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Fundamentos de los Sistemas de Cable

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Procesamiento de la Seal

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Procesamiento de la Seal
Los canales individuales de los moduladores y procesadores heterodinos de TV (RF) son combinados usando una red combinadota pasiva. Las seales combinadas son amplificadas por un post amplificador de bajo ruido y distorsin para proveer el suficiente nivel de seal de entrada apropiada a los transmisores pticos.

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Distribucin de la Seal

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Teora Operacional

TEORIA OPERACIONAL

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Prdida en la Transmisin

dB (DECIBEL)
Unidad de medida que expresa la relacin de dos niveles de poder en una escala logartmica es igual a una decima parte de un BEL. El dB se puede expresar en valores positivos y negativos. Razon de potencia contra el dB : 1-1 2-1 10-1 100-1 1000-1 10000-1 40 dB 0 dB 3 dB 10 dB 20 dB 30 dB

Los dB se deben sumar y restar para indicar cambios sustanciales en niveles con nmeros pequeos.

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NODO OPTICO (TX / RX)

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Prdida en la Transmisin

dBmV MILIVOLTIO DE DECIBEL

0 dBmV = 1 Milivoltio medido a travs de 75 Ohms.

(Nivel de potencia de referencia para Redes Coaxiales)

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Ruido

RUIDO Cmo se ve? Canal sintonizado que est fuera del aire

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. .. .. .... .. .... . . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. ..

.. . ... . .... .. ..... .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .... .. . . . .. . . . .

Baja relacion seal a ruido C/N

NIVELES PORTADORES DE VIDEO EN REDES DE BANDA ANCHA (En el Terminal dl Suscriptor)

Nivel C/N 35 dB 36 dB 40 dB 40 dB 42 dB 43 dB 43 dB 45 dB ruido 48 dB 55-60 dB

Informacin Recopilada por Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin Laboratorios GI Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin

Aceptabilidad de video Ruido transtorna la imagen Mnimo 1993 La mayora de la gente puede ver el ruido Mnimo 1994 La mayora de la gente puede ver el ruido La mayora de la gente puede ver el ruido Mnimo 1995 La mayora de los ingenieros no puede ver el Excelente calidad de imagen Imagen con calidad de estudio

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Pag. 3 - 22

Portadora a Ruido

dBc Razon expresada en decibeles relativos a un nivel de portadora de referencia. C/N Razon de portadora a ruido Figura de Ruido La cantidad de ruido en dB que el dispositivo de amplificacion introduce al ruido ya existente.

O dBmV

O dBmV C/N= 49 dB

C/N= 59 dB Figura de Ruido 10 dB -59 dBmV Ruido Termico


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-59 dBmV

Ruido Termico
11

Ruido

PORTADORA DE RUIDO DE UN AMPLIFICADOR

C/N = Entrada - (-59.2 + NF) O

Seal de entrada ? dBmV


0 dBmV

Figura de ruido ? dBmV -59.2 dBmV Ruido trmico


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Ruido

SUMA IGUAL DE RELACIONES PORTADORA/RUIDO :

C/N = C/N1 - 10 x Log10 N Donde C/N1 = Relacin de ruido de portadora de 1 contribuidor de amplificacin N = Nmero de contribuidores iguales

C/N = Relacin de ruido de portadora en el ltimo contribuidor (Red C/N)

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Ruido

PARA SUMAR RELACIONES DIFERENTES PORTADORA/RUIDO:

C/N = -10 x Log10 (10


Donde C/NS = C/N de red del ltimo contribuidor C/N1 = Primer contribuidor C/N2 = Segundo contribuidor C/N3 = Tercer contribuidor

-C/N1 10

+10

-C/N2 10

+10

-C/N3 10

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14

Distorsin

Relacin Portadora/Ruido (C/N)


1. C/N a la salida de un amplificador simple cuando se conoce la figura de ruido (NF): C/N = Entrada - (-59.2 + NF) C/NO = Nivel de salida - (-59.2 + NF + Ganancia) 2. Para sumar relaciones idnticas portadora/ruido: C/NS = C/N - 10 x Log10 N 3. Para sumar relaciones diferentes portadora/ruido: C/NS = -10 x Log10 (10
-C/N1 10 -C/N2 10 -C/Nn 10

+ 10

+ 10

4. Relacin portadora/ruido vs Ancho de banda: Ancho de Bandaref C/N = -10 x Log10 Ancho de Bandanuevo

C/N = portadora a ruido expresada como un nmero positivo N = nmero igual de contribuidores NF = figura de ruido G = ganancia -59.2 = ruido termal en ancho de banda de 4 MHz (dBmV) Regla: En un amplificador simple la C/N se incrementa en un dB con cada incremento de 1 dB en el nivel de salida de la seal. Motorola Document Classification, C/N se agrava en 3 Rev. 2.0 Regla: El total de Canopy Enterprise Solutions, dB cada vez que se dobla el nmero de amplificadores con idntico C/N.
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15

Distorsin

DISTORSION (CTB, CSO) Cmo se ve?


