq. ((A)
A) to
to be
be evaluated
evaluated is
is C
CPig
Data for
for
igH.. Data
The
ig
Theonly
onlyremaining
remainingquantity
quantityin
inEq.
Eq.((((A)
A)to
tobe
beevaluated
evaluatedis
isiC
CPPig
Datafor
for
The
Data
gC
The
only
remaining
quantity
in
Eq.
A)
to
be
evaluated
is
HH
Data
for
The
only
remaining
quantity
in
Eq.
A)
to
be
evaluated
is
C
Data
for
P. La
H....informacin
H
La nica
cantidad
restante
la ecuacin
(A)( A)
para
evaluarse
es C
HPPig
para
H
propane
from remaining
Table
C.1enprovide
provide
the
heat-capacity
equation:
propane
from
Table
C.1
the
heat-capacity
equation:
P
The
only
quantity
in
Eq.
to
be
evaluated
is
C

.
Data
for
propane
from
Table
C.1
provide
the
heat-capacity
equation:
P
H
propane
from
Table
C.1
provide
the
heat-capacity
equation:
propane
from
Table
C.1 provide
providelathe
the
heat-capacity
equation:calorfica:
propane
C.1
heat-capacity
equation:
el propano
de la from
tabla Table
C. proporciona
ecuacin
de la capacidad
propane
from
Table
C.1
provide
the
heat-capacity
equation:
ig
ig
CPig
ig
C
ig
3
6 22
3
6
CPPig
C
C
T
8.824
8.824
10
106
T
= 1.213
1.213 +
+ 28.785
28.785
10
103
C
3T
6T
P =
ig
3
6
P
6
P
T

8.824

10
=1.213
1.213+
+28.785
28.785
10
103
T

8.824

10
TTTT2222
T

8.824

10
=
1.213
+
28.785

10
CRRP =
T

8.824

10
=
1.213
+
28.785

10
RRRR = 1.213 + 28.785 103 T 8.824 106 T 2
ig
ig
R
ig
ig
For an
an initial
initial calculation,
calculation, assume
assumeithat
CPig
equals the
the value
value
of C
CPig
at the
the initial
initial
igH equals
igat
For
C
of
ig
ig
ig
ig
gthat
i g of
P
P
H
For
an
initial
calculation,
assume
that
C

equals
the
value
of
C
atthe
theinitial
initial
For
an
initial
calculation,
assume
that
C

equals
the
value
C
For
an
initial
calculation,
assume
that
C

equals
the
value
of
C
at
the
initial
Para unFor
clculo
inicial,
suponga assume
que C
H C
es PPigual
al valor
devalue
CP of
a la
inicial de
an initial
calculation,
CPPtemperatura
at
the
initial
P H
P at
H equals
ig
ig
ig Pthat
P
P
H
ig
1 the
1
H
1
1
For
an
initial
calculation,
assume
that
C

equals
the
value
of
C
at
the
initial

=
94.07
J
mol
K
.
temperature
of
400
K,
i.e.,
C
ig
i
g
ig

=
94.07
J
mol
K
.
temperature
of
400
K,
i.e.,
C
ig


1
1
1
1
ig
P
P
H
1
1
P
H
P
H
1
1
400 K, temperature
es
decir, CPof
H400
= 94.07
J mol
K
=.94.07
94.07JJJJmol
mol K
K ....
temperature
of
400
K,i.e.,
i.e.,
CPPig
HH
=
K,
C
=
94.07
mol
K
temperature
of
400
K,
i.e.,
C
=
94.07
mol
K
temperature
of
400
K,
i.e.,
C
P
H
temperature of 400 K, i.e., CPP HH = 94.07 J mol1 K1 .
1,390
1,390
1,390 +
1,390
= 1,390
+ 400
400 =
= 385.2
385.2 K
K
From Eq.
Eq. (A),
(A),
1,390
=
From
TTT22 =
De la ecuacin
(A),
=
+400
400=
=385.2
385.2K
K
From
Eq.
(A),
From
Eq.
(A),
T
= 1,390
+
400
=
385.2
K
From Eq.
Eq. (A),
(A),
94.07 +
+
400
=
385.2
K
From
TT2222 =
94.07
94.07
94.07
94.07
From Eq. (A),
T2 = 94.07 + 400 = 385.2 K
ig
ig
Clearly, the
the temperature
temperature change
change94.07
is small,
small, and
and C
CPig
is reevaluated
reevaluated
to an
an excellent
excellent
igH is
Clearly,
is
to
ig
ig
Clearly,
thetemperature
temperature
change
issmall,
small,
andC
CPPig
HHyHis
isreevaluated
reevaluated
toan
an
excellent
Clearly,
change
is
and
to
Clearly,
the
temperature
change
is
small,
and
C
is
reevaluated
to
an
excellent
Como se
puede the
ver,
el cambio
de
temperatura
es
pequeo,
C
H se vuelve
aexcellent
evaluar
para una
Clearly,
the
temperature
change
is
small,
and
C
is
reevaluated
to
an
excellent
PH
ig
ig
P
ig
P
P
H
Clearly, the temperature
change
is
small,
and
C

is
reevaluated
to
an
excellent
at
the
arithmetic
mean
temperature,
approximation
as C
CPig
ig
i
g
at
the
arithmetic
mean
temperature,
approximation
as
ig
ig
P
H
P at
aproximacin
excelente
de
C
a
una
temperatura
media
aritmtica,
at
the
arithmetic
mean
temperature,
approximation
as
C
the
arithmetic
mean
temperature,
approximation
as
C
at
the
arithmetic
mean
temperature,
approximation
as
C
approximation as CPPPig
PPat the arithmetic mean temperature,
mean temperature,
approximation as C P at the arithmetic
400 +
+ 385.2
385.2
400
400
+
385.2 =
400
+
385.2
400
+
385.2
=
= 392.6
392.6 K
K
T
400
+
385.2
am =
am
= 400 +22385.2 =
=392.6
392.6K
K
TT
=
=
392.6
K
am=
=
=
392.6
K
TTTam
am
am
2
2
= 392.6 K
Tam =
22
2

07-SmithVanNess.indd 265

8/1/07 13:34:19

266

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266
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CHAPTER
7.
Applications
of
Thermodynamics
to
Flow
Processes
CHAPTER
7.
Applications
of
Thermodynamics
to
Flow
Processes
CHAPTER
7.
Applications
of
to
CHAPTER
7.
Applications
of
Thermodynamics
to
Flow
Processes
CAPTULO
Aplicaciones
de
la termodinmica
a los Processes
procesos
CHAPTER
7.
Applications
of
Thermodynamics
to
Flow
Processes
CHAPTER
7.7.
Applications
ofThermodynamics
Thermodynamics
toFlow
Flow
Processesde flujo
CHAPTER
7.
Applications
of
Thermodynamics
to
Flow
Processes
CHAPTER7.7.Applications
ApplicationsofofThermodynamics
ThermodynamicstotoFlow
FlowProcesses
Processes
CHAPTER
ig

1
1
ig
ig
ig = 92.73 J mol1
1
1
1
1 K
1
This
gives:
C
K
ig
igH
This
gives:
C
=
92.73
mol
K
C
=
92.73
JJJJJmol
1
1
Esto da:This
H
This
gives:
C
=
92.73
mol
K
1 K
1
H
This
gives:
C

=
92.73
mol
P ig
H
ig
Thisgives:
gives:
CPPPPig

=
92.73
mol
K
1
11
HH = 92.73 J mol11K1
P
This
gives:
C

This
gives:
C

=
92.73
J
mol
K
This
gives:
C

=
92.73
J
mol
K
P
H
H yields
and
recalculation
of
TTT222 by
by
Eq.
(A)
yields
the
final
value:
TTT222 =
=
385.0
K.
P P(A)
H
and
recalculation
of
by
Eq.
(A)
yields
the
final
value:
=
385.0
K.
and
recalculation
Eq.
the
T
385.0
K.
and
recalculation
of
by
Eq.
(A)
yields
the
final
value:
=
385.0
K.
y calculando
nuevamenteof
a TTT
la yields
ecuacin
(A)
sevalue:
obtiene
final:
T2 = 385.0 K.
and
recalculation
of
by
Eq.
(A)
the
final
value:
TT2el=
385.0
K.
andThe
recalculation
of
T22mediante
bythe
Eq.propane
(A)
yields
thefinal
final
value:
=valor
385.0
K.becomes:
entropy
change
of
is
given
by
Eq.
(6.94),
which
here
and
recalculation
ofofT
T222T22by
by
Eq.
(A)
yields
the
final
value:
T222T22=
=
385.0
K.K.
and
recalculation
by
Eq.
(A)
yields
the
final
value:
=
385.0
The
entropy
change
of
the
propane
is
given
by
Eq.
(6.94),
which
here
becomes:
The
entropy
change
of
the
propane
is
given
by
Eq.
(6.94),
which
here
becomes:
and
recalculation
of
Eq.
(A)
yields
the
final
value:
T
385.0
K.
The
entropy
change
of
the
propane
is
given
by
Eq.
(6.94),
which
here
becomes:
El cambio
de
entropa
del
propano
se
proporciona
mediante
la
ecuacin
(6.94),
que en este
The
entropy
change
of
the
propane
is
given
by
Eq.
(6.94),
which
here
becomes:
The entropy change of the propane is given by Eq. (6.94), which here becomes:
The
entropy
change
ofofthe
the
propane
isTisgiven
given
bybyEq.
Eq.
(6.94),
which
here
becomes:
Theentropy
entropychange
changeof
thepropane
propane
givenby
Eq.
(6.94),which
whichhere
herebecomes:
becomes:
is
(6.94),
P
caso ser: The
2
2
ig
R
TTT222 R ln P
PP
ig
ig
ig ln T
T
P
C

S
=
P22222
2
ig
igSSS ln
C
ln
RR
ln

S
=
R
ln
SSSSSS111RR1RRR
S
C
ln

ln

S
=
C
SSS ln

R
ln
S
=
P ig
TTT12121T22
P
2P2
ig
CPPPPig
lnT

R
ln

S=
=C
1
1
2
P
P
P
P
R
1
CC
ln T 1 R ln
lnlnPP1111
SS1RS11R
S
==C
S=
S
P PSSln
S lnTT111 R R
1
P
P
1
T
P
T
P
1
1
Because
the
temperature
change
is
so
small,
to
an
excellent
approximation,
1
1
Because
the
temperature
change
is
so
small,
to
an
excellent
approximation,
Because
the
temperature
change
is
so
small,
to
an
excellent
approximation,
Because
the
temperature
change
is
so
small,
to
an
excellent
approximation,
Because
the
temperature
change
is
so
small,
to
an
excellent
approximation,
Because
the
temperature
change
is
so
small,
to
an
excellent
approximation,
Ya que el
cambiothe
de
temperatura
eschange
tan pequeo,
unato
excelente
aproximacin
es,
Because
the
temperature
change
isigisso
sososmall,
small,
toto
ananexcellent
excellent
approximation,
Because
thetemperature
temperature
small,
excellent
approximation,
Because
change
is
an
approximation,
ig
1
1
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
1
1
1
1
1 K
1
C
=
C
=
92.73
JJJmol
mol
K
ig
ig
igSSS =
igH
C
=
C
=
92.73
mol
K
C
C
=
92.73
J
1
1
P
P
H
C
=
C
=
92.73
mol
K
1
1
P
P
H
P
P
C

=
C

=
92.73
J
mol
K
P
P
S
H
ig
ig
CPig
= CPig
= 92.73 J mol1
K1
1 K
1
P igSS =
P igHH
CC
CC
==92.73
92.73
=C
92.73JJ mol
Jmol
mol1K
K1
C
P PSSS=
P PH
HH=
R
P
P
R
R
R
Calculation
of
S
by
Eqs.
(6.88)
through
(6.90)
is
represented
by:
Calculation
of
by
Eqs.
(6.88)
through
(6.90)
is
represented
by:
Calculation
of
Calculation
of
by
Eqs.
(6.88)
through
(6.90)
is
represented
by:
Calculation
of
by
Eqs.
(6.88)
through
(6.90)
is
represented
by:
Calculation
ofSSSSS1111RRR11RRby
byEqs.
Eqs.(6.88)
(6.88)through
through(6.90)
(6.90)is
isrepresented
representedby:
by:
R
Calculation
of
S
by
Eqs.
(6.88)
through
(6.90)
is
represented
by:
El clculo
de
S
mediante
las
ecuaciones
(6.88)
a
la
(6.90)
se
representa
por:
Calculation
of
S
by
Eqs.
(6.88)
through
(6.90)
is
represented
by:
Calculation
of S11 1by
Eqs.
(6.88)
through
(6.90)
is
represented
by:

R
R
R
R
S
SSSSS111R1R = SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152) = 0.2934
R1 R=
1R
=
SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152)
=
0.2934
=
SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152)
=
0.2934
SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152)
=
0.2934
S =
R
=SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152)
SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152)=
=0.2934
0.2934
SSR
RR
11R1 =
SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152)
=
0.2934
R
=
SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152)
=
0.2934
=
SRB(1.082,0.471,0.152)
=
0.2934
R
R
1
1
R
R
R
1
1
R
1
1
R
1 K
1
Whence,
S
=
(8.314)(0.2934)
=
2.439
J
mol
K
Whence,
S
=
(8.314)(0.2934)
=
2.439
J
mol
K
R
Whence,
SSSS1111R =
(8.314)(0.2934)
=
2.439
JJJJmol
1
1
Whence,
=
(8.314)(0.2934)
=
2.439
mol
K
De donde,
1 K
1
Whence,
=
(8.314)(0.2934)
=
2.439
mol
Whence,
=
(8.314)(0.2934)
=
2.439
mol
K
R
1
11
1
R
1
1 ==(8.314)(0.2934)
R
1
1
Whence,
S
=
2.439
J
mol
K
Whence,
S
(8.314)(0.2934)
=
2.439
J
mol
K
Whence,
S11 1= 385.0
(8.314)(0.2934)
=
2.439
J
mol
K
1
385.0
385.0
11111 + 2.439 = 23.80 J mol1
1
1
385.0
1
1
1
385.0
1 K
1

8.314
ln
and
S
=
92.73
ln
K
y
385.0

8.314
ln
+
2.439
=
23.80
mol
and
S
=
92.73
ln
K
and
1
1

8.314
ln
+
2.439
=
23.80
mol
and
S
=
92.73
ln
K
1 K
1
1 1+
385.0
8.314
ln
+
2.439
=
23.80
mol
and
S
=
92.73
ln
400
20
385.0
8.314
8.314ln
ln20
+2.439
2.439=
=23.80
23.80JJJJJmol
mol1
and S
S=
=92.73
92.73ln
ln 385.0
K1
1
1
11
400
20
400
400
20
1

8.314
ln
+
2.439
=
23.80
J
mol
and
S
=
92.73
ln
K
400
20

8.314
ln
+
2.439
=
23.80
J
mol
and
S
=
92.73
ln
K
400
20
and S = 92.73 ln 400 8.314 ln 20 + 2.439 = 23.80 J mol K
400
El valorThe
positivo
refleja
la reflects
irreversibilidad
de los2020
procesos
de estrangulamiento.
400
positive
value
the
irreversibility
of
throttling
processes.
The
positive
value
reflects
the
irreversibility
of
throttling
processes.
The
The
positive
value
reflects
the
irreversibility
of
throttling
processes.
The
positive
value
reflects
the
irreversibility
of
throttling
processes.
Thepositive
positivevalue
valuereflects
reflectsthe
theirreversibility
irreversibilityof
ofthrottling
throttlingprocesses.
processes.
The
positive
value
reflects
the
irreversibility
of
throttling
processes.
The
positive
value
reflects
the
irreversibility
of
throttling
processes.
The positive value reflects the irreversibility of throttling processes.

Example
7.5
Example
7.5
Example
7.5
Example
7.5
Example
7.5
Example
7.5
Example
Ejemplo
7.5
Throttling
a
real
gas
from
conditions
of
moderate
temperature
and
pressure
usually
Throttling
a
real
gas
from
conditions
of
moderate
temperature
and
pressure
usually
Throttling
a
real
gas
Throttling aa real
real7.5
gas from
from conditions
conditions of
of moderate
moderate temperature
temperature and
and pressure
pressure usually
usually
Throttling
gas
from
conditions
of
moderate
temperature
and
pressure
usually

Throttling
real gas from
conditions
of moderate
temperature
and
pressure in
usually
results
in aaatemperature
decrease.
Under
what conditions
wouldand
an pressure
increase
temThrottling
real gas from
conditions
of moderate
temperature
usually

Throttling
atemperature
real
gas
from
conditions
moderate
temperature
and
pressureusually
usually
results
in
aaatemperature
temperature
decrease.
Under
what
conditions
would
an
increase
in
temresults
aa
decrease.
Under
what
conditions
an
increase
temThrottling
real
gas
from
conditions
ofofmoderate
temperature
and
pressure
results
in
temperature
decrease.
Under
what
conditions
would
an
increase
in
temEl estrangulamiento
de
un
gas
real
en
condiciones
de
temperatura
ywould
presin
moderadas,
results
in
decrease.
Under
what
conditions
would
an
increase
in
temresultsin
inbe
temperature
decrease.
Under
what
conditions
would
an
increase in
innormalmente
temperature
expected?
results
in
a
temperature
decrease.
Under
what
conditions
would
an
increase
in
temresults
in
a
temperature
decrease.
Under
what
conditions
would
an
increase
in
temperature
be
expected?
perature
be
expected?
results
in
a
temperature
decrease.
Under
what
conditions
would
an
increase
in
temperature
be
expected?
da como
resultado
una
disminucin
de
la
temperatura.
Bajo
qu
condiciones
se
esperara
que
aumenperature
be
expected?
perature be expected?
perature
bebeexpected?
expected?
perature
expected?
perature
be
tara la temperatura?

Solution
7.5
Solution
Solution 7.5
7.5
Solution
7.5

Solution
7.5
Solucin
7.5sign of
Solution
7.5
Solution
7.5
Solution
7.5
The
the
temperature
change
is
determined
by
the
sign
of
the
derivative
The
sign
of
the
temperature
change
is
determined
by
the
sign
of
the
derivative
The
sign
of
temperature
change
is
determined
by
sign
The
sign
of
the
temperature
change
is
determined
by
the
sign of
of
the
derivative
The
sign
of the
the
temperature
change
is
determined
by
the
sign
of
the
derivative
The
sign
thela
temperature
change
iscoefficient
determined
by the
the
of the
the derivative
derivative
El signo(
del
de
temperatura
se determina
por el:signo
de sign
la derivada
(T/P) , que se
, called
the Joule/Thomson
T /cambio
P) of

The
sign
of
the
temperature
change
iscoefficient
determined
bybythe
H
H
The
sign
thetemperature
temperature
changeis
isdetermined
determined
thesign
signofofthe
thederivative
derivative
called
the
Joule/Thomson
coefficient
:
(
TTT/
/
P)
the
Joule/Thomson
:
(
P)
The
sign
of
the
change
,called
called
the
Joule/Thomson
coefficient
:
(
/
P)
H
H
H,,,of
called
the
Joule/Thomson
coefficient
:
(
/
P)
called
the
Joule/Thomson
coefficient
:by the sign of the derivative
(TT
/
P)
H
H,,called

conoce (
como
el
coeficiente
de
Joule/Thomson
:
the
Joule/Thomson
coefficient
:
(
T
/
P)

H
, calledthe
theJoule/Thomson
Joule/Thomsoncoefficient
(
, called
TT
//P)P)
HH
coefficient
TTT ::
T

TT

T

P
PPT H
P
T

H
H
PP HH
P
H
P H
temperature
P
HH
When

is
positive,
throttling
results
in
a
decrease;
when
negative,
in
When

is
positive,
throttling
results
in
temperature
decrease;
when
negative,
in

is
positive,
throttling
results
in
aaaaatemperature
decrease;
when
negative,
When

is
positive,
throttling
results
in
temperature
decrease;
when
negative,
in
CuandoWhen
es positivo,
el estrangulamiento
conduce
a una disminucin
la temperatura;
When

is
positive,
throttling
results
in
temperature
decrease;
when
negative,
in
When

is
positive,
throttling
results
in
temperature
decrease;de
when
negative,in
incuando
a
temperature
increase.
When
refleja
isispositive,
positive,
throttling
results
ininaa atemperature
temperature
decrease;
when
negative,
inin
When

positive,
throttling
results
temperature
decrease;
when
negative,
aaaatemperature
temperature
increase.
aWhen
increase.

is
throttling
results
in
decrease;
when
negative,
in
temperature
increase.
es negativo,
se
en
un
aumento
de
temperatura.
temperature
increase.
temperature
increase.
Because
H
=
fff(T,
(T,
P),
the
following
equation
relates
the
Joule/Thomson
temperature
increase.
temperature
increase.
Because
H
=
(T,
P),
the
following
equation
relates
the
Joule/Thomson
Because
H
=
fla
P),
following
equation
aa atemperature
increase.
Because
H
=
(T,
P),
the
following
equation
relates
the
Joule/Thomson
Puesto
que
H = f(T,
P),
siguiente
ecuacin
relaciona
el relates
coeficiente
de
Joule/Thomson con
Because
H
=
ff(T,
P),
the
following
equation
relates
the
Joule/Thomson
Because
H
= thermodynamic
(T,
P), the
the
following
equation
relates the
the Joule/Thomson
Joule/Thomson
444
4
coefficient
to
other
properties:
Because
H
==thermodynamic
f (T,
(T,
P),
the
following
equation
relates
the
Joule/Thomson
4P),the
Because
H
f
(T,
the
following
equation
relates
the
Joule/Thomson
coefficient
to
other
thermodynamic
properties:
coefficient
to
other
properties:
4
Because
H
=
f
P),
following
equation
relates
the
Joule/Thomson
coefficient
to
other
thermodynamic
properties:
4
otras propiedades
termodinmicas:
coefficient
coefficient to
to other
other thermodynamic
thermodynamic properties:
properties:44 4
coefficient
to
other
thermodynamic
properties:

coefficientto
toother
other
thermodynamic
properties:
coefficient
thermodynamic
properties:
1

1
1

T
H
H

T
H
TTT
H
TTT H
H

1
H
H
H
1
H
H
H

TT

H
=

H
1

11 H
T

H
=

H
P
T
P

H
=

H
T

H
H
P
TTT = T
P
P

P
T

P
P

H
P
P
P

P
T

P
=

H
P
P
H
P
T
T
P
H
P
P
PP HH == H
PP TT == TT PP PP TTTTT
H
P
H
P
T T P P P
P
P H
H PPPPP P
P TT T
P TT T
P
H
T
HH
P

Recall
the
general
equation
from
differential
calculus,
4444Recall
Recall
the
general
equation
from
differential
calculus,
calculus,
Recallthe
thegeneral
generalequation
equationfrom
fromdifferential
differential
calculus,
44Recall
the
calculus,

Recall
thegeneral
generalequation
equationfrom
fromdifferential
differential
calculus,

x
4
4 Recall
Recall
thethe
general
equation
from
differential
calculus,
xxx

Recall
general
equation
from
differential
calculus,
xx z
the
general
equation
from
differential
calculus,
z

Recuerde la ecuacin general del clculo diferencial:

z
=

xxx
z
xxx

z
=

z
z
=
z
z
yyyyyz xxxx
yxyxyyy x zzzz =
z
z
xx x yyyy z

==

y zz =
z

yy y xx

zz y y yy y x x
yy y zz z
z
y
x

07-SmithVanNess.indd 266

8/1/07 13:34:33

7.1. Duct
Flow of Compressible
Fluids
7.1. Flujo
conductos
fluidos compresibles
7.1.enDuct
Flow ofdeCompressible
Fluids
7.1. Duct
Flow
of
Compressible
Fluids
7.1. Duct Flow of Compressible Fluids
6
6
6

267 267
267
267 267

4
4
4

4
Tr
Tr
Tr

Tr
2

Tr
2
2
2

0
0
0

Figure
7.2:7.2:
Inversion
curves
for
Figura
Curvascurves
de inversin
para
Figure
7.2:
Inversion
for
reduced
coordinates.
Each
line
Figure
7.2:
Inversion
curves
for
coordenadas
reducidas.
Cada
lnea
Figure
7.2: Inversion
curves for
reduced
coordinates.
Each line
represents
a locus
of points
for de puntos
reduced
coordinates.
Each line
representa
un
configuracin
reduced
coordinates.
Each
line
represents
a
locus
of
points
for
which

=
0.
Solid
curve
is
represents
a
locus
of
points
for
para
los
cuales
curve
= 0.ofLa
curvafor
represents
a locus
points
which

=
0.
Solid
is
from
adata
correlation;
dashed
which
= 0.
curve
is correlacin
continua
pertenece
a dashed
una
Solid
= 0. Solid
curve
is
from
awhich
data
correlation;
curve,
from
the
Redlich/Kwong
from
a
data
correlation;
dashed
de
datos;
la
curva
discontinua
se
from
athe
dataRedlich/Kwong
correlation; dashed
curve,
from
equation.
Adethe
temperature
increase
curve,
from
Redlich/Kwong
obtiene
la
ecuacin
de
Redlich/
curve,
from
the
Redlich/Kwong
equation.
A temperature
results
from
throttling
in increase
thela temperatuequation.
AUn
temperature
increase
Kwong.
aumento
equation.
A temperature
increase
results
from
throttling
in en
the
region
where

is
negative
results
from
throttling
in
the
ra
resulta
del
estrangulamiento
throttling in the en la
regionresults
wherefrom
is negative
region
where
ises
negative
zona
donde
region
where
negativo.
is negative

4
4
4

Pr

8
8
Pr
8
4 Pr 8
Pr
Pr

12

12
12
12

12

1 H
Whence, by Eq. (2.20),
= 1 H
(A)
P TH
Whence, by Eq. (2.20),
= C1P 1 H
(A)
Whence,
Eq.
(A) (A)(A)
C P P T
De donde,
por
la by
ecuacin
(2.20),
Whence,
by(2.20),
Eq.
(2.20), =
=
C P sign
Because C P is necessarily positive, the
CPPof
T Pis Tdetermined by the sign of
Because
sign
of is determined by the sign of
P is necessarily
( H/
P)C
in turn
ispositive,
related
tothe
PdeV
T se
behavior:
Ya que C
esBecause
necesariamente
positiva,
elpositive,
signo

por el signo
de (T/P)
Because
CT , which
isC necessarily
positive,
the
sign
ofdetermina
of
is determined
by the
sign ofT, que
sign
of a
P is
related
to P V the
is determined by the sign

(PH/
P)T P, which
innecessarily
turn is
T behavior:
su vez se
relaciona
con
el
comportamiento
PVT:
( H/
which
in turn
isturn
to P V TPbehavior:
related
His related

T Vbehavior:
T , P)
(P)
H/
T , which in
= V to
V
TV
(6.19)
H
H
P TH=V T V
T PV
(6.19)
(6.9)
T TT P
(6.19)(6.19)
P T = V =
P T P may beV written
T more
Because V = Z RT /P, this equation
PT Pconcisely as
T be written more
Because V = Z RT /P, this
equation
may
concisely
as
equation
escribir
forma
morems
Ya que V
= ZRT/P,
esta
ecuacin
se
puede
en2written
una
concisa
Because
V =
may be
concisely
ascomo:
Because
VZ RT
= Z/P,
RTthis
/P,
may
more
concisely
as
H equationRT
this
be Zwritten

H = RT 22 Z

H
2Z
P
P
T
= RT
P TTH= =P RT T PPZ

P
P

T
T P Substitution
P into
PTEq.P(A) gives:
where
Z is the
compressibility
factor.
T
donde Zwhere
es el factor
decompressibility
compresibilidad.
Sustituyendo
en lainto
ecuacin
se obtiene:
Z is the
factor.
Substitution
Eq. (A)(A)
gives:

wherewhere
Z is the
factor.factor.
Substitution
into Eq.
(A)
gives:
2
Z iscompressibility
the compressibility
Substitution
into
Eq.
(A)
gives:
RT Z

= RT 22 Z
RT
T
= C
P P 2Z
=
C P=P RT T PPZ
En estosThus,
trminos
(Z/T)
y

tienen
el
mismo
signo.
Cuando
(Z/T)
cero,
C
P

T
P
P es
P
C P PWhen
PT (PZ /
( Z / T ) P and have the same sign.
T ) P is
zero,
as como
for anpara un
Thus,
(
Z
/
T
)
and

have
the
same
sign.
When
(
Z
/
T
)
is
zero,
as
for
an
gas ideal,
en
tal
caso

=
0,
y
no
hay
cambio
de
temperatura
que
acompae
el
estrangulamiento.
P
P
idealThus,
gas,
=
and
no
temperature
change
accompanies
throttling.
Thus,
( Zthen
/
)
and

have
the same
sign.
When
( Z /
is
as forasanfor an
P=
P throttling.
(TZ
/
T=0,
)0,P0and
and
temperature
have
the same
sign.
When
(TZ)gases
/
T )zero,
P is zero,
idealThe
gas,condition
then
no
change
accompanies
La condicin
(Z/T)
se
puede
obtener
en
forma
local
para
reales.
Dichos
P(
/ 0,
T no
)and
=no0 temperature
may obtain
locally
for
real gases.
Such points puntos
P temperature
ideal ideal
gas, then

= 0,
and
change
accompanies
throttling.
gas,
then
ZZ/
=
change
accompanies
throttling.
Thethe
condition
(
T
)
=
0
may
obtain
locally
for
real
gases.
Such
points
definen define
la curva
de
inversin
de
Joule/Thomson,
la
cual
separa
la
regin
positiva
de de la reP
Joule/Thomson
inversion
curve,
which
separates
thegases.
region
of positive
The condition
( Z /
)/
=) 0P may
locally
for real
Such
pointspoints
P T
The
condition
(Tpresenta
Zinversion
=curve,
0 obtain
maywhich
obtain
locally
for
real
gases.
Such
define
the
Joule/Thomson
separates
the
region
of
positive
gin negativa
de
.
La
figura
7.2
las
curvas
de
inversin
reducidas
y
da
la
relacin
entre
from
that
of negative
.inversion
Figure
7.2
shows
reduced
inversion
curves
giving
the
define
the
Joule/Thomson
curve,
which
separates
the region
of
positive
define
the
Joule/Thomson
inversion
curve,
which
separates
the
region
of
positive

from
that
of
negative
.
Figure
7.2
shows
reduced
inversion
curves
giving
the
Tr y Pr para
la
que

=
0.
La
lnea
continua
es
una
correlacin
de
informacin
para
Ar,
CH
, N2,
4
relation
between
Tofr and
Pr Figure
for.which
= 0.shows
The solid
line inversion
correlates
data
for
Ar, the

from
that
of
negative
7.2shows
reduced
inversion
curves
giving
the
5 .
3Hfrom
that
negative
Figure
7.2
reduced
curves
giving
relation
between
T
and
P
for
which

=
0.
The
solid
line
correlates
data
for
Ar,
CO, C2H
,
C
,
CO
y
NH
.
La
lnea
punteada
se
calcula
a
partir
de
la
condicin
(Z/T
5
r
r
4
8
2
3
r)Pr,
CH4 ,relation
N2between
, CO,between
C2THr 4and
,C
H
, CO
The
dashed
iscorrelates
calculated
from
3P
2 , and
3 .5=
relation
which
NH
= 0.
The
lineline
correlates
data for
Ar,
r8,for
Testado
and
P
which

0. solid
The
solid
lineis
data
for Ar,
rH
r 2for
CH
,
N
,
CO,
C
H
,
C
CO
,
and
NH
.
The
dashed
line
calculated
from
que se aplica
a
la
ecuacin
de
de
Redlich/Kwong.
4
2
2
4
3
8
3
5Redlich/Kwong
0 applied
to the
of state.
the condition
ZH
/ T
5 dashed lineequation
CH
,CH
N24, ,CO,
, rC) PH8=
, and NH
The
isline
calculated
from
3 .NH
N2(
,(C
CO,
C, 3CO
is calculated
82, CO2 ,toand
3 . The dashed
0Happlied
the
Redlich/Kwong
equation
of state. from
the 4condition
Z2 /4C
Tr2)H3P4rr , =
the condition
(
Z
/
T
)
=
0
applied
to
the
Redlich/Kwong
equation
of
state.
Pr Tr ) P = 0 applied to the Redlich/Kwong equation of state.
the condition ( Zr /
r

5 D. G. Miller, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., vol. 9, pp. 585589, 1970.

5 D. G.Ind.
D. G. Miller,
Eng.Ind.
Chem.
vol. 9, pp.vol.
585-589,
970.
Miller,
Eng.Fundam,
Chem. Fundam.,
9, pp. 585589,
1970.
5 D. G.5Miller, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., vol. 9, pp. 585589, 1970.
D. G. Miller, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., vol. 9, pp. 585589, 1970.

