INTEGRACION DE FUNCIONES TRIGONOMETRICAS

En esta parte, sern consideradas las integrales trigonomtricas de la forma: i) s e n m u cos n udu

ii) g mu secn udu

iii) co g mu cos ec nudu O bien, formas trigonomtricas reducibles a algunos de los casos ya sealados.

EJERCICIOS DESARROLLADOS
3.1.-Encontrar: cos 2 xdx

1 + cos 2 x 2 1 + cos 2 x 1 1 x 1 2 Luego: cos xdx = dx = dx + cos 2 xdx = + s e n 2 x + c , 2 2 2 2 4 1 Como: cosh xdx = s e nh x + c h 1 1 Respuesta: cos 2 xdx = x + s e n 2 x + c 2 4 4 1 3.2.-Encontrar: cos 2 xdx

Solucin.- cos 2 xdx =

Solucin.- cos 2 1 x = 2

1 + cos x 2

1 1 + cos x 2 Luego: cos 4 1 xdx = (cos 2 1 x) 2 dx = dx = (1 + 2 cos x + cos x)dx 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 = dx + cos xdx + cos 2 xdx , como: cos 2 xdx = 1 x + 1 s e n 2 x + c 2 4 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = dx + cos xdx + cos 2 xdx = x + s e n x + ( x + s e n 2 x) + c 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 = x + s e n x + x + s e n 2x + c = x + s e n x + s e n 2x + c 4 2 8 16 8 2 16 3 1 1 Respuesta: cos 4 1 xdx = x + s e n x + s e n 2 x + c 2 8 2 16 3 3.3.-Encontrar: cos xdx
2

Solucin.- cos3 xdx = cos x cos 2 xdx , como: cos 2 x = 1 s e n 2 x

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Sea: u = s e n x, du = cos xdx

= cos x cos 2 xdx = cos x(1 s e n 2 x)dx = cos xdx cos x s e n 2 xdx
= cos xdx cos x s e n 2 xdx = cos xdx u 2 du = s e n x

u3 s e n3 x + c = sen x +c 3 3

Respuesta: cos3 xdx = s e n x 3.4.-Encontrar: s e n x3 4 xdx

s e n3 x +c 3

Solucin.- s e n x3 4 xdx = s e n 4 x s e n 2 4 xdx , como: s e n 2 4 x = 1 cos 2 4 x Sea: u = cos 4 x, du = 4s e n 4 xdx

= s e n 4 xdx +

= s e n 4 x s e n 2 4 xdx = s e n 4 x(1 cos 2 4 x)dx = s e n 4 xdx s e n 4 x(cos 4 x) 2 dx

Solucin.- s e n 2 x cos3 xdx = s e n 2 x cos 2 x cos xdx = s e n 2 x(1 s e n 2 x) cos xdx

u3 u5 s e n3 x s e n5 x +c = +c 3 5 3 5 s e n3 x s e n5 x +c Respuesta: s e n 2 x cos3 xdx = 3 5 3.6.-Encontrar: s e n 3 x cos 2 xdx
w w w .M at em

1 2 1 1 u3 cos 4 x cos3 4 x +c = + +c u du = cos 4 x + 4 4 4 3 4 12 cos 4 x cos3 4 x Respuesta: s e n x3 4 xdx = + +c 4 12 3.5.-Encontrar: s e n 2 x cos3 xdx
= s e n 2 x cos xdx s e n 4 x cos xdx ; = u 2 du u 4 du =
m

Solucin.- s e n 3 x cos 2 xdx = s e n 2 x s e n x cos 2 xdx = (1 cos 2 x) s e n x cos 2 xdx Sea: u = cos x, du = s e n xdx
= (1 cos 2 x ) s e n x cos 2 xdx = s e n x cos 2 xdx s e n x cos 4 xdx = s e n x cos 2 xdx s e n x cos 4 xdx = u 2 du + u 4 du = =

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1.

co

Sea: u = s e n x, du = cos xdx

u3 u5 + +c 3 5

cos3 x cos5 x + +c 3 5 cos3 x cos5 x + +c 3 5

Respuesta: s e n 3 x cos 2 xdx = 3.7.-Encontrar: s e n 2 x cos5 xdx

Solucin.- s e n 2 x cos5 xdx = s e n 2 x(cos 2 x) 2 cos xdx = s e n 2 x(1 s e n 2 x) 2 cos xdx

= s e n 2 x(1 2s e n 2 x + s e n 4 x) cos xdx

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Sea: u = s e n x, du = cos xdx

= (s e n x) 2 cos xdx 2 (s e n x) 4 cos xdx + (s e n x)6 cos xdx

= u 2 du 2 u 4 du + u 6 du =

u3 u5 u7 s e n3 x s e n5 x s e n7 x 2 + +c = 2 + +c 3 5 7 3 5 7 s e n3 x s e n5 x s e n7 x 2 + +c Respuesta: s e n 2 x cos5 xdx = 3 5 7 3.8.-Encontrar: s e n 3 x cos3 xdx

Solucin.- s e n 3 x cos3 xdx = (s e n x cos x)3 dx ; como: s e n 2 x = 2s e n x cos x, Se tiene que: s e n x cos x =

s e n 2x ; Luego: 2
3

w w

1 1 s e n 2x 3 2 = (s e n x cos x)3 dx = dx = s e n 2 xdx = s e n 2 x s e n 2 xdx 8 8 2 1 1 1 = s e n 2 x(1 cos 2 2 x)dx = s e n 2 xdx s e n 2 x(cos 2 x) 2 dx 8 8 8 Sea: u = cos 2 x, du = 2s e n 2 xdx 1 1 1 1 = s e n 2 xdx + 2s e n 2 x(cos 2 x) 2 dx = s e n 2 xdx + u 2 du 8 16 8 16 3 3 1 1 u 1 cos 2 x = cos 2 x + + c = cos 2 x + +c 16 16 3 16 48 1 cos3 2 x +c Respuesta: s e n 3 x cos3 xdx = cos 2 x + 16 48 3.9.-Encontrar: s e n 4 x cos 4 xdx
w .M at em at ic a 1. co m