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Barras sincronizadas se mueven a travs de la imagen Efecto desempaador Imgenes mltiples de canales adyacentes Separacin de imgenes Lluvia de puntos negros
16

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PULSACION TRIPLE COMPUESTA (CTB)


Es la razn expresada en dB del nivel pico de la seal de RF nivel pico del nivel promedio de los componentes de distorsin centrados en esa frecuencia. Esta distorsin es causada por la curvatura de tercer orden de la caracterstica de transeferencia no-lineal en cada equipo del sistema.

Portada

Contribucin CTB

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17

Distorsin

PULSACION TRIPLE COMPUESTA


CTBS = CTB - 20 x Log10 N
Un amplificador (Nivel de operacin):
CTB = CTBR - 2 (Nivel de salida de operacin Nivel de salida de referencia) Donde CTBR = Relacin de referencia del fabricante (dB) CTB = Nueva contribucin del amplificador (dB)

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18

PARA SUMAR RELACIONES DE DIFERENTES C/CTB:

CTBs = -20 x Log10 (10 -CTB 10 +


20
1

+ 10 -CTB
20
2

-CTB3 20

Donde

CTBS = C/CTB de red en el ltimo contribuidor


CTB1 = Primer contribuidor CTB2 = Segundo contribuidor CTB3 = Tercer contribuidor

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19

Distorsin

Relacin de Pulsacin Triple Compuesta (CTB)

1. CTB a la salida de un amplificador simple operando a nivel de salida dado: CTB = CTBref - 2 (Nivel de salida - Nivel de referencia) 2. Para sumar relaciones idnticas de pulsaciones triples compuestas : CTBS = CTB - 20 x Log10 N 3. Para sumar relaciones diferentes de pulsaciones triples compuestas: CTBS = -20 x Log10 (10 20 + 10 20 + 10
-CTB1 -CTB2 -CTBn 20

4. Pulsacin triple compuesta vs. Carga de canal: Nmero de pulsacionesref CTB = 10 x Log10 Nmero de pulsacionesnuevo

CTB = Pulsacin triple compuesta expresada como un nmero positivo Regla: En un amplificador simple el CTB se incrementa en 2 dB con cada disminucin de 1 dB, en el nivel de salida de seal. Regla: El total de CTB se agrava en 6 dB cada vez que se dobla el nmero de amplificadores con idntico CTB

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20

Distorsin

DISTORSION DE SEGUNDO ORDEN PORTADORA/COMPUESTA (CSO)


Es la razn expresada en dB del nivel pico de la seal de RF nivel pico de la seal de interferencia. Esta distorsin es causada por la curvatura de segundo orden de la caracterstica de transeferencia no-lineal en cada equipo del sistema.

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21

CSO
1. Distorsin de segundo orden compuesta para un amplificador en un nivel de operacin:
CSO = CSOref - (Nivel de salida de operacin Nivel de salida de referencia)

2. Para sumar relaciones CSO iguales:


CSOS = CSO - 15 x Log10 N

3. Para sumar relaciones CSO diferentes:


CSOS = -15 x Log10 (10 + 10 + 10 )

4. CSO vs Carga de canal:


CSO = 10 xLog10

CSO = Distorsin de segundo orden, expresada con un nmero positivo (+). Regla: El cambio de 1 dB en la salida de un amplificador cambiar la CSO en 1 dB.

