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Ttulo original:
30-Second Theories
Textos de glosario y perles:
Tom Jackson
Ilustraciones:
Jon Raimes
Diseo:
James Hollywell
Les Hunt
Linda Becker
Traduccin:
Dr. Ing. Alfonso Rodrguez Arias
Coordinacin de la edicin
en lengua espaola:
Cristina Rodrguez Fischer
Primera edicin en lengua espaola 2010
Reimpresin 2011, 2012
2010 Art Blume, S.L.
Av. Mare de Du de Lorda, 20
08034 Barcelona
Tel. 93 205 40 00 Fax 93 205 14 41
e-mail: info@blume.net
2009 Ivy Press Limited,
East Sussex, Reino Unido
I.S.B.N.: 978-84-9801-441-9
Impreso en China
Todos los derechos reservados. Queda prohibida
la reproduccin total o parcial de esta obra, sea
por medios mecnicos o electrnicos, sin la debida
autorizacin por escrito del editor.
www.blume.net
Preservamos el medio ambiente. El papel de las pginas de este
libro est manufacturado con materia prima procedente de
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o de metales pesados, entre otros.
Second Theories
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Paul Parsons
50 TEORAS CIENTFICAS
revolucionarias e imaginativas
Colaboradores
Jim Al-Khalili
Susan Blackmore
Michael Brooks
John Gribbin
Christian Jarrett
Robert Matthews
Bill McGuire
Mark Ridley
GUA BREVE
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UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATION
THEORY
the 30-second theory
This description of one of the
fundamental forces of nature is among the greatest
achievements in science. Isaac Newton came up
with it in 1687 as part of his masterful
Mathematica, a three-volume description of
mathematics. Universal gravitation theory says that
there is a mutual attraction between anything that
has massanything made of normal matter, that is.
That attraction depends on the two masses involved,
the distance between them, and a constant known
as the gravitational constant. One of
the central insights of the theory was that the
gravitational force follows an inverse square law.
This means the attraction between the two objects
diminishes as the square of the distance between
them. Newtons formulation of the law was so
accurate that it immediately explained the motion
of the planets, creating an easy way to predict their
movements relative to each other and the Sun. It
has also enabled us to send rockets into space.
After Einstein came up with the theory of relativity
and used it to explain some small anomalies in the
planetary orbits, it was realized that Newtons law
was not quite the nal word on gravity. However,
it is almost universally accurate when applied
to the gravitational attractions we encounter
in everyday life.
RELATED THEORIES
see also
LAWS OF MOTION
page 18
THEORY OF RELATIVITY
page 30
QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
page 46
UNIFICATION
page 50
3-SECOND BIOGRAPHY
ISAAC NEWTON
16431727
30-SECOND TEXT
Michael Brooks
TEORA DE UNIVERSAL UNIVERSAL
LA GRAVITACIN GRAVITATION GRAVITATION
UNIVERSAL THEORY THEORY
la teora en 30 segundos the 30-second theory the 30-second theory
Esta descripcin de una de las fuerzas fundamental forces of nature is among the greatest fundamental forces of nature is among the greatest
fundamentales de la naturaleza es uno de los ms achievements in science. Isaac Newton came up achievements in science. Isaac Newton came up
grandes logros cientcos. Isaac Newton la public en with it in 1687 as part of his masterful with it in 1687 as part of his masterful Principia Principia
1687 como parte de su magistral Mathematica Mathematica, a three-volume description of , a three-volume description of , a three-volume description of , a three-volume description of
Mathematica mathematics. Universal gravitation theory says that mathematics. Universal gravitation theory says that mathematics. Universal gravitation theory says that mathematics. Universal gravitation theory says that
matemticas. La teora arma que existe una fuerza there is a mutual attraction between anything that there is a mutual attraction between anything that
de atraccin mutua entre todos los objetos, entre has massanything made of normal matter, that is. has massanything made of normal matter, that is.