07-SmithVanNess.indd 267

8/1/07 13:34:41

CHAPTER
7. 7.
Applications
of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
to Flow
Flow
Processes
CAPTULO
Aplicaciones
de
la termodinmica
a los Processes
procesos de flujo
CHAPTER
7.
Applications
of
to
CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes

268

268
268
268

7.2

TURBINAS
(EXPANSORES)
7.2 TURBINES
TURBINES
(EXPANDERS)
7.2
7.2 TURBINES (EXPANDERS)
(EXPANDERS)

La expansin
de un gasofena una
para to
producir
una
corriente de alta
velocidad
es un proceso
que convierThe expansion
expansion
gas tobera
in aa nozzle
nozzle
produce
high-velocity
stream
is aa process
process
that converts
converts
The
of a gas
in
to produce
aa high-velocity
stream
is
that
The expansion
a gas
in a energy,
nozzle
to
produce
a high-velocity
stream
is awork
process
converts
te la energa
interna
en of
energa
cintica,
la cual
se in
convierte
en trabajointo
de flecha
cuando
lathat
corriente
golpea en
internal
energy
into
kinetic
which
turn
is
converted
shaft
when
the
stream
internal energy into kinetic energy, which in turn is converted into shaft work when the stream
internal
into
kinetic
energy,
which (o
in
turn is
converted
into
shaft
work when
the stream
las aspas
de unaenergy
flecha
giratoria.
As,
una
turbina
expansor)
consiste
en(or
unexpander)
conjunto
alternado
dealtoberas y
impinges
on
blades
attached
to
a
rotating
shaft.
Thus
a
turbine
consists
of
impinges on blades attached to a rotating shaft. Thus a turbine (or expander) consists of alimpinges
blades
tofluye
a rotating
shaft.
Thus
turbine
(orgas
expander)
of
alaspas giratorias
aon
travs
de attached
lasand
cuales
vapor through
o gas en
un aproceso
de
expansin
enconsists
estado
estacionario,
ternate
sets
of
nozzles
rotating
blades
which
vapor
or
flows
in
a
steady-state
ternate sets of nozzles and rotating blades through which vapor or gas flows in a steady-state
ternate
sets
of
nozzles
rotating
blades
through
which
vapor
or gas
flows
in high-pressure
a steady-state
cuyo efecto
total
es
la conversin
eficiente
energa
interna
una
corriente
de of
alta
presin
en un trabajo
expansion
process.
Theand
overall
resultde
islathe
the
conversion
ofde
the
internal
energy
expansion
process.
The
overall
result
is
conversion
of
the
internal
energy
of aa high-pressure
expansion
process.
The
overall
result
is
the
conversion
of
the
internal
energy
of
a
high-pressure
de flecha.
Cuando
el
vapor
proporciona
la fuerza
motriz,
como en
unaas
planta
de energa,
althe
dispositivo
se le
stream
into
shaft
work.
When
steam
provides
the
motive
force
in
a
power
plant,
device
stream into shaft work. When steam provides the motive force as in a power plant, the device
stream
into
shaft
work.
When
steam
the
force
as in or
a power
plant,
the
device en una
conoce is
como
turbina;
cuando
un
gas
de
alta provides
presin es
el motive
fluidoasde
trabajo,
como
amoniaco
o etileno
called
a
turbine;
when
it
is
a
high-pressure
gas,
such
ammonia
ethylene
in
a
chemical
is called a turbine; when it is a high-pressure gas, such as ammonia or ethylene in a chemical
is called
turbine;
whenthe
is a high-pressure
gas,
such
as
ammonia
a chemical
planta qumica
oapetroqumica,
alit device
dispositivo
se leanconoce
como
expansor.
En
cualquier
caso
el proceso se
or
petrochemical
plant,
is called
called
expander.
The
processor
is ethylene
shown
inin
Fig.
7.3.
or
petrochemical
plant,
the device
is
an expander.
The
process
is
shown
in
Fig.
7.3.
or
petrochemical
plant,
the
device
is
called
an
expander.
The
process
is
shown
in
Fig.
7.3.
ilustra en la figura 7.3.

Figura 7.3: Flujo en estado estacionario a travs de

Figure 7.3:
7.3: Steady-state
Steady-state flow
flow through
through aa
Figure
una turbina
o expansor.
Figure
7.3:
Steady-state flow through a
turbine
or
expander.
turbine
or
expander.
turbine or expander.

1
1
1

Turbine
Turbine
Turbine

Turbina

2
2
2

W..s
W
Wss

Ws

Las ecuaciones (2.3) y (2.32) son relaciones apropiadas de energa. De cualquier modo, es posible
Equations
(2.31)potencial,
and (2.32)
(2.32)
are appropriate
appropriate
energy
relations.
However,Adems,
the potentialpotentialEquations
(2.31)
and
are
energy
relations.
However,
the
omitir el trmino
de energa
porque
el cambio en
la elevacin
es pequeo.
en cualquier
Equations
(2.31)
and (2.32)
are there
appropriate
energy
relations.
However,
the potentialenergy
term
can
be
omitted,
because
is
little
change
in
elevation.
Moreover,
in any
anyy la salienergy
term
can
be
omitted,
because
there
is
little
change
in
elevation.
Moreover,
in
diseo apropiado
de
una
turbina,
la
transferencia
de
calor
es
insignificante,
y
los
tubos
de
la
entrada
energy term
can be
omitted,
because
there
is little change
in
elevation.
Moreover,
in any
properly
designed
turbine,
heat
transfer
is
negligible
and
the
inlet
and
exit
pipes
are
sized
to
properly
designed
turbine,
heat
transfer
is
negligible
and
the
inlet
and
exit
pipes
are
sized
da de laproperly
tubera sedesigned
dimensionan
de tal
manera
queislas
velocidades
seanexit
casipipes
iguales.
loto
tanto, las
turbine,
heat
transfer
negligible
and del
the fluido
inlet
and
are Por
sized
to
make
fluid
velocities
roughly
equal.
Equations
(2.31)
and
(2.32)
therefore
reduce
to:
make
fluid
velocities
roughly
equal.
Equations
(2.31)
and
(2.32)
therefore
reduce
to:
ecuaciones
(2.3)
y
(2.32)
sern
ahora:
make fluid velocities roughly equal. Equations (2.31) and (2.32) therefore reduce to:
.
..
.. 2 H1 )
W. ss =
=m
m.. H
H =
= m(H
m(H
(7.13) W
Ws =
= H
H =
=H
H2
H
H1
(7.14)
.
W
H ) (7.13)
(7.14)
Ws = m H = m(H22 H11 ) (7.13) Wss = H = H22 H11
(7.14)
Por lo general,
las
condiciones
de
entrada
T
y
P
y
la
presin
de
descarga
P
son
fijas.Thus
Por esto,
Usually,
the
inlet
conditions
T
and
P
and
the
discharge
pressure
P
are
fixed.
Thus
in en la


2
Usually, the inlet conditions T11 and P11 and the discharge pressure P22 are fixed.
in
Usually,
the
inlet
conditions
T1Hque
and
P21W
and
the
discharge
pressure
P2 are
fixed. Thus
in
ecuacin
(7.4)
slo
se
conoce
H
;
mientras
H
y
W
son
incgnitas,
y
slo
con
la
ecuacin
de
la
is
known;
both
and
are
unknown,
and
the
energy
equation
alone
Eq.
(7.14)
only
H

s
Eq. (7.14) only H11 is known; both H22 and Wss are unknown, and the energy equation alone energa
is
known;
both
H
and
W
are
unknown,
and
the
energy
equation
alone
Eq.
(7.14)
only
H
sfluido
1 clculo.
2
no es posible
realizar
No obstante,
siif
turbina
se somete
un procesoand
de expandoes not
not
allowalgn
their
calculation.
However,
ifelthe
the
fluidenin
inlathe
the
turbine
expandsa reversibly
reversibly
and
does
allow
their
calculation.
However,
fluid
turbine
expands
does
not allow
their
calculation.
However,
if isentrpico,
the
fluid
in second
the
turbine
expands
reversibly
and
sin queadiabatically,
es tanto
reversible
como
adiabtico,
ste
es
y
S
=
S
.
La
segunda
ecuacin
permite
la
adiabatically,
the
process
is
isentropic,
and
S
=
S
.
This
equation
fixes
the
final
state
2

the process is isentropic, and S22 = S11. This second equation fixes the final state
adiabatically,
the
process
isHfluido,
isentropic,
and
Stanto
S1de
.W
This
second
equation
fixeswritten:
theW
final
state
2 =
determinacin
del
estado
final
del
y
por
lo
H
.
Para
este
caso
especial,
est
dado
por
of
the
fluid
and
determines
.
For
this
special
case,
is
given
by
Eq.
(7.14),
2
s
of the fluid and determines H22. For this special case, Wss is given by Eq. (7.14), written:
of the
fluid yand
determines
H2 . For this special case, Ws is given by Eq. (7.14), written:
la ecuacin
(7.4)
se escribe
como:
Wss (isentropic)
(isentropic) =
= (H
(H ))SS
(7.15)
W
(7.15)
W
(7.15) (7.5)
Wss(isentropic)
(isentrpico)==(H
(H))SS
The shaft
shaft work
work |W
|Wss |(isentropic)
|(isentropic) is
is the
the maximum
maximum that
that can
can be
be obtained
obtained from
from an
an adiabatic
adiabatic
The
The
work
|Wconditions
the maximum
that
can
beActual
obtained
from
anadiabtica
adiabatic
s |(isentropic)
Elturbine
trabajo
deshaft
flecha
|W
es elis
mximo
que se puede
obtener
de una
turbina
s |(isentrpico)
turbine
with
given
inlet
and
given
discharge
pressure.
turbines
produce
less con las
with
given
inlet
conditions and
given
discharge
pressure.
Actual
turbines
produce
less
turbine
with
given
inlet
conditions
and
given
discharge
pressure.
Actual
turbines
produce
less trabacondiciones
de
entrada
y
la
presin
de
descarga
que
se
proporcionan.
Las
turbinas
reales
producen
menos
work, because
because the
the actual
actual expansion
expansion process
process is
is irreversible;
irreversible; we
we define
define aa turbine
turbine efficiency
efficiency as:
as:
work,
work,
becausedethe
actual expansion
process is Por
irreversible;
weeficiencia
define a turbine
efficiency
as: como:
jo, porque
el proceso
expansin
real es irreversible.
lo tanto, la
de la turbina
se define
Wss
W

Ws

Wss (isentropic)
(isentropic)
W
Ws (isentrpico)
(isentropic)
is the
the actual
actual shaft
shaft work.
work. By
By Eqs.
Eqs. (7.14)
(7.14) and
and (7.15),
(7.15),
where W
Wss is
where
donde W
trabajo
real
de flecha.
Por las
ecuaciones
(7.4)
y (7.5),
s es elW
where
s is the actual shaft work. By Eqs. (7.14) and (7.15),
H
H
= H
(7.16) (7.6)
=
(7.16)
(H ))SS
= (H
(7.16)
(H )
S

07-SmithVanNess.indd 268

8/1/07 13:34:45

7.2. Turbines
(Expanders)
7.2. Turbinas
7.2. (expansores)
Turbines (Expanders)

269
269 269

Values
usually range
from
0.70.7
to a0.8.
H S diagram
an una
actual
Los valores
de of
usualmente
abarcan
desde
0.8. The
El diagrama
HS deof
la Fig.
figura7.4
7.4shows
muestra
expansin
Values of
usuallyand
range
from 0.7 to 0.8. The
H Ssame
diagram
of Fig. 7.4 shows
actual
in ya una
turbine
a reversible
for the
intake
andmisma
theansame
real en expansion
una turbina
expansin
reversibleexpansion
para iguales
condiciones
de conditions
entrada y la
presin de
expansion
in a turbine
a reversible
expansion
for the
same(constant-entropy)
intake conditions and
the
same
discharge
pressure.
The and
reversible
pathvertical
is the discontinua
dashed
vertical
lineel
from
descarga.
La trayectoria
reversible
es una lnea
(entropa constante) desde
punto  a la
discharge
pressure.
The
reversible
path
is
the
dashed
vertical
(constant-entropy)
line
from

1 at intake
point 2deatdescarga
discharge
showing
the
2 . The solid
presinpoint
de entrada
P al pressure
punto 2 aP1latopresin
P2pressure
. La lneaPcontinua,
queline,
representa
la trayectoria
at discharge
point
1
at
intake
pressure
P
to
point
2
pressure
P
.
The
solid
line,
showing
the
1
2
actualreal,
irreversible
1 andenterminates
pointla2 isobara
on the isobar
P2 .que
Because
irreversible
empieza path,
en el starts
puntoat point
y termina
el punto 2atsobre
para Pfor
el proceso es
2. Ya
actual
irreversible
path,
starts
at
point
1
and
terminates
at
point
2
on
the
isobar
for
P
.
Because
2
the process
is adiabatic, irreversibilities
an increase
in entropy
of the fluid,
and the pathse dirige
adiabtico,
las irreversibilidades
ocasionan un cause
aumento
en la entropa
del fluido,
y la trayectoria
the process
is adiabatic,
irreversibilities
an
increase inthe
entropy of the
andpoint
the path
is directed
toward
increasing
Thecause
more
irreversible
the fluid,
further
hacia entropa
creciente.
Cuanto
msentropy.
irreversible
sea
el proceso,
el puntoprocess,
2 se encontrar
ms a la2derecha
is
directed
toward
increasing
entropy.
The
more
irreversible
the
process,
the
further
point 2
to thepara
rightP2ony the
the lower
efficiency of the process.
2 isobar,
sobre lalies
isobara
serPmenor
la and
eficiencia
deltheproceso.
lies to the right
on the P2 isobar, and the lower the efficiency of the process.

H1
P

P1

1
1
H

P1
2
2

P2

H(H)S

(H)S (H)S

Figura7.4:
7.4:Adiabatic
Proceso de
expansin
adiabtica en
Figure
expansion
process
7.4:
Adiabatic expansion process
turbina
expansor.
inuna
aFigure
turbine
oro expander.
in a turbine or expander.

2
S
S

P2 2
P2
S

Example 7.6
Example
7.6
Ejemplo
7.6
A steam
turbine with rated capacity of 56,400 kW (56,400 kJ s1 ) operates with steam

A steam turbine with rated capacity of 56,400

kW (56,400 kJ s1 ) operates with steam

at inlet
of 8,600
kPa and
500de
C,56and
a )condenser
at vapor
a
Una turbina
de conditions
vapor con una
capacidad
nominal
400discharges
kW (56 400into
kJs1
funciona con
en
at
inlet
conditions
of
8,600
kPa
and
500
C,
and
discharges
into athe
condenser
at a
pressure
of 10 kPa.
a turbine
efficiencyenofun0.75,
determine
of de
the
condiciones
de entrada
de 8 Assuming
600 kPa y 500
C y descarga
condensador
a una state
presin
10 kPa.
pressure
of 10 kPa.
Assuming
turbine
efficiency
of 0.75, determine the state of the
steam
at discharge
andla
the
massdearate
of determine
flow
of theelsteam.
Suponiendo
una
eficiencia de
turbina
0.75,
estado del vapor en la descarga y la rasteam at discharge and the mass rate of flow of the steam.
pidez de flujo de la masa del vapor.

Solution 7.6

7.6
SolucinSolution
7.6

At the inlet conditions

of 8,600
kPa
and
500 C,las
the steamdetables
provide:
En las condiciones
de conditions
entrada de
8 600
kPa
y 500
At the inlet
of
8,600
kPa
and C,
500 C,tablas
the steamvapor
tablesindican:
provide:
1
1 K1
kJ kg
= 6.6858
kgK
H1 =H3,391.6


3 39.6
kg1
SS=1 S6.6858
kJ kJ
kg
kJkJkg
=
6.6858
kJ
kg1 K1
H1 ==3,391.6
1
If the expansion
kPa is isentropic,
then, SS22 ==SS1= =
6.6858.
withesta
thisentropa
Si la expansin
aexpansion
0 kPatoes10
isentrpica,
por lo tanto,
6.6858.
El Steam
vapor con
If
the
to
10
kPa
is
isentropic,
then,MS2==S Sand
with this
v = x , Steam
1 =x6.6858.
entropy
at
10
kPa
is
wet,
and
Eq.
(6.82b),
with
yields:

a 0 kPa esentropy
hmedo,
y lakPa
ecuacin
M = with
S y xM==
x 2S, produce:
at 10
is wet, (6.82b),
and Eq. con
(6.82b),
and x v =2 x , yields:
2

S2 = S2l +l x2 (S2v v S2l ) l

S2 = S2 + x2 (S2 S2 )
0.6493)
Then,
6.6858 = 0.6493 + x2 (8.1511
Then,
6.6858 = 0.6493 + x2 (8.1511 0.6493)
En consecuencia,

07-SmithVanNess.indd 269

x2 = 0.8047
x2 = 0.8047

8/1/07 13:34:49

270

270
270
270
270
270
270

CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes

CHAPTER
7. Applications
Applications of
of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics to
to Flow
Flow Processes
Processes
CHAPTER7.
CHAPTER
7.
CHAPTER
of
CAPTULO 7.
Aplicaciones de la termodinmica a los procesos de flujo
CHAPTER
7. Applications
Applications
of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics to
to Flow
Flow Processes
Processes
CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics
to
Flow
Processes

This is the quality (fraction vapor) of the discharge stream at point 2 . The enthalpy
This
is the
the quality
quality
(fraction
vapor)
of corriente
the discharge
discharge
stream at
aten
point
2 . The
The
enthalpy
sta esThis
la
(fraccin
de vapor)
dewritten:
la
de descarga
el punto
2 .
La entalpa H2
This
is
(fraction
vapor)
of
the
stream
point
enthalpy
the
(fraction
vapor)
of
stream
222... The
enthalpy
H2calidad
isis
also
given by
Eq.
(6.82b),
This
isalso
the quality
quality
(fraction
vapor)
of the
the discharge
discharge
stream at
at point
point
The
enthalpy
H
is
given
by
Eq.
(6.82b),
written:
22 is

tambinH
est
dada
por
la
ecuacin
(6.82b),
que
se
escribe:
H
is
also
given
by
Eq.
(6.82b),
written:
Eq.
written:
This
the given
quality
(fraction
vapor)
of the discharge stream at point 2 . The enthalpy
H222 isisalso
also
given by
by
Eq. (6.82b),
(6.82b),
written:
H l + x2 (Hv2vv Hl2ll )
H2 =
H2 is also given by Eq. (6.82b),
written:
=H
Hl22lll2l +
+ xx22(H
(Hv22vv
H
Hl22ll ))
H22 =
H
H
=H
H222 +
+ xx222(H
(H222
H
H22))
H222 =

l
v191.8)2l = 2,117.4 kJ kg1
Thus,
H2 = 191.8 + (0.8047)(2,584.8
=
H
+
x
(H

H
) 2,117.4 kJ kg1
H
1
1
2
2
2
2
= 191.8
191.8 +
+ (0.8047)(2,584.8
(0.8047)(2,584.8
191.8)
191.8)2=
=
Thus,
H22 =
As, Thus,
1
2,117.4 kJ
kJ kg
kg1
Thus,
H
(0.8047)(2,584.8
191.8) =
2,117.4
H
= 191.8
191.8 +
+
Thus,
H222 =
(0.8047)(2,584.8 191.8) = 2,117.4 kJ kg 1
) S = H+
(H
H1 = 2,117.4 3,391.6
=
1,274.2
kJkgkg
1
1
1
191.8)=
=1,274.2
2,117.4 kJkJ
Thus,
H
(H
=H
H222
(0.8047)(2,584.8
H11 =
= 2,117.4
2,117.4
3,391.6
3,391.6
kg1
1
2 =))) S191.8
S=
(H
=
H
=
1,274.2
kJ
kg
(H
H

H
=
2,117.4

3,391.6
=
1,274.2
kJ
kg
S
1
S
1
2
(H ) S = H22 H1 = 2,117.4 3,391.6 = 1,274.2 kJ kg1
(H
) S = H2 H1 = 2,117.4 3,391.6 = 1,274.2 kJ kg1
and
by Eq.
(7.16),
y por laand
ecuacin
(7.16),
by
Eq.
(7.16),
and
by
Eq.
(7.16),
and
and by
by Eq.
Eq. (7.16),
(7.16),
1
H = (H ) S = (0.75)(1,274.2) = 955.6 kJ kg1
and by Eq. (7.16),
1
= (0.75)(1,274.2)
(0.75)(1,274.2) =
= 955.6
955.6 kJ
kJ kg
kg1
H =
= (H
(H )) SS =
1
1
H
)
=
(0.75)(1,274.2)
=
955.6
kJ
kg
H
=
(H
H = (H )SSS = (0.75)(1,274.2) = 955.6 kJ kg
1
1
De donde,
Whence, H
H 2 == H
=(0.75)(1,274.2)
3,391.6 955.6 =
2,436.0
kJ
kg
1 + H
)S =
=2,436.0
955.6kJ
kJkg
kg1
(H
1
1
Whence,
H
=
H
+
H
=
3,391.6

955.6
=
2
1
1
2
1
Whence,
H
=
H
+
H
=
3,391.6

955.6
=
2,436.0
kJ
kg
Whence,
Whence, H
H222 =
=H
H111 +
+ H
H =
= 3,391.6
3,391.6
955.6
955.6 =
= 2,436.0
2,436.0 kJ
kJ kg
kg1
Por esto,
el vapor
que
enH
su estado
finalis
real
tambin
es its
hmedo
su calidad
Thus
the steam
inhalla
its1 actual
final
state
also
wet, with
quality
given
by: se encuentra
Whence,
H2sein
=
H
+
= 3,391.6
955.6
2,436.0
kJ kgy1
Thus the
the steam
steam
its
actual
final
state is
is also
also
wet,=with
with
its quality
quality
given by:
by:
Thus
in
its
actual
final
state
wet,
its
given
Thus
the
steam
in
its
actual
final
state
is
also
wet,
with
its
quality
given
by:
mediante
la
ecuacin:
Thus the steam in its actual final state is also wet, with its quality given by:
(2,584.8
191.8)
x = 0.9378
2,436.0
= 191.8 final
+ x state
Thus the steam
in its
is also
wet, with its quality
given by:
(2,584.8
191.8)
191.8)
x2=
= 0.9378
0.9378
2,436.0
= actual
191.8 +
+ xx222(2,584.8

2,436.0
=
191.8
xxx22222 =
2,436.0
(2,584.8
191.8)
191.8)
= 0.9378
0.9378
2,436.0 =
= 191.8
191.8 +
+ xx222(2,584.8
1 K1
0.6493=+191.8
(0.9378)(8.1511
0.6493)
= 7.6846
kJ0.9378
kg1
Then S2 =
191.8) =
x2 =
2,436.0
+ x2 (2,584.8
1
1 K
1
=
0.6493
+
(0.9378)(8.1511
0.6493)
7.6846
kJ
kg
Then
S
1
1
2
1
1
2
1 K
1
Luego, Then
=
0.6493
+
(0.9378)(8.1511

0.6493)
=
7.6846
kJ
kg
K
Then
0.6493
+
(0.9378)(8.1511

0.6493)
=
7.6846
kJ
kg
SSS222 =
=
0.6493
+
(0.9378)(8.1511

0.6493)
=
7.6846
kJ
kg
K
Then
This value may be compared with the initial value of S1 = 6.6858.1 1
This value
value
may
be compared
compared
with the
the initial
initial
value of
of
S = 6.6858.
6.6858.
0.6493
+
0.6493)
= 7.6846
kJ kg K 1
Then
S2 =may
. (0.9378)(8.1511
This
be
with
value
This
value
may
be
the
initial
of
SSS11111 ==
6.6858.
The
steam
rate
m
iscon
given
by Eq.
(7.13).
work
rate
of 56,400 kJ s1
Este valor
se
puede
comparar
el with
valor
inicial
devalue
SFor
This
value
may
be compared
compared
with
the
initial
value
of
=
6.6858.
1 =aa6.6858.
1,,
.... is
.
The
steam
rate
m
given
by
Eq.
(7.13).
For
work
rate
of
56,400 kJ
kJ ss1
1,,, de trabajo
The
steam
rate
m
is
given
by
Eq.
(7.13).
For
work
rate
of
56,400
steam
rate
is
given
by
For
work
of
56,400
kJ
ss1
ThisThe
value
be m
compared
with
the
initial
value
of S1 rate
=Para
6.6858.
La proporcin
de vapor
a.travs
de(7.13).
la
ecuacin
una
transferencia
The
steam
rate
m. se
isda
given
by Eq.
Eq.
(7.13).
For aaa(7.13).
work
rate
of
56,400
kJ
. may
.
1 1
. = 56,400
.
. =of59.02
= m(2,436.0
3,391.6)
m
kg kJ
s1
W
The
steam
rate m is =
given
For a work m
rate
56,400
1s ,
de 56 400 kJ
s1W
...,. ss =
.... by Eq. (7.13).
.... =
56,400
m(2,436.0

3,391.6)
59.02
kg
s
1
1
s
=
56,400
=
m(2,436.0

3,391.6)
m
=
59.02
kg
W

m
W
= 56,400
56,400 =
= m(2,436.0
m(2,436.0
3,391.6)
3,391.6)
m. =
= 59.02
59.02 kg
kg sss1
W
. sss =
.
m = 59.02 kg s1
Ws = 56,400 = m(2,436.0 3,391.6)
Example 7.6 is solved with data from the steam tables. When a comparable set of tables
Example 7.6
7.6 is
is solved
solved with
with data
data from
from the
the steam
steam tables.
tables. When
When aa comparable
comparable set
set of
of tables
tables
Example
solved
with
data
the
When
aa comparable
set
of
tables
is notExample
available7.6
foris
the
working
fluid,
the generalized
correlations
of
Sec. 6.7 may
be
used
in
Example
7.6
is
solved
withfluid,
data from
from
the steam
steam tables.
tables.
Whenof
comparable
setbe
ofused
tables
is
not
available
for
the
working
the
generalized
correlations
Sec.
6.7
may
in
is
not
available
for
the
working
fluid,
the
generalized
correlations
of
Sec.
6.7
may
be
used
in
is
not
available
for
the
working
fluid,
the
generalized
correlations
of
Sec.
6.7
may
be
used
in
Example
7.6
is
solved
with
data
from
the
steam
tables.
When
a
comparable
set
of
tables
conjunction
with
Eqs.
(6.93)
and
(6.94),
as
illustrated
in
the
following
example.
El
ejemplo
7.6
se
resolvi
a
partir
de
la
informacin
de
las
tablas
de
vapor.
Cuando
no
se
cuenta
is not available
the(6.93)
working
theasgeneralized
correlations
of Sec.
6.7 may be used in con un
conjunction
withfor
Eqs.
andfluid,
(6.94),
illustrated in
in
the following
following
example.
conjunction
with
Eqs.
(6.93)
and
(6.94),
as
illustrated
the
example.
conjunction
with
Eqs.
(6.93)
and
(6.94),
as
illustrated
in
the
following
example.
is
not
available
for
the
working
fluid,
the
generalized
correlations
of
Sec.
6.7
maygeneralizadas
be used in de la
conjunto
cotejable
de
tablas
para
el
fluido
de
trabajo,
es
posible
usar
las
correlaciones
conjunction with Eqs. (6.93) and (6.94), as illustrated in the following example.
with con
Eqs.las
(6.93)
and (6.94),
as yillustrated
in thesefollowing
seccinconjunction
6.7 en conjunto
ecuaciones
(6.93)
(6.94), como
ilustra enexample.
el siguiente ejemplo.

