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  • Chapter 01

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    Enrique Martin Franco
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    Solucionario del Sears

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    Solucionario del Sears

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    13 vistas38 páginas

    Chapter 01

    Cargado por

    Enrique Martin Franco
    Solucionario del Sears

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descargue como DOC, PDF o lea en línea desde Scribd
    Marcar por contenido inapropiado
    de 38
    Ll: Although rounded to three figures, this conversion is exact because the given conversion from inches to centimeters defines the inch. 1.2: 1.3: The time required for light to travel any distance in a vacuum is the distance divided by the speed of light; 1a: 1.6: The daily consumption must then be 17 1.8: 1.9: 1.10: LU: 1.12: 1.13: 1d: a) ») °) The density is mass per unit volume, so the volume is mass divi Use the formula for the volume of a sphere, to calculate a) b) Since the distance was given as 890 km, the total distance should be 890,000 meters. To report the total distance as 890,010 meters, the distance should be given as 890.01 km. a) (two significant figures). b) = 0.50 (also two significant figures). ©) 36mm (to the nearest millimeter). d) 6mm, ©) 2.0. La : a) If'a meter stick can measure to the nearest ter, the error will be about b) If the chemical balance can measure to the nearest milligram, the error will be about ) Ifa handheld stopwatch (as opposed to electric timing devices) can measure to the nearest tenth of a second, the error will be about 1.16: The area is 9.69 + 0.07 cm’, where the extreme values in the piece’s length and width are used to find the uncertainty in the area. The fractional uncertainty in the 2%, and the fractional uncertainties in the length and width are .20% and. = 0.53%, 1.17: a) The average volume is (two significant figures) and the uncertainty in the volume, found from the extreme values of the diameter and thickness, is about , and so the volume ofa cookie is (This method does not use the usual form for progation of errors, which is not addressed in the text. The fractional uncertainty in the thickness is so much greater than the fractional uncertainty in the diameter that the fractional uncertainty in the volume is , reflected in the above answer.) b) 1.18: (Number of cars miles/carday)/mi/gal = gallons/day (2 10% cars 10000 miv/yr/car 1 yr/365 days)/(20 mi/gal) = 2.75 10* gal/day Ten thousand; if it were to contain ten million, each sheet would be on the order jonth of an inch thick. 1.20: If it takes about four kernels to fill 1 em, a 2-L bottle will hold about 8000 kernels. 1.21: Assuming the two-volume edition, there are approximately a thousand pages, and each page has between 500 and a thousand words (counting captions and the smaller print, such as the end-of-chapter exercise and problems), so an estimate for the number of about word: 1.22: Assuming about 10 breaths per minutes, minutes per day, 365 days per year, and a lifespan of fourscore (80) years, the total volume of air breathed in a lifetime is about - This is the volume of a room » Which is kind of tight for a major-league baseball game, but it’s the same order of magnitude as the volume of the Astrodome. 1.23: This will vary from person to person, but should be of the order of 1.24: With a pulse rate ofa bit more than one beat per second, a heart will beat 10° times per day. With 365 days in a year and the above lifespan of 80 years, the number of beats in a lifetime is about With —L (50 em’) per beat, and about gallon per liter, this comes to about gallons 1.25: The shape of the pile is not given, but gold coins stacked in a pile might well be in the shape of a pyramid, say with a height of anda base . The volume of sucha pile is, and the calculations of Example 1-4 indicate that the value of this volume is 1.26: The surface area of the earth is about where R is the radius of the earth, about + 80 the surface area of all the oceans is about /An average depth of about 10 km gives a volume of - Characterizing the size of a “drop” is a personal matter, but 25 is reasonable, giving a total of drops of water in the oceans. 1.27: This will of course depend on the size of the school and who is considered a "student", A school of thousand students, each of whom averages ten pizzas a year (perhaps an underestimate) will total 10° pizzas, as will a school of 250 students averaging 40 pizzas a year each, 1.28: The moon is about away. Depending on age, dollar bills can be stacked with about 2-3 per millimeter, so the number of bills in a stack to the moon would be about 10'*. The value of these bills would be $1 trillion (1 terabuck). 12 1.30: @) by © 1.31: 1.32: 1.33: a) Him@ b) 285m@ ©) HAm@ d) 285m@ 15.6 km, 15.6 km) (47 m, 8.1m) (3.82 em, -5.07 em) 1.36: 1.37: Take the +x-direction to be forward and the +y-direction to be upward. Then the second force has components and The first force has components and The resultant force is 1190 N inthe direction _above the forward direction. 1,38: (The figure is given with the solu n to Exercise 1.31). 45° = 4.8 km, and the 6.2 km. The magnitude of the resultant displacement is = 7.8 km, and the direction is arctan = 38° north of east. The net northward displacement is (2.6 km) + (3.1 km) s net eastward displacement is (4.0 km) + (3.1 km) cos 45 a Li of Using components as a check for any graphical method, the components of are and has one component, a) The and components of the sum are 2.4 m and 10.8 m, for a magnitude and an angle of b) The magnitude and direction of A + B are the same as B + A. ) The x- and y-components of the vector difference are — 26.4 m and for a magnitude of and a direction arctan Note that must be added to order to give an angle in the third quadrant. d) 1.40: Using Equations (1.8) and (1.9), the magnitude and direction of each of the given vectors is a) = 10.0 em, arctan = 148.8° (which is 180° 31.2°), b) = 10.0 m, arctan = 14° + 180° = 194°. °) =8.21 km, arctan = 340.8° (which is 360°~ 19.2%). The total northward displacement is and the total westward displacement is The magnitude of the net displacement is The south and west displacements are the same, so The direction of the net displacement is West of North. 1.42: a) The x- and y-components of the sum are 1.30 cm + 4.10 em=5.40 em, 2.25 em + (-3.75 em) = —1.50 em. b)_ Using Equations (1-8) and (1-9), = 5.60 em, arctan =344.5° cow. cc) Similarly, 4.10 cm — (1.30 em) = 2.80 om, ~3.75 em— (2.25 em) = -6.00 em. d) 62 cm, arctan = 295° (which is 360° — 65 ‘LAB a) The magnitude of is and the angle is b) The magnitude of is. and the angle is °) 1.44: =(-12.0m)_. More precisely, 1.46: a) b) adding components, the fourth figure becomes significant.) ©) From Equations (1.8) and (1.9), 47: a) b) d) 1.48: a) not a unit vector » Ifany component is greater than +1 or less than—1, _, so it cannot be a unit vector. can have negative components since the minus sign goes away when the component is squared. °) 1.49: a) Let Scalar add n is commutative, so Scalar multiplication is commutative, so b) ‘Comparison of each component negative of the other. each vector product shows that one is the 1.50: b) 1,52: Method 1 Method 2: (Sum of products of components) a) From Eq.(1.21), For all of these pairs of vectors, the angle is found from combining Equations (1.18) and (1.21), to give the angle as In the intermediate calculations given here, the significant figures in the dot products and in the magnitudes of the vectors are suppressed, a) and so b) . °) L5% Use of the right-hand rule to find cross products gives (a) out of the page and b) into the page 1.54: a) From Eq, (1.22), the magnitude of the cross product is The right-hand rule gives the direction as being into the page, or the ~ z-direction. Using, Eq. (1.27), the only non-vanishing component of the cross product is b) The same method used in part (a) can be used, but the relation given in Eq. (1.23) gives the result directly: same magnitude (130 m’), but the opposite direction (+z-

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