1 s e n 2x 4 Solucin.- s e n x cos xdx = (s e n x cos x) dx = dx = s e n 2 xdx 16 2

4 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 cos 4 x 1 = (s e n 2 2 x) dx = dx = (1 cos 4 x) dx 16 16 2 16 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 = (1 2 cos 4 x + cos 4 x)dx = 64 dx 32 cos 4 xdx + 64 cos 4 xdx 64 1 1 1 1 + cos8 x = dx 32 cos 4 xdx + 64 2 dx 64 1 1 1 1 = dx 32 cos 4 xdx + 128 dx + 128 cos8 xdx 64 1 1 1 1 3x s e n 4 x s e n 8 x = x x+ + +c s e n 4x + s e n 8x + c = 64 128 128 1024 128 128 1024 1 s e n 8x Respuesta: s e n 4 x cos 4 xdx = 3x s e n 4 x + +c 128 8 3.10.-Encontrar: x(cos3 x 2 s e n 3 x 2 )dx ; Sea: u = x 2 , du = 2 xdx 2

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1 1 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 x(cos x s e n x )dx = 2 (cos u s e n u)du 2 1 1 1 1 = cos3 udu s e n 3 udu = cos u cos 2 udu s e n u s e n 2 udu 2 2 2 2 1 1 = cos u (1 s e n 2 u )du s e n u (1 cos 2 u )du 2 2 1 1 1 1 = cos udu cos u s e n 2 udu s e n udu + s e n u cos 2 udu 2 2 2 2 Sea: w = s e n u, dw = cos udu; z = cos u, dz = s e n udu

x(cos

x 2 s e n 3 x 2 )dx =

1 1 1 1 1 1 w3 1 1 z3 + cos u +c cos udu w2 dw s e n udu z 2 dz = s e n u 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 s e n u s e n 3 u cos u cos3 u 1 1 = + + c = (s e n u + cos u ) (s e n 3 u + cos3 u ) + c 2 6 2 6 2 6 3 3 2 Dado que: s e n u + cos u = (s e n u + cos u )(s e n u s e n u cos u + cos 2 )
=

O bien: s e n 3 u + cos3 u = (s e n u + cos u )(1 s e n u cos u ) ; Lo que equivale a: 1 1 = (s e n u + cos u ) (s e n u + cos u )(1 s e n u cos u ) + c 2 6 1 1 2s e n u cos u )+c = (s e n u + cos u ) (s e n u + cos u )(1 2 6 2 1 1 s e n 2u )+c = (s e n u + cos u ) (s e n u + cos u )(1 2 6 2 1 1 1 = (s e n u + cos u ) (s e n u + cos u ) (2 s e n 2u ) + c 2 6 2 1 1 = (s e n u + cos u )(6 (2 s e n 2u )) + c = (s e n u + cos u )(4 + s e n 2u ) + c 12 12 1 = (s e n x 2 + cos x 2 )(4 + s e n 2 x 2 ) + c 12 1 Respuesta: x(cos3 x 2 s e n 3 x 2 )dx = (s e n x 2 + cos x 2 )(4 + s e n 2 x 2 ) + c 12 3.11.-Encontrar: s e n 2 x cos 4 xdx

1 [s e n( ) + s e n( + )] ; Se tiene que: 2 1 1 s e n 2 x cos 4 x = [s e n(2 x 4 x) + s e n(2 x + 4 x) ] = [s e n(2 x) + s e n(6 x) ] 2 2 1 1 = [ s e n 2 x + s e n 6 x ] , Luego: s e n 2 x cos 4 xdx = ( s e n 2 x + s e n 6 x)dx 2 2 1 1 1 1 = s e n 2 xdx + s e n 6 xdx = cos 2 x cos 6 x + c 2 2 4 12 1 1 Respuesta: s e n 2 x cos 4 xdx = cos 2 x cos 6 x + c 4 12
Solucin.- s e n cos =

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co

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3.12.-Encontrar: cos 3x cos 2 xdx

1 [cos( ) + cos( + )] ; Se tiene que: 2 1 1 cos 3x cos 2 x = [ cos(3x 2 x) + cos(3 x + 2 x) ] = [ cos x + cos 5 x ] , Luego: 2 2 1 1 1 = cos 3 x cos 2 xdx = [ cos x + cos 5 x ]dx = cos xdx + cos 5 xdx 2 2 2 1 1 = s e n x + s e n 5x + c 2 10 1 1 Respuesta: cos 3 x cos 2 xdx = s e n x + s e n 5 x + c 2 10 3.13.-Encontrar: s e n 5 x s e n xdx

Solucin.- cos cos =

Solucin.- g 4 xdx = g 2 x g 2 xdx ; como: g 2 = sec 2 x 1 ; Luego:

= g 2 x g 2 xdx = g 2 x(sec 2 x 1)dx = g 2 x sec2 xdx g 2 xdx = ( gx) 2 sec 2 xdx

s e n2 x 1 cos 2 x dx = ( gx) 2 sec 2 xdx dx cos 2 x cos 2 x Sea: w = gx, dw = sec 2 xdx = ( gx) 2 sec 2 xdx sec 2 xdx + dx ; w3 g3 gx + x + c = gx + x + c 3 3 g3 gx + x + c Respuesta: g 4 xdx = 3 3.15.-Encontrar: sec6 xdx
= w2 dw sec 2 x + dx =
2

Solucin.- sec6 xdx = (sec2 x) 2 sec2 xdx ; como: sec 2 xdx = 1 + g 2 x

= (sec 2 x) 2 sec 2 xdx = (1 + g 2 x) sec 2 xdx = (1 + 2 g 2 x + g 4 x) sec 2 xdx

