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CLCULO DE PRIMITIVAS
Pgina 337
REFLEXIONA Y RESUELVE
Concepto de primitiva
NMEROS Y POTENCIAS SENCILLAS
b) 2 dx = 2x
b) x dx =
a) 1 dx = x
a) 2x dx = x 2
a) 7x dx =
a) 3x 2 dx = x 3
a) 6x 5 dx = x 6
7x 2
2
b)
c) 2 dx = 2 x
x2
2
x
x2
dx =
3
6
c) 2x dx =
x3
3
c) 2x 2 dx =
x6
6
c) 3x 5 dx =
b) x 2 dx =
b) x 5 dx =
c) 3x dx =
3x 2
2
2x 2
2
2x 3
3
3x 6
x6
=
6
2
a) (1) x 2 dx = x 1 =
b) x 2 dx =
c)
dx =
1
dx =
x3
a)
b)
2
3
1
x
1
x 1
=
x
1
5
x
dx = 2
x 3 dx =
1
1
x 2
=
2x 2
2
dx =
2
1
= 2
2x 2
x
a)
(x 3)
b)
(x 3)
(x 3)
dx =
dx = 5
1
(x 3)2
=
2(x 3)2
2
dx =
(x 3)
dx =
5
2(x 3)2
a)
2x
b)
2 x dx = 2 x
1/2
dx = x 3/2 = x 3
10 a) x dx =
2
3
1/2
1/2
2x
dx = x 3/2 = x 3
2 3/2 2 x 3
x =
3
3
dx =
14 x 3
b) 7 x dx = 7 x dx =
3
11 a) 3x dx = 3 x dx =
b)
12 a)
b)
13 a)
2x
5
1
2x
dx =
1/2
3 x dx = 3 x dx =
2 x dx = 2 x dx = 2 2 x 3 = 2 2 x 3 = 2 2x 3
5
15
15
2x dx = 3 2 x
dx = 3 x
x 5/2
= 2 x 5
5/2
6
5x dx = 5 x dx = 5 5x
b) 7x 3 dx = 7
dx =
2 7x 5
5
15 a)
b)
2x dx = x
dx = x 1/2 = x
b) 5 x 3 dx = 5 x 3/2 dx = 5
14 a)
23
2 3x 3
x 3 =
3
3
x dx = ln |x|
1
5x dx = 5 5x
dx =
1
ln |5x|
5
UNIDAD 12
16 a)
b)
x + 5 dx = ln |x + 5|
3
2x + 6 dx = 2 2x + 6
dx =
3
ln |2x + 6|
2
17 a) cos x dx = sen x
b) 2 cos x dx = 2 sen x
18 a) cos x +
dx = sen x +
2
2
1
1
2 cos 2x dx =
sen 2x
2
2
b) cos 2x dx =
19 a) (sen x) dx = cos x
b) sen x dx = cos x
20 a) sen (x ) dx = cos (x )
1
1
2 sen 2x dx =
cos 2x
2
2
b) sen 2x dx =
21 a) (1 + tg2 2x) dx =
b) tg2 2x dx =
1
1
2(1 + tg 2 2x) dx =
tg 2x
2
2
(1 + tg
2x 1) dx =
(1 + tg
2x) dx
1 dx = 2 tg 2x x
ALGUNAS EXPONENCIALES
22 a) e x dx = e x
b) e x + 1 dx = e x + 1
23 a) e 2x dx =
1
1
2e 2x dx = e 2x
2
2
b) e 2x + 1 dx =
1
1
2e 2x + 1 dx = e 2x + 1
2
2
Pgina 339
1. Calcula las siguientes integrales:
a)
c)
e)
g)
7x
dx
x 4 5x 2 + 3x 4
dx
x
d)
x 4 5x 2 + 3x 4
dx
x+1
f)
x dx
7x 4 5x 2 + 3x 4
dx
x2
h)
x + 5x 3
i)
a)
b)
x1
c)
x 4 5x 2 + 3x 4
dx =
x
d)
x3
dx =
x2
e)
x 4 5x 2 + 3x 4
dx =
x+1
3x
dx =
f)
g)
dx =
x3
dx
x2
5x
dx
5x 3
3x dx
3
x5
7x 5
+k=
+k
5
5
7x 4 dx = 7
j)
dx
dx =
1
x 1
+k=
+k
x
1
(x
5x + 3
1/2
dx =
(x
4
x4
5x 2
dx =
+ 3x 4 ln | x | + k
x
4
2
8
x3
dx =
+ x 2 + 4x + 8 ln | x 2 | + k
x2
3
x 2 + 2x + 4 +
b)
dx
x 2 4x + 7
11
dx =
x+1
x4
x3
2x 2 + 7x 11 ln | x + 1| + k
4
3
2 x3
x 3/2
+k=
+k
3
3/2
( 7xx
7x
dx
4
7x 3
5x + 3 ln | x | + + k
x
3
7x 4 5x 2 + 3x 4
dx =
x2
dx
( 5xx
dx +
( 3xx ) dx ( x4
2
5 dx + x dx x4
dx =
dx =
UNIDAD 12
h)
5x 2 dx =
3
i)
5/3
3
3 5x 5
5 x 2/3 dx = 5 x
+k=
+k
5
5/3
3
x + 5x 3
3x
dx =
j)
5x 3
dx =
3
3x
x 1/3
dx +
3x
5 x 3/2 + k = 3x + 2 5x 3 + k
1 x 1/3
+
3
9
3
1/3
3/2
5 x 3/2
5
dx = 3
3
1/3
3 x
3
x 7/6 dx =
5 x 13/6
6 5 x 13
+k=
+k
3
3
13/6
13 3
3
Pgina 340
2. a) (3x 5 tg x) dx = 3 x dx 5
3x2
5 ( ln |cos x | ) + k =
2
tg x dx =
3x2
+ 5 ln |cos x | + k
2
b) (5 cos x + 3x ) dx = 5
cos x dx +
3x dx = 5 sen x +
3x
+k
ln 3
3
dx = 3 arctg x + k
+1
3. a)
b)
c)
d)
2x
dx = ln | x2 + 1| + k
+1
x2 1
dx =
x2 + 1
(x + 1)2
dx =
x2 + 1
(1 +
2
dx = x 2 arctg x + k
+1
x2
x2 + 2x + 1
dx =
x2 + 1
(1 +
2x
dx = x + ln |x2 + 1| + k
x2 + 1
Pgina 342
1. Calcula:
a) cos 4 x sen x dx
b) 2sen x cos x dx
1
ln 2
sen x
cos 5 x
+k
5
2sen x
+k
ln 2
cos x ln 2 dx =
2. Calcula:
b)
a) cotg x dx
a) cotg x dx =
b)
x 5x+ 1
dx =
cos x
sen x
5
2
5x
dx
+1
dx = ln | sen x | + k
1 +2x(x )
2 2
dx =
5
arc tg (x 2) + k
2
Pgina 343
x sen x dx
Llamamos I = x sen x dx.
1. Calcula:
u = x, du = dx
I = x cos x +
dv = sen x dx, v = cos x
x arc tg x dx
Llamamos I = x arc tg x dx.