That attraction depends on the two masses involved, That attraction depends on the two masses involved,
normal. La fuerza que los atrae depende de la masa the distance between them, and a constant known the distance between them, and a constant known
de las mismas, de la distancia que las separa y de as the gravitational constant. One of as the gravitational constant. One of
the central insights of the theory was that the the central insights of the theory was that the constante de gravitacin the central insights of the theory was that the the central insights of the theory was that the
universal gravitational force follows an inverse square law. gravitational force follows an inverse square law. . Uno de los conceptos ms importantes de gravitational force follows an inverse square law. gravitational force follows an inverse square law.
la teora es que la fuerza gravitatoria sigue la ley This means the attraction between the two objects This means the attraction between the two objects
diminishes as the square of the distance between diminishes as the square of the distance between
la atraccin entre dos cuerpos disminuye them. Newtons formulation of the law was so them. Newtons formulation of the law was so
accurate that it immediately explained the motion accurate that it immediately explained the motion
of the planets, creating an easy way to predict their of the planets, creating an easy way to predict their
de Newton fue tan precisa que con ella se pudo movements relative to each other and the Sun. It movements relative to each other and the Sun. It
explicar de inmediato el movimiento de los planetas, has also enabled us to send rockets into space. has also enabled us to send rockets into space.
lo que proporcion un medio sencillo para predecir el After Einstein came up with the theory of relativity After Einstein came up with the theory of relativity
movimiento relativo entre ellos y con relacin al Sol. and used it to explain some small anomalies in the and used it to explain some small anomalies in the
Tambin ha hecho posible enviar cohetes al espacio. planetary orbits, it was realized that Newtons law planetary orbits, it was realized that Newtons law
Despus de que Einstein presentara su teora de la was not quite the nal word on gravity. However, was not quite the nal word on gravity. However,
relatividad y la utilizara para explicar algunas pequeas it is almost universally accurate when applied it is almost universally accurate when applied
anomalas de las rbitas planetarias, se lleg a la to the gravitational attractions we encounter to the gravitational attractions we encounter
conclusin de que la ley de Newton no era la in everyday life. in everyday life.
denitiva en relacin a la gravedad, pero es casi de de
completamente universal, y sucientemente precisa completamente universal, y su completamente universal, y su
cuando se aplica a la atraccin gravitatoria que se
presenta en la vida cotidiana.
COMENTARIO
EN 3 SEGUNDOS
Lo que sube debe bajar,
y as ser, tal como
Newton dijo que
deba suceder.
PENSAMIENTO
EN 3 MINUTOS
Algunas ideas de la Fsica
moderna sugieren que
la ley de la gravitacin
universal de Newton puede
requerir algunos ajustes
cuando se trata de objetos
separados por menos de
un milmetro o por ms
del dimetro del Sistema
Solar. Por otra parte, nadie
tiene una explicacin
satisfactoria de por qu
los objetos se atraen unos
a otros, de la causa por la
que la fuerza gravitatoria
es mucho ms dbil que
las otras fuerzas de la
naturaleza. Adems,
el valor de la constante
de gravitacin no est bien
denido; es la constante de de
fsica que se ha medido
con el menor grado
de exactitud.
TEORAS RELACIONADAS RELATED THEORIES RELATED THEORIES
see also see also tambin see also see also
LAS LEYES DEL MOVIMIENTO LAWS OF MOTION LAWS OF MOTION
pgina 18 page 18 page 18
TEORA DE LA RELATIVIDAD THEORY OF RELATIVITY THEORY OF RELATIVITY
pgina 30 page 30 page 30
TEORA CUNTICA DE QUANTUM FIELD THEORY QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
CAMPOS page 46 page 46
pgina 46
UNIFICATION UNIFICATION
UNIFICACIN page 50 page 50
pgina 50
MINIBIOGRAFA 3-SECOND BIOGRAPHY 3-SECOND BIOGRAPHY
ISAAC NEWTON ISAAC NEWTON ISAAC NEWTON
16431727 16431727 16431727
TEXTO EN 30 SEGUNDOS
30-SECOND TEXT 30-SECOND TEXT
Michael Brooks
Michael Brooks Michael Brooks
Sean grandes o
pequeos, todos los
cuerpos caen hacia
la Tierra a la misma
velocidad si lo hacen
desde la misma altura. 20 El macrocosmos
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UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATION
THEORY
the 30-second theory
This description of one of the
fundamental forces of nature is among the greatest
achievements in science. Isaac Newton came up
with it in 1687 as part of his masterful
Mathematica, a three-volume description of
mathematics. Universal gravitation theory says that
there is a mutual attraction between anything that
has massanything made of normal matter, that is.