= sec 2 xdx + 2 ( gx) 2 sec 2 xdx + ( gx) 4 sec 2 xdx ;

w w

1 [ cos( ) cos( + )] ; Se tiene que: 2 1 1 s e n 5 x s e n x = [ cos(5 x x) cos(5 x + x) ] = [ cos 4 x cos 6 x ] ; Luego: 2 2 1 1 1 = s e n 5 x s e n xdx = [ cos 4 x cos 6 x ] = cos 4 xdx cos 6 xdx 2 2 2 1 1 = s e n 4x s e n 6x + c 8 12 1 1 Respuesta: s e n 5 x s e n xdx = s e n 4 x s e n 6 x + c 8 12 4 3.14.-Encontrar: g xdx

Solucin.- s e n s e n =

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co

Sea: u = gx, du = sec2 xdx

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2 1 2 1 = sec 2 xdx + 2 u 2 du + u 4 du = gx + u 3 + u 5 + c = gx + g 3 x + g 5 x + c 3 5 3 5 2 3 1 5 Respuesta: sec6 xdx = gx + g x + g x + c 3 5 3 3.16.-Encontrar: g 2 xdx

Solucin.3 2 2 2 g 2 xdx = g 2 x g 2 xdx = g 2 x(sec 2 x 1)dx = g 2 x sec 2 xdx g 2 xdx Luego:
=

Sea: u = g 2 x, du = 2sec 2 2 xdx ;

2

1 1u 1 g 2 2x 1 1 sec 2 x + c = +c udu g 2 xdx = 2 2 2 2 4 2 cos 2 x

Respuesta: g 3 2 xdx =
2

g 2 2x 1
4

1 +c cos 2 x

3.17.-Encontrar: g 5 xdx

Solucin.- g 2 x sec4 xdx = g 2 x(sec2 x) sec 2 xdx = g 2 x(1 + g 2 x) sec2 xdx

3 3 3

= ( gx) 2 sec 2 xdx + ( gx) 2 sec 2 xdx ;

3 7

w w

Luego:

1 2 1 u du 3 3 g 3x sec 3xdx ; como: d (sec 3x) = 3 g 3x sec 3xdx , se admite: 3 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 u du 3 d (sec3x) = 9 u 3 sec3x + c = 9 sec 3x 3 sec3x + c 3 1 1 Respuesta: g 3 3x sec 3xdx = sec3 3x sec 3 x + c 9 3 3 4 2 3.19.-Encontrar: g x sec xdx
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3 7 2 5 2 9 2 5 2 9 Luego: u 2 du + u 2 du = u 2 + u 2 + c = g 2 x + g 2 + c 5 9 5 9 3 2 5 2 9 Respuesta: g 2 x sec4 xdx = g 2 x + g 2 + c 5 9 4 4 3.20.-Encontrar: g x sec xdx

Solucin.- g 4 x(sec 2 x) sec 2 xdx = g 4 x(1 + g 2 x ) sec 2 xdx

= ( gx) 4 sec2 xdx + ( gx)6 sec 2 xdx ;

at

= (sec 3 x) 2 g 3 x sec 3 xdx g 3 x sec 3 xdx ; Sea: u = sec 3x, du = 3sec 3 x g 3 xdx
em at

Sea: u = gx, du = sec 2 xdx

Sea: u = gx, du = sec 2 xdx

ic a

Solucin.- g 3 3x sec 3xdx = g 2 3x g 3 x sec3 xdx = ( sec2 3x 1) g 3x sec 3xdx

1.

co

1 Solucin.- g 2 5 xdx = (sec 2 5 x 1)dx = sec 2 5 xdx dx = g 5 x x + c 5 1 2 Respuesta: g 5 xdx = g 5 x x + c 5 3 3.18.-Encontrar: g 3x sec 3xdx
m

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u5 u7 g5x g7 x + +c = + +c 5 7 5 7 g5x g7x + +c Respuesta: g 4 x sec 4 xdx = 5 7 3.21.-Encontrar: co g 3 x co sec 4 xdx

Luego: u 4 du + u 6 du =

Como: cos ec 2 x = 1 + co g 2 x ; Luego:

Solucin.- co g 3 x co sec 4 xdx = co g 3 x(co sec 2 x) co sec2 xdx

co g

x(1 + co g 2 x) co sec 2 xdx = co g 3 x co sec 2 xdx + co g 5 x co sec 2 xdx

Sea: u = co gx, du = cos ec 2 xdx ,

u4 u6 co g 4 x co g 6 x +c = +c 4 6 4 6 co g 4 x co g 6 x +c Respuesta: co g 3 x co sec 4 xdx = 4 6 3.22.-Encontrar: co g 3x co sec 4 3xdx

Luego: u 3 du u 5 du =

Solucin.- co g 3x co sec 4 3 xdx = co g 3x(co sec 2 3 x) co sec 2 3 xdx

Solucin.- co sec 2 2 x co sec 2 2 xdx = (1 + co g 2 2 x) co sec 2 2 xdx

1 1 u u co g 3x co g 4 3x +c udu u 3du = + c = 3 3 6 12 6 12 co g 2 3x co g 4 3 x +c Respuesta: co g 3x co sec 4 3xdx = 6 12 3.23.-Encontrar: co sec 4 2 xdx

co sec

2 xdx + co g 2 2 x co sec 2 2 xdx ;

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1 2 1 u3 co g 2 x co g 3 2 x u du = co g 2 x + c = +c 2 2 3 2 6 co g 2 x co g 3 2 x +c Respuesta: co sec 4 2xdx = 2 6 3.24.-Encontrar: co g 3 x co sec3 xdx

Luego: co sec 2 2 xdx

Solucin.- co g 3 x co sec3 xdx = co g 2 x co sec2 x co gx co sec xdx

Como: co g 2 x = co sec 2 x 1 ;

Sea: u = cos ecx, du = cos ecx co gxdx ;