2. Calcula:
1 dx
u = arc tg x, du =
1 + x2
x2
dv = x dx, v =
2
I=
1
x2
arc tg x
2
2
( 1 +x x
2
dx =
1
x2
arc tg x
2
2
(1 1 +1 x
dx =
1
1
1
x2
x2
arc tg x [x arc tg x] + k =
arc tg x
x+
arc tg x + k =
2
2
2
2
2
1
x2 + 1
arc tg x
x+k
2
2
Unidad 12. Clculo de primitivas
UNIDAD 12
Pgina 344
x e
4 x
3. Calcula:
I=
x e
4 x
dx
dx
dv = e x dx 8 v = e x
e 4x
I = x 4e x
I1 =
x e
3 x
dx = x 4e x 4 x 3e x dx
dx = x 3e x 3x 2e x + 6xe x 6e x
sen
4. Calcula:
I=
sen
x dx
x dx
dv = sen x dx 8 v = cos x
= sen x cos x + x sen x dx
I = sen x cos x
Es decir:
I = sen x cos x + x I 8 2I = sen x cos x + x 8 I =
x sen x cos x
+k
2
Pgina 345
1. Calcula:
3x 2 5x + 1
dx
x4
3x 2 5x + 1
dx =
x4
3x + 7 +
29
3x 2
dx =
+ 7x + 29 ln | x 4| + k
x4
2
2. Calcula:
3x 2 5x + 1
dx
2x + 1
3x 2 5x + 1
dx =
2x + 1
( 2 x
3
13
17/4
+
dx =
4
2x + 1
3 x2
13
17
x
ln | 2x + 1| + k =
2
4
8
2
13
17
3x 2
x
ln | 2x + 1| + k
4
8
4
Pgina 348
3. Calcula:
a)
5x 3
dx
x3 x
b)
x 2 2x + 6
dx
(x 1)3
a) Descomponemos la fraccin:
5x 3
A
B
C
5x 3 =
=
+
+
3
x
(x
1)(x
+
1)
x
x
1
x
+1
x x
5x 3 = A (x 1)(x + 1) + Bx (x + 1) + Cx (x 1)
x (x 1)(x + 1)
x3 x
5x 3 = A (x 1)(x + 1) + Bx (x + 1) + Cx (x 1)
Hallamos A, B y C dando a x los valores 0, 1 y 1:
x = 0 3 = A
x = 1 2 = 2B
x = 1 8 = 2C
A=3
B=1
C = 4
x5x x3 dx = ( x
1
4
dx = 3 ln | x | + ln | x 1| 4 ln | x 1| + k
x1
x+1
b) Descomponemos la fraccin:
2
x 2 2x + 6
A
B
C
=
+
+
= A (x 1) + B (x 1) + C
3
2
3
x1
(x 1)
(x 1)3
(x 1)
(x 1)
x 2 2x + 6 = A (x 1)2 + B (x 1) + C
Dando a x los valores 1, 0 y 2, queda:
x=1 5=C
x=0 6=AB+C
x=2 6=A+B+C
A=1
B=0
C=5
UNIDAD 12
Por tanto:
x 2 2x + 6
dx =
(x 1)3
( x 1
1
5
5
dx = ln | x 1|
+k
3
(x 1)
2(x 1)2
4. Calcula:
a)
b)
x 3 + 22x 2 12x + 8
dx
x 4 4x 2
x 3 4x 2 + 4x
dx
x 4 2x 3 4x 2 + 8x
a) x 4 4x 2 = x 2 (x 2 4) = x 2 (x 2)(x + 2)
Descomponemos la fraccin:
x 3 + 22x 2 12x + 8
A
C
D
=
+ B +
+
2
x
x
2
x
+2
x 2 (x 2)(x + 2)
x
x 3 + 22x 2 12x + 8
=
x 2 (x 2)(x + 2)
Ax (x 2)(x + 2) + B (x 2)(x + 2) + Cx 2 (x + 2) + Dx 2 (x 2)
x 2 (x 2)(x + 2)
=
=
=
=
0
2
2
1
8 = 4B
B = 2
80 = 16C
C=5
112 = 16D D = 7
19 = 3A 3B + 3C D 3A = 9 A = 3
Por tanto:
x 3 + 22x 2 12x + 8
dx =
x 4 4x 2
( x
5
7
2 +
dx =
x2
x+2
x2
= 3 ln|x| +
2
+ 5 ln|x 2| 7 ln|x + 2| + k
x
x 3 4x 2 + 4x
x (x 2)2
1
=
=
3
2
x+2
2x 4x + 8x
x (x 2)2 (x + 2)
x 3 4x 2 + 4x
dx =
x 4 2x 3 4x 2 + 8x
x + 2 dx = ln|x + 2| + k
Pgina 356
EJERCICIOS Y PROBLEMAS PROPUESTOS
PARA PRACTICAR
c)
2x + 7 dx
a)
(4x
(4x 2 5x + 7) dx
b)
dx
x
5
d) (x sen x) dx
5x + 7)dx =
4x 3
5x 2
+ 7x + k
3
2
5
dx
5 x4
x 4/5
+k=
+k
4
4/5
b)
c)
2x + 7 dx = 2 ln|2x + 7| + k
d)
(x sen x)dx =
x 1/5 dx =
x2
+ cox x + k
2
10
a)
(x
c)
3x dx
a)
b)
(x 1)
c)
d)
(sen x + e ) dx = cos x + e
+ 4x) (x 2 1) dx
d) (sen x + e x ) dx
(x 2 + 4x) (x 2 1)dx =
b) (x 1)3 dx
dx =
3x dx =
(x 4 + 4x 3 x 2 4x) dx =
x5
x3
+ x4
2x 2 + k
5
3
(x 1)4
+k
4
3/2
2 3x 3
3 x 1/2 dx = 3 x
+k=
+k
3
3/2
+k
UNIDAD 12
a)
2 dx
b) sen (x 4) dx
7
dx
cos 2 x
c)
a)
2 dx =
b)
c)
cos
d)
(e
+ 3e x )dx = e x 3e x + k
d) (e x + 3e x ) dx
1
2
3
1/3
dx =
1 x 4/3
3
+k=
4
2 4/3
3
x4
+k
2
dx = 7 tg x + k
dx
a)
x dx
a)
x dx = 2 ln|x| + k
b)
x1
c)
x + x
dx =
x2
d)
3
dx = 3 arc tg x + k
1 + x2
b)
x1
c)
x + x
dx
x2
d)
1+x
dx
dx
= ln|x 1| + k
(x
+ x 3/2 dx = ln|x|
2
+k
x
dx
a)
x4
a)
x4
b)
(x 4)
c)
(x 4) dx =
(x 4)3
+k
3
d)
dx
=
(x 4)3
(x 4)3 dx =
dx
b)
c)
(x 4) dx
2
d)
dx
(x 4)
= ln|x 4| + k
dx
1
+k
(x 4)
(x 4)
(x 4)2
1
+k=
+k
2
2(x 4)2
11
x4
c)
5x
a)
x4
b)
2x + 9
c)
5x
d)
b) e 2x + 9 dx
dx
d) (3x x 3) dx
dx
dx = e x 4 + k
1
2
dx =
2e
2x + 9
dx =
1 2x + 9
e
+k
2
1
1
5e 5x dx = e 5x +k
5
5
dx =
(3x x 3)dx =
3x
x4
+k
ln 3
4
a)
1 + 9x
a)
1 + 9x
b)
4x
c)
d)
b)
2 dx
2
3
3 dx
1 + (3x)
5 dx
5
2 + 1 = 2
4 dx
=
3 + 3x 2
dx
=
4 + x2
5 dx
2+1
4x
4 dx
3 + 3x
c)
d)
dx
4+x
2
arc tg (3x) + k
3
2 dx
5
2 + 1 = 2 arc tg (2x) + k
(2x)
4 dx
4
=
2
3(1 + x ) 3
1/4
1
dx =
2
1 + (x/2)
2
dx
4
= arc tg x + k
2
1+x
3
()
1/2
1
x
dx = arc tg
+k
2
1 + (x/2)
2
2
12
a)
x 2 5x + 4
dx
x+1
a)
x 2 5x + 4
dx =
x+1
(x 6 + x + 1 ) dx =
x2
6x + 10 ln|x + 1| + k
2
b)
x 2 + 2x + 4
dx =
x+1
(x + 1 + x + 1 ) dx =
x2
+ x + 3 ln|x + 1| + k
2
b)
2x 2 + 2x + 4
dx
x+1
10
c)
x 3 3x 2 + x 1
dx
x2
UNIDAD 12
c)
x 3 3x 2 + x 1
dx =
x2
=
(x
x1
3
dx =
x2
x3
x2
x 3 ln|x 2| + k
3
2
9 Halla estas integrales sabiendo que son del tipo arco seno:
dx
a)
1 4x
a)
1 4x
b)
c)
b)
dx
dx
4 x
2
4 x
1 (2x)
1/2 dx
1 (x/2)2
ex
dx =
1 e 2x
c)
2 dx
1
2
dx
d)
dx
1 (ln x)
(*)
1
arc sen (2x) + k
2
= arc sen
()
x
+k
2
ex
dx = arc sen (e x ) + k
x
2
1 (e )
dx
x 1 (ln x)
1/x dx
dx
ex
dx
1 e 2x
x 1 (ln x) = 1 (ln x)
Integrales de la forma
a)
cos x sen
c)
(x
a)
cos x sen 3 x dx =
3
3
(x + 1)1
dx = 3 (x + 1)2 dx = 3
=
+k
2
(x + 1)
x+1
1
c)
1
x dx
=
2
5
2
(x + 3)
d)
x ln
b)
x dx
x dx
2 + 3)5
b)
(x + 1)
d)
x ln
dx
x dx
sen 4 x
+k
4
x dx =
2x (x 2 + 3)5 dx =
1 (x 2 + 3)4
1
+k=
+k
2
2
4
8(x + 3)4
ln 4|x|
+k
4
13