Example 7.7
7.7
Example
Example
7.7
Example
7.7
Ejemplo
7.7ofof ethylene
A stream
ethylene gas at 300 C and 45 bar is expanded adiabatically in a turbine
A
stream
gas at
at 300
300C
C and
and 45
45 bar
bar is
is expanded
expanded adiabatically
adiabatically in
in a
a turbine
turbine
Example
7.7 thegas
A
stream
of
ethylene
gas
A
of
at
and
45
adiabatically
in
tostream
2 bar. Calculate
isentropic
work
Find
the properties
of ethylene
by:
A
stream
of ethylene
ethylene
gas
at 300
300 C
C
andproduced.
45 bar
bar is
is expanded
expanded
adiabatically
in aa turbine
turbine

Una corriente
gas etileno
300 C ywork
45 bar
se expande
adiabticamente
enethylene
una turbina
to 2
2 bar.
bar.deCalculate
Calculate
theaisentropic
isentropic
produced.
Find
the properties
properties of
of
by: a 2 bar.
to
the
work
produced.
Find
the
ethylene
by:
to
2 bar.
the
isentropic
work
produced.
the
of
ethylene
by:
A
stream
ofisentrpico
ethylene
at
300
C and
45 bar is Find
expanded
adiabatically
in apor:
turbine
bar. Calculate
Calculate
thegas
isentropic
work
produced.
Find
the properties
properties
of
ethylene
by:
Calculetoel2trabajo
que
se
produce
y
encuentre
las
propiedades
del
etileno
(a) Equations for an ideal gas. (b) Appropriate generalized correlations.

to 2 (a)
bar.Equations
Calculate for
thean
isentropic
work(b)
produced.
Findgeneralized
the properties
of ethylene by:
ideal gas.
Appropriate
correlations.

(a) Equations
Equations for
for an
an ideal
ideal gas.
gas. (b)
(b) Appropriate
Appropriate generalized
generalized correlations.
correlations.
(a)
for
an
ideal
(b)
Appropriate
(a)
(a) Equations
Equations
anideal.
ideal gas.
gas. b)
(b)
Appropriate generalized
generalized correlations.
correlations.
a) Ecuaciones
para unfor
gas
Correlaciones
generalizadas
apropiadas.

(a)
Equations
Solution
7.7for an ideal gas. (b) Appropriate generalized correlations.
Solution
7.7
Solution
7.7
Solution
7.7
Solucin
7.7
Solution
7.7and entropy changes for the process are:
The enthalpy
The
enthalpy
andyentropy
entropy
changes
for
the process
process
are:
Solution
7.7
Los cambios
de entalpa
entropa
para elfor
proceso
son: are:
The enthalpy
enthalpy
and
changes
for
the
are:
The
and
entropy
changes
the
process

ig for the process are:

The enthalpy and entropy
R
R
(6.93)
H changes
= C ig
ig
ig H (T2 T1 ) + H2RR H1RR
P
C

(T

T
)
+
H

H
(6.93)
H
=
ig
R
R
The enthalpy and entropy
changes
for
the
process
are:
R
R
2
1
2
1
ig
2
1
PP H
R
R
2
1
H
C
(T

T
)
+
H

H
(6.93)
H
=
C
(T

T
)
+
H
H
(6.93)
H
=
2
1
2
1
(T
(6.93) (6.93)
H = CPPP HH

T22 T1 ) +
P H222R R H111R R
ig ig HT
P222H+
lnHTT
(T2222
R
T1ln
)+
R2R H1 SR1R
(6.93)
H
CC

S
(6.94)
S
==
ig
ig
2
P
P
P
S
P
2
ig
C ig
ln TT221
R
R ln
ln PP221 +
+ SSR22RR
SSR11RR
(6.94)
S =
= C
igSSln
PP
ln
(6.94)
S
C

R
ln
+
S

S
(6.94)
S
=
T
P
(6.94) (6.94)
S = CPPP SSS ln T211 R ln P211 + S222 S111

ig
1
= 45
bar,
= 2T111bar,
and
=+300
+
273.15
= 573.15
K.
Given values are P1S
= bar,
C P PPS2 ln
and
R lnTTP111=
S2R +
273.15
S1R
(6.94) K.
=
45
=
2
bar,
300
=
573.15
Given
values
are
P
1 = 45 bar, P22 = 2Tbar,
1 = 300 + 273.15 = 573.15 K.
P
1
and
T
Given
values
are
P
45
bar,
P
2
bar,
and
T
300
+
273.15
=
573.15
K.
Given
values
are
P
111 =
22 =
1111=
1
2
1
=
45
bar,
P
=
2
bar,
and
T
=
300
+
273.15
=
573.15
K.
Given
values
are
P
Los valores que se proporcionan son P1 = 45 bar, P2 = 2 bar y T1 = 300 + 273.15 = 573.15 K.
Given values are P1 = 45 bar, P2 = 2 bar, and T1 = 300 + 273.15 = 573.15 K.

07-SmithVanNess.indd 270

9/1/07 12:51:05

7.2.
Turbines
(Expanders)
7.2. Turbines
Turbines(Expanders)
(Expanders)
7.2.
Turbines
(Expanders)
7.2.
Turbines
(Expanders)
7.2.
7.2.
Turbines
(Expanders)
7.2.
Turbines
(Expanders)
7.2. Turbinas (expansores)

271
271
271
271
271
271
271

27

(a)
IfIf ethylene
ethylene
isis assumed
assumed
an
ideal
gas,
then
all
residual
properties
are
zero,
and
(a) If
ethylene is
assumed an
an ideal
ideal gas,
gas, then
then all
all residual
residual properties
properties are
are zero,
zero, and
and
(a)
If
is
an
ideal
gas,
then
all
residual
properties
are
zero,
and
(a)
If ethylene
ethylene
is assumed
assumed
an
ideal
gas,
then
all
residual
properties
are
zero,
and
(a)
(a)
If
ethylene
is
assumed
an
ideal
gas,
then
all
residual
properties
are
zero,
and
If
ethylene
is
assumed
an
ideal
gas,
then
all
residual
properties
are
zero,
and
the
preceding
equations
reduce
to:
a) Si se (a)
supone
al
etileno
como
un
gas
ideal,
entonces
todas
las
propiedades
residuales
son cero y
the
preceding
equations
reduce
to:
the
preceding
equations
reduce
to:
the preceding
preceding equations
equations reduce
reduce to:
to:
the
the
preceding
equations
reduce
to:
the
preceding
equations
reduce
las ecuaciones
anteriores
se reducen
a: to:
TT2
PP2
ig
ig
T
P
ig (T2 T1 )
ig ln T
ig
ig
T22222
P22222
C
S
=
C

RRln
ln
H
=
P
ig
ig
ig
ig
T
P
P
P
H
S
T
P
C

(T

T
)
S
=
C

ln

ln
H
=
C

(T

T
)
S
=
C

ln
R
H
=
ig
ig
2
2
ig
ig
2
1
2
1
CPPig
(T222
T
T111))))
S =
= C
CPPig
ln T
R
Rln
ln P
H =
= C
P H
P SSSSln
H(T
H
TT21
P
S
H
C
(T

T
S
=
C
ln

R
ln
H
=
P
P
H
C
(T

T
S
=
C
ln

R
ln
H
=
P21111
2
1
1
1
P
P
H
S
P
P
H
S
1
P
T
P
P H 2
P S
111
P
TTT11111
P
1
For
an
isentropic
process,
S
== 0,
0,
and
the
second
equation
becomes:
For
anisentropic
isentropic
process,
S
0,segunda
andthe
theecuacin
secondequation
equation
becomes:
For
an
isentropic
process,
S
=
and
the
second
equation
becomes:
For
an
isentropic
process,
S
0,
and
the
second
equation
becomes:
an
process,
and
second
becomes:
Para unFor
proceso
isentrpico,
S =S
0, y=
se convierte
en:
For
an
isentropic
process,
S
==la0,
0,
and
the
second
equation
becomes:
For
an
isentropic
process,
S
=
0,
and
the
second
equation
becomes:
ig
ig
ig
C
PP2
2
TT2
ig
CPPig
C
ig
P
T
ig
C
P SSSSS ln T
ig
C
T22222 =
P22222 =
=
ln
=
ln
=
3.1135
P
222222 =
C
P
T
C
PPP
P
T
=
ln
=
ln
ln
=3.1135
3.1135
ln
ln
ln
3.1135
2
2
S
P
S
2
2
ln
=
3.1135
=
ln
=
ln
R
TT1 =
PP1 =
45
=
PR S ln
= ln
ln P
= ln
ln 45
ln T
=
3.1135
=
ln
=
ln
ln
=
3.1135
45
R
1
1
1
1
R
T
P
45
R
T
P
45
R
P11111
45
R
TT11111
P
45
3.1135
3.1135 + ln 573.15
3.1135
3.1135
or
ln
TT2 =
=
3.1135
3.1135
or
lnT
+ln
ln573.15
573.15
= 3.1135
or
ln
T
+
ln
573.15
ig
222 =
or
ln
T
+
ln
573.15
=
or
ln
ig /R +
ig
2
or
ln TT222 =
+
ln
573.15
= C
C
o
or
ln
ln
573.15
ig
CPPig
/R +
SSS/R
/R
ig
ig
C
/R
P
ig
C

C
/R
C
PP SS/R

PPP SSS

3.1135

3.1135
3.1135
Then,
3.1135
T
+
6.3511
(A)
=
exp
3.1135
2
3.1135
Then,
Then,
+6.3511
6.3511
(A)
=exp
exp 3.1135
TT22 =
+
6.3511
(A)
exp
ig
Then,
Then,
+
6.3511
(A)
=
exp
T
(A)
ig /R +
ig
Then,
+
6.3511
(A)
=
exp
C
Then,
TTT22222 =
+
6.3511
(A)
=
exp
ig
ig
P
S
En consecuencia,
(A)
C

/R
C

/R
ig
ig
C

/R
P
S
P
S
ig
C

/R
CPPPP SSSS/R
/R
C
P S
ig
ig /R, which for computaig
Equation
(5.17)
provides
an
expression
for
C
ig
Equation (5.17)
(5.17) provides
provides an
an expression
expression for
for C
CPPig
/R, which
which for
for computacomputaEquation
(5.17)
provides
an
expression
for
C
/R,
which
for
computaig
ig
Equation
(5.17)
provides
an
expression
for
C
/R,
which
for
computaP SSSSS/R,
ig
Equation
Equation
(5.17)
provides
an
expression
for
C
/R,
which
for
computaig
Equation
(5.17)
provides
an
expression
for
C
which
for
computaPPP
tional
purposes
is
represented
by:
P
SSS/R,
La ecuacin
(5.7)
proporciona
una
expresin
para
C

/
R,
que
para
fines
de clculo se
P
tional
purposes
is
represented
by:
tional
purposes
is
represented
by:
S
P
tional purposes
purposes is
is represented
represented by:
by:
tional
tional
purposes
is
represented
by:
tional
is
represented
by:
representa
por:purposes
ig
ig
ig
C
ig
CPPig
C
ig
ig
C
P SSSSS = MCPS(573.15,T2;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0)
ig
C
C
P
C
PP
=MCPS(573.15,T2;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0)
MCPS(573.15,T2;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0)
=
MCPS(573.15,T2;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0)
P
=
MCPS(573.15,T2;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0)
R
PR SSS =
=
MCPS(573.15,T2;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0)
MCPS(573.15,T2;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0)
R
R =
R
R
R
isis found
found
where
the
constants
for
ethylene
come
from
Table
C.1.
Temperature
TT2 is
found
where the
the constants
constants for
for ethylene
ethylene come
come from
from Table
Table C.1.
C.1. Temperature
Temperature
where
the
constants
for
ethylene
come
from
Table
C.1.
Temperature
T
is found
found
where
the
constants
for
ethylene
come
from
Table
C.1.
Temperature
T22222 is
where
T
ig
is
found
where
the
constants
for
ethylene
come
from
Table
C.1.
Temperature
T
is
found
where
the
constants
for
ethylene
come
from
Table
C.1.
Temperature
T
2
ig
ig
donde las
constantes
para
el
etileno
resultan
de
la
tabla
C..
La
temperatura
T
se
encuentra
por
by
iteration.
Assume
an
initial
value
for
evaluation
of
C

/R.
Equation
A)
2
2
ig
ig
P
S
/R. Equation
Equation (((((A)
A)
by iteration.
iteration. Assume
Assume an
an initial
initial value
value for
for evaluation
evaluationig
of C
CPig
by
iteration.
Assume
an
initial
value
for
evaluation
of
C
/R.
Equation
A)
ig
by
iteration.
Assume
an
initial
value
for
evaluation
of
C
/R.
Equation
A)
P SSSS/R.
ig
by
of
by
iteration.
Assume
an
initial
value
for
evaluation
of
C
/R.
Equation
A)
ig
P
by
iteration.
an
initial
value
for
evaluation
of
C
/R.
Equation
((the
A)
P
iteracin.
Suponga
unAssume
valor
inicial
para
la
evaluacin
de
C

/
R.
A
continuacin,
la
ecuacin
P
S
S
ig
ig
P
S
then
provides
a
new
value
of
T
from
which
to
recompute
C

/R,
and
P
P
S
ig /R,
then provides
provides aaaa new
new value
value of
of T
T2222 from
from which
which to
to recompute
recompute C
CPPig
/R,
and the
the
then
provides
new
value
of
TT
from
which
to
recompute
C
and
the
ig
ig and
ig
then
provides
new
value
of
from
which
to
recompute
C
/R,
and
the
P SSSSS/R,
ig
then
222 from
(A) proporciona
uncontinues
nuevo
valor
de Tof
del
cual
se
vuelve
Sand
/ R,
ythe
el procethen
provides
new
value
of
Tpartir
from
which
to
recompute
C
/R,
and
then
provides
aa new
value
which
to
recompute
C
/R,
the
P
2 aT
procedure
to
convergence
on
the
final
value:
TTa2 calcular
=
370.8
K.
The
value
P The
PP C
SK.
P
S
2
P
S
procedure
continues
to
convergence
on
the
final
value:
=
370.8
K.
The
value
procedure
continues
to
convergence
on
the
final
value:
T
=
370.8
value
ig
procedure
continues
to convergence
convergence
onvalor
the final
final
value:
T370.8
= 370.8
370.8
K.
Thede
value
procedure
continues
to
on
the
value:
T
K.
The
value
ig
222222 =
dimiento
contina
hasta
la
convergencia
en
el
final:
T
=
K.
El
valor
C
procedure
continues
to
convergence
on
the
final
value:
T
=
370.8
K.
The
value
procedure
continues
to
convergence
on
the
final
value:
T
=
370.8
K.
The
value
2
ig
ig
P H / R,
of
C

/R,
given
by
Eq.
(4.8),
is
for
computational
purposes
represented
by:
2
ig
ig
P
H
oflaC
C
/R,(4.8),
givenpara
byEq.
Eq.
(4.8),
isfor
forcomputational
computational
purposesrepresented
representedby:
by:
of
C
/R,
given
by
Eq.
(4.8),
is
for
computational
purposes
represented
by:
ig
ig
of
C
/R,
given
by
Eq.
(4.8),
is
for
computational
purposes
represented
by:
P H
H/R,
P
ig
of
given
by
(4.8),
is
dado por
ecuacin
fines
de clculo
se representapurposes
por:
of
C
/R,
given
by
Eq.
(4.8),
is
for
computational
purposes
represented
by:
H
of
C
/R,
given
by
Eq.
(4.8),
is
for
computational
purposes
represented
by:
P
PP H
H
P
H
P
H
ig
ig
ig
C
ig
HH
CPPig
C
ig
ig
C
P H
H
ig
C
=
MCPH(573.15,370.8;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0)
=
7.224
C
P
H =
C
P
=MCPH(573.15,370.8;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0)
MCPH(573.15,370.8;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0)=
=7.224
7.224
MCPH(573.15,370.8;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0)
=
7.224
P
H
P
=
MCPH(573.15,370.8;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0)
=
7.224
RR H
=
PR
H
=
MCPH(573.15,370.8;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0)
=
7.224
=
MCPH(573.15,370.8;1.424,14.394E-3,-4.392E-6,0.0)
=
7.224
R
R
R
R
ig
ig (T2 T1 )
ig
(isentropic)
=
(H
=
C
Then
W
ig
HH(T
(isentropic)=
=(H
(H)))))SSSS =
=C
CPPig
(T222
T
Then
Wssss(isentrpico)
(isentropic)
=
(H
=
C
H

TT11))
Then
W
ig
En seguida, Then
W
ig
s(isentropic)
(isentropic)
=
(H
=
C
(T

Then
W
ig
W
s
S
222
(isentropic)
=
(H
)
=
C
(T

Then
W
H(T
(T
TTT11111))))
Then
Wsss(isentropic) = (H ) SSS = C PPPPP H
H
H
2
P H
1

1
W
(isentropic)
=
(7.224)(8.314)(370.8

573.15)
=
12,153
mol
1
(isentrpico)
(7.224)(8.34)(370.8
573.5)=
= 2
53 JJJJJmol
1
s(isentropic)
WW
==
(7.224)(8.314)(370.8
573.15)
573.15)
=
12,153
mol1
W
(isentropic)
=
(7.224)(8.314)(370.8
573.15)
12,153
mol
ssss(isentropic)
1
W
(isentropic)
=
(7.224)(8.314)(370.8

573.15)
=
12,153
mol
W
=
(7.224)(8.314)(370.8

=
12,153
J
mol
1
s
W
(isentropic)
=
(7.224)(8.314)(370.8

573.15)
=
12,153
J
mol
Wsss(isentropic) = (7.224)(8.314)(370.8 573.15) = 12,153 J mol 1
(b)
For
ethylene,
b) Para (b)
el
(b)etileno,
Forethylene,
ethylene,
For
ethylene,
(b)
For
ethylene,
(b)
For
(b)
For
ethylene,
(b)
For
ethylene,
=
282.3
K
PPc =
=
50.4
bar
=
=
0.087
TTc =
= 282.3
282.3K
K
=50.4
50.4bar
bar
=0.087
0.087
K
P
50.4
bar

0.087
T
cc =
282.3
K
Pccccc =
=
50.4
bar
=
=
0.087
P

T
= 282.3
282.3
K
P
=
50.4
bar

=
0.087
=
282.3
K
P
50.4
bar

=
0.087
TTTccccc =
cc =
At
the
initial
state,
Atthe
the
initialstate,
state,
At
the
initial
state,
En el estado
inicial,
At
the
initial
state,
At
initial
At
the
initial
state,
At
the
initial
state,
573.15
45
573.15 = 2.030
45 = 0.893
573.15
45
573.15
45
=
=
PPr1 =
TTr1 =
45
573.15
45
573.15
45
= 573.15
= 50.4
=2.030
2.030
=0.893
0.893
=
2.030
P
=
0.893
T
rrrr11 =
rrrr11 =
=
=
=
2.030
P
=
0.893
T
282.3
=
P
=
T
= 282.3
=
=
2.030
P
=
0.893
1
1
=
=
2.030
P
0.893
TTrrr111111 =
r
282.3
50.4
50.4
rr1111
282.3
50.4 =
282.3
50.4
282.3
50.4
282.3
50.4
According
to
Fig.
3.14,
the
generalized
correlations
based
on
second
virial
coeffiAccordingto
toFig.
Fig. 3.14,
3.14,the
thegeneralized
generalizedcorrelations
correlationsbased
basedon
onsecond
secondvirial
virialcoefficoeffiAccording
to
Fig.
3.14,
the
generalized
correlations
based
on
second
virial
coeffiAccording
to
Fig.
3.14,
the
generalized
correlations
based
on
second
virial
coeffiAccording
De acuerdo
con
lato
figura
3.4,
las generalized
correlaciones
generalizadas,
que
se
apoyan
en(6.88),
los segundos
According
to
Fig.
3.14,
the
generalized
correlations
based
on
second
virial
coeffiAccording
Fig.
3.14,
the
correlations
based
on
second
virial
coefficients
should
be
satisfactory.
The
computational
procedures
of
Eqs.
(6.87),
cients
should
be
satisfactory.
The
computational
procedures
of
Eqs.
(6.87),
(6.88),
cients
should
be
satisfactory.
The
computational
procedures
of
Eqs.
(6.87),
(6.88),
cients
should
be
satisfactory.
The
computational
procedures
of
Eqs.
(6.87),
(6.88),
cients
should
be
satisfactory.
The
computational
procedures
of
Eqs.
(6.87),
(6.88),
coeficientes
viriales,
son
satisfactorias.
Los
procedimientos
de
clculo
de
las
ecuaciones
cients
should
be
satisfactory.
The
computational
procedures
of
Eqs.
(6.87),
(6.88),
cients
should
be(6.89)
satisfactory.
Theare
computational
procedures of Eqs. (6.87), (6.88), (6.87),
(3.65),
(3.66),
and
(6.90)
represented
by:
(3.65), (3.66),
(3.66), (6.89)
(6.89)and
and(6.90)
(6.90)are
arerepresented
representedby:
by:
(3.65),
and
(6.90)
are
represented
by:
(3.65),
(3.66),
(6.89)
and
(6.90)
are
represented
by:
(6.88), (3.65),
(3.66),
(6.89)
y
(6.90)
se
representan
por:
(3.65),
(3.66),
(6.89)
and
(6.90)
are
represented
by:
(3.65), (3.66), (6.89)Rand (6.90) are represented by:
H
H11RRRR1RRR = HRB(2.030,0.893,0.087) = 0.234
H
H
H
H
H
1111 =
=HRB(2.030,0.893,0.087)
HRB(2.030,0.893,0.087)=
=0.234
0.234
HRB(2.030,0.893,0.087)
=
0.234
=
HRB(2.030,0.893,0.087)
=
0.234
RT
1c =
=
HRB(2.030,0.893,0.087)
=
0.234
=
HRB(2.030,0.893,0.087)
=
0.234
RT
RT
c
c
RT
RT
c
RTcccc
RT

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272

272
272
272
272
272 272
272
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272

CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes

7.
Applications
of
Thermodynamics
to
Flow
Processes
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
7.
Applications
of
Thermodynamics
to
Flow
Processes
CHAPTER
7.
Applications
of
to
Processes
CHAPTER
7. 7.
Applications
ofThermodynamics
Thermodynamics
toFlow
Flow
Processes
CAPTULO
Aplicaciones
de
la Thermodynamics
termodinmica
a los
procesos
de flujo
CHAPTER
7.
Applications
of
to Flow
Processes
CHAPTER
7.
Applications
of
Thermodynamics
to
Flow
Processes
CHAPTER
CHAPTER7.7. Applications
ApplicationsofofThermodynamics
ThermodynamicstotoFlow
FlowProcesses
Processes

R
S
SS11RRR1RR = RSRB(2.030,0.893,0.087) = 0.097
S
111R =
=
SRB(2.030,0.893,0.087)
=
0.097
SRB(2.030,0.893,0.087)
=
0.097
R
=
=S1SRB(2.030,0.893,0.087)
SRB(2.030,0.893,0.087)
=0.097
0.097
SSSR
= SRB(2.030,0.893,0.087)
= 0.097
=
SRB(2.030,0.893,0.087)
=
0.097
R
1R1 =
R
=
SRB(2.030,0.893,0.087)
=
0.097
=
SRB(2.030,0.893,0.087)
=
R
R
R
1
J mol1
Then,
H1RRRR= (0.234)(8.314)(282.3) = 5490.097
1
=
(0.234)(8.314)(282.3)
=
549
mol
Then,
H
R
R=
1
1 1
=
(0.234)(8.314)(282.3)
=
549
JJJmol
mol
Then,
H
R
R
1
1
(0.234)(8.314)(282.3)
=
549
J
Then,
H
=
(0.234)(8.314)(282.3)
=
549
mol
Then,
H
1
= (0.234)(8.314)(282.3)
= 549
mol
=H(0.234)(8.314)(282.3)
(0.234)(8.314)(282.3)
= 549
549
J mol
molJ1
Then,Then,
H11R1R=
En consecuencia,
1
1
=
J
Then,
H
J mol1
Then,
H11R = (0.234)(8.314)(282.3) = 549 1
SR1R = (0.097)(8.314) = 0.806 J mol1
K1
1
1
SRR =
=
(0.097)(8.314)
=
0.806
mol
K
1
1
1 K
1 1
=
(0.097)(8.314)
=
0.806
mol
K
R
1
1
1
SS
=
JJJJJmol
=S(0.097)(8.314)
(0.097)(8.314)
=0.806
0.806
molJ1
K1
= 0.806
mol
K
SS111R1R1R=
=
(0.097)(8.314)
=
0.806
mol
K
R , assume=
1 =of(0.097)(8.314)
1
(0.097)(8.314)
0.806
J
mol
K
For an initialSSestimate
S
that
T
=
370.8
K,
the
value determined
=
0.806
J molK, the
K1value
2
11 = (0.097)(8.314)
R
2RR,, assume
For
an
initial
estimate
of
S
assume
that
T
=
370.8
determined
R
For
an
initial
estimate
of
S
that
T
=
370.8
K,
the
value
determined
2
2
2
R
For
an
initial
estimate
of
,,,assume
that
T
=
370.8
K,
the
determined
For
an
initial
estimate
assume
that
Tthat
K,valor
the
value
determined
22R
222370.8
inuna
part
(a).
Then,
For
an initial
estimate
of
S2 , assume
T370.8
K,value
the
value
determined
For
an
initial
estimate
of
assume
that
T=
==370.8
370.8
K,
the
value
determined
Parain
estimacin
inicial
deof
Sof2RS,SSSsuponga
que
T2T
el
determinado
en el inci2 =K,370.8
2R2R
For
an
initial
estimate
,
assume
that
=
K,
the
value
determined
part
(a).
Then,
in
part
(a).
Then,
2
For
an
initial
estimate
of
S
,
assume
that
T
=
370.8
K,
the
value
determined
2
22
in
part
(a).
Then,
in
part
(a).
Then,
in
part
(a).
Then,
in
part
(a).
Then,
so a). Por
lo
tanto,
ininpart
part(a).
(a).Then,
Then,
370.8
2
370.8
370.8
= 1.314
Pr2 = 2222 = 0.040
Tr2 = 370.8
370.8
370.8
370.8
2
=
=
=
1.314
P
=
0.040
T
=
=
=
1.314
PPrrrr222 =
=
0.040
TTrrrr222 =
282.3
50.4
P
T
=T370.8
=Pr50.4
=1.314
1.314
=20.040
0.040
2= =
= =
= 1.314
= 0.040
22 =
=
=
1.314
Pr222 =
=
0.040
282.3
50.4
282.3
r282.3
2370.8
2 2
50.4
282.3
50.4
=
1.314
P
=
0.040
TTTrr2r22=
= 282.3282.3
= 1.314
Pr2r2 = 50.4 50.4
= 0.040
282.3
50.4
282.3
50.4
SR
SSS2R2RR2RR = RSRB(1.314,0.040,0.087) = 0.0139
Whence,
S
SR
De donde,
222R =
Whence,
=
SRB(1.314,0.040,0.087)
=
0.0139
Whence,
SRB(1.314,0.040,0.087)
=
0.0139
Whence,
=
Whence,
=S2SRB(1.314,0.040,0.087)
SRB(1.314,0.040,0.087)
=0.0139
0.0139
Whence, SSR
= SRB(1.314,0.040,0.087)
= 0.0139
Whence,
=
SRB(1.314,0.040,0.087)
=
0.0139
R
2R2 =
Whence,
=
SRB(1.314,0.040,0.087)
=
0.0139
Whence,
=
SRB(1.314,0.040,0.087)
=
0.0139
R
R
R
1 K1
and
SRR2RRR= (0.0139)(8.314) = 0.116 J mol1
1 1
1
1
1
and
=
(0.0139)(8.314)
=
0.116
mol
K
1 K
1 1
and
SSS22RR =
=
(0.0139)(8.314)
=
0.116
JJJmol
mol
K
R
1
1
1
y
and
S
(0.0139)(8.314)
=
0.116
J
and
=
(0.0139)(8.314)
=
0.116
mol
K
and
=
(0.0139)(8.314)
=
0.116
J
mol
and
S
=
0.116
J
mol
K
22R2R =S(0.0139)(8.314)
1
1KK1
1 K
2(0.0139)(8.314)
and
==(0.0139)(8.314)
==(6.94)
0.116
JJmol
If
the expansionSS2process
is
isentropic,
Eq.
becomes:
and
0.116
mol
2
If
the
expansion
process
is
isentropic,
Eq.
(6.94)
becomes:
If
the
expansion
process
is
isentropic,
Eq.
(6.94)
becomes:
If
the
process
is
isentropic,
Eq.
becomes:
theIfexpansion
expansion
process
isentropic,
Eq.(6.94)
(6.94)
becomes:
the
expansion
is isentropic,
Eq.(6.94)
(6.94)
becomes:
Si el proceso
de
expansin
es process
isentrpico,
la ecuacin
ser:
IfIfthe
the
expansion
process
isisisentropic,
isentropic,
Eq.
(6.94)
becomes:
If
is
Eq.
If theexpansion
expansionprocess
process
Eq.(6.94)
(6.94)2becomes:
becomes:
T2
ig is isentropic,
T
2
T
2
2
C

ln

8.314
ln

0.116
0.806
0
=
ig
2
ig
T
222 20.116 +
Pig S ln
ig
C

8.314
ln
+
0.806
00 =
=
TT222 T
2 8.314
ig 573.15
ig
45
C
ln

0.116
+
0.806
0
P
C

ln

8.314
ln

0.116
+
0.806
= C
P
SSS ln
T
2
2
T
2
ig

ln

8.314
ln

0.116
+ 0.806
0=
C
ln

8.314
ln

0.116
+
0.806
0
=
P
S
573.15
45
P
573.15
45
2
ig
P
S
P
S
573.15
45
573.15
45
8.314
0.116
00==C
CPP SSlnln 573.15
8.314lnln 45 45
0.116++0.806
0.806
573.15
573.15
45
T
26.576
573.15
45
26.576
TTT22222 = 26.576
26.576
Whence,
ln T
26.576
ig
T=
26.576
T
26.576
Whence,
ln
=
Whence,
ln
=
2
2
573.15
ig
Whence,
ln
Whence,
ln
=
C
Tln
ig
T22 = 26.576
26.576
Whence,
=ig
Whence,
ln 573.15
573.15
PigS ig
573.15
C
C
573.15
ig
Whence,
ln
=
De donde,
P
CPPigPigC
SSS
Whence,
ln 573.15
= C
C
573.15