That attraction depends on the two masses involved,
the distance between them, and a constant known
as the gravitational constant. One of
the central insights of the theory was that the
gravitational force follows an inverse square law.
This means the attraction between the two objects
diminishes as the square of the distance between
them. Newtons formulation of the law was so
accurate that it immediately explained the motion
of the planets, creating an easy way to predict their
movements relative to each other and the Sun. It
has also enabled us to send rockets into space.
After Einstein came up with the theory of relativity
and used it to explain some small anomalies in the
planetary orbits, it was realized that Newtons law
was not quite the nal word on gravity. However,
it is almost universally accurate when applied
to the gravitational attractions we encounter
in everyday life.
RELATED THEORIES
see also
LAWS OF MOTION
page 18
THEORY OF RELATIVITY
page 30
QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
page 46
UNIFICATION
page 50
3-SECOND BIOGRAPHY
ISAAC NEWTON
16431727
30-SECOND TEXT
Michael Brooks
TEORA DE UNIVERSAL UNIVERSAL
LA GRAVITACIN GRAVITATION GRAVITATION
UNIVERSAL THEORY THEORY
la teora en 30 segundos the 30-second theory the 30-second theory
Esta descripcin de una de las fuerzas fundamental forces of nature is among the greatest fundamental forces of nature is among the greatest
fundamentales de la naturaleza es uno de los ms achievements in science. Isaac Newton came up achievements in science. Isaac Newton came up
grandes logros cientcos. Isaac Newton la public en with it in 1687 as part of his masterful with it in 1687 as part of his masterful Principia Principia
1687 como parte de su magistral Mathematica Mathematica, a three-volume description of , a three-volume description of , a three-volume description of , a three-volume description of
Mathematica mathematics. Universal gravitation theory says that mathematics. Universal gravitation theory says that mathematics. Universal gravitation theory says that mathematics. Universal gravitation theory says that
matemticas. La teora arma que existe una fuerza there is a mutual attraction between anything that there is a mutual attraction between anything that
de atraccin mutua entre todos los objetos, entre has massanything made of normal matter, that is. has massanything made of normal matter, that is.
That attraction depends on the two masses involved, That attraction depends on the two masses involved,
normal. La fuerza que los atrae depende de la masa the distance between them, and a constant known the distance between them, and a constant known
de las mismas, de la distancia que las separa y de as the gravitational constant. One of as the gravitational constant. One of
the central insights of the theory was that the the central insights of the theory was that the constante de gravitacin the central insights of the theory was that the the central insights of the theory was that the
universal gravitational force follows an inverse square law. gravitational force follows an inverse square law. . Uno de los conceptos ms importantes de gravitational force follows an inverse square law. gravitational force follows an inverse square law.
la teora es que la fuerza gravitatoria sigue la ley This means the attraction between the two objects This means the attraction between the two objects
diminishes as the square of the distance between diminishes as the square of the distance between
la atraccin entre dos cuerpos disminuye them. Newtons formulation of the law was so them. Newtons formulation of the law was so
accurate that it immediately explained the motion accurate that it immediately explained the motion
of the planets, creating an easy way to predict their of the planets, creating an easy way to predict their
de Newton fue tan precisa que con ella se pudo movements relative to each other and the Sun. It movements relative to each other and the Sun. It
explicar de inmediato el movimiento de los planetas, has also enabled us to send rockets into space. has also enabled us to send rockets into space.