= (co sec4 x co gx co sec xdx co sec2 x co gx co sec xdx

Luego: (co sec 2 x 1) co sec 2 x co gx co sec xdx

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Sea: u = co g 2 x, du = cos ec 2 2 xdx

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co

Sea: u = co g 3 x, du = 3cos ec 2 3 xdx ;

co g 3x(1 + co g

3x) co sec 2 3xdx = co g 3x co sec 2 3xdx + co g 3 3 x co sec 2 3 xdx

Luego:

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u5 u3 cos ec5 x cos ec3 x + +c = + +c 5 3 5 3 cos ec5 x cos ec3 x + +c Respuesta: co g 3 x co sec3 xdx = 5 3 3.25.-Encontrar: co g 3 xdx

Entonces: u 4 du + u 2 du =

Solucin.- co g 3 xdx = co g 2 x co gxdx = (cos ec 2 x 1) co gxdx

= cos ec 2 x co gxdx co gxdx ;

Sea: u = co gx, du = cos ec 2 xdx

Luego: udu co gxdx =

u2 co g 2 x sen x + c = sen x + c 2 2 co g 2 x 3 sen x + c Respuesta: co g xdx = 2

EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
Usando esencialmente el mecanismo tratado, encontrar las siguientes integrales: dx 3.26.- g 2 5 xdx 3.27.- s e n x cos xdx 3.28.- sec 2 x 3 x x cos 2 x 3.31.- g 2 3 sec 2 3 dx 3.30.- cos x s e n xdx 3.29.- dx cos x x s e n 2x 3.33.- s e n 2 6 dx 3.32.- g 3 4 x sec 4 xdx 3.34.- dx sen x x x 3.36.- sec3 4 g 4 dx 3.37.- g 4 2 x sec 4 2 xdx 3.35.- (sec x + cos ecx) 2 dx
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3.38.- s e n 8 x s e n 3 xdx
4

3.39.- cos 4 x cos 5 xdx

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3.40.- s e n 2 x cos 3xdx 3.43.- cos ec 4 3xdx

sec x 3.41.- dx gx x x 3.44.- ( g 3 3 + g 4 3 )dx

3.42.-

cos3 x dx s e n4 x

x 3.45.- co g 3 3 dx

x 3.46.- co g 4 6 dx

3.47.-

dx s e n x cos x dx 3.50.- cos 6 4 x

5
x 3.53.- s e n 5 2 dx x x 3.56.- s e n 3 2 cos5 2 dx

cos 2 x dx s e n6 x cos3 x 3.51.- dx 1 s e n x 3.54.- 1 cos xdx

3.48.-

3.49.-

dx s e n x cos 4 x
2

x 3.52.- cos3 7 dx

3.55.-

dx cos ec 4

x 3

3.59.-

1 cos 2 x dx 1 + cos 2 x

3.57.- s e n 2 x cos 2 xdx

cos3 x 3.60.- dx sen x 3.63.- cos 4 xdx

3.58.- s e n 4 x cos 2 xdx 3.61.- s e n 3 2 xdx

3.62.- s e n 2 2 x cos 2 2 xdx

3.64.- g 4 x sec 2 xdx

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3.65.- g 3 x sec xdx

3.68.- co g 2 2 x cos ec 2 2 xdx

3.66.- sec6 a d 3.69.-

s e n3 x dx cos 2 x cos3 x dx 3.72.- s e n2 x 3.75.- s e n 6 xdx

3.70.- sec 4 3x g 3xdx 3.73.-

dx s e n4 x

3.67.- sec xdx

3.71.- sec n x gxdx;(n 0) 3.74.- g n x sec 2 xdx;(n 1)

3.77.- s e n n x cos xdx;(n 1) 3.83.- cos 2 n +1 xdx

3.80.- cos x n s e n xdx;(n 1)

3.78.- co g n axdx 3.81.- g n xdx

3.79.- co g 4 3 xdx 3.82.- g 4 xdx

3.76.- s e n 4 axdx

RESPUESTAS
1 3.26.- g 2 5 xdx = (sec 2 5 x 1)dx = sec 2 5 xdx + dx = g 5 x x + c 5 1 1 1 3.27.- s e n x cos xdx = 2s e n x cos xdx = s e n 2 xdx = cos 2 x + c 2 2 4 dx 1 3.28.- = cos 2 xdx = s e n 2 x + c sec 2 x 2 2 cos 2 x cos x s e n 2 x cos 2 x s e n2 x 3.29.- dx = dx = dx dx cos x cos x cos x cos x 1 cos 2 x dx dx = cos xdx + cos xdx = 2 cos xdx sec xdx cos x cos x = 2s e n x sec x + gx + c
w w

= cos xdx

3.30.- cos x s e n 3 xdx = cos x s e n 2 x s e n xdx = cos x (1 cos 2 x) s e n xdx

1 5 5 1 2 3 2 7 2 2 Sea: u = cos x, du = s e n xdx ; Luego: u du + u du = u 2 + u 2 + c 3 7 2 3 2 7 2 2 cos3 x + cos 7 x + c = cos 2 + cos 2 + c = 3 7 3 7 2 2 = cos x cos x + cos x 3 cos x + c 3 7 1 x x x x x x 3.31.- g 2 3 sec2 3 dx = ( g 3 ) 2 sec 2 3 dx ; Sea: u = g 3 , du = sec2 3 dx 3 x x x 3 ( g 3 ) 2 1 sec 2 3 dx = 3 u 2 du = u 3 + c = g 3 3 + c 3

= cos x s e n xdx cos x cos 2 x s e n xdx = cos 2 x s e n xdx cos 2 x s e n xdx

3.32.- g 3 4 x sec 4 xdx = ( g 2 4 x) g 4 x sec 4 xdx = (sec 2 4 x 1) g 4 x sec 4 xdx