573.15
P SS P S
573.15
C
C

PP SS

26.576

26.576
26.576
or
T2 =
exp
+
6.3511
26.576

26.576
ig
or
=
exp
+
6.3511
26.576
26.576
or
TT
=
exp
+
6.3511
2=
2
ig
or
T
exp
+
6.3511
or
T
=
exp
+
6.3511
C

26.576
ig
22 = Texp
26.576
+ 6.3511
or or
+ 6.3511
ig
PigS ig
2 = exp
C
C
ig
or
TTT222=
P
CPPig
SSSS ++6.3511
or
=exp
exp C
6.3511
o
C
PigC
P
S
P
S
C
CPP SS
An iteration process exactly like that
of part (a) yields the results
An
iteration
process
exactly
like
that
of
part
(a)
yields
the
results
An
iteration
process
exactly
like
that
of
part
(a)
yields
the
results
An
process
exactly
like
of
part
yields
the
Aniteration
iteration
process
exactly
likethat
that
of
part
(a)
yields
theresults
results
An iteration
process
exactly
like
that
of(a)
part
(a) yields
the
results
An
iteration
process
exactly
like
that
of
part
(a)
yields
the
results
Un proceso
iterativo
exactamente
como
el
del
inciso
a) yields
produce
los
resultados:
An
exactly
like
that
of
part
(a)
the
results
Aniteration
iterationprocess
process
exactly
like
that
of
part
(a)
yields
the
T2 = 365.8 K
and
Tr2 = 1.296results
T
=
365.8
K
and
T
=
1.296
T
=
365.8
K
and
T
=
1.296
2 = 365.8
T
K
365.8
K K and
and and T
Trrr222 =
=T1.296
1.296
T365.8
= 365.8
TT2222T=
=
K
and
=
1.296
r2 = 1.296
2365.8
K
y
TTTrT2rrr222=
.296
2 =365.8
and
1.296
365.8
and
=
1.296
2r2 =
With this value ofTTT2r22==
and
withKKPr2 = 0.040,
With
this
value
of
and
with
P
=
0.040,
With
this
value
of
TTTrrrr222 and
and
with
P
=
0.040,
rrr222 =
With
this
of
with
P
0.040,
WithWith
thisvalue
value
ofT
and
with
P
=
0.040,
r
this
value
of
T
and
with
P
=
0.040,
2
2
2
2
With
this
value
of
T
and
with
P
=
0.040,
r2
r
r
Con este
valor
devalue
Tr2 y of
con
=r0.040,
2
With
this
2andwith
With
this
value
ofTSTrRP2r22rand
withPPr2r22==0.040,
0.040,
R
2RR
S
R
S
=S RSRB(1.296,0.040,0.087) = 0.0144
SSS222R2 =
SRB(1.296,0.040,0.087)
=
0.0144
SRB(1.296,0.040,0.087)
=
0.0144
R
2R =
=
=2SRB(1.296,0.040,0.087)
SRB(1.296,0.040,0.087)
=0.0144
0.0144
SSR
= SRB(1.296,0.040,0.087)
= 0.0144
=
SRB(1.296,0.040,0.087)
=
0.0144
R
2R2 =
R
=
SRB(1.296,0.040,0.087)
=
0.0144
=
SRB(1.296,0.040,0.087)
=
0.0144
R
R
R
1 K1
and
SRR2RRR= (0.0144)(8.314) = 0.120 J mol1
y
1 K
1
1
1
1
=
(0.0144)(8.314)
=
0.120
J
mol
and
S
R
1 K
1 1
=
(0.0144)(8.314)
=
0.120
J
mol
K
and
S
R
1
R
1
1
2
=
JJJmol
and
SSS22R2 =
=S(0.0144)(8.314)
(0.0144)(8.314)
=0.120
0.120
molJ1
K1
and and
= (0.0144)(8.314)
= 0.120
mol
=
(0.0144)(8.314)
=
0.120
mol
K
and
R
1
1 K
2
2
=
(0.0144)(8.314)
=
0.120
J
mol
K
and
S
=
(0.0144)(8.314)
=
0.120
J
mol
K
and
S
2
Este resultado
representa
cambio from
tan pequeo
a estimate
partir dethat
la estimacin
inicial, que
se con2 unchanged
This
result
is
so
little
the
initial
another
recalculation
of
This
result
is
so
little
changed
from
the
initial
estimate
that
another
recalculation
of
R
This
result
is
so
little
changed
from
the
initial
estimate
that
another
recalculation
of
Rchanged
This
result
is
so
little
changed
from
the
initial
estimate
that
another
recalculation
of
This
result
is
so
little
changed
from
the
initial
estimate
that
another
recalculation
of
sidera innecesario
volver
a
calcular
T
,
y
se
evala
H
en
las
condiciones
reducidas
recin
2
T
is
unnecessary,
and
H
is
evaluated
at
the
reduced
conditions
just
established:
This
result
is
so
little
from
the
initial
estimate
that
another
recalculation
of
2
This
result
is
so
little
changed
from
the
initial
estimate
that
another
recalculation
of
2 isresult
2R
RRR is
unnecessary,
and
H
is
evaluated
at
the
reduced
conditions
just
established:
This
isisso
changed
from
the
estimate
that
another
recalculation
ofof
TT
unnecessary,
and
H
evaluated
at
the
reduced
conditions
just
established:
This
result
solittle
little
changed
from
theinitial
initial
estimate
that
anotherjust
recalculation
2 is
R is evaluated
T
and
H
is
evaluated
at
the
reduced
conditions
established:
T
isunnecessary,
unnecessary,
and
H
is
evaluated
at
the
reduced
conditions
just
established:
22R
establecidas:
2222 is
T
is
unnecessary,
and
H
at
the
reduced
conditions
just
established:
T
is
unnecessary,
and
H
is
evaluated
at
the
reduced
conditions
just
established:
2
2
RR
2
2evaluatedatatthe
TT22isisunnecessary,
and
unnecessary,H
and
thereduced
reducedconditions
conditionsjust
justestablished:
established:
R HH222 isisevaluated
2RRR
H
R
H
=
HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087)
=
0.0262
R
R
2
H
H
2
H
H
2R2 =
=
HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087)
=
0.0262
HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087)
=
0.0262
RT
=
=2HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087)
HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087)
=0.0262
0.0262
H
H222cRcc =
= HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087)
= 0.0262
=
HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087)
=
0.0262
RT
RT
RT
RT
=
HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087)
=
0.0262
c
c
=
HRB(1.296,0.040,0.087)
=
0.0262
RTc
RT
c
RT
R cc
1
RT
H2RR = (0.0262)(8.314)(282.3) = 61 J mol1
1
=
(0.0262)(8.314)(282.3)
=
61
mol
H
1
1 1
=
(0.0262)(8.314)(282.3)
=
61
JJJmol
mol
H
R
RR =
2R
1
2
(0.0262)(8.314)(282.3)
=
61
J
H
=
(0.0262)(8.314)(282.3)
=
61
mol
H
= (0.0262)(8.314)(282.3)
= J61
mol
=H(0.0262)(8.314)(282.3)
= 61
61
molJ1
H22R2R=
ig
2(0.0262)(8.314)(282.3)
1
=
J
mol
H
= 61
mol
By Eq. (6.93), H(H
= Cig
61J +
549
22 =) S(0.0262)(8.314)(282.3)
ig H (365.8 573.15)
ig
P
ig
By
Eq.
(6.93),
(H
)
=
C

(365.8

573.15)

61
+
549
By
Eq.
(6.93),
(H
)
=
C

(365.8

573.15)

61
+
549
S
ig
ig H
P
H (365.8
By
(H

+
549
BylaEq.
Eq.
(6.93),
(H)(H
=)C
C
(365.8
573.15)
573.15)
61
61
+61
549
P
ig
By(6.93),
Eq. (6.93),
H (365.8
573.15)
+ 549
Mediante
ecuacin
(6.93),
By
Eq.
(6.93),
(H
))SSSS =
=
C

573.15)

61
+
549
P
HH(365.8
PigC
S =
P
By

ByEq.
Eq.(6.93),
(6.93), (H
(H))SS==C
CPPP HHH(365.8
(365.8
573.15)
573.15)61
61++549
549

07-SmithVanNess.indd 272

8/1/07 13:36:02

7.3. Compression
CompressionProcesses
Processes
7.3.
7.3. Procesos de compresin

273
273

273

ig
ig

Evaluationof
ofC
C HH as
asin
inpart
part(a)
(a)with
with TT =
= 365.8
365.8KKgives:
gives:
Evaluation
La evaluacin de CPig HPPcomo
en el inciso a) con22T2 = 365.8 K da lo siguiente:
ig
ig

1 K
1
CPP HH =
= 59.843
59.843JJmol
mol1
K1
C
1
(H))SS =
= 11,920
11,920JJmol
mol1
(H

Whence,
De donde,
Whence,

1
Wss(isentropic)
(isentropic) =
= (H
(H))SS =
= 11,920
11,920JJmol
mol1
W

Ws (isentrpico) = (H)
S =  920 mol
Thisdiffers
differsfrom
fromthe
theideal-gas
ideal-gasvalue
valueby
byless
lessthan
than2%.
2%.
This
ste difiere del valor del gas ideal por menos de 2%.

and
and

7.3

PROCESOS DE COMPRESIN
7.3 COMPRESSION
COMPRESSION PROCESSES
PROCESSES
7.3

Al igual que los procesos de expansin dan como resultado la disminucin de la presin en el fluido que circula, los procesos de compresin provocan aumentos en la presin. Los compresores, las bombas, los abaniJust
as expansion
expansion
processes
result
inson
pressure
reductions
in aa flowing
flowing
fluid,
so compression
compression
as
pressure
reductions
in
fluid,
so
cos, losJust
ventiladores
y lasprocesses
bombas deresult
vacoin
dispositivos
diseados
para este
propsito.
Son importantes
processes
bring
about la
pressure
increases.
Compressors,
pumps,
fans,
blowers,
and
vacuum
about
pressure
increases.
Compressors,
blowers,
and
vacuum
para: elprocesses
transportebring
de fluidos,
fluidizacin
de partculas
slidas,pumps,
llevar afans,
los fluidos
a la
presin
apropiada
pumps are
are
allprocesamiento,
devices designed
designed
for
this
purpose.
They
are
vital for
for the
thepor
transport
of fluids,
fluids,
fordisposidevices
vital
transport
of
for
para la pumps
reaccin
o all
el
etc.for
Enthis
estapurpose.
seccin They
no
nosare
preocupamos
el diseo
de estos
fluidization
of particulate
particulatede
solids,
for bringing
bringing fluids
fluids
to the
the proper
proper
pressure
for reaction
reaction
orestacionario
profluidization
of
solids,
for
to
for
or
protivos, sino
por la especificacin
los requerimientos
energticos
para lapressure
compresin
en estado
cessing,un
etc.
Weare
areen
concerned
here
not
withthe
thedesign
designof
ofsuch
suchdevices,
devices,but
butwith
withspecification
specification
cessing,
etc.
We
concerned
here
with
que ocasionan
aumento
la presin
delnot
fluido.
ofenergy
energyrequirements
requirementsfor
forsteady-state
steady-statecompression
compressioncausing
causingan
anincrease
increasein
influid
fluidpressure.
pressure.
of

Compresores
Compressors
Compressors
La compresin
de los gases
logramay
en equipos
con aspas in
giratorias
(como
una
turbinablades
que funciona
The compression
compression
ofse
gases
may
be accomplished
accomplished
in equipment
equipment
with
rotating
blades
(like aaa la inThe
of
gases
be
with
rotating
(like
versa) oturbine
en
cilindros
con
pistones
oscilantes.
El
equipo
giratorio
se
usa
para
el
flujo
de
volmenes
turbine operating
operating in
in reverse)
reverse) or
or in
in cylinders
cylinders with
with reciprocating
reciprocating pistons.
pistons. Rotary
Rotary equipment
equipmentconsideraisis
bles, donde
no
es
muy
alta
la
presin
de
descarga.
Para
presiones
altas
se
requieren
compresores
oscilantes.
used for
for high-volume
high-volume flow
flow where
where the
the discharge
discharge pressure
pressure isis not
not too
too high.
high. For
For high
high pressures,
pressures,
used
Las ecuaciones
de energa
son independientes
tipo
de equipo;
en are
realidad,
son las of
mismas
queof
reciprocating
compressors
are required.
required.del
The
energy
equations
are independent
independent
of
the type
type
ofpara las
reciprocating
compressors
are
The
energy
equations
the
turbinasequipment;
o
los
expansores,
porque
se
supone
que
tambin
los
cambios
en
las
energas
cintica
y
potencial
equipment;indeed,
indeed,they
theyare
arethe
thesame
sameas
asfor
forturbines
turbinesor
orexpanders,
expanders,because
becausehere
heretoo
toopotentialpotential- son
insignificantes.
De
este
modo,
las
ecuaciones
(7.3)
a
la
(7.5)
son
tiles
para
la
compresin
adiabtica,
un
andkinetic-energy
kinetic-energychanges
changesare
arepresumed
presumednegligible.
negligible. Thus,
Thus,Eqs.
Eqs.(7.13)
(7.13)through
through(7.15)
(7.15)apply
apply
to
and
to
procesoadiabatic
que
se
representa
en
la
figura
7.5.
adiabaticcompression,
compression,aaprocess
processrepresented
representedby
byFig.
Fig.7.5.
7.5.
22

.
Ws

..
Wss
W

Compressor
Compressor

Compresor

Figure7.5:
7.5: Steady-state
Steady-state
Figure
Figura
7.5: Proceso
de compresin
compression
process.
compression
process.
en estado estacionario.

11

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274

274

CHAPTER
7. 7.
Applications
of Thermodynamics
to Flow
CAPTULO
Aplicaciones
de la termodinmica
a los Processes
procesos de flujo

In a compression
process,
the isentropic
work,
as por
given
Eq. (7.15),
En un proceso
de compresin,
el trabajo
isentrpico
dado
la by
ecuacin
(7.5)isesthe
el minimum
trabajo de flecha
work
required
compressiondeofuna gas desde
from aungiven
initial
state
to ahasta
given
mnimoshaft
que se
requiere
parafor
la compresin
estado
inicial
dado
unadischarge
presin de despressure. Thus
a compressor
efficiency
as:
carga determinada.
Dewe
estadefine
manera,
la eficiencia
de un compresor
se define como:
Ws (isentropic)
Ws (isentrpico)
W
Wss
In view
(7.14) and
(7.15),
this issta
alsotambin
given by:se da por:
De acuerdo
conoflasEqs.
ecuaciones
(7.4)
y (7.5),

(H ) S
H

(7.17) (7.7)

Compressor
efficiencies
are usually
the range of
to 0.8. de 0.7 a 0.8.
En general,
las eficiencias
del compresor
seinencuentran
en 0.7
el intervalo

2
2

Figura
7.6: Proceso
de compresin
Figure 7.6:
Adiabatic
compression
process. adiabtica.

2
H

P22

P2

(H)SS

1
P11

(H)S

P1 S

The compression
process
is shown
on an H S en
diagram
in Fig. HS.
7.6. La
The
vertical
dashed
En la figura
7.6 se muestra
un proceso
de compresin
un diagrama
lnea
vertical
discontinua
line rising
from point
1 to point
2 represents
the reversible
adiabatgicadiabtica
(constant-entropy)
que se eleva
del punto
 al punto
2 representa
el proceso
de compresin
reversiblecom(constanteto
P
.
The
actual
irreversible
compression
process
follows
the
solid
pression
from
P
1
2
entropa)
desde Pprocess
hasta
P
.
El
proceso
de
compresin
irreversible
real
sigue
la
lnea
continua
desde
el punto

2
from
1 upward
and to thedelright
in thede
direction
of increasing
terminating
 hacialine
arriba
y apoint
la derecha
en direccin
aumento
la entropa,
y terminaentropy,
en el punto
2. Cuanto ms
at point
The moreeste
irreversible
process,ms
the afurther
this point
to the right
P2 menos
irreversible
sea 2.
el proceso,
punto se the
encontrar
la derecha,
sobrelies
la isobara
paraon
P2the
y ser
isobar, and
the lower the efficiency of the process.
la eficiencia
del proceso.

Example
Ejemplo
7.8 7.8

Saturated-vapor steam at 100 kPa (t sat = 99.63 C) is compressed adiabatically to

Saturated-vapor
at (t
100
(t C)= se
99.63
C) is de
compressed
adiabatically
sat =kPa
Vapor de
agua saturado asteam
100 kPa
99.63
comprime
manera adiabtica
hasta to
300 kPa.
300
kPa.
If
the
compressor
efficiency
is
0.75,
what
is
the
work
required
and
what
are
Si la eficiencia del compresor es 0.75, cul es el trabajo necesario y cules son las propiedades de la
the properties of the discharge stream?
corriente de descarga?

07-SmithVanNess.indd 274

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7.3. Compression
Compression Processes
Processes
7.3.
7.3. Compression Processes
7.3. Compression Processes
7.3.
Processes
7.3. Procesos
de
compresin
7.3.Compression
Compression
Processes
7.3. Compression Processes

275
275
275
275
275
275 275
275

Solution 7.8
Solution 7.8
For saturado
saturated
steam
at 100
100 kPa,
kPa,
7.8asteam
Para Solution
vapor
00 kPa,
For
saturated
at
Solution
7.8
Solution
7.8
For
saturated
steam
at
100
kPa,
Solution
7.8= 7.3598
1 K1
1
For saturated
at 100
kPa,
1
kJ kg
S steam
1
1

Solution
7.8
Solucin
7.8
Solution
7.8

1
1
H11 =
= 2,675.4
2,675.4 kJ
kJ kg
kg1
1 K1
7.3598
kJ100
kg
H
S111 =
1
ForFor
saturated
steam
at at
100
kPa,
saturated
steam
kPa,
1
1
1
1 K1
1
7.3598
kJ kg
H11 = 2,675.4 kJ kg1
S1 =steam
For saturated
at 100
kPa,
1 K1
1
1
7.3598 kJ kgto
= 2,675.4
kJ1
kgK1
S11 =compression
= S 1 H
1
1
1



1
For
isentropic
300
kPa,
S
=
7.3598
kJ
kg
. Interpo- en las
1
1

1
1
Para la compresin
a 300
kPa,
S1
= 7.3598
kJ
kg2,675.4
. kJ
La
interpolacin
For isentropic
300
kPa,
S11 =
kJKkgkJ
Kkg
2 = SS222 =
7.3598
kJ
kgtokg
K 1
H17.3598
2,675.4
kg
S1isentrpica
=
7.3598
kJ
K
H=
S=
1
1 . Interpo1compression
1 =
1
1

1
=
7.3598
kJ
kg
K
H
=
2,675.4
kJ
kg
S
1
For
isentropic
compression
to
300
kPa,
S
=
S
=
7.3598
kJ
kg
K
.
Interpolation
in
the
tables
for
superheated
steam
at
300
kPa
shows
that
steam
with
thistiene la
1
1
1 que
tablas para
el in
vapor
sobrecalentado
a300
300kPa,
kPa
vaporthat
con
esta
22 at 300
1steam
1 . entropa
lation
the tables
for superheated
steam
kPa el
shows
with
this
For
isentropic
compression
to
Smuestra
S1
K
Interpo1
1 = 7.3598 kJ kg 11
=
1
2 =


1
lation
in
the
tables
for
superheated
steam
at
300
kPa
shows
that
steam
with
this
entropy
has
the
enthalpy:
H
2,888.8
kJ
kg
.
entalpa:lation
2For
888.8
kJ the
kg
.compression
For
isentropic
compression
300
kPa,
SkJ
S1 S.=
7.3598
kgkg
K 1
isentropic
to
300
kPa,
S=
=
=
7.3598
kJ
K . Interpo. Interpo22 =
entropy
has
enthalpy:
H2to
2,888.8
kg
1kPa
2 300
in
the
tables
for superheated
steam
showskJ
steam
this
1
1
For isentropic
compression
kPa,
S22 atkg
=
S1. =
7.3598
kJthat
kg1
K with
. Interpo2,888.8
kJ
entropy
has
the
enthalpy:
H22to=300
1
lation
in
the
tables
for
superheated
steam
at
300
kPa
shows
that
steam
with
this
1
lation
in
the
tables
for
superheated
steam
at
300
kPa
shows
that
steam
with
this
1
1
entropy
has
the
enthalpy:
H
=
2,888.8
kJ
kg
.
S
=
2,888.8

2,675.4
=
213.4
kJ
kg
Thus,
(H
)
S
lation
in
the
tables
for
superheated
steam
at
300
kPa
shows
that
steam
with
this
=
1
2,675.4
=1
213.4
kJ kg1
(H
)S =H22,888.8
As, Thus,
=
1
entropy
hashas
thethe
enthalpy:
2,888.8
kJ
kg
.
entropy
enthalpy:
H
2,888.8
kJ
kg
.
2 =
2 2,888.8
2,675.4
= .213.4 kJ kg1
Thus,
(H ) S = 2,888.8
kJ kg1
entropy has the enthalpy:
2
2,888.8
Thus,
(H ) SS =H(H
)SSS 2,675.4
213.4 = 213.4 kJ kg1
1
11
(H
)
213.4
By
Eq.
(7.17),
H
=
=
=
284.5
kJkJkg
kg
1
2,888.8

2,675.4
213.4
kg
Thus,
) S=
=
2,888.8
2,675.4
=
213.4
kJ
kg
Thus,
(H
)=
Por la ecuacin
(7.7), (H
S (H
By
Eq. (7.17),
H
=
==
284.5
kJ
1
S
)
213.4

0.75
=
2,888.8

2,675.4
=
213.4
kJ
kg
Thus,
(H
)
S
1
) S = 213.4
0.75 = 284.5 kJ kg1
By Eq. (7.17),
H S= (H
1
) S )=
0.75
By Eq. (7.17),
H = (H
= 284.5 kJ kg 1
(H
213.4
S 213.4
1
1
De donde,

)S =
213.4
By
Eq.Eq.
(7.17),
H
==
284.5
kJ kJ
kgkg
By
(7.17),
=(H
=0.75
284.5
Whence,
H222 =
=H
H
+=
H
= 2,675.4
2,675.4
+ 284.5
284.5
=
2,959.9
kJ1kg
kg1
11H
Whence,
H
+
H
=
+
=
2,959.9
kJ
1
By Eq. (7.17),
H = = 0.75
= 284.5
kJ kg1
1
0.75
1
Whence,
H2 =steam
H1 +with
Hthis
= 2,675.4
+interpolation
284.5 = 2,959.9
kJ kg1
0.75
Forpor
superheated
enthalpy,
yields:
Whence,
H22 =
H11se
+with
Hthis
= 2,675.4
+interpolation
284.5
= 2,959.9
kJ con
kg 1esta entalpa tiene las
De nuevo,
interpolacin
muestra
que el vapor
sobrecalentado
For
superheated
steam
enthalpy,
yields:
1
Whence,
H2H=
H1H+
H
==
2,675.4
+interpolation
284.5
==
2,959.9
kJ kJ
kgkg
Whence,
H
2,675.4
+
284.5
2,959.9
For
superheated
steam
with
this
enthalpy,
yields:
2 =
1+
1
propiedades
adicionales:
Whence,
H2 steam
=
H1 with
+
H
=
2,675.4
+
284.5
=
2,959.9
kJ
kg