sen x cos x dx
2x dx
c)
9 x
a)
sen x cos x dx =
b)
c)
d)
b)
d)
sen x dx
cos 5 x
x dx
+5
sen 2 x
+k
2
2x dx
9 x 2
x dx
+5
= 2x (9 x 2)1/2 dx =
1
2
2x (x 2 + 5)1/2 dx =
(9 x 2)1/2
+ k = 2 9 x 2 + k
1/2
1 (x 2 + 5)1/2
= x 2 + 5 + k
1/2
2
c)
2x (x 1) dx
(1 + ln x)2
dx
x
a) x 2 2x (x 1)dx =
arc sen x
dx =
1 x2
c)
(1 + ln x)2
dx =
x
d)
(1 + cos x)
b)
d)
(1 + cos x)
sen x dx
1
(x 2 2x)1/2 (2x 2) dx =
2
(x 2 2x)3
1 (x 2 2x)3/2
+k=
+k
3
3/2
2
1 x
arc sen x dx =
(1 + ln x)2
arc sen 2 x
+k
2
(1 + ln x )3
1
dx =
+k
3
x
14
1
x 2 2x (2x 2) dx =
2
arc sen x
dx
1 x2
b)
2 (1 + cos x)5
(1 + cos x)5/2
+k=
+k
5
5/2
UNIDAD 12
Pgina 357
Integracin por partes
s13 Aplica la integracin por partes para resolver las siguientes integrales:
x ln x dx
c) 3x cos x dx
x
e)
e dx
g) arc cos x dx
d) ln (2x 1) dx
f) arc tg x dx
h) x ln x dx
b) x e 2x dx
a)
a)
x ln x dx
1
u = ln x 8 du =
dx
2
x
dv = x dx 8 v =
2
b)
xe
c)
x ln x dx =
2x
x2
ln x
2
x
x2
x2
dx =
ln|x|
+k
2
2
4
dx
u = x 8 du = dx
dv = e 2x dx 8 v =
x
1
xe 2x dx = e 2x
2
2
1
e 2x
2
e 2x dx =
x 2x 1 2x
e
e +k
2
4
3x cos x dx = 3 x cos x dx
u = x 8 du = dx
dv = cos x dx 8 v = sen x
3 x cos x dx = 3 x sen x
= 3x sen x + 3cos x + k
d)
ln (2x 1) dx
2
u = ln 2x 1 8 du =
2x 1
dv
=
dx
8
v
=
x
15
2x
ln (2x 1) dx = x ln (2x 1) 2x 1 dx =
= x ln (2x 1)
( 1 + 2x 1 ) dx =
1
= x ln (2x 1) x
e)
1
ln (2x 1) + k
2
dx
u = x 8 du = dx
x dx 8 v = e x dx
dv = e
x
e
f)
dx = xe x +
dx = xe x e x + k
arc tg x dx
1 dx
u = arc tg x 8 du =
1 + x2
dv = dx 8 v = x
arc tg x = x arc tg x
= x arc tg x
g)
1
1
dx = x arc tg x
2
2
1+x
2x
dx =
1 + x2
1
ln (1 + x 2 ) + k
2
arc cos x dx
1
u = arc cos x 8 du =
2
1
x
dv = dx 8 v = x
dx = x arc cos x 1 x 2 + k
ln x dx
1
u = ln x 8 du =
dx
x3
dv = x 2 dx 8 v =
2
x
16
ln x dx =
x 3 ln x
x2
x 3 ln x
x3
dx =
+k
3
3
9
Unidad 12. Clculo de primitivas
UNIDAD 12
x
c) e
a)
a)
sen x dx
sen x dx
sen x dx
d) (x + 1)
b) x 2 e 2x dx
2
e x dx
u = x 2 8 du = 2x dx
dv = sen x dx 8 v = cos x
b) x 2 e 2x dx
u = x 2 8 du = 2x dx
dv = e 2x dx 8 v = 1 e 2x
x 2 2x
e x e 2x dx
2
14243
I1
x 2 e 2x dx =
u1 = x 8 du1 = dx
dv = e 2x dx 8 v = 1 e 2x
1
1
2
I1 =
x 2x
e
2
2e
2x
dx =
x 2x 1 2x
e e
2
4
Por tanto:
x 2 e 2x dx =
x 2 2x x 2x 1 2x
x2 x
1 2x
e e + e +k=
+
e +k
2
2
2
4
2
4
17
c)
e sen x dx
x
u = e x 8 du = e x dx
dv = sen x dx 8 v = cos x
sen x dx = e x cos x +
e cos x dx
1442443
x
I1
x
x
u1 = e 8 du1 = e dx
dv = cos x dx 8 v = sen x
1
1
I1 = e x sen x e x sen x dx
Por tanto:
sen x dx
e x sen x dx =
e x sen x e x cos x
+k
2
d) (x + 1)2 e x dx
u = (x + 1)2 8 du = 2(x + 1) dx
x
x
dv = e dx 8 v = e
(x + 1)
e x dx = (x + 1)2 e x 2 (x + 1) e x dx
1442443
I1
u1 = (x + 1) 8 du1 = dx
dv = e x dx 8 v = e x
1
1
I1 = (x + 1) e x e x dx = (x + 1) e x e x = (x + 1 1) e x = x e x
Por tanto:
(x + 1)
e x dx = (x + 1)2 e x 2x e x + k =
= (x 2 + 2x + 1 2x) e x + k = (x 2 + 1) e x + k
18
UNIDAD 12
Integrales racionales
15 Aplica la descomposicin en fracciones simples para resolver las siguientes
integrales:
3x 3
1
a)
dx
b)
dx
x2 4
x2 + x 6
1
c)
x 4x 25x + 100 dx
4
e)
x + x 2 dx
x 2x + x 1
g)
x 3x + 2 dx
3
x
d)
x
f)
x
h)
x
a)
x
x2
1
dx =
+x6
x2
dx
+ 4x + 3
16
dx
2x 15
A = 1/5
B = 1/5
1/5
x+3
dx +
1/5
x2
dx =
1
1
ln | x + 3| + ln | x 2| + k
5
5
3x 3
dx
x2 4
3x 3
3x 3 + 12x
12x
c)
+1
dx
+x
1
dx
+x6
1
A
B
=
+
x+3
x2
+x6
x
b)
2
2
x2 4
3x
3x 3
dx =
x2 4
x3
4x 2
3x +
3x 3
12x
= 3x + 2
x2 4
x 4
3x 2
12x
dx =
+ 6 ln | x 2 4| + k
2
2
x 4
1
25x + 100
x 3 4x 2 25x + 100 = 0
1
5
1
4
5
1
25 100
5 100
20
0
x 2 + x 20 = 0 8 x =
1 1 + 80
2
x = 5
x=4
1
A
B
C
1
1
1
=
+
+
8 A= , B= , C=
x 3 4x 2 25x + 100
x5
x+5
x4
10
90
9
1
1
1
1
dx =
ln | x 5| +
ln | x + 5| ln | x 4| + k
10
90
9
4x 2 25x + 100
19
d)
x2 + 1
dx
x2 + x
e)
x2 + 1
dx = x + ln | x | 2ln | x + 1| + k
x2 + x
x
x2
4
4
4
dx = ln | x + 2| +
ln | x 1| + k
3
3
+x2
x2
dx
x 2 + 4x + 3
x2
4
dx
+x2
4
A
B
4
4
=
+
8 A= , B=
x+2
x1
3
3
+x2
x
f)
x2
4x + 3
A
B
=1 2
=1
+
+ 4x + 3
x + 4x + 3
x+3
x+1
x2
x2
dx =
+ 4x + 3
8 A=
9
1
, B=
2
2
[ 1 ( x + 3 + x + 1 ) ] dx =
9/2
1/2
9
1
ln | x + 3| + ln | x + 1| + k
2
2
=x
g)
x 3 2x 2 + x 1
dx
x 2 3x + 2
x 3 2x 2 + x 1
2x 3
A
B
= x +1 +
= x +1 +
+
2
x 3x + 2
(x 2)(x 1)
x2 x1
x 3 2x 2 + x 1
dx =
x 2 3x + 2
=
A=1
B=1
( x + 1 + x 2 + x 1 ) dx =
1
x2
+x + ln | x 2| + ln | x 1| + k
2
h) Anlogamente:
20
x2
16
dx =
2x 15
2
2
+
x5
x+3
)]
dx = 2ln | x 5| + 2ln | x + 3| + k
UNIDAD 12
1
c)
(x 1)(x + 3)
a)
dx
2x + 3
(x 2)(x + 5) dx
3x 2
d)
x 4 dx
b)
2x 4
dx
2 (x + 3)
(x 1)
8 B = 1/2
8 C = 5/8
8 A = 5/8
Por tanto:
2x 4
dx =
2 (x + 3)
(x 1)
=
b)
5/8
1/2
x 1 dx + (x 1)
dx +
5/8
x + 3 dx =
5
1
1
5
5
ln|x 1| +
ln|x + 3| + k =
ln
8
2 (x 1)
8
8
x1
x+3+
1
+k
2x 2
2x + 3
(x 2) (x + 5) dx
Descomponemos en fracciones simples:
2x + 3
A
B
A(x + 5) + B(x 2)
=
+
=
(x 2) (x + 5)
x2
x+5
(x 2) (x + 5)
2x + 3 = A(x + 5) + B(x 2)
Hallamos A y B:
x = 2 8 7 = 7A