= sec 2 4 x g 4 x sec 4 xdx g 4 x sec 4 xdx ; Sea: u = sec 4 x, du = 4sec 4 x g 4 xdx

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1 2 1 1 u3 1 sec3 4 x sec 4 x u+c = +c u du du = 4 4 4 3 4 12 4 x x 1 cos 2 6 1 cos 3 1 1 x x 3.33.- s e n 2 6 dx = dx = dx = dx cos 3 dx 2 2 2 2 1 3 x = x s en 3 + c 2 2 s e n 2x 2 s e n x cos x dx = 2 cos xdx = 2s e n x + c dx = 3.34.- sen x sen x
=

3.35.- (sec x + cos ecx) 2 dx = (sec 2 x + 2sec x cos ecx + cos ec 2 x)dx
1 1 dx + cos ec 2 xdx cos x s e n x dx dx = sec 2 xdx + 2 2 + cos ec 2 xdx = sec 2 xdx + 4 + cos ec 2 xdx 2 cos x s e n x s e n 2x 2 2 = sec xdx + 4 cos ec 2 xdx + cos ec xdx
= sec 2 xdx + 2 sec x cos ecxdx + cos ec 2 xdx = sec 2 xdx + 2 = gx + 4

cos ec 2 x co g 2 x co gx + c

= gx + 2 cos ec 2 x co g 2 x co gx + c
x x x x x 3.36.- sec3 4 g 4 dx = (sec 2 4 ) sec 4 g 4 dx x x x Sea: u = sec 4 , du = 1 sec 4 g 4 dx , 4

= ( g 2 x) 4 sec 2 2 xdx + ( g 2 x)6 sec 2 2 xdx

w w

Sea: u = g 2 x, du = 2sec 2 2 xdx , Luego: 1 1 1 1 = ( g 2 x) 4 2sec 2 2 xdx + ( g 2 x )6 2sec 2 2 xdx = u 4 du + u 6 du 2 2 2 2 5 7 5 7 1u 1u g 2x g 2x = + +c = + +c 2 5 2 7 10 14 3.38.- s e n 8 x s e n 3 xdx Considerando: s e n s e n = Luego: s e n 8 x s e n 3 x =

1 [cos( ) cos( + )] 2

1 (cos 5 x cos11x) ; Se tiene: 2 1 1 1 s e n 5 x s e n11x = (cos 5 x cos11x)dx = cos 5 xdx cos11xdx = +c 2 2 2 10 22 3.39.- cos 4 x cos 5 xdx

Considerando: cos cos =

1 [cos( ) + cos( + )] 2 68

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Luego: 4 u 2 du = 4

x 4sec3 4 u3 +c = +c 3 3 3.37.- g 4 2 x sec4 2 xdx = g 4 2 x(sec2 2 x) sec 2 2 xdx = g 4 2 x(1 + g 2 2 x) sec 2 2 xdx

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co

1 Luego: cos 4 x cos 5 x = (cos( x) + cos 9 x) ; 2 1 Como: cos( x) = cos x (cos x + cos 9 x) ; entonces: 2 1 1 1 cos 4 x cos 5 xdx = 2 ( cos x + cos 9 x)dx = 2 cos xdx + 2 cos 9 xdx s e n x s e n 9x = + +c 2 18 3.40.- s e n 2 x cos 3 xdx
Considerando: s e n cos = Luego: s e n 2 x cos 3x =
1 [s e n( ) + s e n( + )] 2

1 [s e n( x) + s e n 5 x ] 2 1 Como: s e n( x) = s e n x ( s e n x + s e n 5 x) ; entonces: 2 1 1 1 s e n 2 x cos 3xdx = 2 ( s e n x + s e n 5 x)dx = 2 s e n xdx + 2 s e n 5 xdx 1 1 = cos x cos 5 x + c 2 10

4 sec x 3.41.- dx = gx 4 4 1 2 2 = dx = cos ec xdx = cos ec x cos ec xdx sen x sen x cos x = (1 + co g 2 x) cos ec 2 xdx = cos ec 2 xdx + co g 2 x cos ec 2 xdx

w w

Sea: u = co gx, du = cos ec 2 xdx

Luego: cos ec 2 xdx u 2 du = co gx 3.42.-

cos3 x cos3 x 1 dx = dx = co g 3 x cos ecxdx 4 3 sen x sen x sen x 2 = (co g x) co gx cos ecxdx = (cos ec 2 x 1) co gx cos ecxdx =

Sea: u = cos ecx, du = cos ecx co gxdx Luego: u 2 du + du =

= cos ec 2 x co gx cos ecxdx co gx cos ecxdx

u3 cos ec 3 x +u+c = + cos ecx + c 3 3 3.43.- cos ec 4 3xdx = (cos ec 2 3 x) cos ec 2 3 xdx = (1 + co g 2 3 x) cos ec 2 3 x) dx

Sea: u = co g 3 x, du = 3cos ec 2 3 xdx

2

= cos ec 2 3xdx + co g 2 3 x cos ec 2 3 xdx

1 2 1 1 3 co g 3 x co g 3 3x +c Luego: cos ec 3 xdx u du = co g 3 x u + c = 3 3 9 3 9

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u3 co g 3 x + c = co gx +c 3 3

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1 cos x

co

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x x x x x x x x 3.44.- ( g 3 3 + g 4 3 )dx = g 3 3 dx + g 4 3 dx = ( g 2 3 ) g 3 dx + ( g 2 3 ) g 2 3 dx x x x x = (sec 2 3 1) g 3 dx + (sec 2 3 1) g 2 3 dx

x x x x x x = sec 2 3 g 3 dx g 3 dx + (sec 2 3 ) g 2 3 dx g 2 3 dx

x x x x x x = sec 2 3 g 3 dx g 3 dx + (sec 2 3 ) g 2 3 dx (sec2 3 1)dx

x x x x x x = sec 2 3 g 3 dx g 3 dx + (sec 2 3 ) g 2 3 dx sec 2 3 dx + dx

1 x x Sea: u = g 3 , du = sec 2 3 dx 3 x x Luego: 3 udu g 3 dx + 3 u 2 du sec 2 3 dx + dx 3 3 x x x x x x = u 2 3 sec 3 + u 3 3 g 3 + x + c = g 2 3 3 sec 3 + g 3 3 3 g 3 + x + c 2 2 3 x 2 x x x x 3.45.- co g 3 dx = (co g 3 ) co g 3 dx = (cos ec 2 3 1) co g 3 dx