1
1
For
superheated
this
enthalpy,
interpolation
yields:
1 K1
1
C
1
2 = 246.1
246.1
=interpolation
7.5019 kJ
kJ yields:
kgyields:
Tsteam
C
SS222interpolation
=
7.5019
kg
T
22 =
ForFor
superheated
with
this
enthalpy,
superheated
steam
with
this
enthalpy,
1 K1
1
C
1
For superheated
with
this
enthalpy,
interpolation
yields:
2
= 246.
246.1
S
=
7.5019
kJ
kg
K
TT222steam
=
C
246.1the
S22 =is:
7.5019 kJ kg1
K1
T2 =
Moreover, by
by Eq.
Eq.
(7.14),
work
required
Cwork
11
C required
Moreover,
(7.14),
the
is:=
=
246.1
S
=
7.5019
kJ
kg
K1
T2T
=
246.1
S
7.5019
kJ
kg
K1
2
2
2
by Eq.
(7.14),
thetrabajo
is:es:
= 246.1
Cwork required
S2 =
7.5019 kJ kg1 K1
T2(7.4),
Adems,Moreover,
por la ecuacin
el
requerido
1
Moreover, by Eq. (7.14), the
work
required
is: kJ kg1
1
s=
=work
H
= 284.5
284.5
Wthe
H
=
kJ kg1
W
sswork
Moreover,
byby
Eq.Eq.
(7.14),
the
required
is:is:
Moreover,
(7.14),
required
1
Moreover, by Eq. (7.14), the
required
is: kJ kg
= H
= 284.5
Wswork
Wss = H = 284.5 kJ kg1
11
H
==
284.5
kJ kJ
kgkg
WsW=
H
284.5
s =
H = 284.5 kJ kg1
Ws =
The direct
direct application
application of
of Eqs.
Eqs. (7.13)
(7.13) through
through (7.15)
(7.15) presumes
presumes the
the availability
availability of
of tables
tables
The
The
direct
application
of
Eqs.
(7.13)
through
(7.15)
presumes
the
availability
of
tables
of
data
or
an
equivalent
thermodynamic
diagram
for
the
fluid
being
compressed.
Where
such
of dataThe
or an
equivalent
thermodynamic
diagram
for(7.15)
the fluid
being compressed.
Where
such
direct
application
of Eqs.
(7.13)
through
presumes
thebe
availability
of tables
of
data
or
an
equivalent
thermodynamic
diagram
for
the
fluid
being
compressed.
Where
such
information
is
not
available,
the
generalized
correlations
of
Sec.
6.7
may
used
in
conjunction
The
direct
of of
Eqs.
(7.13)
through
(7.15)
presumes
thebe
availability
of of
tables
information
isdirecta
notapplication
available,
the
generalized
of
Sec.
6.7
may
used
conjunction
La
aplicacin
de lathermodynamic
ecuacin
(7.3)
a correlations
la
(7.5)
supone
lapresumes
disponibilidad
deintablas
de
datos o de
direct
application
Eqs.
(7.13)
through
(7.15)
the
availability
tables
of
data
orThe
an
equivalent
diagram
for
the
fluid
compressed.
Where
such
The
direct
application
of generalized
Eqs.as(7.13)
through
(7.15)
presumes
thebeavailability
of tables
information
isan
not
available,
the
correlations
of
Sec.
6.7
may
used
in
conjunction
with
Eqs.
(6.93)
and
(6.94),
exactly
illustrated
in
Ex.
7.7
forbeing
anbeing
expansion
process.
of
data
or
an
equivalent
thermodynamic
diagram
for
the
fluid
being
compressed.
Where
such
with
Eqs.
(6.93)
and
(6.94),
exactly
as
illustrated
in
Ex.
7.7
for
an
expansion
process.
un diagrama
termodinmico,
equivalente
para
el
fluido
que
ser
comprimido.
Cuando
no
se
disponga
of
data
or
equivalent
thermodynamic
diagram
for
the
fluid
compressed.
Where
suchde tal
information
notand
available,
the
generalized
of
Sec.
6.7
may
be used
conjunction
of data
or(6.93)
anis equivalent
diagram
forEx.
the
fluid
being
compressed.
Where
with
Eqs.
(6.94),
exactly
as
illustrated
inla
7.7
for
an
expansion
process.
The
assumption
ofthermodynamic
ideal
gases
leads
tocorrelations
equations
of
relative
simplicity.
Byin
Eq.
(5.18)such
for (6.93)
information
is
not
available,
the
generalized
correlations
of
Sec.
6.7
may
be
used
in
conjunction
The
assumption
of
ideal
gases
leads
to
equations
of
relative
simplicity.
By
Eq.
(5.18)
for
informacin
se
utilizan
las
correlaciones
generalizadas
de
seccin
6.7
en
conjunto
con
las
ecuaciones
information
is
not
available,
the
generalized
correlations
of
Sec.
6.7
may
be
used
in
conjunction
with
Eqs.
(6.93)
and
(6.94),
exactly
as
illustrated
in Ex.of
7.7
for an
expansion
process.
information
is not
available,
thegases
generalized
correlations
ofrelative
Sec.
6.7
may be used
in
The
assumption
of(6.94),
ideal
leads
toun
equations
simplicity.
By
Eq.conjunction
(5.18) for
an
ideal
gas:
with
Eqs.
(6.93)
and
(6.94),
exactly
as
illustrated
in in
Ex.Ex.
7.7
forfor
ansimplicity.
expansion
process.
ideal
gas:
y (6.94),an
tal
como
se(6.93)
ilustra
en
elideal
ejemplo
7.7
para
proceso
de
expansin.
with
Eqs.
and
exactly
as
illustrated
7.7
an
expansion
process.
The
assumption
of
gases
leads
to
equations
of
relative
By
Eq. (5.18) for
with
Eqs.
(6.93) and (6.94), exactly as illustratedT
for
2in Ex. 7.7P
2 an expansion process.
T
P
an
ideal
gas:
2
2
2 Rof
2 relativa
The
assumption
of of
ideal
gases
leads
equations
relative
simplicity.
ByBy
Eq.Eq.
(5.18)
forfor
La
de los gases
ideales
conduce
de
una
simplicidad.
Mediante
la ecuaThe
assumption
ideal
gases
leads
to
relative
simplicity.
(5.18)
CPaPtoecuaciones
S
=
lnequations
lnof
ansuposicin
ideal
gas:
C
S
=
ln
ln
PtoSS equations
The
assumption of ideal gases
leads
relative
simplicity. By Eq. (5.18) for
T2 Rof
PP2211
anan
ideal
gas:
P
cin (5.8)
para
ungas:
gas ideal:
ideal
S = C PP SS ln TTT21211 R ln P
1
2
S
an ideal gas:
Chas
S =
2 R ln from
T112 T
P112P2 the mean heat capacity. If the
P S ln
where for
for simplicity
simplicity the
the superscript
superscript
ig
been
omitted
T
P
where
ig
been
omitted
from
T
P
Chas
SS
=

ln

R
ln
1
12 the mean heat capacity. If the
C
=

ln

R
ln
P SP S 2
= C
ln T1omitted
R ln from
P1P1 the mean heat capacity. If the
T
where
for simplicity
the superscript
ig
has
been
compression
is isentropic,
isentropic,
S =
=S
0, and
and
this
equation
becomes:
P Sequation
1 becomes:
compression
is
S
0,
this
P1 the mean heat capacity. If the
where for simplicity the superscript ig has beenT1omitted from
compression
is isentropic,
S
= 0, and
this
equation
becomes:
where
forfor
simplicity
thethe
superscript
ig
hashas
been
omitted
thethe
mean
heat
capacity.
If the
where
simplicity
superscript
ig
been
omitted
from
mean
heat
capacity.
If the
from

R/C
compression
is
isentropic,
S
=
0,
and
this
equation
becomes:

R/C

P
S

where
for simplicity
the superscript
ig
has
been
the meanmedia.
heat capacity.
If the
R/C
P SS fromcalorfica
donde, por
simplicidad,
omite
el S
superndice
ig
de
laomitted
capacidad
Si la compresin
es
P
P
this
P
S
22
compression
is isentropic,
S
==
0, 0,
and
equation
becomes:

compression
isse
isentropic,
this
equation
becomes:
P
2

2 and
=
T
(7.18)
T
R/C P S
1
R/C
T
(7.18)
compression
isentropic,
0,Tand
becomes:
P S
11 equation

2
P
22 =this
isentrpica,
S = 0, yisesta
ecuacinS
se =
convierte
en:
P
21 R/C P S
P
(7.18)
T22 = T11 P

211 R/C
R/C
P SP S
P
=
T
(7.18)
T
12P

1
1
2
2
R/C

when
P S from T and P to P is isentropic
Pcompression
P12
T1 T1compression
(7.18)
T2T=
(7.8)
where TT2 is
is the
the temperature
temperature that
that results
results
=
(7.18)
2when
where
from T111 and P111 to P222 is isentropic
T1 P1P1
(7.18)
T2 =
22
temperature

where
T
is
the
that
results
when
compression
from
T
and
P
to
P
is
isentropic
and
where
C
is
the
mean
heat-capacity
for
the
temperature
range
from
T
to
T
.
11 from11 T111 to22T 22 .
1 temperature range
PSS is the mean heat-capacity for P
and
where
the
22 C
S
Ttemperatura
the
that
results when
compression
and
P2 Tis2 .isentropic
P temperature
donde Twhere
laApplied
quemean
resulta
cuando
la Eq.
compresin
debecomes:
Tfrom
esP1isentrpica,
y donde CP S
1P
P
 y Prange
Ta
2from
2 isC
2 eswhere
and
is
the
heat-capacity
for
the
temperature
Tto
to
to
isentropic
compression,
(4.9)
here

S
P
111 to
where
T
is
the
temperature
that
results
when
compression
from
T
and
P1TP
to
P2TPis
isentropic
Applied
to
isentropic
compression,
Eq.
(4.9)
here
becomes:
Pthe
where
T
is
that
results
when
compression
from
T
and
isentropic
S istemperature
222. is
1
1

2
and
where
C

the
mean
heat-capacity
for
the
temperature
range
from
to
es la capacidad
media para
el intervalo
de temperaturas
que
vanT1deand
T aP1 1to
. P2 2is isentropic
whereApplied
Tcalorfica
the
temperature
that
results when
compression
from
P to
isentropic
compression,
Eq.
(4.9)
here
becomes:
2 isC
and
where
SSPisentropic
isS the
mean
heat-capacity
for
thethe
temperature
range
from
T21 Tto
T2T
. 2 .
and
where
C

is
the
mean
heat-capacity
for
temperature
range
from
to

Applied
to
compression,
Eq.
(4.9)
here
becomes:

Para
compresin
la(H
ecuacin
(4.9)
se(T
convierte
Pthe
anduna
where
C P S is isentrpica,
the mean heat-capacity
for
temperature
range from T1 to T2 .
1 en:
=
C
T
Tbecomes:
2
C
HHH(T
(H ))SSS =
11))
Applied
to to
isentropic
compression,
Eq.Eq.
(4.9)
here
22here
Applied
isentropic
compression,
becomes:
P(4.9)
P
Applied to isentropic compression,
Eq.
here
becomes:
1
C(4.9)

(T

T
)
(H ) SS =
H 22
1
H

) S = C=PPP C
) T1 )
(H
(isentropic)
(T 2T
(7.19)
In accord
accord with
with Eq.
Eq. (7.15),
(7.15), W
Wss(isentropic)
P2H
H (T
2T1
1)
=C
C
(T
(7.19)
In
H
P
s (H
) S )=
C

(T

)T
2
=

(T

(H
H
P
1T

S
1T)1 )
2(T

H
P

H
P
=
C

(7.19)
In accord with Eq. (7.15),
Wss (isentropic)
(H ) S = C (TH2 22 T1 ) 11
(T T1 )
(7.19)
In accord with Eq. (7.15),
Ws (isentropic) = PCHPPP HH
(T2(T
(isentropic)
CC
H
T1T
) 1)
(7.19)
In In
accord
Eq.Eq.
(7.15),
(7.9)
De acuerdo
con
lawith
ecuacin
(7.5),
isentrpico= =

(7.19)
accord
with
(7.15), WsW
s (isentropic)
2

P
2
H
P
(7.19)
In accord with Eq. (7.15),
Ws (isentropic) = C P H (T2 T1 )

07-SmithVanNess.indd 275

8/1/07 13:36:34

276

276
276

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276

CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes

CAPTULO
7.
Aplicaciones
de
termodinmica
a losProcesses
procesos de flujo
CHAPTER
Applications
of
Thermodynamics
Flow
Processes
CHAPTERCHAPTER
7. Applications
of
to la
Flow
Processes
CHAPTER
7.7.
Applications
of
Thermodynamics
toto
Flow
7. Applications
of Thermodynamics
to Flowto
Processes
CHAPTER
7.
Applications
of
Flow
Processes
CHAPTER
7.Thermodynamics
Applications
ofThermodynamics
Thermodynamics
to
Flow
Processes
CHAPTER
7.
Applications
of
Thermodynamics
to
Flow
Processes
CHAPTER
7.
Applications
of
Thermodynamics
to
Flow
Processes

Thiscombinar
result may
beresultado
combinedcon
with
the compressor
efficiencyobteniendo:
to give:
Es posible
este
la eficiencia
del compresor
This
result
may
be
combined
with
the
compressor
efficiency
give:
This resultThis
mayresult
be
combined
with
the
compressor
efficiency
to give:efficiency
This
result
may
be
combined
with
the
compressor
efficiency
toto
give:
may
bemay
combined
with the
compressor
efficiency
to
give:
This
result
be
combined
with
the
compressor
to
This
result
may
be
combined
with
thethe
compressor
efficiency
togive:
give:
This
result
may
be
combined
with
compressor
efficiency
to
give:
This
result
may
be
combined
with
the
compressor
efficiency
give:
Ws (isentropic)
(isentrpico) to
=
(7.20) (7.20)
W
(isentropic)
W
Ws (isentropic)
(isentropic)
W
s(isentropic)
s
s
W
W
(isentropic)
Wss(isentropic)
sss =
sW
s (isentropic)

=
(7.20)
W
(isentropic)
W
(7.20)
Ws =
(7.20)
W
(7.20)
Ws = W
=
(7.20)
=
(7.20)
W
=
(7.20)
W
(7.20)
Wsss =s

compression
La temperatura
de discharge
descarga real
T2, resultado
de la compresin,
se encuentra
tambin
a partir
la ecuacin
The actual
temperature
T2 resulting
from
is also
found from
Eq.de(4.9),
The
actual
discharge
temperature
resulting
from
compression
isEq.
also
found
from
Eq.
(4.9),
The actual(4.9),
discharge
temperature
T2 resulting
isfrom
also
found
from
(4.9),
The
actual
discharge
temperature
TTcompression
from
compression
is
also
found
from
Eq.
(4.9),
2 resulting
rescrita
como:
The
actual
discharge
temperature
T2from
resulting
compression
is also
found
from
Eq.
(4.9),
The
actual
discharge
temperature
T
from
compression
is
found
from
Eq.
(4.9),
The
actual
discharge
temperature
resulting
from
compression
also
found
from
Eq.Eq.
(4.9),
rewritten
as:
The
actual
discharge
temperature
T
resulting
compression
is also
found
from
(4.9),
2from
The
actual
discharge
temperature
TT2222resulting
resulting
from
compression
isisalso
also
found
from
Eq.
(4.9),
rewritten
as:
rewritten as:
rewritten
as:
rewritten
as:
rewritten
as:
rewritten
as:
C
H
=

(T

T
)
rewritten
as:
P
2
1
rewritten as:
H
H
=
C
(T
H = CH
H
T=
) (T
H
C
(T

TT
P
1))
P H (T
PC
=2H
C
1=
C
HHPT(T

H
=
C
2T
=
H)22222(T
P=
2P
1(T
H
C
(T

TT1111)))T1 )
H
PPHHH
H
Whence,
T1 + H
(7.21)
H
H T2 = H
H
H
CH
H
Whence,
=
+
(7.21)
Whence, Por
T2 = T1 +T2 = TT
(7.21)
Whence,
TT22 =
=
TT
+
(7.21)
P H
111+
Whence,
(7.21)
lo tanto,
(7.2)
Whence,
T
(7.21)
Whence,
=
T
+
(7.21)
Whence,
T
=
T
+
(7.21)
1
2
2
1
C

Whence,
=
T
+
(7.21)
C P H1TT2+
C

PH
2 C 1 C
P
H
C

P H CPPHH
P
H H heat-capacity for the temperature
where by Eq. (7.14) H = Ws . Here C P H is thePmean
por
la ecuacin
H
==
W
esteC
caso
Cisis
esmean
lafor
capacidad
calorfica
media
para el intervalo
ss.s.En
P the
.. Here
Here
C
the
mean
heat-capacity
for
the
temperature
where
by
Eq.
H
W
.(7.4)
Here
CH
=
is
the
the
temperature
where by donde,
Eq. (7.14)
H
Here
heat-capacity
for
the
temperature
where
by
Eq.
(7.14)
H
=
W
PH
H
s(7.14)
HW
Here
Here
is
the
for thefor
temperature
where
by
Eq.
(7.14)
H
W
is
mean
heat-capacity
the
temperature
where
by
Eq.
(7.14)
CPPheat-capacity
HPmean
isthe
the
mean
heat-capacity
forfor
thethe
temperature
where
by=
Eq.
(7.14)
H
W
range
from
TW1Eq.
to
T
. H
.Pmean
C
is
is heat-capacity
the
mean
heat-capacity
temperature
where
by
(7.14)
=
s .P=
ss.sW
2=
sHere
.C
Here
C
the
mean
heat-capacity
for
the
temperature
where
by
Eq.
(7.14)
H
=
W
H C
H
PPHHH
temperaturas
de
a
T
.

2
range
from
T
to
T
.
range fromde
T
to
T
.
range
from
T
to
T
.
1 from
2 range
range
T1from
tofrom
T
.11111special
range
T
to
range
from
to1TTto
T22222...Tcase
For
the
of an ideal gas with constant heat capacities,
T
2TT
2.
range
from
to
Para
el
caso
especial
de
un
gas
ideal
con
capacidades
calorficas
constantes,
For
the
special
case
of
an
ideal
gas
with
constant
heat
capacities,
For the special
case
of
anthe
ideal
gas
with
constant
heat
capacities,
For
the
special
case
of
an
ideal
gas
with
constant
heat
capacities,
For the
special
case
of
an
ideal
gas
constant
heat
capacities,
For
the
special
case
of
ideal
gas
with
constant
capacities,
For
the
special
case
ofan
an
ideal
gas
with
constant
heat
capacities,
For
special
case
of
an
ideal
gas
with
constant
heat
capacities,
with
heat
For the special case of
an
ideal
gas
with
constant
heat
capacities,
C

=
C

=
C
=
C
P
P
H
P S
=
PH
C
=
C
=
C
PPSS=
C P H = C
=
=
C
C
=
C
==
CC
PPH
PC
PH
C
SH
C PP HH C
=
C
=
=
=
C
CPPC
HPPP=
=
CC
HHP=
CC
CPPPPPC P
=
C
=
C
=
=
P
C
C
C
C
S=
PP
PPSSSP=
H C
H=
SC
PPHHP
PPHHH
Equations (7.18) and (7.19)
therefore
become:
Equations
(7.18)
and
(7.19)
therefore
become:
EquationsPor
(7.18)
and
(7.19)
therefore
become:
Equations
(7.18)
and
(7.19)
therefore
become:
lo tanto,
las ecuaciones
(7.8)
ytherefore
(7.9)
sern:
Equations
(7.18)
and
(7.19)
therefore
become:
Equations
(7.18)
and
(7.19)
become:

R/C
Equations
(7.18)
and
(7.19)
therefore
become:
Equations
(7.18)
and
(7.19)
therefore
become:
Equations
(7.18)
and
(7.19)
therefore
become:
P
P

R/C

2R/C
R/C

P
P

T2 =
and
Ws (isentropic)
= C P (T2 T1 )
R/C
R/C
R/C
P
P2
PPP2P2
PP P

P2TTT11R/C
2122 P2R/C P Ws (isentropic)
P
=
and
W
(isentropic)
=
C
(T

TT11))
T2 = T1 T = TT
and
=
C
(T

T
)
T1TT22=
=
and
W
(isentropic)
=
(T
s
P
1
s
1
2 = C=P (T
and and
Ws (isentropic)

W
=

=T=
T11 T1PP11
and
Wss(isentropic)
(isentropic)
=
CPPPPPT2(T

T111)))T1 )
=
C(T
y and
Ws(isentrpico)
C
(T
P)22222(T
T
)T
1(T
sW
s (isentropic)
2T
2PC
T222 T=
and
W
(isentropic)
=
C
P21
P21 T1 P
P111 P1
P
6
Combining these6 equations gives:66
Combining
these
equations
gives:
6gives:
CombiningCombining
theseCombining
equations
gives:
Combining
these
equations
6666 6

these
gives:
these
equations
gives:
Combining
these
equations
gives:
Combining
these
equations
gives:
Combinando
estasequations
ecuaciones
se obtiene:
Combining
these
equations
gives:
R/C P

P2

PP

R/C
R/C
R/C

Ws (isentropic)
(7.22)
R/C
R/C
R/C
P
P2 = C PPT21 R/C
PPP2P2
PP
P1
2122 P2R/C P
P
W
(isentropic)
=
C
T

1
(7.22)
Ws (isentropic)
=
C
T

1
(7.22)
W
(isentropic)
=
C
T
1
(7.22)
s
P
1
P
1
s
P
1
Ws (isentropic)
=
C
T

1
(7.22)
W
(isentropic)
=
C
T

1
(7.22)
W
(isentropic)
=
C
T

1
(7.22)
W
(isentropic)
=
C
T

1
(7.22)
P
1
s
P
1
s
P
1
s
P
1
P
W
(7.22)
Ws(isentrpico)
= C PPT1 P
1
(7.22)
P1 =
PP11 P
s (isentropic)
1
111 1
P
For monatomic gases, such as argon and helium, R/C P = 2/5 = 0.4. For such diatomic
For
monatomic
gases,
such
as
argon
helium,
R/C
2/5
=0.4.
0.4.
For
such
diatomic
For monatomic
gases,
such
asnitrogen,
argon
and
helium,
R/C
= helium,
2/5
= P0.4.
For
For
monatomic
gases,
such
as
argon
and
helium,
R/C
==R/C
2/5
=
For
such
diatomic
Pand
PP=such
For
monatomic
gases,
such
asand
argon
and
helium,
R/C
=R/C
2/5
0.4.
For
such
diatomic
For
monatomic
gases,
such
argon
R/C
=
For
such
diatomic
ForFor
monatomic
gases,
such
as
argon
and
helium,
R/C
2/5
0.4.
For
such
diatomic

2/7
=
0.2857.
For como
gases
as
oxygen,
air
at
moderate
temperatures,
monatomic
gases,
such
as
argon
helium,
R/C
= diatomic
2/5
=Para
0.4.
For
such
diatomic
P=
P2/5
For
monatomic
gases,
such
as
argon
and
helium,
==
2/5
==0.4.
0.4.
For
such
diatomic
Para
gases
monoatmicos,
como
elas
argn
yand
el and
helio,
R/C
=PPP2/5
=
0.4.
gases
diatmicos
P

2/7
=
0.2857.
For
gases
as
oxygen,
nitrogen,
and
air
at
moderate
temperatures,
R/C

2/7
=R/C
0.2857.
For
gases as oxygen,
nitrogen,
and
airmolecular
at
moderate
temperatures,
R/C
=
2/7
== 0.2857.
0.2857.
For
gases
as
oxygen,
nitrogen,
and
air
atatmoderate
moderate
temperatures,
R/C
Ptemperatures,
PPP

2/7
0.2857.
For
gases as
oxygen,
nitrogen,
and
airand
at and
moderate
temperatures,
R/C
2/7
=
For
gases
as
nitrogen,
air
at
temperatures,

2/7
0.2857.
For
gases
asoxygen,
oxygen,
nitrogen,
and
air
moderate
temperatures,
R/C
gases
of
greater
complexity
the
ideal-gas
heat
capacity
depends
more
strongly
onFor

2/7
=
0.2857.
gases
as
oxygen,
nitrogen,
air
at
moderate
R/C
P
P
P

2/7
=
0.2857.
For
gases
as
oxygen,
nitrogen,
and
air
at
moderate
temperatures,
R/C
oxgeno,
nitrgeno
y
aire
a
temperaturas
moderadas,
R/C

2/7
=
0.2857.
Para
gases
de
mayor
complejidad
P
P
gases
of
greater
molecular
complexity
the
ideal-gas
heat
capacity
depends
more
strongly
on
gases of greater
molecular
complexity
the ideal-gas
heat
capacity
depends
more
strongly
on
gases
ofofgreater
greater
molecular
complexity
the
ideal-gas
heat
capacity
depends
more
strongly
on
gases of
greater
molecular
complexity
theideal
ideal-gas
heat
capacity
depends
more
strongly
onstrongly
gases
of
complexity
the
ideal-gas
heat
capacity
depends
more
strongly
on
gases
greater
molecular
complexity
the
ideal-gas
heat
capacity
depends
more
strongly
onon protemperature,
andmolecular
Eq.molecular
(7.22)
is gas
less
likely
tothe
be
suitable.
One
can
easily
show
that
the
assumpgases
of
greater
complexity
ideal-gas
heat
capacity
depends
more
gases
of
greater
molecular
complexity
the
ideal-gas
heat
capacity
depends
more
strongly
on
molecular,
la
capacidad
calorfica
del
depende
en
mayor
medida
de
la
temperatura,
y
es
menos
temperature,
and
Eq.
(7.22)
is
less
likely
to
be
suitable.
One
can
easily
show
that
the
assumptemperature,
and temperature,
Eq.
(7.22)
is
less
likely
to
be
suitable.
One
can
easily
show
that
the
assumptemperature,
and
Eq.
(7.22)
is
less
likely
to
be
suitable.
One
can
easily
show
that
the
assumptemperature,
and
Eq.
(7.22)
is
less
likely
to
be
suitable.
One
can
easily
show
that
the
assumpand
Eq.
(7.22)
is
less
likely
to
be
suitable.
One
can
easily
show
that
the
assumptemperature,
and
Eq.
(7.22)
is
less
likely
be
suitable.
One
can
easily
show
that
the
assumption
of
constant
heat
capacities
also
leads
to
the
result:
temperature,
and
is less
likely
to be
suitable.
One
easily
show
temperature,
and
Eq.Eq.
(7.22)
is less
likely
to be
suitable.
One
cancan
easily
thatthat
the
assumpbable que
laofecuacin
(7.22)
sea(7.22)
apropiada.
Se
demuestra
con facilidad
que
lashow
hiptesis
dethe
las assumpcapacidades
tion
constant
heat
capacities
also
leads
the
result:
tion of constant
capacities
also
leads
to theleads
result:
tion
ofofconstant
constant
heat
capacities
also
leads
toto
the
result:
tion ofheat
constant
heat
capacities
also
to
theleads
result:
tion
of
heat
capacities
also
leads
to
result:
tion
constant
heat
capacities
also
leads
tothe
thethe
result:
tion
of
constant
heat
capacities
to
result:

tion
of constant
heat
capacities
also
leads
to
the
result:
calorficas
constantes
tambin
conduce
al also
resultado:
T T1
(7.23)
T2 TT12 =T T 1+T1T

TTT222
TT
T11111 T1
2TT

T
(7.23)
=
T
+
T
2
222 T
(7.23)
T2 = T1 +T2 = TT
(7.23)
=
T=
+
T22 =
111+
(7.23)
(7.23)
(7.23)
T
(7.23)
=
T
+
(7.23)
T
+
T
1
2
2
1

(7.23)
=
T
+
1TT2+

2
1

Ejemplo
7.9 7.9
Example
Example
7.9
Example
7.9
Example
7.9
Example
Example
7.9
Example
7.9
Example
7.9como
Example
7.9
If
methane
to be
ideal
gas)
compressed
adiabaticallydesde
from 20
C and
Si el metano
(si7.9
se(assumed
supone
unan
gas
ideal)
se iscomprime
adiabticamente
20C
y 140 kPa

C and from
IfIfmethane
methane
(assumed
to
be
an
ideal
gas)
compressed
adiabatically
from
20
and
C and
If methane
(assumed
to estime
be(assumed
an(assumed
ideal
gas)
isbe
compressed
adiabatically
from
20
If140
methane
(assumed
to
be
an
ideal
gas)
isis
compressed
adiabatically
20
CC
and
C
If methane
(assumed
to
be estimate
an
ideal
gas)
is
compressed
adiabatically
from
20
If
to
an
ideal
is
adiabatically
from
20
methane
(assumed
tobe
be
anthe
ideal
gas)
iscompressed
compressed
adiabatically
from
20
Cand
and
kPa
to
560
kPa,
work
requirement
and
the
discharge
temperature
ofand del
IfkPa,
methane
to
an
ideal
gas)
is
compressed
adiabatically
from
C
hasta
560
el
trabajo
necesario
ygas)
la
temperatura
de
descarga
del metano.
La20
eficiencia
If140
methane
(assumed
to
be
an
ideal
gas)
is
compressed
adiabatically
from
20
C
and
kPa
to
560
kPa,
estimate
the
work
requirement
and
the
discharge
temperature
of
140 kPa to
560
kPa,
estimate
the
work
requirement
and
the
discharge
temperature
of
140
kPa
to
560
kPa,
estimate
the
work
requirement
and
the
discharge
temperature
of
140
kPa
to
560
kPa,
estimate
the
work
requirement
and
the
discharge
temperature
of
140
kPa
to
560
kPa,
estimate
the
work
requirement
and
the
discharge
temperature
of
140
kPa
to
560
kPa,
estimate
the
work
requirement
and
the
discharge
temperature
of of
the
methane.
The
compressor
efficiency
is
0.75.
140
kPa
to
560
kPa,
estimate
the
work
requirement
and
the
discharge
temperature
compresor
es
0.75.
140
kPa
to 560The
kPa,
estimate the
work requirement
and the discharge temperature of
the
methane.
compressor
efficiency
is
0.75.
the methane.
The
compressor
efficiency
is
0.75.
the
methane.
The
compressor
efficiency
is
0.75.
the methane.
The
compressor
efficiency
is
0.75.
the
methane.
The
compressor
efficiency
is
0.75.
the
methane.
The
compressor
efficiency
is
0.75.
the
methane.
The
compressor
efficiency
is
0.75.
the methane. The compressor efficiency is 0.75.