lo que proporcion un medio sencillo para predecir el After Einstein came up with the theory of relativity After Einstein came up with the theory of relativity
movimiento relativo entre ellos y con relacin al Sol. and used it to explain some small anomalies in the and used it to explain some small anomalies in the
Tambin ha hecho posible enviar cohetes al espacio. planetary orbits, it was realized that Newtons law planetary orbits, it was realized that Newtons law
Despus de que Einstein presentara su teora de la was not quite the nal word on gravity. However, was not quite the nal word on gravity. However,
relatividad y la utilizara para explicar algunas pequeas it is almost universally accurate when applied it is almost universally accurate when applied
anomalas de las rbitas planetarias, se lleg a la to the gravitational attractions we encounter to the gravitational attractions we encounter
conclusin de que la ley de Newton no era la in everyday life. in everyday life.
denitiva en relacin a la gravedad, pero es casi de de
completamente universal, y sucientemente precisa completamente universal, y su completamente universal, y su
cuando se aplica a la atraccin gravitatoria que se
presenta en la vida cotidiana.
COMENTARIO
EN 3 SEGUNDOS
Lo que sube debe bajar,
y as ser, tal como
Newton dijo que
deba suceder.
PENSAMIENTO
EN 3 MINUTOS
Algunas ideas de la Fsica
moderna sugieren que
la ley de la gravitacin
universal de Newton puede
requerir algunos ajustes
cuando se trata de objetos
separados por menos de
un milmetro o por ms
del dimetro del Sistema
Solar. Por otra parte, nadie
tiene una explicacin
satisfactoria de por qu
los objetos se atraen unos
a otros, de la causa por la
que la fuerza gravitatoria
es mucho ms dbil que
las otras fuerzas de la
naturaleza. Adems,
el valor de la constante
de gravitacin no est bien
denido; es la constante de de
fsica que se ha medido
con el menor grado
de exactitud.
TEORAS RELACIONADAS RELATED THEORIES RELATED THEORIES
see also see also tambin see also see also
LAS LEYES DEL MOVIMIENTO LAWS OF MOTION LAWS OF MOTION
pgina 18 page 18 page 18
TEORA DE LA RELATIVIDAD THEORY OF RELATIVITY THEORY OF RELATIVITY
pgina 30 page 30 page 30
TEORA CUNTICA DE QUANTUM FIELD THEORY QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
CAMPOS page 46 page 46
pgina 46
UNIFICATION UNIFICATION
UNIFICACIN page 50 page 50
pgina 50
MINIBIOGRAFA 3-SECOND BIOGRAPHY 3-SECOND BIOGRAPHY
ISAAC NEWTON ISAAC NEWTON ISAAC NEWTON
16431727 16431727 16431727
TEXTO EN 30 SEGUNDOS
30-SECOND TEXT 30-SECOND TEXT
Michael Brooks
Michael Brooks Michael Brooks
Sean grandes o
pequeos, todos los
cuerpos caen hacia
la Tierra a la misma
velocidad si lo hacen
desde la misma altura. 20 El macrocosmos
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MEMETICS
the 30-second theory
Whenever we copy habits, skills,
stories, songs, or any kind of information from
person to person, we are dealing in memes. The
idea of memes, along with all scientic theories is
itself a meme. The meme meme emerged from the
theory of Universal Darwinism; the idea that when
any information is copied, varied and selected, then
Our most familiar replicator is the gene, but in
1976 Richard Dawkins argued that culture consists of
a second replicator, and he called this the meme.
Humans copy memes (including ideas, skills, and
behaviors) through imitation and teaching; they
vary what they copy by making errors, by deliberate
alterations or by creative combining; and they select
which memes to remember and pass on. The science
of memetics studies how memes spread, why some
thrive and others fail, and the consequences of this
for the evolution of culture. Generally, some memes
spread because they are useful or advantageous
to us, like parts of science and medicine, nancial
viruses, even though they may be useless or even
therapies. We humans are meme machines,
and the memes use us for their survival.
see also
SELFISH GENE
3-SECOND BIOGRAPHY
144 El conocimiento
COMENTARIO
EN 3 SEGUNDOS
La cultura evoluciona
gracias a la seleccin
de los memes, como
la biologa lo hace por la
seleccin de genes.