x = 5 8 7 = 7B
8 A=1
8 B=1
Por tanto:
2x + 3
(x 2) (x + 5) dx = x 2 dx + x + 5 dx =
= ln|x 2| + ln|x + 5| + k = ln|(x 2)(x + 5)| + k
21
c)
(x 1) (x + 3)
dx
8 A = 1/16
8 C = 1/4
8 B = 1/16
Por tanto:
1
(x 1) (x + 3)
d)
3x 2 dx =
x2 4
dx =
1/16
x 1 dx +
1/16
dx +
x+3
1/4
(x + 3)
dx =
1
1
1
1
ln|x 1|
ln|x + 3| +
+k=
16
16
4 (x + 3)
1
x1
1
ln
+
+k
16
x+3
4(x + 3)
3x 2
(x 2) (x + 2) dx
x = 2 8 8 = 4B 8 B = 2
Por tanto:
3x 2 dx =
x2 4
x 2 dx + x + 2 dx =
22
UNIDAD 12
PARA RESOLVER
17 Resuelve las siguientes integrales:
5
b) x sen x dx
c) (x + 3) dx
1
1
5x e dx = e + k
a) x e dx =
5
5
1
1
2x sen x dx =
cos x + k
b) x sen x dx =
2
2
(x + 3)
2 (x + 3)
=
c) (x + 3) dx = (x + 3) dx =
7/2
7
3x
1
12x
1
d)
2 6x dx = 4 2 6x dx = 4 ln|2 6x | + k
a) x 4 e x dx
x5
x5
dx
7/2
5/2
3x
2 6x
x5
d)
+k
x2
a) x 2
a)
dx
dx
b)
sen x dx
c)
d)
cos x dx
e x dx
u = x 8 du = dx
2 x
dv = 2 x dx 8 v =
ln 2
x2
dx =
=
b)
x 2 x
+
ln 2
1
2 x
x 2 x
dx =
+
ln 2
ln 2
ln 2
dx =
x
x 2 x
2
+k
ln 2
(ln 2)2
sen x dx
u = x 3 8 du = 3x 2 dx
dv = sen x dx 8 v = cos x
I1 = x 2 sen x 2 x sen x dx
14243
I2
u2 = x 8 du2 = dx
23
x
c)
cos x dx
u = e x 8 du = e x dx
dv = cos x dx 8 v = sen x
I = e x sen x e x sen x dx
1442443
I1
u = e x 8 du = e x dx
dv = sen x dx 8 v = cos x
I1 = cos x e x + e x cos x dx
I=
ex
sen x (cos x e x + I )
2I = e x sen x + e x cos x
e x sen x + e x cos x
+k
2
I=
d) x 5 e x dx = x 3 x 2 e x dx
u = x 3 8 du = 3x 2 dx
1 e x 3
dv = x 2 e x 3 dx 8 v =
x 5 e x dx =
=
3
x 3 x 3
x 3 x 3 1 x 3
e + x 2 e x dx =
e
e
+k=
3
3
3
(x 3 1) x 3
e
+k
3
x+2
2 + 1 dx
2x 2 + 7x 1
dx
x3 + x2 x 1
c)
a)
(1) 1
x+2
2 + 1 dx = 2
(1) Hacemos
24
b)
d)
2x
dx +
+1
(x + 2)dx
=
x2 + 1
(x
(x
1
dx
1)2
2x 2 + 5x 1
dx
x 3 + x 2 2x
2
1
dx =
ln (x 2 + 1) + 2 arc tg x + k
2
+1
x
2
+ 2
x +1
+1
dx
UNIDAD 12
b)
(x
1
dx =
1)2
1
dx
(x 1)2 (x + 1)2
(x
1)2
c)
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=
(x 2
1
1
0
2
8
8
8
8
1 = 4B 8 B = 1/4
1 = 4D 8 D = 1/4
1 = A + B + C + D 8 1/2 = A + C
1 = 9A + 9B + 3C + D 8 3/2 = 9A + 3C 8 1/2 = 3A + C
1
dx =
1)2
1/4
dx +
(x 1)
1/4
dx +
(x 1)2
1/4
dx +
(x + 1)
A = 1/4
B = 1/4
C = 1/4
D = 1/4
1/4
dx =
(x + 1)2
1
1
1
1
1
1
ln|x 1|
+
ln|x + 1|
+k=
4
4 (x + 1) 4
4 (x + 1)
1
1
1
ln|x 1| +
ln|x + 1| +
+k=
4
x1
x+1
1
x1
2x
ln
+ 2
+k
4
x+1
x 1
[
[ |
2x 2 + 7x 1
dx =
x3 + x2 x 1
2x 2 + 7x 1
dx
(x 1)(x + 1)2
8 A=2
8 C=3
8 B=0
25
Por tanto:
d)
2x 2 + 7x 1
dx =
x3 + x2 x 1
2x 2 + 5x 1
dx =
x 3 + x 2 2x
x 1 dx + (x + 1)
dx = 2 ln|x 1|
3
+k
x+1
2x 2 + 5x 1
dx
x (x 1)(x + 2)
8 A = 1/2
8 B=2
8 C = 1/2
Por tanto:
2x 2 + 5x 1
dx =
x 3 + x 2 2x
=
1/2
dx +
x
1/2
x 1 dx + x + 2 dx =
1
1
ln|x|+ 2 ln|x 1| ln|x + 2| + k =
2
2
= ln
(x 1)2x
x + 2
cos
+k
x dx, hacemos:
sen
cos 3 x dx =
3
x dx =
=
26
sen
cos x dx
sen x (sen
x dx.
sen x dx
x) dx =
sen x (1 cos
sen 3 x
+k
3
x ) dx =
cos 3 x
3
UNIDAD 12
s21 Calcula:
x2
dx
x2
b)
x 4 + 2x 6
dx
x 3 + x 2 2x
c)
x3
5x 2
dx
3x 2 + 3x 1
d)
x3
a)
a)
dx
=
x2
2x 3
dx
2x 2 9x + 18
dx
(x + 1) (x 2)
x = 2 8 1 = 3B 8 B = 1/3
Por tanto:
b)
dx
dx =
x2
1/3
1/3
x + 1 dx + x 2 dx =
1
1
ln|x + 1| +
ln|x 2| + k =
3
3
1
x2
ln
+k
3
x+1
x 4 + 2x 6 dx =
x 3 + x 2 2x
(x 1 + x (x 1)(x + 2) ) dx
3x 2 6
1
x
+2
x (x 1)(x + 2)
A(x 1)(x + 2) + Bx (x + 2) + C x (x 1)
3x 2 6
=
x (x 1)(x + 2)
x (x 1)(x + 2)
3x 2 6 = A(x 1)(x + 2) + Bx (x + 2) + C x (x 1)
Hallamos A, B y C :
x = 0 8 6 = 2A
x = 1 8 3 = 3B
x = 2 8 6 = 6C
8 A=3
8 B = 1
8 C=1
27
Por tanto:
c)
x 4 + 2x 6 dx =
x 3 + x 2 2x
(x 1 + x
1
1
+
dx =
x1
x+2
x2
x + 3 ln|x| ln|x 1| + ln|x + 2| + k =
2
x2
x 3 (x + 2)
x + ln
+k
2
x1
5x 2
dx =
3x 2 + 3x 1
5x 2
(x 1)
dx
x=1
x=2
x=0
A=5
B = 10
C=5
Por tanto:
5x 2
dx =
3x 2 + 3x 1
(x 1 +
5
10
5
+
(x 1)2
(x 1)3
= 5 ln|x 1|
d)
2x 3
dx =
x 3 2x 2 9x + 18
dx =
10
5
+k
x1
2(x 1)2
2x 3
(x 2) (x 3) (x + 3) dx
28
8 A = 1/5
8 B = 1/2
8 C = 3/10
Unidad 12. Clculo de primitivas
UNIDAD 12
Por tanto:
2x 3
dx =
x 3 2x 2 9x + 18
=
(x 2 + x 3 +
1/5
1/2
3/10
dx =
x+3
1
1
3
ln|x 2| +
ln|x 3|
ln|x + 3| + k
5
2
10
ln x
dx
x
b)
x + cos x dx
c)
1
dx
x ln x
d)
1 + ex
dx
ex + x
e)
sen (1/x)
dx
x2
f)
2x 3
dx
x+2
g)
arc tg x
dx
1 + x2
h)
cos
a)
ln x
dx =
x
b)
c)
x ln x dx = ln x
a)
sen x
4 x dx
1
ln 2|x|
ln x dx =
+k
x
2
1 sen x
1/x
dx = ln|ln|x|| + k
d)
1 + e x dx = ln|e x + x| + k
ex + x
e)
sen (1/x) dx =
x2
f)
2x 3
dx =
x+2
g)
arc tg x
dx =
1 + x2
h)
sen x
(cos x)3
1
dx = (sen x) (cos x)4 dx =
+k=
+k
4
3
cos x
3 cos 3 x
(2
( )
( )
1 sen 1 dx = cos 1 + k
2
x
x
7
dx = 2x 7 ln|x + 2| + k
x+2
arc tg 2 x
1
arc tg x dx =
+k
2
2
1+x
29
Pgina 358
23 Calcula las integrales indefinidas:
a)
senx
dx
b) ln (x 3) dx
x dx
e) (ln x) dx
1
g)
1 x dx
f) e cos e dx
(1 x)
h)
1 + x dx
x
lnx
c)
d) ln (x 2 + 1) dx
a)
b)
sen x
dx = 2
2x
(sen x ) dx = 2 cos ( x ) + k
ln (x 3)dx
1
u = ln (x 3) 8 du = dx
x3
dv = dx 8 v = x
ln (x 3)dx = x ln|x 3| x 3
dx = x ln|x 3|
1 + x 3 dx =
ln x