6 Because R = C C for an ideal gas: R = C P C V = 1 . An alternative form of Eq. (7.22)

CCVV 11
RC V CC
R
1R

RR
CC
PPC
6 Because R = CP CRV for C
6 Because R =
6

C.VC
PPCCC

form

CP

111.
V1C
C
1Eq.
.An
An
alternative
formofofEq.
Eq.(7.22)
(7.22)
anPideal
ideal
gas:
=
P=
PRR
V
P
VUna
An
alternative
(7.22)
C P 6que
C
for
ideal
gas:
=
=gas:
alternative
form
Because
R
=
CC

C
for
an
gas:
=.=
66Because
Vgas

C
6RV
6R
PP
V
P
V=
Puesto
=
C
C
para
un
ideal:
alternativa
la(7.22)
ecuacin
(7.22)
es, por lo tanto:
An
form
ofde
Eq.
=
Can
C
an
ideal
gas:
=
=
6Because
.of
form
of
R
C
for
an
ideal
gas:
=
An
alternative
form
ofEq.
Eq.
(7.22)
Because
=RVC

CV
for
an
ideal
gas:
=
=
. alternative
An
alternative
form
of (7.22)
Eq.
(7.22)
Because
C

C
for
an
ideal
=
=alternative
VC=
C
C
forma
PP
Pfor
P
V

P
V
C
C

C
C
P
..An
An
alternative
form
of
Eq.
(7.22)
Because
RR=
=
for
an
ideal
gas:
=
=
P
P
P1)/
PP C
C
P
V
C
C

C
C

(
P
P
P
P
P
P
CP P

P2 C P P

RT

1)/

( 1)/
((1)/
is therefore:
Ws (isentropic)
=
1. Although
this is the form commonly encountered,
1)/

RT11(
RT
P2 RT
RT
PPPP
1)/
( 1)/
P
1 (isentropic)
22 ((1)/
1)/

PRT
RT
therefore:
= RT
.Although
Although
thisisisencountered,
the
formcommonly
commonly
encountered,
1=
211
2122 P(
(isentrpico)
= W
esis
la
ms
comn,
la
ecuacin
(7.22)
esencountered,
ms
simple y se aplica con
2 sta
is therefore: W
Wsstherefore:
(isentropic)
=

111RT. 1Aunque
Although
this
the
commonly
isis
therefore:
WW

11forma
.form
this
the
form
encountered,
s(isentropic)
P
s
is
W
(isentropic)
=

1
.
Although
this
is
the
form
commonly
encountered,
is
therefore:
(isentropic)
=

1
.
Although
this
is
commonly
is
therefore:
W
(isentropic)
=

1
.
Although
this
the
form
commonly
encountered,
is
therefore:
W
(isentropic)
=

1
.
Although
this
isform
the
form
commonly
encountered,
s Ws1ss(isentropic)
11
s P1
PPP
is therefore:
1 . Although this
isisthe
the
form
commonly
encountered,
11 P
1 = P

1
P

1
1
1
1
1
1applied.
P1
Eq. (7.22) is simpler and more easily

Eq.(7.22)
(7.22)easily
simpler
andmore
moreeasily
easilyapplied.
applied.
Eq. (7.22) is ms
simpler
and
more
Eq.
isis
simpler
and
facilidad.
Eq.
(7.22)
is (7.22)
simpler
more
easily
applied.
Eq.
is
simpler
and
more
easily
applied.
Eq.
(7.22)
simpler
and
more
easily
applied.
Eq.
(7.22)
isapplied.
simpler
and
more
easily
applied.
Eq.
(7.22)
isisand
simpler
and
more
easily
applied.

07-SmithVanNess.indd 276

8/1/07 13:36:58

Compression
Processes
7.3.
Compression
Processes
7.3. 7.3.
Compression
7.3.
Compression
Processes
Processes
7.3.
Compression
Processes
7.3.
Compression
Processes
7.3. Compression Processes
7.3. Compression Processes
7.3. Procesos de compresin

277 277
277 277
277
277
277
277
277

Solution
Solution
7.97.9
Solution
Solution
7.97.9
Solution
7.9
Solution
7.9
Solucin
7.9
. This is
Application
of
requires
evaluation
of
the
R/C
Application
of Eq.
Eq.
(7.18)
requires
evaluation
of exponent
the
exponent
R/C
is
P SS . This
Solution
Application
Application
of 7.9
Eq.
(7.18)
of (7.18)
Eq.
requires
(7.18)
requires
evaluation
evaluation
of the
of exponent
the exponent
R/CR/C
S . This is
P S . PThis
P is

Application
of
Eq. (7.18)
(7.18)
requires
evaluation
of the
the exponent
exponent
R/CPPby:
This
is. sta se
La aplicacin
deEq.
la of
ecuacin
(7.8)
de la
evaluacin
del
exponente
is
Application
of
Eq.
(7.18)
requires
evaluation
of
the
exponent
R/C
SR
This
provided
(5.17),
which
for
the
computation
is
represented
provided
Eq.
(5.17),
which
forrequiere
the
present
computation
is
represented
S../ C
Application
Eq.
requires
evaluation
of
R/C
provided
provided
Eq. (5.17),
Eq.
which
(5.17),
forwhich
the
present
forpresent
thecomputation
present
computation
is represented
is represented
by:P by:
by:P Sis
S . This
provided
Eq.
(5.17),
which
for
the
present
computation
is
represented
by:

logra con
la
ecuacin
(5.7),
que
para
el
presente
clculo
se
simboliza
por:
provided
Eq.
(5.17),
which
for
the
present
computation
is
represented
by:
Application
Eq. (7.18)
evaluation
of the exponent
R/C Pby:
S . This is
provided
Eq. of
(5.17),
which requires
for the present
computation
is represented

provided
Eq.
which
for
the
present
computation
is
represented
by:
S(5.17),
PPC
S
C

C P C
S =
P
= SMCPS(293.15,T2;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0)
MCPS(293.15,T2;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0)
C
C
P
=
= MCPS(293.15,T2;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0)
PSSMCPS(293.15,T2;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0)
=
MCPS(293.15,T2;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0)
S R
=
MCPS(293.15,T2;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0)
R CRPR

=
MCPS(293.15,T2;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0)
R
RP S
CR

= MCPS(293.15,T2;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0)
where
the
for
are
Table
C.1.
Choose
aa value
T
where
the constants
constants
for methane
methane
are from
from
Table
C.1.
Choose
value
for
Tfor
22 T
where
the
where
constants
the
for methane
for methane
are from
are
Table
from
C.1.
Table
Choose
C.1.
aChoose
value
for
a value
Tfor
R constants

2
2
where
the higher
constants
for
methane
are from
from
Table
C.1.
Choose
value
forpara
where
the
constants
for
methane
are
from
Table
C.1.
Choose
value
for
TTin
somewhat
than
the
initial
temperature
TT1 =
293.15
K.
exponent
donde
las
constantes
para
el
setemperature
obtienen
deTlaTable
tabla
Seleccione
valor
somewhat
higher
than
the
initial
temperature
=
293.15
K. The
The
exponent
22 T algo
where
the
constants
for
methane
are
C.1.
Choose
aaa un
value
for
somewhat
somewhat
higher
than
higher
themetano
than
initial
the
initial
temperature
TC..
293.15
The
exponent
K.
The
exponent
in Tin
1 = 1293.15
1 = K.
2 2in

somewhat
higher
than
theTmethane
initial
temperature
=
293.15
K. The
The
exponent
somewhat
higher
than
the
initial
temperature
TT11 PP=
=
293.15
K.
The
exponent
in
Eq.
is
the
SSK.
/R.
=
560/140
=
4.0
mayor
la(7.18)
temperatura
inicial
=of
El With
exponente
laChoose
ecuacin
(7.8)
esand
el
C
from
Eq.
(7.18)
is
the
reciprocal
of293.5
/R.
With
/P
=
560/140
= and
4.0
and
2 /P
11 560/140
where
constants
for
Table
for
Tin2recprosomewhat
higher
than
the
temperature
T
293.15
exponent
in
Pare
Eq. que
(7.18)
Eq.
isthe
(7.18)
the
reciprocal
is reciprocal
the
reciprocal
of initial
C
C
/R.
With
P
=
Pen
= 560/140
=a value
4.0
=
4.0
and
1With
2 /P
12C.1.
2 /P
1 K.
PC
Sof
P C
P S /R.
/R.
/R.
Eq.
(7.18)
is
the
reciprocal
of
C
With
P
/P
=
560/140
=
4.0
and
Eq.
(7.18)
is
the
reciprocal
of
With
P
/P
=
560/140
=
4.0
and

2
1
=
293.15
K,
find
a
new
value
of
T
.
The
procedure
is
repeated
until
no
further
T
co de
C

/
R.
Con
P
/
P
=
560/40
=
4.0
y
T
=
293.5
K,
encuentre
un
nuevo
valor
de T2 . El
2
1

=
293.15
K,
find
a
new
value
of
T
.
The
procedure
is
repeated
until
no
further
T
S
P
1
2 areciprocal
than
T .With
somewhat
higher
the
initial
temperature
T
=
293.15
K.
The
exponent
in
S22of
PThe
1 S(7.18)
P293.15
is
the
of

/R.
P
/P
=
560/140
=
4.0
and
1
find
K,
new
find
value
a new
of C
T
value
.
procedure
The
procedure
is
repeated
is
repeated
until
no
further
until
no
further
T1 =Eq.
T1 =K,293.15
2
1
P S
2of
. procedure
=(7.18)
293.15
K,
find
newin
value
of
T22of
. The
The
procedure
is
repeated
until
node
further
T
293.15
K,
find
new
value
.of
is
repeated
until
no
further
TT
significant
change
occurs
the
TT22significativo
This
produces
the
values:
procedimiento
se repite
hasta
que
ningn
cambio
en
valor
T2and
. Este pro11 =
process
significant
change
occurs
the
value
.With
This
process
produces
the=
values:
Eq.
isK,
the
reciprocal
ofinvalue
C
/R.
P
=
560/140
293.15
find
aaain
new
value
of
is
repeated
no
further
T
2 /P
1ocurre
significant
change
occurs
change
occurs
thein
value
the
of
value
T
This
process
produces
process
produces
theeluntil
values:
the4.0
values:
2of
1 =significant
PTT
2S2. .The
.procedure
2 . This
significant
change
occurs
in
the
value
of
T
This
process
produces
the
values:

significant
change
occurs
in
the
value
of
T
.
This
process
produces
the
values:

ceso dasignificant
los
valores:
2
K, find
a new
of T2of. The
procedure
is produces
repeated until
no further
T1 = 293.15
change
occurs
in value
the value
T22. This
process
the values:
. This process produces the values:
C

SSoccurs
CPPC
significant
in
the
value
of
T

C change

2
S =
P C
P
and
K
T

= S4.5574
4.5574
and
T2 =
= 397.37
397.37
K K
C
P
=
=K397.37
PSS4.5574= 4.5574 and y and T2 = 2397.37
=T2397.37
=
4.5574
and
T
K
S R
=
=
4.5574
and
T
397.37
K
R CRPR
2
2
and
T2 = 397.37 K
RRP S = 4.5574
CR
,4.5574
/R
=
and
T2 = 397.37 K
For
the
same
T
and
T
evaluate
C
by
Eq.
(4.8):

For
the
same
T
and
T
,
evaluate
C

/R
by
Eq.
(4.8):
ParaFor
lasthe
mismas
T
y
,
se
evala
C

/
R
por
la
ecuacin
(4.8):
1
H /R
H
PP C
22 T , evaluate
P
H
same
For the
T1 same
and12RT2T,1evaluate
and
C
by
Eq.

/R
(4.8):
by
Eq.
(4.8):
H /R
P C
P H
2
For the
the same
same T
and T
evaluate
C
/R
by Eq.
Eq. (4.8):
(4.8):
For
the
same
TT11 and
and
TT22,,, evaluate
evaluate
by
Eq.
(4.8):
PPH
H/R
For
C
by
1
H
P
2

C
HH same
T1 and T2 , evaluate C P H /R by Eq. (4.8):
PPthe
C
HMCPH(293.15,397.37;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0)
C PFor
C

=
=
H
P
=
MCPH(293.15,397.37;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0)
= 4.5774
4.5774

C
HH MCPH(293.15,397.37;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0)
C PR
= MCPH(293.15,397.37;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0)
= 4.5774
= 4.5774
P=
= MCPH(293.15,397.37;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0)
MCPH(293.15,397.37;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0) =
= 4.5774
4.5774
P H R
=
MCPH(293.15,397.37;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0)
=
4.5774
RC R

=
RRP H
CR
= (4.5774)(8.314) = 38.056 J mol1
1
= MCPH(293.15,397.37;1.702,9.081E-3,-2.164E-6,0.0)
1
1 1 = 4.5774
Whence.
= (4.5774)(8.314)
1K
De Whence.
donde,
HH(4.5774)(8.314)
= 38.056
mol
K1
Whence.
P=
RWhence.
P C
C
= (4.5774)(8.314)
= 38.056
=J 38.056
molJ1
K
J1
mol
K
C P C
1
1

1
H
H
P
= (4.5774)(8.314)
(4.5774)(8.314) =
= 38.056
38.056 JJJ mol
mol1 K
K1
Whence.
CPPHH =
=
(4.5774)(8.314)
=
38.056
mol
K
Whence.
C
Whence.
C
Then
by
Eq.
(7.19),
P H
by (7.19),
Eq.
ThenThen
by Then
Eq.
by (7.19),
Eq.C(7.19),
= (4.5774)(8.314) = 38.056 J mol1 K1
Whence.
En consecuencia,
por(7.19),
la ecuacin
(7.9),
Then
by Eq.
Eq.
(7.19),
Then
by
Eq.
P H
Then
by
(7.19),
1
1 1
(isentropic)
=
(38.056)(397.37

=
JJ1
mol
W
= (38.056)(397.37
293.15)
293.15)
= 3,966.2
3,966.2
mol
WEq.
ss (isentropic)
Then
(isentropic)
= (38.056)(397.37
= (38.056)(397.37
293.15)
=
293.15)
3,966.2
=J3,966.2
mol
J
mol
Wsby
W(7.19),
s (isentropic)
1
1
W
(isentrpico)
=
(38.056)(397.37

293.5)
=
3
996.2
J
mol
(isentropic)
=
(38.056)(397.37

293.15)
=
3,966.2
J
mol
W
(isentropic)
=
(38.056)(397.37

293.15)
=
3,966.2
W
1
s
s
Wss (isentropic) = (38.056)(397.37 293.15) = 3,966.2 J mol
is
Eq.
The actual
actual
work
is found
found
from
Eq. (7.20):
(7.20):
(isentropic)
=from
(38.056)(397.37
293.15) = 3,966.2 J mol1
W
swork
The The
actual
The
work
actual
is found
work
from
is found
Eq.from
(7.20):
Eq. (7.20):
El trabajo
real
se encuentra
a partir
de Eq.
la
ecuacin
(7.20):
The
actual
work
is
found
from
Eq.
(7.20):
The
actual
work
is
found
from
(7.20):
The actual work is found from Eq. (7.20):
3,966.2
3,966.2
1
The actual work is found
Eq.3,966.2
(7.20):
3,966.2
1 1
W
=
JJ1
mol
Wsfrom
= 5,288.3
5,288.3
mol
=
s=
3,966.2
Ws =
W3,966.2
= 5,288.3
=J5,288.3
mol
J1
mol
=
s3,966.2
1
0.75
0.75
W
=
5,288.3
J
mol
=
W
=
5,288.3
J
mol
=
0.75
0.75
Wsss =
= 5,288.3 J mol1
0.75
0.75
3,966.2
0.75 = 5,288.3 J mol1
Wfor
Application
of
Eq.
calculation
TT22ofgives:
s =the
Application
of(7.21)
Eq.
(7.21)
for
the
calculation
ofgives:
gives:
Application
Application
of Eq.
of(7.21)
Eq.
for(7.21)
the
calculation
for0.75
the calculation
of T2of
T2 gives:
Application
of
Eq.
(7.21)
for
the
calculation
of
gives:
Application
of
Eq.
(7.21)
for
the
calculation
of
T
gives:
Al aplicar
la ecuacin
(7.2)
parafor
el clculo
de T2 seofobtiene:
Application
of Eq.
(7.21)
the calculation
TT222 gives:
5,288.3
5,288.3
Application of Eq. (7.21) forTTthe
of
T25,288.3
gives:
293.15
+
=Tcalculation
293.155,288.3
+ 5,288.3
2=
5,288.3
T2 = 2293.15
+P
2 =+293.15
C
5,288.3
C
P
T
=
293.15
+
H
T
=
293.15
+
H
C

C
H P H
T222 = 293.15 +P C
C
5,288.3
PP H
C
T2 = 293.15 + P HH
Because
C

depends
on
T
,
we
again
iterate.
TT2a2 as
value,
this
Because
HH Pdepends
T2on
we
iterate.
asTaa starting
starting
value,
this this
PP C
C
With
2 ,again
PWith
Because
Because
C P C
H depends
on T2on
, we
T2 , again
we
iterate.
again
With
iterate.
T2 as
With
starting
as
avalue,
starting
this
value,
H
as
H depends
2a starting
Because
C

depends
on
T
,
we
again
iterate.
With
T
as
starting
value,
this
Because
C

depends
on
T
,
we
again
iterate.
With
T
a
value,
this

P
2
leads
to
the
results:
Presults:
2, we again iterate. With
leads
to
the
H
2
H
2
Because
C

depends
on
T
T
as
a
starting
value,
this

leads
to
the
leads
results:
to
the
results:
P H
2
Puesto que C P H depende
de T2, iteramos
de nuevo. Con T2 como
valor inicial, lo que conduce
2
leads
to the
the
results:

leads
to
the
results:
Because
Cresults:
leads
to
P H depends on T2 , we again iterate. With T2 as a starting value, this
a los resultados:
C
or
C 155.5
=T428.65
428.65 K
K
or or t2 =tt2155.5
=t155.5
155.5
C C
leads to theT2results:
2=
2=
=TT2428.65
2 =K428.65 K or
2 =
C
T
=
428.65
K
or
t
=
155.5
C
=
428.65
K
or
t
=
155.5
T

2
2
2 = 155.5 C
428.65
K
or
t
T22 =
T2 = 428.65 K
o
t2 =21
55.5 C
1
1
1 1

C
=
mol
C
1K
HH39.027
= 39.027
39.027
mol
K1
and and
CPPK
428.65
orJJ1
t1
T2 =C
2 =
mol
K
J1
mol
K 155.5 C
and and
P H =
P H =J 39.027
1
1

=
39.027
J
mol
K
and
C

=
39.027
J
mol
K
and
C
1
1
P
and
C PP HHH = 39.027 J mol K
and
C P H = 39.027 J mol1 K1
y

07-SmithVanNess.indd 277

8/1/07 13:37:20

278

CAPTULO
Aplicaciones
de
la termodinmica
a los Processes
procesos de flujo
CHAPTER
7.
Applications
of
to
CHAPTER
7. 7.
Applications
of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
to Flow
Flow
Processes
CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes

278
278
278

Bombas
Pumps
Pumps

Liquids
are
usually
moved
by
generally
rotating
equipment.
equations
apply
Liquidses
areposible
usuallymover
movedlquidos
by pumps,
pumps,
generally
rotating
equipment. The
The
same
equations
apply
Por lo general
usando
bombas,
que normalmente
sonsame
equipo
giratorio.
Se aplican
Liquids
are usually
moved
by pumps,
generally
rotating
equipment.
The
same
equations
apply
to
adiabatic
pumps
as
to
adiabatic
compressors.
Thus,
Eqs.
(7.13)
through
(7.15)
and
Eq.
(7.17)
to
adiabatic
pumps
as
to
adiabatic
compressors.
Thus,
Eqs.
(7.13)
through
(7.15)
and
Eq.
(7.17)
las mismas
ecuaciones
a
bombas
adiabticas
que
a
compresores
adiabticos.
De
este
modo,
son
vlidas
las
to adiabaticHowever,
pumps asapplication
to adiabaticof
compressors.
Thus, Eqs.
(7.13) through
(7.15) and
Eq. (7.17)
are
Eq.
for
calculation
of
requires
valss =
are valid.
valid.
However,
application
ofcualquier
Eq. (7.14)
(7.14)
for the
the
calculationde
oflaW
Wecuacin
= H
H(7.4)
requires
valecuaciones
(7.3)
a
la
(7.5)
y
(7.7).
De
modo,
la
aplicacin
para
el
clculo
are valid.
However,of
application
of (subcooled)
Eq. (7.14) for
the calculation
ofareWseldom
vals = H requires The
the
compressed
liquids,
ues
ofrequiere
the enthalpy
enthalpy
compressed
(subcooled)
liquids, and
and these
these
are seldomy available.
available.
de Ws =ues
Hof
valoresof
la entalpa de
lquidos comprimidos
(subenfriados),
rara
vez se The
encuentran
ues
of the enthalpy
ofde
compressed
(subcooled)
liquids,
and these
areanseldom
available.
The
fundamental
property
relation,
Eq.
(6.8),
provides
an
alternative.
For
isentropic
process,
fundamental
property
relation, para
Eq. (6.8),
provides de
an una
alternative.
For ecuacin
an isentropic
process,
disponibles.
La
relacin
fundamental
la
evaluacin
propiedad,
(6.8),
proporciona
una
fundamental property relation, Eq. (6.8), provides an alternative. For an isentropic process,
alternativa. Para un proceso isentrpico,
dd H
(const
H=
=V
V dd P
P
(const S)
S)
dH = V dP
(const S)
dH = V dP
(S constante)
Combining
Combining this
this with
with Eq.
Eq. (7.15)
(7.15) yields:
yields:
Combining this with Eq. (7.15) yields:
Al combinar sta con la ecuacin (7.5) se obtiene:

PP222
P2 V d P
(isentropic)
=
(H
)
=
W
ss (isentropic) = (H )SS =
dP
W
W
= (H ) S = PP11 V
(isentropic) =
V dP
Wss(isentrpico)
1

P1

The
assumption
for
(at
conditions
well
removed
from
the
critical
point)
that
La suposicin
acostumbrada
lquidos
condiciones
alejadas
crtico)
The usual
usual
assumption para
for liquids
liquids
(at(en
conditions
well muy
removed
fromdel
thepunto
critical
point)esis
is que
thatVV
Ves indeThe
usual assumption
for liquidsthen
(at conditions
well removed from the critical point) is that V
is
independent
of
P.
Integration
gives:
pendiente
de P. En tal of
caso
integracin
proporciona:
is independent
P.laIntegration
then
gives:
is independent of P. Integration then gives:
W
(isentropic)
(7.24)
W
= (H
Wsss(isentrpico)
(isentropic) =
=
(H ))S =
=V
V (P
(P2
P
P1 ))
(7.24) (7.24)
Ws (isentropic) = (H ) SS = V (P22 P11 )
(7.24)
Tambin
se
consideran
tiles
las
ecuaciones
siguientes
del
captulo
6:
Also
useful
are
the
following
equations
from
Chap.
6:
Also useful are the following equations from Chap. 6:
Also useful are the following equations from Chap. 6:

dT
dT V d P
dd SS =
(6.29)
=C
C PP dT
V d P
(6.29)
d S = CP T
(6.29)
T V d P
T
where
the
expansivity

Eq.
changes
the
donde el
coeficiente
de expansin
volumtrica
seby
por laBecause
ecuacintemperature
(3.2). Puesto
que losin
de
where
the volume
volume
expansivity
is
is defined
defined
bydefine
Eq. (3.2).
(3.2).
Because
temperature
changes
incambios
the
where thefluid
volume
expansivityand
isbecause
definedthe
by Eq. (3.2). of
Because temperature
changes
in the
pumped
are
very
to
pressure
temperatura
en elfluid
fluido
bombea
muy pequeos
y las propiedades
los lquidos
insensibles a
pumped
areque
verysesmall
small
andson
because
the properties
properties
of liquids
liquids are
aredeinsensitive
insensitive
toson
pressure
pumpedatfluid
are very
small and
because thepoint),
properties
of liquids are
insensitive
to pressure
(again
not
to
these
are
usually
on
la presin
(de nuevo
en condiciones
del punto
crtico),
en equations
general, estas
se integran
(again
at conditions
conditions
not close
closealejadas
to the
the critical
critical
point),
these
equations
are ecuaciones
usually integrated
integrated
on con la
(again
at
conditions
not
close
to
the
critical
point),
these
equations
are
usually
integrated
on
the
,
V
,
and

are
constant,
usually
at
initial
values.
Thus,
to
a
good
suposicin
de que CP, Vthat
y C
constantes,
usualmente
en
los
valores
iniciales.
En
estos
trminos,
para una
P
the assumption
assumption
that
Cson
,
V
,
and

are
constant,
usually
at
initial
values.
Thus,
to
a
good
P , V , and are constant, usually at initial values. Thus, to a good
the
assumption
that
C
P
approximation
buena aproximacin
approximation
approximation
dd H
H=
=C
C P dT
dT +
+V
V (1
(1
T
T )) dd P
P
d H = C PP dT + V (1 T ) d P

(6.28)
(6.28)
(6.28)

H
H =
=C
C P dT
dT +
+V
V (1
(1
T
T )) P
P
H = C PP dT + V (1 T ) P

(7.25)
(7.25)
(7.25)

T
T22 V P
S
S =
=C
C P T2
V P
S = C PP T
T11 V P
T1

(7.26)
(7.26)
(7.26)

Example 7.10
Example
Ejemplo
7.10 7.10
Water at 45 C and 10 kPa enters an adiabatic pump and is discharged at a pressure

Water at 45 C and 10 kPa enters an adiabatic pump and is discharged at a pressure

Water
at kPa.
45 C andentra
10 kPa
enters
an
pump
and
is discharged
at ade
pressure
En unaof
agua
a 45
C adiabatic
y 10 kPa
se descarga
a una
600 kPa. Su8,600
pump
efficiency
to
Calculate
the
work
ofbomba
8,600adiabtica
kPa. Assume
Assume the
the
pump
efficiency
to be
bey 0.75.
0.75.
Calculate
thepresin
work of
of the
the8 pump,
pump,
of
8,600
kPa.
Assume
the
pump
efficiency
to
be
0.75.
Calculate
the
work
of
the
pump,
ponga que
la
eficiencia
de
la
bomba
es
de
0.75.
Calcule
el
trabajo
de
la
bomba,
el
cambio
de temperathe
temperature
change
of
the
water,
and
the
entropy
change
of
the
water.
the temperature change of the water, and the entropy change of the water.
the
temperature
change
of the water, and the entropy change of the water.
tura y el
cambio
de entropa
del agua.

Solution 7.10

Solution
Solucin
7.10 7.10
Solution
7.10

(318.15 K):
The
are
saturated
liquid
water
The following
following
are properties
properties
for
saturated
liquid
watera at
at
45
C(38.5
(318.15 K):
Las siguientes
son propiedades
para for
el agua
lquida
saturada
4545
CC
The following
are properties
for
saturated
liquid
water at
45
C (318.15K):
K):
1
3
V
kg1
V =
= 1,010
1,010 cm
cm3 kg
V = 1,010 cm3 kg1

07-SmithVanNess.indd 278

6 1

=
= 425
425
10
106 K
K1
= 425 106 K1

1 1
C
C PP =
= 4.178
4.178 kJ
kJ kg
kg1 K
K1
C P = 4.178 kJ kg1 K1

8/1/07 13:37:31

7.3.
Processes
7.3. Procesos
de compresin
7.3. Compression
Compression
Processes
7.3. Compression Processes

279
279
279

279

Por la ecuacin
(7.24),
By
By Eq.
Eq. (7.24),
(7.24),
By Eq. (7.24),
66
33 1
= (H)
( 00) (8 600
10)
0) =
=
W
=
))SS S=
8.676
10
kPa
cm
kg
s (isentrpico)
ss(isentropic)
WW
(isentropic)
= (H
(H
== (1,010)(8,600
(1,010)(8,600

10)
=8.676
8.676
0
106kPa
kPacm
cm3kg
kg1
Ws (isentropic) = (H ) S = (1,010)(8,600 10) = 8.676 106 kPa cm3 kg1
6 kPa6 cm3,
3
Puesto que
 kJ = 0
Because
Because 11 kJ
kJ == 10
1066 kPa
kPa cm
cm33,,
Because 1 kJ = 10 kPa cm ,
1
Ws (isentrpico)
= (H)
= 8.676 kJ
kg
W
Wss(isentropic)
(isentropic) =
= (H
(H ))SSS =
= 8.676
8.676 kJ
kJ kg
kg1
Ws (isentropic) = (H ) S = 8.676 kJ kg1
(H
(H ))SS = 8.676
8.676 = 11.57 kJ kg1
By
(7.17),
H
de la ecuacin
By Eq.
Eq. (7.7),
(7.17),
H =
= (H
= 11.57 kJ kg1
) S = 8.676

= 0.75
By Eq. (7.17),
H =
0.75 = 11.57 kJ kg1

0.75
1
and
W
H
11.57
kJ
kg
ss =
y
H =
= .57
and
WW
=
=
11.57kJ
kJkg
kg1
s =H
and
Ws = H = 11.57 kJ kg1
El cambio
temperaturachange
del agua
durante
bombeo,
a partirfrom
de laEq.
ecuacin
The
of
water
pumping,
(7.25):
Thedetemperature
temperature
change
of the
the
waterelduring
during
pumping,
from
Eq.
(7.25):(7.25):
The temperature change of the water during pumping, from Eq. (7.25):
8,590

6
6)(318.15) 8,590

11.57
=
4.178
T
+
1,010
1

(425

10
11.57 = 4.178 T + 1,010 1 (425 10 6)(318.15) 8,590
6
11.57 = 4.178 T + 1,010 1 (425 10 )(318.15) 10
1066
10
Solution
Solution for
for T
T gives:
gives:
La solucin
para for
T T
proporciona:
Solution
gives:
T
=
K
or
0.97C
TT
= 0.97
0.97
KK

0.97
oor
0.970.97
C C
T = =0.97
K
or
0.97
C
The
entropy
change
of
the
water
is
given
by
Eq.
(7.26):
Thedeentropy
change
of the
water
by Eq.
(7.26):
El cambio
entropa
del agua
se da
poris
lagiven
ecuacin
(7.26):
The entropy
change
of the
water
is
given
by Eq.
(7.26):
319.12
8,590
6
319.12
8,590 = 0.0090 kJ kg1
1
6
1 K
S
S =
= 4.178
4.178 ln
ln 318.15
)(1,010) 8,590
K1
(425
(425
10
10 6)(1,010)
319.12
6 = 0.0090 kJ kg
S = 4.178 ln 318.15 (425 10 )(1,010) 10
1066 = 0.0090 kJ kg1 K1
318.15
10

Figura
7.7: Eyector
de una sola
Figure
Figure 7.7:
7.7: Single-stage
Single-stage
etapa.
Figure 7.7: Single-stage
ejector.
ejector.
ejector.