1 x x Sea: u = co g 6 , du = cos ec 2 6 dx 6 x x Luego: 6 u 2 du cos ec 2 6 dx + dx = 2u 3 + 6 co g 6 + x + c

w w

x x = 2 co g 3 6 + 6 co g 6 + x + c dx 3.47.- ; Como: s e n 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 , 5 s e n x cos x s e n 2 x + cos 2 x dx cos xdx dx = Luego: + 5 3 s e n x cos x s e n x cos x s e n5 x s e n 2 x + cos 2 x cos xdx dx cos xdx cos xdx dx + = = + + 3 5 3 s e n x cos x sen x s e n x cos x sen x s e n5 x dx = + (s e n x) 3 cos xdx + (s e n x) 5 cos xdx s e n x cos x dx = + (s e n x) 3 cos xdx + (s e n x) 5 cos xdx s e n 2x 2 = 2 cos ec 2 xdx + (s e n x) 3 cos xdx + (s e n x) 5 cos xdx ()

x x x = cos ec 2 6 co g 2 6 dx cos ec 2 6 dx + dx

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em

x x x x x x = cos ec 2 6 co g 2 6 dx co g 2 6 dx = cos ec 2 6 co g 2 6 dx (cos ec 2 6 1)dx

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1 x x x x x x = cos ec 2 3 co g 3 dx co g 3 dx ; Sea: u = cos ec 3 , du = cos ec 3 co g 3 dx 3 x 1 cos ec x co g x )dx co g x dx = 3 udu co g x dx Luego: 3 (cos ec 3 )( 3 3 3 3 3 2 x 2 3cos ec 3 3u x x = 3 sen 3 + c = 3 sen 3 + c 2 2 4 x 2 x x x x 3.46.- co g 6 dx = (co g 6 ) co g 2 6 dx = (cos ec 2 6 1) co g 2 6 dx
1. co m

70

Sea: u = s e n x, du = cos xdx ,

Luego:
1 1 4 +c 2 2u 4u

() = 2 cos ec 2 xdx + u 3 du + u 5 du = cos ec 2 x co g 2 x

= cos ec 2 x co g 2 x

1 1 +c 2 2s e n x 4s e n 4 x cos ec 2 x cos ec 4 x = cos ec 2 x co g 2 x +c 2 4 cos 2 x cos 2 x 1 dx = dx = co g 2 x cos ec 4 xdx 3.48.- 6 2 4 sen x sen x sen x 2 2 = co g x(cos ec x) cos ec 2 xdx = co g 2 x(1 + co g 2 x) cos ec 2 xdx

= co g 2 x cos ec 2 xdx + co g 4 x cos ec 2 xdx

Sea: u = co gx, du = cos ec 2 xdx ,

u3 u5 co g 3 x co g 5 x +c = +c 3 5 3 5 dx s e n 2 + cos 2 x dx dx dx = 3.49.- = + 2 4 2 4 4 2 s e n x cos x s e n x cos x cos x s e n x cos 2 x dx dx dx = sec 4 xdx + = sec 4 xdx + = sec 4 xdx + 4 2 s e n 2x 2 (s e n x cos x) s e n2 2x ( ) 2 4 2 2 2 = sec xdx + 4 cos ec 2 xdx = sec x sec xdx + 4 cos ec 2 2 xdx

Luego: u 2 du u 4 du =

w w

Sea: u = gx, du = sec 2 xdx ,

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= (1 + g 2 x) sec2 xdx + 4 cos ec 2 2 xdx = sec2 xdx + g 2 x sec 2 xdx + 4 cos ec 2 2 xdx
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Luego: sec 2 xdx + u 2 du + 4 cos ec 2 2 xdx = gx +

= gx +

2 co g 2 x + c 3 dx 3.50.- = sec6 4 xdx = (sec 2 4 x)2 sec2 4 xdx = (1 + g 2 4 x)2 sec2 4 xdx 6 cos 4 x = (1 + 2 g 2 4 x + g 4 4 x) sec 2 4 xdx = sec 2 4 xdx + 2 ( g 4 x ) 2 sec 2 4 xdx + ( g 4 x) 4 sec 2 4 xdx

g3x

Sea: u = g 4 x, du = 4sec 2 4 xdx ,

2 sec 4 xdx +

Luego:

1 2 1 g 4x 1 u3 1 u5 g 4x g 3 4x g 5 4x u du + u 4 du = + + +c = + + +c 2 4 4 2 3 4 5 4 6 20 cos3 x cos3 x(1 + s e n x) cos 3 x(1 + s e n x) 3.51.- dx dx = dx = 1 s e n x 1 s e n2 x cos 2 x

= cos x(1 + s e n x)dx = cos xdx + cos x s e n xdx = cos xdx +

1.

co

u3 2 co g 2 x + c 3

1 s e n 2 xdx 2

71

1 = s e n x cos 2 x + c 4 x x x x x 3.52.- cos3 7 dx = (cos 2 7 ) cos 7 dx = (1 s e n 2 7 ) cos 7 dx

x x x = cos 7 dx s e n 2 7 cos 7 dx x x Sea: u = s e n 7 , du = 1 cos 7 dx 7 x x Luego: = cos 7 dx 7 u 2 du =7 s e n 7