dx
1
1
1
u = ln x 8 du =
= dx
x 2 x 2x
1
v=
dx 8 dv = 2 x
x
ln x
dx = 2 x ln x
x
2x
dx = 2 x ln x
2x
x dx =
= 2 x ln x 2 x + k = 2 x (ln x 1) + k
d)
ln (x
+ 1)dx
2x
u = ln (x 2 + 1) 8 du =
2 + 1 dx
dv = dx 8 v = x
30
UNIDAD 12
ln (x
+ 1) dx = x ln (x 2 + 1)
= x ln (x 2 + 1)
e)
(ln x)
(2
2x 2 dx =
+1
x2
2
dx = x ln (x 2 + 1) 2x + 2 arc tg x + k
x2 + 1
dx
1
u = (ln x)2 8 du = 2 (ln x)
dx
dv = dx 8 v = x
(ln x)
f)
g)
cos e x dx = sen e x + k
1
dx =
1 x2
(x + 1) (x 1)
dx
8 A = 1/2
8 B = 1/2
Por tanto:
h)
1
dx =
1 x2
(1 x)2 dx =
1+x
( x + 1 + x 1 ) dx =
1/2
1/2
1
1
ln|x + 1|
ln|x 1| + k = ln
2
2
x 2 2x + 1 dx =
x+1
x+1
+k
x1
(x 3 + x + 1 ) dx =
4
2
= x 3x + 4 ln|x + 1| + k
2
31
s24 Resuelve:
a)
1
dx
1 + ex
x+3
9 x
dx
(1)
1
dx =
x
1+e
1 + ex ex
dx =
1 + ex
1 + ex
ex
dx =
x
1+e
1 + ex
ex
= x ln (1 + e x ) + k
1 + ex
b)
x+3
x2
dx =
9 x
1
2
3dx
9 x
dx +
2x
x2
= 9 x 2 + 3
dx +
9 x 2
1/3
1 (x/3)
= 9 x 2 + 3 arc sen
dx =
dx =
()
x
+k
3
x x + 1 dx
d)
x x + 1 dx
dx
b)
x x
e)
x + x dx
c)
x + 1 dx
f)
1 + x dx
x x + 1 dx
Cambio: x + 2 = t 2 8 dx = 2t dt
x x + 1 dx =
32
(t 2 1)t 2t dt =
(2t 4 2t 2 ) dt =
2t 5
2t 3
+k=
5
3
2 (x + 1)5
2 (x + 1)3
+k
5
3
Unidad 12. Clculo de primitivas
UNIDAD 12
b)
dx
x x
4
Cambio: x = t 4 8 dx = 4t 3 dt
dx
x x =
4
c)
4t 3 dt =
t4 t
4t 2 dt = 4
3 1
3
3t 2 dt = 4 ln|t 3 1| + k =
3 1
3
4 | 4x 3
ln
1| + k
3
x + 1 dx
Cambio: x + 1 = t 2 8 dx = 2t dt
x
dx =
x + 1
=
d)
(t 2 1)
2t dt =
t
(2t 2 2) dt =
2t 3
2t + k =
3
2 (x + 1)3
2 x + 1 + k
3
1
dx
x x + 1
Cambio: x + 1 = t 2 8 dx = 2t dt
1
dx =
x x + 1
(t
2t dt =
1)t
2 dt
(t + 1) (t 1)
8 2 = 2A
8 2 = 2B
8 A = 1
8 B=1
Por tanto:
(t + 1) (t 1) = ( t + 1 + t 1 ) dt = ln|t + 1| + ln|t 1| + k =
2 dt
= ln
| tt + 11 | + k
As:
x + 1 1 + k
1
dx = ln
x + 1 + 1
x x + 1
33
e)
x + x
dx
Cambio: x = t 2 8 dx = 2t dt
1
x + x
dx =
2t dt =
t2 + t
2 dt
t + 1 = 2 ln|t + 1| + k =
= 2 ln ( x + 1) + k
f)
x
dx
1+x
Cambio: x = t 2 8 dx = 2t dt
dx =
1+x
t 2t dt =
1 + t2
2t 2 dt =
1 + t2
(2 1 + t
2
dt =
= 2t 2 arc tg t + k = 2 x 2 arc tg x + k
c)
1 x
dx
3e x
dx
b)
e 3x e x
dx
e 2x + 1
d)
1 + x dx
2x
a) Haz x = sen t.
1 x
dx =
=
(1) cos 2 t =
1 sen
(1)
t cos t dt = cos 2 t dt =
(2 +
1
cos 2t
dt =
2
t
1
t
1
+
2 cos 2t dt = + sen 2t + k
2 4
2 4
1 + cos 2t
2
Deshacemos el cambio:
sen t = x 8 cos t = 1 x 2 ; t = arc sen x
sen 2t = 2 sen t cos t = 2x 1 x 2
Por tanto:
1 x
34
dx =
1
(arc sen x + x 1 x 2
2
)+k
Unidad 12. Clculo de primitivas
UNIDAD 12
b)
2x
dx
3e x
Hacemos el cambio: e x = t 8 x = ln t 8 dx =
2x
dx
=
3e x
1/t
dt =
3t
1
dt =
3t 2
1
dt
t
1
t (t 3) dt
2
A B
At (t 3) + B(t 3) + C t 2
1
C
=
+ 2 +
=
t
t 2 (t 3)
t
t3
3)
1 = At (t 3) + B(t 3) + C t 2
Hallamos A, B y C :
8 1 = 3B
8 1 = 9C
8 1 = 2A 2B + C
t=0
t=3
t=1
8 B = 1/3
8 C = 1/9
8 A = 1/9
t 2 (t
1
dt =
3)
=
1/9
1/3
1/9
+ 2 +
dt =
t
t
t3
1
1
1
ln|t | +
+
ln|t 3| + k
9
3t
9
Por tanto:
2x
dx
1
1
1
=
ln e x + x +
ln|e x 3| + k =
x
9
3e
9
3e
=
c)
1
1
1
x+ x +
ln|e x 3| + k
9
3e
9
e 3x e x
dx
e 2x + 1
Hacemos el cambio: e x = t 8 x = ln t 8 dx =
e 3x e x
dx =
e 2x + 1
t3 t 1
dt =
t2 + 1 t
t2 1
dt =
t2 + 1
1
dt
t
(1 t
2
dt =
+1
= t 2 arc tg t + k = e x 2 arc tg (e x ) + k
d)
1 + x dx
Hacemos el cambio: x = t 2 8 dx = 2t dt
1
2t dt
2
dx =
= 2
dt = 2t 2 ln|1 + t| + k =
1+t
1+t
1 + x
= 2 x 2 ln (1 + x ) + k
35
F (x) =
1 + 3x
dx =
1
3
1 + 3x
1
que se anula para x = 0.
1 + 3x
dx =
1
ln|1 + 3x| + k
3
F (0) = k = 0
Por tanto: F (x) =
1
ln|1 + 3x|
3
1
y F (1) = 2.
x2
1 dx = 1 + k
2
x
F (1) = 1 + k = 2 k = 3
Por tanto: F (x) =
1
+3
x
(4x 6) dx = 2x
6x + k
F (1) = 2 6 + k = 4 k = 8
Por tanto: F (x) = 2x 2 6x + 8
30 Halla f (x) sabiendo que f '' (x) = 6x, f ' (0) = 1 y f (2) = 5.
f ' (x) =
6x dx = 3x
f ' (0) = c = 1
+ c f ' (x) = 3x 2 + 1
+ 1) dx = x 3 + x + k
k = 5
f (2) = 10 + k = 5
f (x) =
(3x
ex
1 e
dx
b)
1 dx
a) Haz e x = t. b) Haz e x 1 = t.
36
UNIDAD 12
a)
ex
dx
1 e x
x
2
= ln t 8 dx =
dt
2
t
Cambio: e x = t 8 e x/2 = t 8
ex
=
1 e x
t 2 (2/t) dt
=
1t
1 t = (2 + 1 t ) dt =
2t dt
= 2t 2 ln|1 t| + k = 2 e x 2 ln|1 e x | + k
b)
1 dx
Cambio: e x 1 = t 8 e x = t 2 + 1 8 x = ln (t 2 + 1) 8 dx =
e x 1 dx =
2t dt =
t2 + 1
2t 2 dt =
t2 + 1
(2 t
2t dt
t2 + 1
2
dt =
+1
= 2t 2 arc tg t + k = 2 e x 1 2 arc tg e x 1 + k
32 Calcula
sen 2 x
dx.
1 + cos x
sen 2 x
dx =
1 + cos x
=
sen 2 x (1 cos x)
dx =
(1 + cos x) (1 cos x)
sen 2 x (1 cos x) dx =
sen 2 x
sen 2 x (1 cos x) dx =
1 cos 2 x
(1 cos x) dx = x sen x + k
cos
2 x dx
sen x dx
1
cos 2x
x
1
sen x dx = (
2 2 ) dx = 2 4 sen 2x + k
2
(1)
1 cos 2x
2
Por partes:
u = sen x 8 du = cos x dx
dv = sen x dx 8 v = cos x
Unidad 12. Clculo de primitivas
37
I = sen x cos x +
cos
x dx = sen x cos x +
2I = sen x cos x + x 8 I =
I=
(1 sen
x ) dx
sen x cos x
1
+ x
2
2
x
1 1
x
1
sen 2x + k = sen 2x + k
2 2 2
2 4
s34 Encuentra una primitiva de la funcin f (x) = x 2 sen x cuyo valor para
x = sea 4.