Eyectores
Ejectors
Ejectors
Los eyectores
transfieren gases o vapores de un espacio a evacuar y los comprime para descargarlos a una
Ejectors

remove
or
an
compress
them
Ejectors
removeesgases
gases
or vapors
vapors
from
an evacuated
evacuated
space
and
compress
them
for
discharge
presinEjectors
mayor. Cuando
posible
mezclarfrom
los gases
o vaporesspace
con eland
fluido
impulsor,
porfor
lo discharge
general los eyecEjectors
remove
gases
or vapors
from
an gases
evacuated
spacewith
and the
compress
them
for
discharge
at
a
higher
pressure.
Where
mixing
of
the
or
vapors
driving
fluid
is
allowable,
at
a
higher
pressure.
Where
mixing
of
the
gases
or
vapors
with
the
driving
fluid
is
allowable,
tores son ms baratos y tienen costos de mantenimiento ms bajos que los otros tipos de bombas de vaco.
at
a
higher
pressure.
Where
mixing
of
the
gases
or
vapors
with
the
driving
fluid
is
allowable,
ejectors
in
cost
and
costs
than
types
ejectors
are
usually
lower
in first
first
costconsiste
and maintenance
maintenance
costsinterna
than other
other
types of
of vacuum
vacuum pumps.
pumps.
Como se
ilustraare
en usually
la
figuralower
7.7, un
eyector
en una tobera
convergente/divergente
a travs de
ejectors
are usually
lower
in first
costconsists
and maintenance
costs
than other types of nozzle
vacuum
pumps.
As
illustrated
in
Fig.
7.7
an
ejector
of
an
inner
converging/diverging
through
As
illustrated
in
Fig.
7.7
an
ejector
consists
of
an
inner
converging/diverging
nozzle
through
la cual se alimenta al fluido impulsor (por lo general vapor) y una tobera externa, ms grande, a travs de la
As illustrated in Fig. 7.7 an ejector consists of an inner converging/diverging nozzle through

07-SmithVanNess.indd 279

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CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes

280
280

CAPTULO 7. Aplicaciones de la termodinmica a los procesos de flujo

which the driving fluid (commonly steam) is fed, and an outer, larger nozzle through which
cual
pasan
gases o gases
vapores
y elthefluido
impulsor.
El momentum
del fluido
velocidad, que
both
thelos
extracted
or extrados
vapors and
driving
fluid pass.
The momentum
of de
thealta
highsalespeed
de lafluid
tobera
impulsora,
se
transfiere
parcialmente
a
los
gases
o
vapores
extrados,
y
por
lo
tanto es menor
leaving the driving nozzle is partly transferred to the extracted gases or vapors, and
la velocidad
de
la
mezcla
que
la
del
fluido
impulsor
que
sale
de
la
tobera
ms
pequea.
A
pesar
the mixture velocity is therefore less than that of the driving fluid leaving the smaller nozzle. de eso, sta
es mayor
que la rapidez
del than
sonido
por loof
tanto,
la tobera
mslarger
grande
actatherefore
como difusor
convergente/diIt is nevertheless
higher
they, speed
sound,
and the
nozzle
acts as
a
vergente
en
donde
aumenta
la
presin
y
disminuye
la
velocidad,
pasando
por
la
rapidez
del
sonido
converging/diverging diffuser in which the pressure rises and the velocity decreases, passing en la garganta.
Aunque
lasoftoberas
las ecuaciones
de la
energa, for
el proceso
through
the para
speed
soundseataplican
the throat.
Although acostumbradas
the usual energy
equations
nozzlesde mezclado
7
es complejo
y,
por
ello,
el
diseo
del
eyector
es
emprico
en
gran
medida.
apply, the mixing process is complex, and as a result ejector design is largely empirical.7

PROBLEMAS
PROBLEMS
7.1. El aire se expande adiabticamente a travs de una tobera, desde una velocidad inicial insignifican7.1.teAir
expands
adiabatically
from
initial velocity
to a final
. Cul
hasta
una velocidad
final through
de 325 ma snozzle
es alanegligible
cada de temperatura
del aire,
si se supone que
1 . What is the temperature drop of the air, if air is assumed to be
velocity
of
325
m
s
ste es un gas ideal para el que CP = (7/2)R?
an ideal gas for which C P = (7/2)R?
7.2. En el ejemplo 7.5 se encontr una expresin para el coeficiente de Joule/Thomson, = (T/P)H,
7.2.que
In Ex.
7.5 an expression
is found for
coeficient,
= ( T /
H,
lo relaciona
con la informacin
de the
unaJoule/Thomson
capacidad calorfica
y una
ecuacin
deP)
estado.
Desarrothat
relates
it
to
a
heat
capacity
and
equation-of-state
information.
Develop
similar
lle expresiones similares para las derivadas:
expressions for the derivatives:
a)(a)(T/P)
; b)S ;(T/V)
( T /SP)
(b) ( TU./ V )U .
Whatsecan
youdecir
say about
of these
derivatives?
ForPara
what qu
types
of processes
Qu
puede
acercathe
de signs
los signos
de estas
derivadas?
clase
de procesos estas demight these
derivatives
be important
characterizing quantities?
rivadas
podran
ser cantidades
importantes?
7.3.La
The
thermodynamic
sound
speed
is defined
Sec. 7.1.
that:
7.3.
termodinmica
de la
rapidez
delcsonido
c seindefine
en laProve
seccin
7.. Demuestre que:

V CP
c=
MC V
whereVVes is
volume
mass. ATo
does this
result
donde
el molar
volumen
molarand
y MM
es isla molar
masa molar.
quwhat
se reduce
este general
resultado
general para: a)
reduce
for: (a)
gas?
(b) An incompressible
liquid?
What do these
results
Un
gas ideal?
b) An
Unideal
lquido
incompresible?
Qu sugieren
cualitativamente
estos
resultados acerqualitatively
aboutenthe
speed of
sound
in liquids
relative to gases?
casuggest
de la rapidez
del sonido
lquidos
con
respecto
a los gases?
7.4.Entra
Steam
enters
nozzle
at 800
kPakPa
andy280
velocity
and discharges
a
7.4.
vapor
enauna
tobera
a 800
280 CCatanegligible
una velocidad
insignificante
y se atdescarga
a una
pressure
of
525
kPa.
Assuming
isentropic
expansion
of
the
steam
in
the
nozzle,
what
presin de 525 kPa. Suponga expansin isentrpica del vapor dentro de la tobera. Cul es la velois thede
exit
velocity
and
is the
cross-sectional
areaenatla
thesalida
nozzle
for a flow
cidad
salida
y cul
el what
rea de
la seccin
transversal
deexit
la tobera
para rate
una relacin de
1 ? 
of
0.75
kg
s
flujo de 0.75 kg s ?
with negligible velocity. If
7.5.Entra
Steam
enters
converging
nozzle at 800
kPakPa
andy 280
7.5.
vapor
enauna
tobera convergente
a 800
280 C
C con velocidad insignificante. Si la exexpansion
is isentropic,cul
whatesislathe
minimum
pressure
can beenreached
in such
a es el rea
pansin
es isentrpica,
presin
mnima
que sethat
alcanza
esta tobera
y cul
nozzle
and
what
is
the
cross-sectional
area
at
the
nozzle
throat
at
this
pressure
for
a
de la seccin transversal en la garganta de la tobera con esta presin para una relacin de flujo de
1
flowkg
rate
0.75
sof
? 0.75 kg s ?
7 R. H. Perry and D. Green, Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7th ed., pp. 10-5610-57, McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1997.
7

R. H. Perry y D. Green, Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7a ed., pp. 0-56 y 0-57, McGraw-Hill, Nueva York, 997.

07-SmithVanNess.indd 280

8/1/07 13:37:42

Problemas
Problems

281

28

7.6. Un gas entra en una tobera convergente a presin P con velocidad insignificante, se expande de manera
7.6. A gas enters a converging nozzle at pressure P1 with negligible velocity, expands isenisentrpica en la tobera y se descarga a una cmara a una presin P2. Trace grficas que muestren la velotropically in the nozzle, and discharges into a chamber at pressure P2 . Sketch graphs
cidad en la garganta y la relacin de flujo de la masa como funciones de la relacin de presiones P2/P.
showing the velocity at the throat and the mass flowrate as functions of the pressure
ratio P2 /P1 .
7.7. Para una tobera convergente/divergente con velocidad de entrada insignificante en donde la expansin
isentrpica,
trace grficas
de la relacin de flujo
de masa
, velocidadentrance
u y relacin entre
7.7.
Foresisentropic
expansion
in a converging/diverging
nozzle
withm negligible
.
lasvelocity,
reas A/Asketch
en
funcin
de
la
relacin
de
presiones
P/P
.
En
este
caso,
A
es
el
de la seccin

 and area ratio A/A rea
graphs of mass flowrate m, velocity u,
1 vs. the
transversal
de
la
tobera
en
el
punto
donde
la
presin
es
P
y
el
subndice

denota
la
de la
pressure ratio P/P1 . Here, A is the cross-sectional area of the nozzle at the point entrada
in
tobera.
the nozzle where the pressure is P, and subscript 1 denotes the nozzle entrance.
7.8.7.8.
UnAn
gasideal
idealgas
conwith
capacidades
constantes
en una tobera convergente/divergente
con
constant calorficas
heat capacities
entersentra
a converging/diverging
nozzle with
velocidad
insignificante.
Si
ste
se
expande
isentrpicamente
dentro
de
la
tobera,
demuestre
que
negligible velocity. If it expands isentropically within the nozzle, show that the throat
la velocidad
la garganta
est dada por:
velocity isen
given
by:

2
RT1
2 2
u garganta
u throat =
M
+1
donde
T Tes1 is
la the
temperatura
del of
gasthe
que
entra
en la the
tobera,
M laMmasa
molar
yR
la constante
molar
temperature
gas
entering
nozzle,
is the
molar
mass,
and
where
delRgas.
is the molar gas constant.
7.9.7.9.
Se Steam
expande
vapor isentrpicamente
una tobera convergente/divergente,
desde
las condiciones de
expands
isentropically in aenconverging/diverging
nozzle from inlet
conditions
entrada
de kPa,
400 325
kPa, C,
325and
C negligible
y una velocidad
insignificante,
a una
presin
descarga
velocity
to a discharge
pressure
ofde
140
kPa. Atde 40 kPa.
of 1,400
Enthe
la garganta,
rea de la seccin
mide 6 cm
Determine
la of
relacin
de flujo de la
throat the el
cross-sectional
area istransversal
6 cm2 . Determine
the2.mass
flowrate
the steam
masa
y elthe
estado
en laofsalida
de la tobera.
anddel
thevapor
state of
steamdeatste
the exit
the nozzle.
7.10.
Se Steam
expande
vapor adiabatically
adiabticamente
una from
toberainlet
desde
las condiciones
de entrada
de 30(psia),
7.10.
expands
in a en
nozzle
conditions
of 130(psia),
420( F),

1
420(F)
una velocidad
de 230(pie)(s)
a una presin
35(psia),
donde
su
and a yvelocity
of 230(ft)(s)
to a discharge
pressuredeofdescarga
35(psia)de
where
its velocity
is velocidad
.
. Cul es el estado del vapor en la salida de la tobera, y cul es S para el
1 . What
es 2,000(ft)(s)
de 2 000(pie)(s)
is the state of the steam at the nozzle exit, and what is SG for the G
proceso?
process?
CC
7.11.
Se Air
descarga
aire desde
unaadiabatic
tobera adiabtica
cona una
velocidad
s. Cul es la
7.11.
discharges
from an
nozzle at a155
with
velocity
of 580dem580
s1m
. What
temperatura
en la entrada
la toberaofsithe
la nozzle
velocidad
de entrance
entrada esvelocity
insignificante?
Suponga que el
is the temperature
at thedeentrance
if the
is negligible?
air ideal
to be con
an ideal
for which C P = (7/2)R.
aireAssume
es un gas
CP =gas
(7/2)R.
C is throttled from 5(atm) to 1(atm), as in a kitchen faucet. What is
7.12.
water agua
at 15fra
7.12.
Se Cool
estrangula
a 5 C desde 5(atm) hasta (atm), como en una llave de la cocina. Cul es
the temperature
change del
of the
water?
What
is trabajo
the lost perdido
work perpor
kilogram
of water
for por da en
el cambio
de temperatura
agua?
Cul
es el
kilogramo
de agua
C and 1(atm), the volume expansivity
this
everyday
household
At de
15expansin
esta
casa?
A 5 C
y (atm),happening?
el coeficiente
volumtrica para el agua lquida es casi
1.5 10
. The surroundings
T iscon
20cuidado
C.
de for
.5liquid
04water
K. is
Laabout
temperatura
de4losK1
alrededores
T es de 20temperature
C. Establezca
cualState
carefullyque
any realice.
assumptions
you make.
Theson
steam
source of data.
quier
suposicin
Las tablas
de vapor
unatables
fuenteare
de ainformacin.

7.13.
gasenat condiciones
upstream conditions
is throttled
to a downstream
pressurecorriente
of 1.2 bar.
7.13.
UnAgas
corriente(T
arriba
, P) se estrangula
a una presin
abajo de .2
1 ,P1 ) (T
Use
the
Redlich/Kwong
equation
to
estimate
the
downstream
temperature
and
Sy of
bar. Use la ecuacin de Redlich/Kwong para estimar la temperatura corriente abajo
S para uno
for onegases:
of the following:
de the
los gas
siguientes

a)
b)
c)
d)

07-SmithVanNess.indd 281

350 K
K yand
= bar.
80 bar.
(a)
Carbon
Dixido
dedioxide,
carbono,with
conTT1 =
= 350
P P=1 80
(b)
Ethylene,
with
T
=
350
K
and
P
=
60
bar.
1 K y P = 60 bar.
1
Etileno, con T = 350
(c)
Nitrogen,con
with
= 250
P1 bar.
= 60 bar.
Nitrgeno,
T T=1 250
K yKPand
 = 60
(d)
Propane,
400
Kand
Propano,
conwith
T =T400
yP
= 20Pbar.
1 =K
1 = 20 bar.

8/1/07 13:37:46

282
282

CAPTULO 7. Aplicaciones de la termodinmica a los procesos de flujo

CHAPTER 7. Applications of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes

7.14. Un gas en condiciones corriente arriba, que son dadas por uno de los incisos del problema 7.3 se
7.14.estrangula
A gas at upstream
conditions
by one
of the parts
of Pb. 7.13 is throttled to
a presa una presin
de .2given
bar. Use
la ecuacin
de Soave/Redlich/Kwong
para
estimar la temsure ofcorriente
1.2 bar. abajo
Use the
Soave/Redlich/Kwong
equation to estimate the downstream
peratura
y S
del gas.
temperature and S of the gas.
7.15. Un gas en condiciones corriente arriba, dadas por uno de los incisos del problema 7.3 se estrangu7.15.laA
gas presin
at upstream
by one
of the parts ofpara
Pb.estimar
7.13 islathrottled
to corriente
a una
de .2conditions
bar. Use lagiven
ecuacin
de Peng/Robinson
temperatura
a pressure
ofgas.
1.2 bar. Use the Peng/Robinson equation to estimate the downstream
abajo
y S del
temperature and S of the gas.
7.16. Para una ecuacin de estado explcita en la presin, demuestre que la curva de inversin de Joule/
7.16.Thompson
For a pressure-explicit
equation
state,
es el lugar de los
estadosofpara
los prove
cuales:that the Joule/Thompson inversion
curve is the locus of states for which:

Z
Z
=
T
T
T
Apply this equation to (a) the van der Waals equation; (b) the Redlich/Kwong equation.
Aplique
Discussesta
theecuacin
results. a: a) la ecuacin de van der Waals; b) la ecuacin de Redlich/Kwong. Analice los resultados.
7.17. Two nonconducting tanks of negligible heat capacity and of equal volume initially
7.17. Dos
tanques
noquantities
conductores
de same
capacidad
calorfica
insignificante
de igual
volumen contienen
contain
equal
of the
ideal gas
at the same
T and P. yTank
A discharges
inicialmente
cantidades
idnticas
del
mismo
gas
ideal
con
las
mismas
T
y
P.
El
tanque
to the atmosphere through a small turbine in which the gas expands isentropically;A descarga a
latank
atmsfera
a travsto
dethe
unaatmosphere
pequea turbina
enalaporous
que el plug.
gas seBoth
expande
isentrpicamente;
B discharges
through
devices
operate until el tanque
B discharge
descarga aceases.
la atmsfera a travs de un tapn poroso. Los dos dispositivos funcionan hasta que se
termina la descarga.
(a) When discharge ceases, is the temperature in tank A less than, equal to, or greater
than the
in tankla
B?temperatura del tanque A es menor, igual o mayor que la tema) Cuando
se temperature
acaba la descarga,
B? in both tanks have fallen to half the initial pressure, is the
(b)peratura
When del
the tanque
pressures
temperature
of the gas
discharging
from
the turbinea less
than,deequal
to, or greater
b) Cuando
las presiones
en ambos
tanques
disminuyen
la mitad
la presin
inicial, la tempethandel
thegas
temperature
of the gas
discharging
theigual
porous
plug? que la temperatura del gas
ratura
que se descarga
de la
turbina esfrom
menor,
o mayor
se descarga
del tapn
poroso?
(c)que
During
the discharge
process,
is the temperature of the gas leaving the turbine less
c) Durante
el proceso
de descarga,
latemperature
temperaturaofdel
sale de
la turbina
menor, igual o
than, equal
to, or greater
than the
thegas
gasque
leaving
tank
A at thees
same
mayor
que la temperatura del gas que sale del tanque A en el mismo instante?
instant?
d) (d)Durante
proceso
de descarga,
gasgas
queleaving
sale del
Duringelthe
discharge
process, isla
thetemperatura
temperature del
of the
thetapn
porousporoso
plug es menor,
igual
o
mayor
que
la
temperatura
del
gas
que
sale
del
tanque
B
en
el
mismo
instante?
less than, equal to, or greater than the temperature of the gas leaving tank B at the
e) Cuando
cesa la descarga, la masa del gas que queda en el tanque A es menor, igual o mayor que
same instant?
la
masa
del
gas queceases,
queda is
enthe
el tanque
(e) When discharge
mass ofB?
gas remaining in tank A less than, equal to,
or greater than the mass of gas remaining in tank B?
7.18. Una turbina de vapor funciona adiabticamente a un nivel de potencia de 3 500 kW. El vapor entra
turbina
a 2 400
kPa y adiabatically
500 C, y escapa
de la turbina
saturado
a 20the
kPa. Cul es
7.18.enAlasteam
turbine
operates
at a power
level ofcomo
3,500vapor
kW. Steam
enters

laturbine
cantidad
de
vapor
a
travs
de
la
turbina
y
cul
es
la
eficiencia
de
la
turbina?
at 2,400 kPa and 500 C and exhausts from the turbine as saturated vapor at 20
kPa. What is the steam rate through the turbine, and what is the turbine efficiency?
7.19. Una turbina funciona adiabticamente con vapor sobrecalentado, que entra a T y P con una relade flujooperates
de masaadiabatically
m . La presinwith
de descarga
es Psteam
turbina
es .aPara uno de
P1 with
7.19.cin
A turbine
superheated
entering atdeT1laand
2 y la eficiencia
.
losmass
conjuntos
de
condiciones
de
operacin
siguientes,
determine
la
potencia
de
salida
de la turbina,
flowrate m. The exhaust pressure is P2 and the turbine efficiency is . For one of
asthe
como
la
entalpa
y
la
entropa
del
vapor
de
descarga.
following sets of operating conditions, determine the power output of the turbine
and the enthalpy and entropy of the
. exhaust steam.
a) T = 450 C, P = 8 000 kPa, m = .80 kg s, P2 = 30 kPa, = 0.80.
(a) T1 = 450 C, P1 = 8,000 kPa, m = 80 kg s1 , P2 = 30 kPa, = 0.80.

07-SmithVanNess.indd 282

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283

Problemas
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

.
T = 550 C, P = 9 000 kPa, m = 90 kg s, P2 = 20 kPa, = 0.77.
.
T = 600 C, P = 8 600 kPa, m = 70 kg s, P2 = 0 kPa, = 0.82.
.
T = 400 C, P = 7 000 kPa, m = 65 kg s, P2 = 50 kPa, = 0.75.
.
T = 200 C, P =  400 kPa, m = 50 kg s, P2 = 200 kPa, = 0.75.
.
T = 900F), P =  00(psia), m = 50(lbm)(s), P2 = 2(psia), = 0.80.
.
T = 800(F), P =  000(psia), m = 00(lbm)(s), P2 = 4(psia), = 0.75.

7.20. Gas nitrgeno, inicialmente a 8.5 bar, se expande de manera isentrpica a  bar y 50 C. Suponiendo que el nitrgeno sea un gas ideal, calcule la temperatura inicial y el trabajo producido por mol
de nitrgeno.
7.21. Los productos de la combustin de un quemador entran en una turbina de gas a 0 bar y 950 C, y
se descargan a .5 bar. La turbina funciona adiabticamente con una eficiencia de 77%. Si se supone que los productos de la combustin son una mezcla de gases ideales con capacidad calorfica de
32 J mol K, cul es el trabajo de salida de la turbina por mol de gas y cul es la temperatura de
los gases que se descargan de la turbina?
7.22. De manera adiabtica se expande isobutano en una turbina desde 5 000 kPa y 250 C hasta 500 kPa,
con una relacin de 0.7 kg mol s. Si la eficiencia de la turbina es 0.80, cul es la potencia de salida de la turbina y cul es la temperatura del isobutano que sale de sta?
7.23. La cantidad de vapor a una turbina para una salida variable se controla mediante una vlvula de
estrangulamiento en la tubera de entrada. Se suministra vapor a la vlvula de estrangulamiento a 
700 kPa y 225 C. Durante una corrida de prueba, la presin en la entrada de la turbina es  000 kPa,
el vapor se descarga a 0 kPa con una calidad de 0.95, la proporcin de flujo de vapor es 0.5 kg s
y la potencia de salida de la turbina es 80 kW.
a) Cules son las prdidas de calor de la turbina?
b) Cul sera la potencia de salida si el vapor suministrado a la vlvula de estrangulamiento se
expande isentrpicamente a la presin final?
7.24. Gas dixido de carbono entra en un expansor adiabtico a 8 bar y 400 C y se descarga a  bar. Si
la eficiencia de la turbina es 0.75, cul es la temperatura de la descarga y cul es el rendimiento del
trabajo por mol de CO2? Suponga que el CO2 es un gas ideal en estas condiciones.
7.25. Pruebas en una turbina adiabtica de gas (expansor) producen valores para las condiciones de entrada (T, P) y para las de salida (T2, P2). Suponga gases ideales con capacidades calorficas constantes y determine la eficiencia de la turbina para uno de los siguientes casos:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

07-SmithVanNess.indd 283

T = 500 K, P = 6 bar, T2 = 37 K, P2 = .2 bar, CP / R = 7/2.

T = 450 K, P = 5 bar, T2 = 376 K, P2 = 2 bar, CP / R = 4.
T = 525 K, P = 0 bar, T2 = 458 K, P2 = 3 bar, CP / R = /2.
T = 475 K, P = 7 bar, T2 = 372 K, P2 = .5 bar, CP / R = 9/2.
T = 550 K, P = 4 bar, T2 = 403 K, P2 = .2 bar, CP / R = 5/2.

8/1/07 13:37:49

284

CAPTULO 7. Aplicaciones de la termodinmica a los procesos de flujo

7.26. La eficiencia de una serie particular de turbinas adiabticas de gas (expansores) se correlaciona con
la potencia de salida de acuerdo con la expresin emprica: = 0.065 + 0.080 ln | W | En este caso,
| W | es el valor absoluto de la potencia de salida real en kW. Gas nitrgeno se expande desde las
condiciones de entrada de 550 K y 6 bar, hasta una presin de salida de .2 bar. Para una relacin
de flujo molar de 75 mol s, cul es la potencia entregada en kW? Cul es la eficiencia de la

turbina? Cul es la rapidez de generacin de entropa S G? Suponga que el nitrgeno es un gas ideal
con CP = (7/2)R.
7.27. Una turbina funciona adiabticamente con vapor sobrecalentado que entra a 45 bar y 400 C. Si el
vapor de salida debe estar seco, cul es la presin de descarga mnima permitida para una eficiencia de la turbina, = 0.75? Suponga que la eficiencia es de 0.80. La presin de descarga mnima sera menor o mayor? Por qu?
7.28. Las turbinas se usan para recuperar energa de corrientes lquidas a alta presin. Sin embargo, no se
utilizan cuando la corriente de alta presin es un lquido saturado. Por qu? Demuestre este hecho
determinando el estado corriente abajo, para una expansin isentrpica de agua lquida saturada
desde 5 bar hasta una presin final de  bar.
7.29. Entra agua lquida en una hidroturbina adiabtica a 5(atm) y 5 C, y se descarga a (atm). Estime
la potencia de salida de la turbina en J kg del agua si su eficiencia es = 0.55. Cul es la temperatura de salida del agua? Suponga que el agua es un lquido incompresible.
7.30. Un expansor funciona adiabticamente con nitrgeno que entra a T y P con una relacin de flujo
molar n. La presin de descarga es P2 y la eficiencia del expansor es . Estime la potencia de salida
del expansor y la temperatura de la corriente de descarga para uno de los siguientes conjuntos de
condiciones de operacin.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

T = 480 C, P = 6 bar, n = 200 mol s, P2 =  bar, = 0.80.

T = 400 C, P = 5 bar, n = 50 mol s, P2 =  bar, = 0.75.
T = 500 C, P = 7 bar, n = 75 mol s, P2 =  bar, = 0.78.
T = 450 C, P = 8 bar, n = 00 mol s, P2 = 2 bar, = 0.85.
T = 900(F), P = 95(psia), n = 0.5(lb mol)(s), P2 = 5(psia), = 0.80.

7.31. Cul es la cantidad de trabajo ideal para el proceso de expansin del ejemplo 7.6? Cul es la eficiencia termodinmica del proceso? Cul es la rapidez de generacin de entropa SG? A qu es
igual Wperdido? Considere T = 300 K.
7.32. Se descarga gas a 400 C y  bar desde un motor de combustin interna fluye a una proporcin de
25 mol s en una caldera de calor residual, donde se genera vapor saturado a una presin de  200
kPa. El agua entra en la caldera a 20 C (T), y los gases de escape se enfran a la temperatura de
vapor, ms o menos 0 C. La capacidad calorfica de los gases de escape es CP /R = 3.34 + .2
03 T/K. El vapor fluye hacia una turbina adiabtica y se descarga a una presin de 25 kPa. Si la
eficiencia de la turbina es de 72%,

a) Cul es Ws, la potencia de salida de la turbina?

07-SmithVanNess.indd 284

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285

Problemas

b) Cul es la eficiencia termodinmica de la combinacin caldera/turbina?

c) Determine S G para la caldera y la turbina.

d) Exprese Wperdido(caldera) y W perdido(turbina) como fracciones de | W ideal |, el trabajo ideal del

proceso.
7.33. Un compresor pequeo de aire adiabtico se usa para bombear aire hacia un tanque aislado de
20 m3. El tanque contiene inicialmente aire a 25 C y 0.33 kPa, exactamente las condiciones con
las que entra el aire en el compresor. El proceso de bombeo contina hasta que la presin en el tanque alcanza los  000 kPa. Si el proceso es adiabtico y la compresin es isentrpica, cul es el
trabajo de flecha del compresor? Suponga que el aire es un gas ideal para el que CP = (7/2)R y CV
= (5/2)R.
7.34. 2.5 kg s de vapor saturado a 25 kPa se comprime de manera adiabtica en un compresor centrfugo a 700 kPa. La eficiencia del compresor es 78%. Cul es la potencia requerida del compresor
y cules son la entalpa y la entropa del vapor en el estado final?
7.35. Un compresor funciona adiabticamente con aire que entra a T y P con una relacin de flujo molar n. La presin de descarga es P2 y la eficiencia del compresor es . Estime la potencia que requiere el compresor y la temperatura de la corriente de descarga para uno de los conjuntos de
condiciones de operacin siguientes.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

T = 25 C, P = 0.33 kPa, n = 00 mol s, P2 = 375 kPa, = 0.75.