PENSAMIENTO
EN 3 MINUTOS
A los memes se les ha
llamado analogas vacas
y metforas sin sentido.
La mayor parte de los
bilogos niegan que la
memtica sea necesaria
para explicar el origen
del gran cerebro humano,
o por qu nos deleitamos
con el arte y la msica, y
arguyen que las teoras ya
existentes son mejores.
Quiz la memtica asuste
a algunos; los humanos
somos mquinas de
memes, y ahora que
los memes tecnolgicos
(o temes) estn creando
tecnologas an mejores,
nuestro papel resulta cada
da menos relevante.
MEMTICA MEMETICS MEMETICS
la teora en 30 segundos the 30-second theory the 30-second theory
Un meme es cualquier stories, songs, or any kind of information from stories, songs, or any kind of information from stories, songs, or any kind of information from stories, songs, or any kind of information from ya sean stories, songs, or any kind of information from stories, songs, or any kind of information from
hbitos, habilidades, canciones, historias u otro tipo person to person, we are dealing in memes. The person to person, we are dealing in memes. The
de informacin que copiamos de persona a persona. idea of memes, along with all scientic theories is idea of memes, along with all scientic theories is
La idea de los memes, junto con todas las teoras itself a meme. The meme meme emerged from the itself a meme. The meme meme emerged from the
cientcas, es un meme en s mismo. El meme surgi theory of Universal Darwinism; the idea that when theory of Universal Darwinism; the idea that when
de la teora del darwinismo universal, la idea de que, any information is copied, varied and selected, then any information is copied, varied and selected, then
cuando cualquier informacin se copia, modica evolution must happen. evolution must happen.
o selecciona, debe tener lugar una evolucin. Our most familiar replicator is the gene, but in Our most familiar replicator is the gene, but in
1976 Richard Dawkins argued that culture consists of 1976 Richard Dawkins argued that culture consists of
es el gen, pero Richard Dawkins, en 1976, argument a second replicator, and he called this the meme. a second replicator, and he called this the meme.
que la cultura est constituida por un segundo Humans copy memes (including ideas, skills, and Humans copy memes (including ideas, skills, and
replicador, al que denomin behaviors) through imitation and teaching; they behaviors) through imitation and teaching; they behaviors) through imitation and teaching; they behaviors) through imitation and teaching; they . Los humanos behaviors) through imitation and teaching; they behaviors) through imitation and teaching; they
copian los memes (entre los que se hallan ideas, vary what they copy by making errors, by deliberate vary what they copy by making errors, by deliberate
habilidades y comportamientos) mediante la imitacin alterations or by creative combining; and they select alterations or by creative combining; and they select
y la enseanza y modi which memes to remember and pass on. The science which memes to remember and pass on. The science which memes to remember and pass on. The science which memes to remember and pass on. The science which memes to remember and pass on. The science which memes to remember and pass on. The science which memes to remember and pass on. The science which memes to remember and pass on. The science
of memetics studies how memes spread, why some of memetics studies how memes spread, why some
thrive and others fail, and the consequences of this thrive and others fail, and the consequences of this
for the evolution of culture. Generally, some memes for the evolution of culture. Generally, some memes
transmitir. La ciencia de la memtica estudia cmo spread because they are useful or advantageous spread because they are useful or advantageous
se difunden los memes, por qu unos prosperan y to us, like parts of science and medicine, nancial to us, like parts of science and medicine, nancial
otros fallan, y las consecuencias de todo esto en la institutions, arts, and music. Others spread like institutions, arts, and music. Others spread like
evolucin de la cultura. Por lo general, algunos memes viruses, even though they may be useless or even viruses, even though they may be useless or even
se difunden porque nos son tiles o ventajosos, como harmful to us, including Internet viruses, chain harmful to us, including Internet viruses, chain
partes de la ciencia y la medicina, de las instituciones letters, religions and cults, and useless alternative letters, religions and cults, and useless alternative
therapies. We humans are meme machines, therapies. We humans are meme machines, nancieras, del arte y de la msica. Otros se therapies. We humans are meme machines, therapies. We humans are meme machines, therapies. We humans are meme machines, therapies. We humans are meme machines, therapies. We humans are meme machines, therapies. We humans are meme machines,
transmiten como virus, aunque sean intiles o incluso and the memes use us for their survival. and the memes use us for their survival.
perjudiciales, como los virus en Internet, las cadenas
de cartas, las religiones y los cultos, y las terapias
alternativas intiles. Los humanos somos mquinas
de memes, y stos nos utilizan para sobrevivir.