F (x) =
sen x dx
dv = sen x dx 8 v = cos x
Por tanto:
F (x) = x 2 cos x + 2 x sen x + 2 cos x + k
F () = 2 2 + k = 4 k = 6 2
f '' (x) dx
e
4
8 f ' (x) = x ln x dx
1
u = ln x 8 du = x dx
x2
dv = x dx 8 v =
2
f ' (x) =
38
x2
x2
x2
x2
x
1
ln x
dx =
ln x
+k=
ln x
+k
2
2
4
2
2
2
UNIDAD 12
( )
(
)
f ' (1) =
1 1
1
1
+k= +k=0 k=
2 2
4
4
f ' (x) =
x2
1
1
ln x
+
2
2
4
f (x) =
x2
1
1
ln x
+
dx =
2
2
4
[ (
) ]
x2
1
1
ln x
dx + x
2
2
4
144424443
I
Integramos por partes:
1
1
u = ln x 2 8 du = x dx
x2
x3
dv =
dx 8 v =
2
6
I=
x3
1
ln x
6
2
x2
x3
x3
1
dx =
ln x
+k
6
6
18
2
Por tanto:
f (x) =
f (x) =
x3
x3
1
1
ln x
+ x+k
6
18
2
4
f (e) =
e3
e3
e3
e
e
e
+ +k=
+ +k=
12
18
36
4
4
4
3
e
k=
36
x3
x3
e3
1
1
ln x
+ x
6
18
36
2
4
s36 Calcula la expresin de una funcin f (x) tal que f ' (x) = x e x y que
1
f (0) = .
2
f (x) =
xe
f (0) =
x 2
dx =
1
1
+k=
2
2
1
2
2x e
x 2
dx =
1 x 2
e
+k
2
k=1
1 x 2
e
+1
2
a
1+x
donde a es una constante. Determina la funcin si, adems, sabemos que
f (0) = 1 y f (1) = 1.
s37 De una funcin y = f (x), x > 1 sabemos que tiene por derivada y ' =
y=
1+x
dx 8 f (x) = a ln (1 + x) + k
(x > 1)
39
f (0) = 1 8 a ln (1 + 0) + k = 1 8 k = 1
f (1) = 1 8 a ln 2 + k = 1 8 a ln 2 = 1 1 8 a =
Por tanto, f (x) =
2
ln 2
2
ln (1 + x) + 1, x > 1.
ln 2
Pgina 359
s38 Dada la funcin f : 8 definida por f (x) = ln (1 + x 2), halla la primitiva de f cuya grfica pasa por el origen de coordenadas.
ln (1 + x ) dx
2
2x
u = ln (1 + x 2) 8 du = 2 dx
1+x
dv = dx 8 v = x
ln (1 + x 2 ) dx = x ln (1 + x 2 )
2x 2
dx =
1 + x2
( 1 1 + x ) dx =
= x ln (1 + x 2 ) 2
= x ln (1 + x 2 ) 2(x arc tg x) + k
F (x) = x ln (1 + x 2) 2x + 2arc tg x + k
Debe pasar por (0, 0) 8 F (0) = 0
F (0) = 0 2 0 + 0 + k = 0 8 k = 0
As, F (x) = x ln (1 + x 2) 2x + 2arc tg x.
s39 Calcula a para que una primitiva de la funcin (ax 2 + x cos x + 1) dx pase
por (, 1).
ax 3
3
+ x + x cos x dx
14243
I1
dv = cos x dx 8 v = sen x
40
UNIDAD 12
F (x) =
ax 3
+ x + x sen x + cos x
3
a3
+ + sen + cos = 1
3
a3
a3
3
3
+ 1 = 1 8
= 8 a = 3 = 2
3
3
As, F (x) =
s40 Halla
x3
3 x 3
+ x + x sen x + cos x = 2 + x + x sen x + cos x
2
ax (x 2
I = e ax (x 2 + bx + c) dx
Integramos por partes:
u = x 2 + bx + c 8 du = (2x + b )dx
1
dv = e axdx 8 v = e ax
a
As:
1 ax 2
1 ax
e (2x + b ) dx
e (x + bx + c)
a
a 14243
I1
Volvemos a integrar por partes:
I=
u = 2x + b 8 du = 2dx
1
dv = e axdx 8 v = e ax
a
I=
1 ax 2
1
e (x + bx + c ) I1 =
a
a
1 ax 2
1 1 ax
1 ax
e (2x + b )
e 2dx =
e (x + bx + c )
a
a a
a
1 ax 2
1
2
e (x + bx + c ) 2 e ax(2x + b ) + 3 e ax + k
a
a
a
f ' (x) dx
(x
(e
2x) dx
si 1 x < 0
1) dx
si 0 x < 1
41
x3
x2 + k
f (x) =
3
x
e x + c
si 1 x < 0
si 0 < x 1
k=1e
lm f (x) = 1 e
+
x80
lm f (x) = k
x 8 0
x3
x 2 + 1 e si 1 x < 0
Por tanto: f (x) =
3
x
si 0 x 1
e x e
s42 De una funcin derivable se sabe que pasa por el punto A (1, 4) y que su
2 x si x 1
derivada es: f ' (x) =
1/x si x > 1
a) Halla la expresin de f (x).
b) Obtn la ecuacin de la recta tangente a f (x) en x = 2.
a) Si x ? 1:
x2
2x + k si x < 1
2
f (x) =
ln x + c
si x > 1
5
3
+ k = 4 k =
2
2
3
3
=0
2
2
c=0
x81
lm + f (x) = c
x81
lm f (x) =
x2 3
2x si x < 1
2
2
Por tanto: f (x) =
ln x
si x 1
1
2
42
1
(x 2)
2
UNIDAD 12
s43 Calcula:
|1 x | dx
c) | 2x 1 | dx
a) |1 x | dx
(3 + | x |) dx
x
d) | 2 | dx
2
b)
a)
1 x si x < 1
|1 x | =
1 + x si x 1
f (x) =
x2
+ k si x < 1
x
2
|1 x | dx =
x2
x + + c si x 1
2
1
+k
2
1
lm + f (x) = + c
2
x81
lm f (x) =
x 8 1
1
1
+k= +c c=1+k
2
2
Por tanto:
b)
x2
+k
si x < 1
2
|1 x | dx =
2
x
x + + 1 + k si x 1
2
(3 + | x |) dx
3 x si x < 0
3 + | x| =
3 + x si x 0
f (x) =
3x
|
|
(3 + x ) dx =
3x +
x2
+ k si x < 0
2
x2
+ c si x 0
2
lm + f (x) = c
x80
lm f (x) = k
x 8 0
c=k
Por tanto:
3x
(3 + | x |) dx =
3x +
x2
+ k si x < 0
2
x2
+ k si x 0
2
43
c)
| 2x 1| dx
2x + 1 si x < 1/2
| 2x 1 | =
2x 1 si x 1/2
f (x) =
1
x 2 + x + k si x <
2
| 2x 1 | dx =
1
2
x x + c si x
2
lm
f (x) =
x 8 (1/2)+
1
+c
4
1
+k
4
lm
x 8 (1/2)
1
:
2
1
1
1
+k= +c c=
+k
4
4
2
Por tanto:
d)
1
x 2 + x + k
si x <
2
| 2x 1 | dx =
1
1
x 2 x + + k si x
2
2
| 2 2 | dx
x
x
+2
2
x
2 =
x
2
2
2
si x < 4
f (x) =
si x 4
x2
+ 2x + k si x < 4
x
4
2 dx = 2
2
x
2x + c
si x 4
4
lm + f (x) = 4 + c
x84
lm f (x) = 4 + k
x 8 4
4 + k = 4 + c c = 8 + k
Por tanto:
|
44
x2
+ 2x + k
si x < 4
x
4
2 dx = 2
2
x
2x + 8 + k si x 4
4
UNIDAD 12
sen
44 Calcula
1
dx.
x cos 2 x
sen
sen 2 x + cos 2 x dx =
sen 2 x cos 2 x
sen 2 x
dx +
sen 2 x cos 2 x
cos
1
dx =
x cos 2 x
cos
45 Calcula
1
2
dx +
sen
dx = tg x cotg x + k
x dx utilizando la expresin:
cos 2 x =
cos 4 x =
cos 2 x
dx =
sen 2 x cos 2 x
1 cos 2x
+
2
2
1 cos 2x
+
2
2
1
1
cos 4x
cos 2x
3
cos 4x
cos 2x
+ +
+
= +
+
4
8
8
2
8
8
2
1
cos 4x
+
2
2
(1) cos 2 2x =
Por tanto:
cos 4 x dx =
3
cos 4x
cos 2x
3
sen 4x
sen 2x
+
+
dx =
x+
+
+k
8
8
2
8
32
4
46 Resuelve:
4 x dx
b) 9 4x dx
a)
4 x
dx
4 x
dx =
=
4 4sen
4cos
t 2cos t dt =
t dt = 4
(2 +
1
4 (1 sen
t ) 2cos t dt =
cos 2t
t
1
dt = 4 + sen 2t + k =
2
2 4
= 2t + sen 2t + k
45
x
:
2
b)
9 4x
x2
1
4
x x
+ 4 x 2 + k
2 2
dx
Hacemos x =
9 4x
x
2
3
3
sen t 8 dx = cos t dt
2
2
dx =
9 4 4 sen
3
3
cos t dt =
2
2
9
2
1
cos 2t
9 t
1
+
dt =
+ sen 2t =
2
2
2 2 4
3
2
9
9
t + sen 2t + k
4
8
3cos 2 t dt =
9(1 sen
t ) cos t dt =
Deshacemos el cambio:
2x
2x
= sen t 8 t = arc sen
3
3
sen 2t = 2sen t cos t = 2sen t 1 sen 2 t = 2
I=
) (
2x
3
4x
4x 2
1 =
9 4x 2
9
9
9
2x
9 4x
9
2x x
9 4x 2 + k = arc sen
arc sen
+
+ 9 4x 2 + k
4
3
8 9
4
3
2
F (x) = 2x dx = x 2 + k
x2
+ k 0 en [2, 2]
x2
46
x2
x2
4:
x2 4
2
UNIDAD 12
F (x) = (2x 4) dx =
x2
4x + k
x
1
x
x
dx = 2
cos dx = 2 sen + k
2
2
2
2
2
x
+ k; como f ' (2) = 0 8 2 sen
+k=0 8 k=0
2
2
x
+ k'; como f (0) = 1 8 f (0) = 4cos 0 + k' = 1 8
2
8 4 + k' = 1 8 k' = 5
x
Por tanto, la funcin que buscamos es f (x) = 4cos + 5
2
f (x) = 4cos
x2
2x + 4 dx.