T = 80 C, P = 375 kPa, n = 00 mol s, P2 =  000 kPa, = 0.70.
T = 30 C, P = 00 kPa, n = 50 mol s, P2 = 500 kPa, = 0.80.
T = 00 C, P = 500 kPa, n = 50 mol s, P2 =  300 kPa, = 0.75.
T = 80(F), P = 4.7(psia), n = 0.5(lb mol)(s), P2 = 55(psia), = 0.75.
T = 50(F), P = 55(psia), n = 0.5(lb mol)(s), P2 = 35(psia), = 0.70.

7.36. Se comprime gas amoniaco desde 2 C y 200 kPa hasta  000 kPa en un compresor adiabtico con
una eficiencia de 0.82. Estime la temperatura final, el trabajo requerido y el cambio de entropa del
amoniaco.
7.37. Se comprime  kg mol s de propileno adiabticamente desde .5 bar y 30 C hasta 8 bar. Si la
eficiencia del compresor es 0.8, cul es la potencia requerida del compresor y cul es la temperatura de descarga del propileno?
7.38. Se comprime .5 kmol s de metano adiabticamente en la tubera de una estacin de bombeo,
desde 3 500 kPa y 35 C hasta 5 500 kPa. Si la eficiencia del compresor es 0.78, cul es la potencia
requerida del compresor y cul es la temperatura de descarga del metano?
7.39. Cul es el trabajo ideal para el proceso de compresin del ejemplo 7.9? Cul es la eficiencia termodinmica del proceso? Cules son los valores de SG y Wperdido? Considere T = 293.5 K.

07-SmithVanNess.indd 285

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286 286
286

CHAPTER
7. Applications
of Thermodynamics
to Flow
Processes
7. Applications
of Thermodynamics
to Flow
Processes
CHAPTER

CAPTULO 7. Aplicaciones de la termodinmica a los procesos de flujo

7.40.
is (in effect)
a gas compressor
moves volumes
large volumes
air atpressure
low pressure
7.40.Un
A ventilador
fan A
is fan
(in effect)
gas compressor
whichwhich
moves
of air of
atvolmenes
low
7.40.
es (ena efecto)
un compresor
de
gas large
que mueve grandes
de aire a baja
across
small
(1
to
15
kPa)
pressure
differences.
The
usual
design
equation
is:
acrossasmall
topequeas
15 kPa) pressure
differences.
The
designLaequation
presin
travs(1de
diferencias
de presin
(usual
a 5 kPa).
ecuacinis:de diseo comn es:
.
.. RT1 . RT1 P
n = nP
W =W
P1 P1

donde
subndice
denota
las condiciones
de entrada
the
es la
eficiencia
conrespect
respecto
a la operasubscript
1 denotes
inlet conditions
yis
efficiency
with
to isenwhereelwhere
subscript
1denotes
inlet
conditions
and
and
is the
efficiency
with respect
to isencin
isentrpica.
Desarrolle
esta
ecuacin.
Tambin
demuestre
cmo
se
deduce
a
partir
de
tropic
operation.
Develop
this
equation.
Show
also
how
it
follows
from
the
usual
tropic operation. Develop this equation. Show also how it follows from the usual la ecuacin
comn
para
la compresin
un
ideal
calorficas
constantes.
equation
for
compression
angas
ideal
gascon
withcapacidades
constant
heat
capacities.
equation
for
compression
of andeof
ideal
gas
with
constant
heat capacities.
7.41.
compresor
de compressor,
gas
eficiencia
conrespect
respecto
a latooperacin
isentrpica
7.41.
an adiabatic
gasadiabtico,
compressor,
the
efficiency
with
respect
isentropic
operation
7.41.Para
Forun
anFor
adiabatic
gas
the la
efficiency
with
to isentropic
operation
is ises una
medida
de
las
irreversibilidades
internas;
as,
la
rapidez
de
generacin
de
la
entropa
sin dimensioa
measure
of
internal
irreversibilities;
so
is
the
dimensionless
rate
of
entropy
generation
a measure .of internal
irreversibilities; so is the dimensionless rate of entropy generation
. S. /n. R.. Suponiendo
nes
es
que
el
gas
es
ideal
con
capacidades
calorficas
/R

Assuming
that
the
gas
is
ideal
with
constant
heat
capacities,
show
S
G SG /n R.G Assuming that the gas is ideal with constant heat capacities, show constantes,
SG /R
that

and
S
/R
are
related
through
the
expression:
demuestre
que

y
S
/R
estn
relacionadas
por
medio
de
la
expresin:
GG related through the expression:
that and SG /R are

+1 1
G P C P +
SG SC
=
ln
= R ln R
R
R

wherewhere
donde

2
(P R/C
/PP) R/C P
R/C
/P
p(P(P
2/P
) 1 )2P 1

C is compressed in a staged reciprocating compressor (with in C 35

7.42.
at aire
1(atm)
and
7.42.Se
Air
atAir
1(atm)
andde35(atm)
is compressed
in compresor
a staged reciprocating
in7.42.
comprime
y 35 C en un
oscilante porcompressor
etapa (con (with
interenfriamiento)
a
tercooling)
to50(atm).
a pressure
final pressure
of etapa,
50(atm).
For stage,
each stage,
the gas
inletdel
gas
temperature
tercooling)
to a de
final
of 50(atm).
Forlaeach
the
inlet
temperature
isC y isla temuna
presin
final
Para
cada
temperatura
de
entrada
gas
es
35
C and the maximum allowable outlet temperature is
C. Mechanical power is
200
35 C 35
and
the maximum
allowable
temperature
is 200mecnica
C.
Mechanical
power para
is todas las
peratura
mxima
permisible
de salidaoutlet
es 200
C. La potencia
es la misma
allisentrpica
stages,
andesisentropic
efficiency
65%
forstage.
each
stage.
The volumetric
the same
for
allfor
stages,
and isentropic
efficiency
is 65%is
for
each
Thevolumtrico
volumetric
etapas
ythe
la same
eficiencia
65%
en
cada
etapa.
La
relacin
de
flujo
del aire es
3 s1 at the inlet to the first stage.
3 s1
of
air is
 of
flowrate
is 0.5
m
at the inlet
to the first stage.
0.5
m3 sflowrate
a laairentrada
de0.5
la m
primera
etapa.

(a) many
How many
are required?
(a) How
stagesstages
are required?
a) Cuntas etapas se necesitan?
(b) What
is
the mechanical-power
requirementstage?
per stage?
What
mechanical-power
b) (b)Cul
esiselthe
requisito
de potencia requirement
mecnica porper
etapa?
(c) What
is
theduty
heatfor
duty
for intercooler?
each intercooler?
(c)
What
is
the
heat
each
c) Cul es el calor til para cada interenfriador?
and leaves at 45 C.
(d) Water
iscoolant
the coolant
the intercoolers.
It enters
is el
therefrigerante
forpara
theforintercoolers.
It enters
at 25aat
C 25
and
C. Cul es la
d) (d)ElWater
agua
es
los
interenfriadores.
Entra
25
CCyleaves
sale aat4545C.
is
the cooling-water
rate per intercooler?
What What
isdethe
cooling-water
rate per
cantidad
agua
de enfriamiento
porintercooler?
cada interenfriador?
Assume
air ideal
is an gas
idealwith
gasCwith
P = (7/2)R.
Assume
air is an
P =C(7/2)R.
Suponga que el aire es un gas ideal con CP = (7/2)R.
Demonstrate
thatpower
the power
requirement
for compressing
is smaller,
the more
7.43. 7.43.
Demonstrate
that the
requirement
for compressing
a gas aisgas
smaller,
the more
. gas comprimido
. of n,
7.43. Demuestre
quegas.
elthe
requerimiento
potencia
es
ms
pequeo
cuando
complex
gas. Assume
fixed
values
,
T
,
P
,
and
P
,
and
that
the
gas
is ideal el gas
1
1
2
complex
the
Assume
fixedde
values
of n,para
, Tun
,
P
,
and
P
,
and
that
the
gas
is
ideal
1
1
2
eswith
msconstant
complejo.
Suponga
valores
fijos
de
n
,
,
T
,
P
y
P
,
y
que
el
gas
es
ideal
con
capacidades
 
2
with constant
heat capacities.
heat capacities.
calorficas constantes.
Tests
an adiabatic
gas compressor
yield values
forconditions
inlet conditions
, P1out) and out7.44. 7.44.
Tests on
an on
adiabatic
gas compressor
yield values
for inlet
(T1 , P(T
1 )1and
7.44. Experimentos
con
compresor
adiabtico
de gas
producen
valores
paracapacities,
las condiciones
de entrada
let conditions
,
P
).
Assuming
ideal
gases
with
constant
heat
determine
2
2
let conditions
(T2un
, P(T
).
Assuming
ideal
gases
with
constant
heat
capacities,
determine
2
(Tthe
,
P
)
y
de
salida
(T
,
P
).
Suponiendo
gases
ideales
con
capacidades
calorficas
constantes,
de compressor
 the compressor
2efficiency
2 for one
forofone
the following:
efficiency
theof
following:
termine la eficiencia del compresor para una de las condiciones siguientes:
300
= 2Tbar,
464
= 6Cbar,
= 7/2.
P /R
1 =K,
2 =K,
(a) T1(a)
=T
300
P1 K,
=P
21bar,
464
P2 K,
=P
62bar,
7/2.
P /RC=
2 =T
=
290
K,
P
=
1.5
bar,
T
=
547
K,
P
=
5
bar,
C
/R
= 5/2.
T
a) (b)TT=1(b)
300
K,
P
=
2
bar,
T
=
464
K,
P
=
6
bar,
C
/
R
=
7/2.
P
1
1
2
2
= 290 K, P1 = 1.5 bar,
T2 = 5472 K, P2 = 5Pbar, C P /R = 5/2.
2
b) (c)TT=1(c)
290
K,
P
=
.5
bar,
T
=
547
K,
P
=
5
bar,
C
/
R
=
5/2.
T
=
295
K,
P
=
1.2
bar,
T
=
455
K,
P
=
6
bar,
C
/R
= 9/2.
2 T2 = 455
2 P2 = 62bar,
P C P /R =
P 9/2.
1 K, P1 = 1.2
1 bar,
2 K,
= 295
c) (d)TT=1(d)
295
K,
P
=
.2
bar,
T
=
455
K,
P
=
6
bar,
C
/
R
=
9/2.
300
1.1
= 11/2.
 P1 K,
2 Tbar,
2 505
P= 8Cbar,
P /R
1 =K,
1 =
2 =K,
=T
300
=P
1.1
bar,
505
P2 K,
=P
82bar,
11/2.
P /RC=
2 =T
d) (e)TT=(e)
300
K,=K,
P305
= .
bar,
T1.5
K,
P
= P8 bar,
C
=bar,
/2.
P
2 =T505
2 496
P=/ R
K,
P
=
bar,
T
=
K,
P
7
C
/R
=
4.
T
P
1
1
2
2
=
305
=
1.5
bar,
=
496
K,
=
7
bar,
C
/R
=
4.
P
1
1
2
2
e) T = 305 K, P = .5 bar, T2 = 496 K, P2 = 7 bar, CP / R = 4.

07-SmithVanNess.indd 286

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Problemas
Problems

287

287

7.45. Se comprime aire en un compresor de flujo estable, entra a .2 bar y 300 K, y sale a 5 bar y 500 K.
7.45. Air is compressed in a steady-flow compressor, entering at 1.2 bar and 300 K and leavLa operacin es no adiabtica, con transferencia de calor a los alrededores a 295 K. Para el mismo
ing at 5 bar and 500 K. Operation is nonadiabatic, with heat transfer to the surroundings
cambio de estado del aire, el requerimiento de potencia mecnica por mol del aire es mayor o meat 295 K. For the same change in state of the air, is the mechanical-power requirement
nor para una operacin no adiabtica que para una adiabtica? Por qu?
per mole of air greater or less for nonadiabatic than for adiabatic operation? Why?
7.46. AUnboiler
calentador
un granofexceso
de vapor[50(psig),
a baja presin
[50(psig), 5(F) sobreca7.46.
house domstico
produces aproduce
large excess
low-pressure
5( F)superheat]
lentado].
Se
propone
una
modificacin:
primero
el
vapor
a
baja
presin
recorrera
steam. An upgrade is proposed that would first run the low-pressure steam througha travs de un
compresor
flujo estable,
produciendo
vapor a presin
media [50(psig)].
Un joven
an
adiabatic adiabtico
steady-flowdecompressor,
producing
medium-pressure
[150(psig)]
steam.
ingeniero
expresa
su
preocupacin
de
que
la
compresin
d
como
resultado
la
formacin
de agua
A young engineer expresses concern that compression could result in the formation of
lquida,
daando
el
compresor.
Existe
motivo
para
preocuparse?
Sugerencia:
Haga
referencia
al
liquid water, damaging the compressor. Is there cause for concern? Suggestion: Refer
diagrama
de
Mollier
de
la
figura
6.4.
to the Mollier diagram of Fig. 6.4.
7.47. AUna
bomba
funciona
en forma with
adiabtica
agua
lquidaatentrando
a 1Twith
y Pa con
una relacin de
7.47.
pump
operates
adiabatically
liquid con
water
entering
T and P
mass
.
. La presin de descarga es P2 y la eficiencia de1la bomba
flujo
de
masa
m
es
.
Para
flowrate m. The discharge pressure is P2 , and the pump efficiency is . For one of theuno de los conjuntos de sets
condiciones
de operacin
siguientes,
determine
el requirement
requerimiento
following
of operating
conditions,
determine
the power
ofde
thepotencia
pump de la bomba
y
la
temperatura
de
descarga
del
agua
desde
la
bomba.
and the temperature of the water discharged from the pump.
(a) T1 = 25 C, P1 = 100 kPa, m. = 20 kg s1 , P2 = 2,000 kPa, = 0.75,
= 257.2 106 K1 .
(b) T1 = 90 C, P1 = 200 kPa, m. = 30 kg s1 , P2 = 5,000 kPa, = 0.70,
= 696.2 106 K1 .
(c) T1 = 60 C, P1 = 20 kPa, m. = 15 kg s1 , P2 = 5,000 kPa, = 0.75,
= 523.1 106 K1 .
(d) T1 = 70( F), P1 = 1(atm), m. = 50(lbm )(s)1 , P2 = 20(atm), = 0.70,
= 217.3 106 K1 .
(e) T1 = 200( F), P1 = 15(psia), m. = 80(lbm )(s)1 , P2 = 1,500(psia), = 0.75,
= 714.3 106 K1 .
7.48. What
Culisesthe
el ideal
trabajo
idealfor
para
proceso process
de bombeo
del 7.10?
ejemplo
7.0?
es la eficiencia termo7.48.
work
theelpumping
of Ex.
What
is Cul
the thermodydinmica
del proceso?
A qu esWhat
igualisSG
? Considere
perdido
= 300 K.
namic
efficiency
of the process?
S?G ?Cul
WhatesiselWW
? Take
T = 300TK.
lost
7.49. Show
Demuestre
los on
puntos
en la curva de inversion
inversin curve
de Joule/Thomson
que
= (T/P)H
7.49.
that theque
points
the Joule/Thomson
[for which =[para
( T los
/ P)
H =
0] tambin
son caracterizados
porthe
cada
una de las siguientes expresiones:
0]= are
also characterized
by each of
following:

H
V
V
Z
Z
= 0; (b)
= 0; (c)
= ; (d)
= 0;
(a)
T P
P T
T P
T
V P

P
P
(e) V
+T
=0
V T
T V
7.50. According
De acuerdotocon
problema
7.3, la termodinmica
de cladepends
rapidez on
delthe
sonido
7.50.
Pb. el
7.3,
the thermodynamic
sound speed
P V Tc depende
equationde la ecuacin
estado
PVT.
Demuestre
cmo
pueden emplearse
las mediciones
rapidezthe
del sonido para
ofdestate.
Show
how
isothermal
sound-speed
measurements
can be usedde
to la
estimate
calcularvirial
el segundo
coeficiente
virialAssume
B de unthat
gas.Eq.
Suponga
se aplica
la ecuacin
second
coefficient
B of a gas.
(3.38) que
applies,
and that
the ratio(3.38) y que la
CP/CV est
dada
por suvalue.
valor de gas ideal.
Crelacin
by its
ideal-gas
P /C V is given
7.51. Real-gas
El comportamiento
gas real en la maquinaria
deempirically
turbinas enaccommodated
ocasiones se adapta
de manera em7.51.
behavior. forde
turbomachinery
through
.
is. sometimes
ig

ig W
prica
por medio
W =WZ
, donde
W igmechanical
es la potencia
mecnica
the
expression
W de
= la
Zexpresin
W ig , where
is the
ideal-gas
power
and Z del gas ideal y
es un
valor defined
promedio
que esvalue
convenientemente
definidofactor.
del factor de compresibilidad.
isZsome
suitably
average
of the compressibility

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288
288
288

CAPTULO
7. Aplicaciones
de la termodinmica
a los procesos de flujo
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 7.
7. Applications
Applications of
of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics to
to Flow
Flow Processes
Processes

a) Explique racionalmente esta expresin.

(a) Rationalize
this
Rationalize
this expression.
expression.
b)(a) Planee
un ejemplo
incorporando el comportamiento de gas real en una turbina mediante propie(b)
Devise
a
turbine
incorporating
real-gas
via residual
properties,
(b) dades
Devise
a turbineyexample
example
incorporating
real-gasdebehavior
behavior
residuales
determine
un valor numrico
Z paravia
el residual
ejemplo.properties,
and
determine
a
numerical
value
of
Z

for
the
example.
and determine a numerical value of Z for the example.
7.52. Se captura la informacin de operacin para una turbina de aire. De una corrida en particular, P =
7.52.
taken
on
an
aa particular
run,
P
bar,
T
bar, T = data
600 Kare
No turbine.
obstante,For
la temperatura
salida
que88 se
registra
7.52. 8Operating
Operating
data
arey P
taken
onbar.
an air
air
turbine.
For
particular de
run,
P11 =
=
bar,
T11 =
=es poco legi2 = .2
=
1.2
bar.
However,
the
recorded
outlet
temperature
is
only
partially
600
K,
and
P
2
ble;
38,
348
o 398 K.the
Cul
de stas
debera
ser? Paraislas
condiciones
bar.
However,
recorded
outlet
temperature
only
partially observadas
600 podra
K, andser
P2 T=
2 =1.2
legible;
could
398
must
considere
el be
aireT
gas 348,
idealor
con
CPK.
= Which
(7/2)R constante.
legible; it
it que
could
be
T22es=
=un318,
318,
348,
or
398
K.
Which
must it
it be?
be? For
For the
the given
given condiconditions,
assume
air
to
be
an
ideal
gas
with
constant
C
=
(7/2)R.
P
tions, assume air to be an ideal gas with constant C P = (7/2)R.
7.53. Benceno lquido a 25 C y .2 bar se convierte en vapor a 200C y 5 bar en un proceso de flujo
C
is
converted
to
at
55 bar
in
two7.53.
Liquid
benzene
at
C
C and
and 1.2
1.2 bar
bar
is medio
converted
to vapor
vapor
at a200
200
C and
and
barpor
in aavaporizacin
two7.53. estable
Liquid de
benzene
at 25
25compresin
dos etapas:
por
de una
bomba
5 bar,
seguido
en un
step
steady-flow
process:
compression
by
a
pump
to
5
bar,
followed
by
vaporization
step
steady-flow
process:
compression
by
a
pump
to
5
bar,
followed
by
vaporization
intercambiador de calor en contraflujo. Determine los requerimientos de potencia de la bomba y el
in
heat
the
requirement
pump
in aa counter-flow
counter-flow
heat exchanger.
exchanger.
Determine
the power
poweruna
requirement
of
the
pump and
and
rendimiento
del intercambiador
en Determine
kJ1mol. Suponga
eficiencia of
de the
la bomba
de 70% y consithe
duty
of
the
exchanger
in
kJ
mol
.
Assume
a
pump
efficiency
of
70%,
and
treat
1 . Assume a pump efficiency


the
duty
of
the
exchanger
in
kJ
mol
of
70%,
and
treat
dere al vapor de benceno como un gas ideal con CP = 05 J mol1 K 1constante.
benzene
benzene vapor
vapor as
as as
as an
an ideal
ideal gas
gas with
with constant
constant C
C PP =
= 105
105 JJ mol
mol1 K
K1 ..
7.54. Benceno lquido a 25 C y .2 bar se convierte en vapor a 200 C y 5 bar en un proceso de flujo
is converted
to
at
and
7.54. Liquid
Liquid benzene
benzene at
at 25
25 C
C
C and
and 1.2
1.2 bar
bar
to vapor
vapor
at 200
200en
Ccontraflujo
and 55 bar
barain
in.2aa bar, seguido
7.54.
estable de
dos etapas:
vaporizacin
en is
unconverted
intercambiador
de calor
two-step
steady-flow
process:
vaporization
in
a
counter-flow
heat
exchanger
at
1.2
two-step
steady-flow
process:
vaporization
in a counter-flow
heat exchanger
at 1.2 bar,
bar, y los requede
una compresin
como
un gas
a 5 bar. Determine
el rendimiento
del intercambiador
followed
by
compression
as
a
gas
to
5
bar.
Determine
the
duty
of
the
exchanger
and
the

followed
by
compression
as
a
gas
to
5
bar.
Determine
the
duty
of
the
exchanger
and
the de 75% y
rimientos de potencia del compresor en kJ mol1. Suponga una eficiencia de compresor
power
requirement
of
the
compressor
in
kJ
mol
.
Assume
a
compressor
efficiency
of
1


power
requirement
of
the
compressor
in
kJ
mol
.
Assume
a
compressor
efficiency
of
considere al vapor de benceno como un gas ideal con CP = 05 J mol K constante.
1 K1 .
75%,
and
treat
benzene
vapor
as
as
an
ideal
gas
with
constant
C
=
105
J
mol
1
1
P
75%, and treat benzene vapor as as an ideal gas with constant C P = 105 J mol K .
7.55.
los 7.53
problemas
7.53which
y 7.54,
culyou
recomendara
7.55. De
Of los
the procesos
processespropuestos
proposed in
inenPbs.
Pbs.
and 7.54,
7.54,
would
recommend?usted,
Why?y por qu?
7.55.
Of
the
processes
proposed
7.53 and
which would
you recommend?
Why?
7.56.
lquidos
que se mencionan
a continuacin
a 25 C
se encuentran
completamente
vaporizados a
C
completely
vaporized
at
in
7.56. Los
Liquids
(identified
below) at
at 25
25
C are
arede
completely
vaporized
at 1(atm)
1(atm)
in aa countercounter- es el vapor
7.56.
Liquids
(identified
below)
(atm)
en
unexchanger.
intercambiador
de calor
contracorriente.
El medio
de calentamiento
current
heat
Saturated
steam
is
the
heating
medium,
available
at
four
prescurrent heat
exchanger.
Saturated
steam is
the9,heating
medium,
at fourde
pressaturado,
disponible
a33cuatro
presiones:
4.5,
7 yis33
bar.appropriate
Deavailable
la diversidad
condiciones del
sures:
4.5,
9,
17,
and
bar.
Which
variety
of
steam
most
for
each
case?
sures:
4.5,
9,
17,
and
33
bar.
Which
variety
of
steam
is
most
appropriate
for
each
case?
caso?
vapor
cul
es la ms apropiada
paraof
cada
Suponga
una
aproximacin
mnima
T de 0 C en
Assume
a
minimum
approach
T
10
C
for
heat
exchange.
Assume
a minimum
T of 10 C for heat exchange.
el
intercambiador
de approach
calor.
(a) Benzene;
(b)
n-Decane;
Ethylene
o-Xylene
Benzene; b)
(b)n-Decano;
n-Decane; (c)
(c)
Ethylene glycol;
glycol;d) (d)
(d)
o-Xylene
a)(a)
Benceno;
c) Etilenglicol;
o-Xileno
1
is
from
1.2
and
K
7.57.
One
hundred
(100)
hr
7.57.
kmol
hrkmol
de etileno
comprimen
desde .2 bar
y 300
hasta
bar mediante
un comofseethylene
ethylene
is compressed
compressed
from
1.2Kbar
bar
and6 300
300
K to
to
7.57. Cien
One (00)
hundred
(100)
kmol
hr1 of
6
bar
by
an
electric-motor-driven
compressor.
Determine
the
capital
cost
C
of
the
unit.
presor
impulsado
por un motor elctrico.
Determine
el costo
capitalcost
C de
la the
unidad.
Considere al
6 bar by
an electric-motor-driven
compressor.
Determine
the capital
C
of
unit.
1 1 .
Treat
an
ideal con
gas
C
50.6
JJ mol
etileno
como unas
CP =constant
50.6 J mol
K
constante.
Treat ethylene
ethylene
asgas
an ideal
gas with
with
constant
C PP=
=
50.6
mol1 K
K1 .
Data:

(compressor)
0.70
Data:
(compresor)
(compressor)==
=0.70
0.70
..
Datos:
0.952
C(compressor)/$
=
W
..
C(compressor)/$ = 3,040(
3,040(
W SS /kW)
/kW)0.952

where
power
requirement
for
the
S
where
W
isentropic
isentropic
power que
requirement
forpara
the compressor.
compressor.
donde
WS W

isentrpica
se requiere
el compresor.
.. Spotencia
0.855
C(motor)/$
=
380(|
W
|/kW)
0.855
e
C(motor)/$ = 380(|
W.. e |/kW)
donde
We W
epotencia
de eje
trasmitida
el motor.
where
delivered
shaft
power ofpor
motor.
where
W
e delivered shaft power of motor.

7.58.
Four
types
for
are:
gas
7.58.
clases diferentes
de impulsores
para compresores
de gas motors,
son: motores
elctricos, expansores
7.58. Cuatro
Four different
different
types of
of drivers
drivers
for gas
gas compressors
compressors
are: electric
electric
motors,
gas expanders,
expanders,
steam
turbines,
and
internal-combustion
engines.
Suggest
when
each
might
be
de
gas,
turbinas
de
vapor
y
mquinas
de
combustin
interna.
Sugiera
en
qu
momento
steam turbines, and internal-combustion engines. Suggest when each might be approappro- es ms apropriate.
How
would
you
estimate
operating
costs
for
each
of
these
drivers?
Ignore
piado
cada
uno
de
estos.
Cmo
estimara
los
costos
para
cada
uno
de
estos
impulsores?
Ignore
priate. How would you estimate operating costs for each of these drivers? Ignore such
such
add-ons
as
maintenance,
operating
labor,
and
overhead.
cuestiones
adicionales
tales
como
mantenimiento,
gastos
de
operacin
y
gastos
en
general.
add-ons as maintenance, operating labor, and overhead.

7.59.
Se proponen
dos esquemas
parathe
la reduccin en
la presin del
gas de etileno
a 375 and
K y 8 bar hasta
7.59.
7.59. Two
Two schemes
schemes are
are proposed
proposed for
for the reduction
reduction in
in pressure
pressure of
of ethylene
ethylene gas
gas at
at 375
375 K
K and
.2
bar to
en1.2
un bar
proceso
de flujo uniforme:
18
bar
in
a
steady-flow
process:
18 bar to 1.2 bar in a steady-flow process:

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289

Problemas
a) Pasarlo a travs de una vlvula de estrangulacin, reguladora.
b) Enviarlo a travs de un expansor adiabtico con 70% de eficiencia.

Para cada proposicin, determine la temperatura de descarga y la rapidez de generacin de entropa en J mol K. Cul es la salida de potencia para la propuesta b) en kJ mol? Discuta los
puntos a favor y en contra de las dos propuestas. No haga la suposicin de que son gases ideales.
7.60. Una corriente de hidrocarburo gas a 500 C se enfra al combinarlo de manera continua con una
corriente de aceite ligero en una torre adiabtica. Este aceite ligero entra como un lquido a 25 C;
en tanto, el flujo combinado sale como un gas a 200 C.
a) Dibuje un diagrama de flujo cuidadosamente sealizado para el proceso.
b) Si F y D denotan, respectivamente, la masa molar de hidrocarburo gas caliente y el aceite ligero,
haga uso de los datos que se proporcionan a continuacin para determinar un valor numrico
para la proporcin aceite-gas D/F. Explique su anlisis.
c) Cul es la ventaja de enfriamiento del hidrocarburo gas con un lquido en vez de hacerlo con
otro gas (de enfriamiento)? Proporcione una explicacin.
Datos: CPv (promedio) = 50 J mol K para el hidrocarburo gas.
CPv (promedio) = 200 J mol K para el vapor de aceite.
H lv (aceite) = 35 000 J mol a 25C.

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