TEORAS RELACIONADAS RELATED THEORIES RELATED THEORIES
see also see also tambin see also see also
LA SELECCIN NATURAL NATURAL SELECTION NATURAL SELECTION
pgina 58 page 58 page 58
EL GEN EGOSTA SELFISH GENE SELFISH GENE
pgina 60 page 60 page 60
MINIBIOGRAFA 3-SECOND BIOGRAPHY 3-SECOND BIOGRAPHY
RICHARD DAWKINS RICHARD DAWKINS
1941 1941
TEXTO EN 30 SEGUNDOS 30-SECOND TEXT 30-SECOND TEXT
Sue Blackmore Sue Blackmore
Todas las ideas en
nuestra cabeza
compiten entre s.
Quieren que usted le
diga a alguien algo
ms sobre s mismas.
De esta manera pueden
entrar en una nueva
cabeza y continuar
difundindose.
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MEMETICS
the 30-second theory
Whenever we copy habits, skills,
stories, songs, or any kind of information from
person to person, we are dealing in memes. The
idea of memes, along with all scientic theories is
itself a meme. The meme meme emerged from the
theory of Universal Darwinism; the idea that when
any information is copied, varied and selected, then
Our most familiar replicator is the gene, but in
1976 Richard Dawkins argued that culture consists of
a second replicator, and he called this the meme.
Humans copy memes (including ideas, skills, and
behaviors) through imitation and teaching; they
vary what they copy by making errors, by deliberate
alterations or by creative combining; and they select
which memes to remember and pass on. The science
of memetics studies how memes spread, why some
thrive and others fail, and the consequences of this
for the evolution of culture. Generally, some memes
spread because they are useful or advantageous
to us, like parts of science and medicine, nancial
viruses, even though they may be useless or even
therapies. We humans are meme machines,
and the memes use us for their survival.
see also
SELFISH GENE
3-SECOND BIOGRAPHY
144 El conocimiento
COMENTARIO
EN 3 SEGUNDOS
La cultura evoluciona
gracias a la seleccin
de los memes, como
la biologa lo hace por la
seleccin de genes.
PENSAMIENTO
EN 3 MINUTOS
A los memes se les ha
llamado analogas vacas
y metforas sin sentido.
La mayor parte de los
bilogos niegan que la
memtica sea necesaria
para explicar el origen
del gran cerebro humano,
o por qu nos deleitamos
con el arte y la msica, y
arguyen que las teoras ya
existentes son mejores.
Quiz la memtica asuste
a algunos; los humanos
somos mquinas de
memes, y ahora que
los memes tecnolgicos
(o temes) estn creando
tecnologas an mejores,
nuestro papel resulta cada
da menos relevante.
MEMTICA MEMETICS MEMETICS
la teora en 30 segundos the 30-second theory the 30-second theory
Un meme es cualquier stories, songs, or any kind of information from stories, songs, or any kind of information from stories, songs, or any kind of information from stories, songs, or any kind of information from ya sean stories, songs, or any kind of information from stories, songs, or any kind of information from
hbitos, habilidades, canciones, historias u otro tipo person to person, we are dealing in memes. The person to person, we are dealing in memes. The
de informacin que copiamos de persona a persona. idea of memes, along with all scientic theories is idea of memes, along with all scientic theories is
La idea de los memes, junto con todas las teoras itself a meme. The meme meme emerged from the itself a meme. The meme meme emerged from the
cientcas, es un meme en s mismo. El meme surgi theory of Universal Darwinism; the idea that when theory of Universal Darwinism; the idea that when
de la teora del darwinismo universal, la idea de que, any information is copied, varied and selected, then any information is copied, varied and selected, then
cuando cualquier informacin se copia, modica evolution must happen. evolution must happen.