2x + 4 dx = ( 2 2x + 4 ) dx = 2 x 2 2x + 4 dx =
x2
x
2ln |2x + 4| + k
2
47
b) Debe ser:
( )
|( ) |
5
3
5/2
5
3
5
3
=
8
2ln 2
+4 +k=
8
2ln 1 + k =
8
2
4
2
2
4
4
4
8 k=
3 5
x
+ = 2 8 F (x) = 2ln|2x + 4| + 2
4 4
2
51 Calcula la funcin f (x) sabiendo que f '' (x) = x, que la grfica de f pasa
por el punto P (1, 1) y que la tangente en P es paralela a la recta de ecuacin 3x + 3y 1 = 0.
x2
+k
2
x2
1 x3
+ k dx =
+ kx + k'
2
2 3
1
+ k + k' = 1
6
(1)
1
+ k = 1
2
(2)
1
3
1
1 3
7
= ; k' = 1 k = 1 + =
2
2
6
6 2
3
x3 3
7
x+
6
2
3
CUESTIONES TERICAS
s52 Prueba que si F (x) es una primitiva de f (x) y C un nmero real cualquiera, la funcin F (x) + C es tambin una primitiva de f (x).
F (x) primitiva de f (x) F ' (x) = f (x)
2
1
1
48
UNIDAD 12
a) f (x) = 2 F (x) = 2x + k
F2
Por ejemplo:
F1
F3
F1 (x) = 2x
F2 (x) = 2x + 1
F3 (x) = 2x 1
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
F1 (x) = x 2
F2 (x) = x 2 + 1
F3 (x) = x 2 1
cuyas grficas son:
1
4
1
1
1
54 Sabes que una primitiva de la funcin f (x) =
es F (x) = ln | x |. Por qu
x
se toma el valor absoluto de x ?
f (x) =
1
est definida para todo x ? 0; y es la derivada de la funcin:
x
si x > 0
ln x
F (x) =
ln (x) si x < 0
Pgina 360
55 En una integral hacemos el cambio de variable e x = t. Cul es la expresin
de dx en funcin de t ?
e x = t 8 x = ln t 8 dx =
56 Comprueba que
1
dt
t
1
.
cos x
49
Derivamos f (x) = ln
| 1 +cossenx x | + k:
1 + sen x
1
=
(1 + sen x) cos x
cos x
57 Comprueba que
1
1/cos 2 x
1/cos 2 x
=
=
sen x cos x
tg x
sen x/cos x
x 4
1
y
G
(x)
=
1 + x4
1 + x4
4
4
1
= 1+x =1
x
4
4
1+x
1 + x4
1+x
g (x) = 2x + 2 8 G (x) = x 2 + 2x + c
f (x) y g (x) son continuas, derivables y se diferencian en una constante (pues
f (x) = g (x) 1).
Sin embargo, sus primitivas, F (x) y G (x), respectivamente, son distintas, cualesquiera que sean los valores de k y c.
50
UNIDAD 12
F (x) =
f (x) dx = ln
|x 1|3
+c
(x + 2)2
| x 1| 3
+c
(x + 2)2
f (x) dx = ln
=
= 2
x1 x+2
x2 + x 2
x +x2
F ' (x) =
x+8
.
x2 + x 2
61 Las integrales:
(arc tg x)2
dx y
1 + x2
f (x)
(tg
x + tg5 x) dx
f'(x) dx ?
f (x) f'(x) dx .
1
dx = (arc tg x)
1
+
x
(arc tg x)2
1 + x2
(tg
x + tg5 x) dx =
tg
dx
1
1 + x2
x (1 + tg 2 x ) dx
PARA PROFUNDIZAR
62 Para integrar una funcin cuyo denominador es un polinomio de segundo
grado sin races reales, distinguiremos dos casos:
a) Si el numerador es constante, transformamos el denominador para obtener un binomio al cuadrado. La solucin ser un arco tangente:
dx
=
+ 4x + 5
dx
(x + 2)
+1
(Completa la resolucin).
Unidad 12. Clculo de primitivas
51
(x + 5) dx
1
=
2
x + 2x + 3 2
1
2
2x + 10
dx =
+ 2x + 3
x2
2x + 2
1
dx +
2
+ 2x + 3
8 dx
+ 2x + 3
(Completa su resolucin).
a)
dx
=
x 2 + 4x + 5
dx
b)
(x + 5)dx = 1
2
x 2 + 2x + 3
2x + 10 dx =
x 2 + 2x + 3
1
2
1
2x + 2
dx +
2
x 2 + 2x + 3
1
ln (x 2 + 2x + 3) + 4
2
(x + 1)
1
ln (x 2 + 2x + 3) + 2
2
(x + 2)
+1
= arc tg (x + 2) + k
8 dx
=
x 2 + 2x + 3
dx
2
+2
dx
=
x
+
1 2+1
1
(1/ 2 ) dx =
= ln (x 2 + 2x + 3) + 2 2
2
x+1 2+1
( )
( )
( )
x+1
1
+k
ln (x 2 + 2x + 3) + 2 2 arc tg
2
2
x+1
dx
+ 2x 2 + 3x
x 3 + 2x 2 + 3x = x (x 2 + 2x + 3)
La fraccin se descompone as:
x+1
A
Bx + C
=
+ 2
x 3 + 2x 2 + 3x x
x + 2x + 3
Obtenemos: A =
1
1
1
, B= , C=
3
3
3
Sustituimos: I =
1
3
1
1
dx
x
3
x2
x1
dx
+ 2x + 3
(Completa su resolucin).
Completamos la resolucin:
52
UNIDAD 12
dx
1
3
1
1
ln|x|
3
6
1
1
2x 2
dx = ln|x|
3
6
x 2 + 2x + 3
1
1
ln|x|
3
6
x2
2 arc tg x + 1 + k
1
1
ln|x| ln (x 2 + 2x + 3) +
3
3
6
2
I=
(*)
1
3
x1
dx =
x 2 + 2x + 3
2
2x 2
dx +
3
+ 2x + 3
x2
b)
2x + 10
dx
x2 + x + 1
2
dx
+ 3x + 4
f)
(x + 1)
dx
.