7u 3 7 x x + c = 7 s e n 7 s e n3 7 + c 3 3 x x x x x 3.53.- s e n 5 2 dx = (s e n 2 2 ) 2 s e n 2 dx = (1 cos 2 2 ) 2 s e n 2 dx

x x x x x x x x = (1 2 cos 2 2 + cos 4 2 ) s e n 2 dx = s e n 2 dx 2 cos 2 2 s e n 2 dx + cos 4 2 s e n 2 dx

1 x x Sea: u = cos 2 , du = s e n 2 dx , 2

Luego:
4u 3 2u 5 +c 3 5

x x = s e n 2 dx + 4 u 2 du 2 u 4 du = 2 cos 2 + x = 2 cos 2 + x x 4 cos3 2 2 cos5 2 +c 3 5 1 cos xdx

3.54.-

w w

x x x Luego: 2s e n 2 2 dx = 2 s e n 2 dx = 2 2 cos 2 + c

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Se tiene: s e n 2

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1.

co

Considerando: s e n 2 =
x 2

1 cos 2 , y 2 = x 2 1 cos 2 x ; adems: 1 cos x = 2s e n 2 = 2

m at
2

x 2

dx 1 cos 23x x x 3.55.- = s e n 4 3 dx = (s e n 2 3 ) 2 dx = dx x cos ec 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 = (1 2 cos 23x + cos 2 23x )dx = dx cos 23x dx + cos 2 23x dx 4 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 + cos 43x 1 1 1 = dx cos 23x dx + dx = dx cos 23x dx + (1 + cos 43x )dx 4 2 4 2 4 2 8 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 = dx cos 23x dx + dx + cos 43x dx = dx cos 23x dx + cos 43x dx 4 2 8 8 8 2 8 3s e n 23x 3s e n 43x 3 13 13 3 = x + +c s e n 23x + s e n 43x + c = x 8 22 84 8 4 32 x x x x x x x x 3.56.- s e n 3 2 cos5 2 dx = s e n 2 s e n 2 2 cos5 2 dx = s e n 2 (1 cos 2 2 ) cos5 2 dx
x x x x = s e n 2 cos5 2 dx cos 7 2 s e n 2 dx

1 x x Sea: u = cos 2 , du = s e n 2 dx 2

72

Luego: 2 u 5 du + 2 u 7 du =
2 2

x x cos 6 2 cos8 2 2u 6 2u 8 u 6 u8 + +c = + +c = + +c 6 8 3 4 3 4

1 s e n 2x 2 3.57.- s e n x cos xdx = (s e n x cos x) dx = dx = s e n 2 xdx 2 4 1 1 cos 4 x 1 1 1 x 1 dx = (1 cos 4 x)dx = dx cos 4 xdx = s e n 4 x + c = 4 2 8 8 8 8 32 4 2 2 2 2 3.58.- s e n x cos xdx = (s e n x cos x) s e n xdx = (s e n x cos x) 2 s e n 2 xdx
2

1 s e n 2 x 1 cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x 2 = dx = s e n 2 x dx 2 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 cos 4 x 1 = s e n 2 2 xdx s e n 2 2 x cos 2 xdx = dx s e n 2 2 x cos 2 xdx 8 8 8 2 8 1 1 1 = dx cos 4 xdx s e n 2 2 x cos 2 xdx() 16 16 8 Sea: u = s e n 2 x, du = 2 cos 2 xdx , luego:
2

3.60.-

Sea: u = s e n x, du = cos xdx , luego:

() = u 2 du u 2 du = 2u 2
1
3 1

cos3 x 1 1 dx = (s e n x) 2 cos3 xdx = (s e n x) 2 cos 2 x cos xdx sen x 3 1 1 = (s e n x) 2 (1 s e n 2 x) cos xdx = (s e n x) 2 cos xdx s e n 2 x cos xdx()

2 s e n5 x +c 5 3.61.- s e n 3 2 xdx = s e n 2 2 x s e n 2 xdx = (1 cos 2 2 x) s e n 2 xdx

Sea: u = cos 2 x, du = 2s e n 2 xdx , luego:

() = s e n 2 x + 1 u2 1 1 u3 1 u3 + c = cos 2 x + + c du = cos 2 x + 2 2 2 2 3 2 6 3 1 (cos 2 x) = cos 2 x + +c 2 6

= s e n 2 xdx cos 2 2 x s e n 2 xdx()

w w

1 1 1 1 1 1 u3 +c dx cos 4 xdx u 2 du = x s e n 4 x 16 16 16 16 64 16 3 1 s e n 4x s e n3 2x = x +c 16 64 48 1 cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x s e n2 x 2 3.59.- dx = dx = dx = g 2 xdx = (sec 2 x 1)dx 2 1 + cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x cos x 2 = sec 2 xdx dx = gx x + c () =
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73

1 1 cos 4 x 1 + cos 4 x 2 3.62.- s e n 2 2 x cos 2 2 xdx = dx = (1 cos 4 x)dx 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 + cos8 x 1 1 = dx cos 2 4 xdx = dx dx = dx (1 + cos8 x)dx 4 4 4 4 2 4 8 1 1 1 1 1 x s e n 8x = dx dx cos8 xdx = dx cos8 xdx = +c 4 8 8 8 8 8 64 1 1 + cos 2 x 2 3.63.- cos xdx = (cos x) dx = dx = (1 + cos 2 x) dx 2 4 1 1 1 1 = (1 + 2 cos 2 x + cos 2 x)dx = dx + cos 2 xdx + cos 2 2 xdx 4 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 + cos 4 x 1 1 1 = dx + cos 2 xdx + dx = dx + cos 2 xdx + (1 + cos 4 x)dx 4 2 4 2 4 2 8 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 = dx + cos 2 xdx + dx + cos 4 xdx = dx + cos 2 xdx + cos 4 xdx 4 2 8 8 8 2 8 3 1 1 = x + s e n 2x + s e n 4x + c 8 4 32 4 2 3.64.- g x sec xdx
2 4 2 2