o selecciona, debe tener lugar una evolucin. Our most familiar replicator is the gene, but in Our most familiar replicator is the gene, but in
1976 Richard Dawkins argued that culture consists of 1976 Richard Dawkins argued that culture consists of
es el gen, pero Richard Dawkins, en 1976, argument a second replicator, and he called this the meme. a second replicator, and he called this the meme.
que la cultura est constituida por un segundo Humans copy memes (including ideas, skills, and Humans copy memes (including ideas, skills, and
replicador, al que denomin behaviors) through imitation and teaching; they behaviors) through imitation and teaching; they behaviors) through imitation and teaching; they behaviors) through imitation and teaching; they . Los humanos behaviors) through imitation and teaching; they behaviors) through imitation and teaching; they
copian los memes (entre los que se hallan ideas, vary what they copy by making errors, by deliberate vary what they copy by making errors, by deliberate
habilidades y comportamientos) mediante la imitacin alterations or by creative combining; and they select alterations or by creative combining; and they select
y la enseanza y modi which memes to remember and pass on. The science which memes to remember and pass on. The science which memes to remember and pass on. The science which memes to remember and pass on. The science which memes to remember and pass on. The science which memes to remember and pass on. The science which memes to remember and pass on. The science which memes to remember and pass on. The science
of memetics studies how memes spread, why some of memetics studies how memes spread, why some
thrive and others fail, and the consequences of this thrive and others fail, and the consequences of this
for the evolution of culture. Generally, some memes for the evolution of culture. Generally, some memes
transmitir. La ciencia de la memtica estudia cmo spread because they are useful or advantageous spread because they are useful or advantageous
se difunden los memes, por qu unos prosperan y to us, like parts of science and medicine, nancial to us, like parts of science and medicine, nancial
otros fallan, y las consecuencias de todo esto en la institutions, arts, and music. Others spread like institutions, arts, and music. Others spread like
evolucin de la cultura. Por lo general, algunos memes viruses, even though they may be useless or even viruses, even though they may be useless or even
se difunden porque nos son tiles o ventajosos, como harmful to us, including Internet viruses, chain harmful to us, including Internet viruses, chain
partes de la ciencia y la medicina, de las instituciones letters, religions and cults, and useless alternative letters, religions and cults, and useless alternative
therapies. We humans are meme machines, therapies. We humans are meme machines, nancieras, del arte y de la msica. Otros se therapies. We humans are meme machines, therapies. We humans are meme machines, therapies. We humans are meme machines, therapies. We humans are meme machines, therapies. We humans are meme machines, therapies. We humans are meme machines,
transmiten como virus, aunque sean intiles o incluso and the memes use us for their survival. and the memes use us for their survival.
perjudiciales, como los virus en Internet, las cadenas
de cartas, las religiones y los cultos, y las terapias
alternativas intiles. Los humanos somos mquinas
de memes, y stos nos utilizan para sobrevivir.
TEORAS RELACIONADAS RELATED THEORIES RELATED THEORIES
see also see also tambin see also see also
LA SELECCIN NATURAL NATURAL SELECTION NATURAL SELECTION
pgina 58 page 58 page 58
EL GEN EGOSTA SELFISH GENE SELFISH GENE
pgina 60 page 60 page 60
MINIBIOGRAFA 3-SECOND BIOGRAPHY 3-SECOND BIOGRAPHY
RICHARD DAWKINS RICHARD DAWKINS
1941 1941
TEXTO EN 30 SEGUNDOS 30-SECOND TEXT 30-SECOND TEXT
Sue Blackmore Sue Blackmore
Todas las ideas en
nuestra cabeza
compiten entre s.
Quieren que usted le
diga a alguien algo
ms sobre s mismas.
De esta manera pueden
entrar en una nueva
cabeza y continuar
difundindose.
Second Theories
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