x 2 + 2x + 3
1
dx
+1
d)
e)
x 2 + 3x + 8 dx
x2 + 9
2x + 2 4 dx =
x 2 + 2x + 3
(*)
dx
=
+ 2x + 3
c)
dx
2 (x 2 + 1)
2x 1
3 + x dx =
2x 1
2 + 1) dx
x(x
Descomponemos la fraccin:
A(x 2 + 1) + Bx 2 + C x
2x 1
A Bx + C
= + 2
=
2
x (x 2 + 1)
x(x + 1)
x
x +1
2x 1 = A(x 2 + 1) + Bx 2 + C x
Hallamos A, B y C :
x = 0 8 1 = A
x = 1 8 1 = 2A + B + C 8 3 = B + C
x = 1 8 3 = 2A + B C 8 1 = B C
A = 1
B=1
C=2
Por tanto:
2x 1
3 + x dx =
( x
1
1
dx +
x
2
= ln|x| +
x+2
dx =
x2 + 1
2x
dx + 2
+1
x2
dx
=
+1
x2
1
ln(x 2 + 1) + 2 arc tg x + k
2
53
b)
1
dx =
+1
dx
(x + 1)(x
x + 1)
Descomponemos la fraccin:
1
=
(x + 1)(x 2 x + 1)
=
A(x 2 x + 1) + Bx (x + 1) + C (x + 1)
A
Bx + C
+ 2
=
(x + 1)(x 2 x + 1)
x+1
x x+1
1 = A(x 2 x + 1) + Bx (x + 1) + C (x + 1)
Hallamos A, B y C :
x = 1 8 1 = 3A
x=0 8 1=A+C
x = 1 8 1 = A + 2B + 2C
8 A = 1/3
8 C = 2/3
8 B = 1/3
Por tanto:
54
1
dx =
x3 + 1
1/3
dx +
x+1
1
2
x
+
3
3
dx =
x2 x + 1
1
1
ln|x + 1|
3
3
1
1
ln|x + 1|
3
6
1
1
ln|x + 1|
3
6
1
1
ln|x + 1|
3
6
1
1
1
ln|x + 1| ln(x 2 x + 1) +
3
6
2
1
1
1
ln|x + 1| ln(x 2 x + 1) +
3
6
2
3
1
1
ln|x + 1| ln(x 2 x + 1) +
3
3
6
3
1
1
arc tg
ln|x + 1| ln(x 2 x + 1) +
3
3
6
x2
dx =
x+1
2x 4
dx =
x+1
2x 1 3
2 x + 1 dx =
2x 1
1
dx +
2
x+1
dx
=
x+1
dx
=
2
1
3
x +
2
4
( )
4/3
dx =
2x
+
1 2+1
2/ 3
dx =
2x + 1 2 + 1
2x 1
+k
UNIDAD 12
c)
d)
x 2 + 3x + 8 dx =
x2 + 9
2x + 10
dx =
x2 + x + 1
(1 + x
3x 1
2 + 9 dx = x +
3x
dx
+9
=x+
3
2
=x+
3
1
x
ln (x 2 + 9)
arc tg
+k
2
3
3
2x
dx
+9
1/9
(x/3)
+1
dx
=
+9
dx =
( )
2x + 1 + 9
dx =
x2 + x + 1
2x + 1
dx + 9
+x+1
x2
x2
1
dx =
+x+1
dx
=
2
1
3
x+ +
2
4
2/ 3
dx =
= ln (x 2 + x + 1) + 6 3
2x + 1 2 + 1
= ln (x 2 + x + 1) + 9
= ln (x 2 + x + 1) + 6 3 arc tg
e)
f)
2
dx =
+ 3x + 4
4x
8
dx =
+ 12x + 16
2x + 1
8 7
8/7
dx =
2
2
7
2x + 3 + 1
2x + 3
47
arc tg
+k
7
7
+k
+7
(2x + 3)
dx =
2/ 7
dx =
2x + 3 2 + 1
dx
2 (x 2 + 1)
(x + 1)
Descomponemos la fraccin:
(x +
1
A
B
Cx + D
=
+
+ 2
2
2
x+1
(x + 1)
x +1
(x + 1)
1)2
=
=
=
=
1
0
1
2
8
8
8
8
1 = 2B 8 B = 1/2
1=A+B+D
1 = 4A + 2B + 4C + 4D
1 = 5A + 5B 2C + D
A = 1/2
B = 1/2
C = 1/2
D=0
55
Por tanto:
dx
=
(x + 1)2 (x 2 + 1)
=
1/2
1/2
1
x
+
2
dx =
2
x+1
(x + 1)
2 x +1
1
1
1
ln|x + 1|
ln (x 2 + 1) + k
2
2(x + 1)
4
Pgina 361
65 Se llama ecuacin diferencial de primer orden a una ecuacin en la que,
adems de x e y, figura tambin y'. Resolverla es buscar una funcin
y = f (x) que verifique la ecuacin.
Por ejemplo, resolvamos x y 2 + y' = 0:
dy
= x y 2 8 dy = x y 2 dx
y' = x y 2 8
dx
Separamos las variables:
dy
dy
=
= x dx 8
y2
y2
(x) dx
x2
1
2
=
+k 8 y= 2
2
y
x 2k
Hay infinitas soluciones. Busca la que pasa por el punto (0, 2) y comprueba
que la curva que obtienes verifica la ecuacin propuesta.
Buscamos la solucin que pasa por el punto (0, 2):
y=
x2
2
2k
8 2=
2
2k
4k = 2 k =
1
2
2
x2 + 1
Por tanto: y =
x2
2
+1
4x
4
4x
=x
=
(x 2 + 1)2
(x 2 + 1)2
(x 2 + 1)2
4x
4x
=0
(x 2 + 1)2
(x 2 + 1)2
b) y 2 y' x 2 = 1
c) y' x y = 0
d) y' x y = 0
e) y' e y + 1 = e x
f ) x 2 y' + y 2 + 1 = 0
56
UNIDAD 12
a) y y' x = 0
y' =
x
y
dy
x
=
dx
y
y dy = x dx
y dy = x dx
y2 x2
=
+ k y 2 = x 2 + 2k y = x 2 + 2k
2
2
b) y 2 y' x 2 = 1
y' =
1 + x2
y2
dy
1 + x2
=
dx
y2
dy = (1 + x 2 ) dx
y 2 dy = (1 + x 2 ) dx
y3
x3
=x+
+ k y 3 = 3x + x 3 + 3k
3
3
3
y = 3x + x 3 + 3k
c) y' x y = 0
dy
= xy
dx
y' = x y
dy
= x dx
y
dy
y = x dx
x2
2
2
+ k |y| = e (x /2) + k y = e (x /2) + k
2
ln|y| =
d) y' x y = 0
y' =
y
dy
=
dx x
dx
dy
=
y
x
ln|y| = 2 x + k |y| = e 2 x
+k
dy
dx
y = x
y = e 2 x
+k
e) y' e y + 1 = e x
y' =
ex 1
ey
ex 1
dy
=
ey
dx
e y dy = (e x 1) dx
dy = (e x 1) dx
e y = e x x + k y = ln |e x x + k|
f) x 2 y' + y 2 + 1 = 0
y' =
1 y 2
x2
dy
1+y =x
2
y = tg
1
+k
x
dy (1 + y 2)
=
dx
x2
dx arc tg y =
dy
1
= 2 dx
1 + y2
x
1
+k
x
57
Pgina 361
AUTOEVALUACIN
Resuelve las integrales siguientes:
1.
(cos x + tg x) dx
sen x
( x + x ) dx
2
(
3.
x
x 3/2
2
2
+
dx = 2ln | x | +
= 2ln | x | + x 3 + k
3/2
x x
3
x 2x
3
x 2x
4.
+ 1 dx
+ 1 dx =
1
4
4x (2x
+ 1)1/3 dx =
1
3
3 3
(2x 2 + 1)4 + k
(2x 2 + 1)4/3 =
4
4 16
tg 2 x
2 x dx
cos
5.
dx = sen x ln |cos x | + k
tg 2 x
tg 3 x
dx =
+k
2
cos x
3
x arc tg x dx
(1)
x arc tg x dx =
x2
1
arc tg x
2
2
2
x2
1
1
(2) x
dx
=
arc tg x x + arc tg x + k
2
1+x
2
2
2
1442443
I1
(1) Por partes:
1
dx = du
arc tg x = u 8
1 + x2
2
x
x dx = dv 8
=v
2
(2) I1 =
58
x2
dx =
1 + x2
(1 x
1
dx = x arc tg x
+1
Unidad 12. Clculo de primitivas
UNIDAD 12
6.
x sen (ln x) dx
1
x
dx
+ 4x 21
I=
x
dx. Descomponemos en fracciones simples:
+ 4x 21
x = 7
x=3
x 2 + 4x 21 = 0
x
A
B
3
7
=
+
8 x = A (x + 7) + B (x 3) 8 A =
, B=
(x 3)(x + 7)
x3 x+7
10
10
I=
8.
3/10
7/10
x 3 dx + x + 7 dx = 10 ln | x 3| + 10 ln | x + 7| + k
3x
1
2
+4
dx
1
1
dx =
3x 2 + 4
4
3x
+1
2
dx =
1 2
4 3
( )
3x
3
6
arc tg
3x
2
+k
+1
2
dx =
1+x
1 + x dx
1+x
1 + x dx
Hacemos el cambio x = t 8 x = t 2 8 dx = 2t dt
I=
=2
1 + t2
2t dt = 2
1+t
(1)
t + t3
dx = 2
1+t
(t
t+2
2
dt =
t+1
t3 t2
+ 2t 2ln |t + 1|
3
2
2
x 3 x + 4 x 4ln (x + 1) + k
3
59
cos (ln x) dx
dx = dv 8 x = v
dx = dv 8 x = v
I1 = x sen (ln x)
cos (ln x) dx
1442443
I
3
; f (2) = 0
(x + 1)2
a) Determina f .
b) Halla la primitiva de f cuya grfica pasa por el punto (0, 1).
a) f (x) =
3(x + 1)1
3
3
dx = 3 (x + 1)2 dx =
+k=
+k
2
1
(x + 1)
x+1
f (2) =
3
+ k = 1 + k 8 Como f (2) = 0, 1 + k = 0 8 k = 1
2+1
f (x) =
3
x2
+1=
x+1
x+1
b) g (x) =
x + 1 dx = ( 1 + x + 1 ) dx = x 3ln | x + 1| + k
x2
60
UNIDAD 12
, sabemos que:
2x 1 si x < 0
f ' (x) =
si x 0
1
Halla f sabiendo que f (1) = 2.
2x 1 si x < 0
f ' (x) =
si x 0
1
(2x 1) dx
8 f (x) =
1 dx
x2 x + k
8 f (x) =
x + k '
si x < 0
8
si x > 0
si x < 0
si x > 0
si x < 0
si x 0
a)
3 dx = 3x + k
Por tanto, f (x) = 3,
y F (x) = 3x 6 es
una primitiva de f.
b)
X
X
c)
d)
1 dx = x + k
2x dx = x
2x + 1 dx = x
+x+k
61