Sea: u = gx, du = sec 2 xdx

Sea: u = sec x, du = sec x gxdx Luego: u 2 du du =

u3 sec3 x u +c = sec x + c 3 3 3.66.- sec6 a d = sec 4 a sec 2 a d = (sec 2 a ) 2 sec 2 a d

= (1 + g 2 a ) 2 sec 2 a d = (1 + 2 g 2 a + g 4 a ) sec 2 a d
= sec 2 a d + 2 g 2 a sec 2 a d + g 4 a sec 2 a d

Sea: u = ga , du = a sec 2 a d ,

1 2 1 1 2u 3 u 5 1 2 g 3 a g 5 a + + c = ga + + +c du + u 2 du + u 4 du = u + a a a a 3 5 a 3 5 sec x( gx + sec x)dx sec x gx + sec 2 x 3.67.- sec xdx = dx = gx + sec x gx + sec x Sea: u = sec x + gx, du = (sec x gx + sec 2 x)dx du = u + c = sec x + gx + c Luego: u

w w

= (sec 2 x) gx sec xdx gx sec xdx

Luego:

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Luego: u 4 du =

u5 g5x +c = +c 5 5 3.65.- g 3 x sec xdx = g 2 x gx sec xdx = (sec 2 x 1) gx sec xdx

1. co m

74

3.68.- co g 2 2 x cos ec 2 2 xdx Luego:

Sea: u = co g 2 x, du = 2 cos ec 2 2 xdx

1 2 u3 co g 3 2 x +c u du = + c = 2 6 6 s e n3 x s e n 2 x s e n xdx (1 cos 2 x) s e n xdx s e n xdx 3.69.- dx = = = s e n xdx 2 2 2 cos x cos x cos x cos 2 x Sea: u = cos x, du = s e n xdx , 1 1 Luego: u 2 du s e n xdx = + cos x + c = + cos x + c = sec x + cos x + c u cos x 3.70.- sec 4 3 x g 3xdx = sec3 3x(sec 3x g 3x)dx

Sea: u = sec 3x, du = 3sec3 x g 3xdx Luego:

1 3 1 u4 u4 sec 4 3 x +c = +c = +c u du = 3 3 4 12 12 3.71.- sec n x gxdx = secn 1 x(sec x gx)dx

Sea: u = sec x, du = sec x gxdx ,

Luego:

u sec x +c = + c, (n 0) n n cos3 x cos 2 x cos x (1 s e n 2 x) cos x cos xdx 3.72.- dx = dx = dx = cos xdx 2 2 2 sen x sen x sen x s e n2 x 1 sen x + c sen x dx s e n 2 x + cos 2 x dx cos 2 x dx = dx 3.73.- = + s e n4 x s e n4 x s e n2 x s e n4 x cos 2 x dx = cos ec 2 xdx + = cos ec 2 xdx + co g 2 x cos ec 2 xdx s e n2 x s e n2 x 1 = co gx co g 3 x + c 3 n 3.74.- g x sec 2 xdx;(n 1)

n 1

du =

Sea: u = gx, du = sec 2 xdx Luego: u n du =

6

u n +1 g n +1 x +c = + c, (n 1) n +1 n +1
3 2 3

1 2 cos 2 x 3.75.- s e n xdx = (s e n x) dx = dx 2 1 = (1 3cos 2 x + 3cos 2 2 x cos3 2 x)dx 8 1 = dx 3 cos 2 xdx + 3 cos 2 2 xdx cos3 2 xdx 8

w w

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at

em

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1.

co

75

5 x s e n 2 x 3s e n 4 x s e n 3 2 x + + +c 16 4 64 48 1 3.76.- s e n 4 axdx = (s e n 2 ax) 2 dx = (1 cos 2ax) 2 dx 4 1 1 1 = (1 2 cos 2ax + cos 2 2ax)dx = dx cos 2axdx + cos 2 2axdx 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 = x s e n 2ax + ( x + s e n 4ax) + c = x s e n 2ax + s e n 4ax + c 4 4a 4 2 8a 8 4a 32a s e n n +1 x + c, (n 1) 3.77.- s e n n x cos xdx = n +1 3.78.- co g n axdx = co g n 2 ax co g 2 axdx = co g n 2 ax(cos ec 2 ax 1)dx
=

1 co g n 1ax co g n 2 axdx a n 1 4 3.79.- co g 3xdx , Haciendo uso del ejercicio anterior:

= co g n 2 ax cos ec 2 axdx co g n 2 axdx =

co g 3 3 x co g 3 3x co g 2 3xdx = (cos ec 2 3x 1)dx 3 3 9 3 co g 3x co g 3 3x = cos ec 2 3 xdx + dx = cos ec 2 3 xdx + dx 9 9 3 co g 3x co g 3x = + + x+c 9 3 cos n +1 x 3.80.- cos x n s e n xdx = + c;(n 1) n +1 3.81.- g n xdx = g n 2 x g 2 xdx = g n 2 x(sec 2 x 1)dx
= = g n 2 x sec2 xdx g n 2 xdx =

g n 1 x
n 1

w w

3.82.- g 4 xdx =
=

g 3 xdx
3

g 2 xdx =

g3x
3

.M

g n 2 xdx (sec 2 x 1)dx

gx + x + c 3 3 3.83.- cos 2 n +1 xdx = cos 2 n x cos xdx = (cos 2 x) n cos xdx = (1 s e n 2 x) n cos xdx

g3x

sec 2 xdx dx =

g3x

Sea: u = s e n x, du = cos xdx .El resultado se obtiene, evaluando (1 u 2 ) n por la frmula del binomio de Newton y calculando cada sumando, cuyas integrales son del tipo: u n du . Las frmulas provenientes de los ejercicios 3.78 y 3.81, se denominan frmulas de reduccin y su utilidad es obvia. Ms adelante, en otros captulos, usted deducir nuevas frmulas de reduccin.

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1.

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76