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22

NIVELES DE DISTORSION EN REDES (EN EL TERMINAL DEL SUSCRIPTOR)

Distorsin CTB

Funcionamiento > 53 dB

Recomendado por Prcticas y Estndares NCTA

> 51 dB

Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones

CSO

> 51 dB

Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones

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23
Pag. 3 - 34

Canal de TV Analogica NTSC (6 Mhz)

4,2 Mhz

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24

La radiodifusin de TV se logra transmitiendo y recibiendo 2 campos uno par y otro impar de 262.5 lneas cada uno. La reproduccin de una escena de TV en una pantalla de rayos catdicos requiere de la sincronizacin entre cada lnea pares e impares de manera independiente, para lograr la reconstruccin de la imagen se aade una seal pulso de sincronizacin.
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25

Con la incorporacin de impulsos sincronizadores horizontales y verticales en el intervalo de extincin, los receptores de TV puedes reconstruir la informacin de video recibida
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26

Espectro de RF

MONITOREO Y ESTADO (5.5 Mhz)

CONTROL Y MULTIMEDIA
TELECOMUNICACIONES

Canales Analogos Informacion digital Comprimida: Video, Telefonia, Datos, HDTV, VOD

12

15

40

50

550 AVANZADA Downstream 1 Canal Analogico NTSC = 6 Mhz HDTV : TV de Alta Definicion VOD : Video en Demanda

860

RETORNO (Upstream)

5 40 Mhz : Seales de retorno 50 500 Mhz : Seales Analogas y Digitales de FWD

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27

Espectro de Avanzada (Modelo#1)

54-88 MHz Canales anlogos inferiores VHF dB 0 -5 -10 -15

88-108 MHz Estaciones locales de FM y servicio de opcin musical 72-76 MHz Zona que puede utilizarse tambin para servicios de FM incrementados

108-552 MHz Canales anlogos de banda media, alta y superior

Servicios de informacin de alta velocidad

552-750 MHz Modulacin QAM, transmisin comprimida digitalmente

FREC

FSK Seal de interrogacin del monitoreo de estado LIFELINE

50

150

250

350

450

550

650
28

750

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Red HFC Tpica

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29

CONVERSION ANALOGA / DIGITAL

Seal anloga

Anlisis digital
Amplitud
7 8 9 10 11 12

Seal digital
Vlvula Digital 10101110 11100100 11111001 . . . 100100100 201010010

123456

Anlisis #

Tono puro (Sinusoidal)

Tiempo

Anlisis # 1 2 3 . . . 11 12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112

Anlisis #

Tono complejo (aleatorio)


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Tiempo

Anlisis # 1 2 3 . . . 11 12

Vlvula Digital 10100110 10011001 10101011 . . . 11001111 00010010


30

Amplitud

Muestreo y Error de Cuantizacin


Teorema de Nyquist Define la mnima velocidad de muestreo para reproducir fielmente la seal original de muestreo, define como la menor velocidad de muestreo el menos 2 veces la frecuencia mas alta de la seal a muestrear Si la frecuencia de muestreo es muy baja menor a la frecuencia mas alta de la frecuencia a muestrear, se genera un efecto llamado aliasing el cual imposibilita a recuperar la seal original muestreada

Error de Cuantizacin ocurre cuando el nmero de niveles de codificacin es insuficiente y la seal muestreada cae entre dos valores asigandos.
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31

DIGITALIZACION A DS
Un DS es un circuito de voz

La banda ancha NYQUIST para un DS es 3.5 kHz x 2 = 7.0 kHz.


La relacin de anlisis prctico es 8.0 kHz. 8 kHz x 8 bits/anlisis = 64 kbps.

DIGITALIZACION DEL VIDEO


La banda ancha NYQUIST para video NTSC es 4.2 MHz x 2 = 8.4 MHz La relacin de anlisis prctica (Estndar mundial CCIR 601) es 13.5 MHz 13.5 MHz x 8 bits/anlisis = 108 Mbps.

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32

Modulacin Digital
FSK (Frecuency Shift Key) El menos eficiente Consume gran cantidad de BW El mas confiable

BPSK (Bi-Phase Shift Key) modulacin digital mas simple El Poco eficiente Muy robusto Consume significante BW
QPSK (Quaternary Phase Shift Key) Medianamente eficiente El mas confiable Poco Robusto

QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) El mas eficiente Medianamente confiable El menos robusto
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33

RESUMEN DE LA MODULACIN DIGITAL


Modulacin FSK Codificacin Bit BW (Hz) fb Baudio fb Eficiencia BW (bps/Hz) 1

BPSK
QPSK 8-QPSK 8-QAM 16-QPSK 16-QAM

Bit
Dibit Tribit Tribit Quadbit Quadbit

fb
fb / 2 fb / 3 fb / 3 fb / 4 fb / 4

fb
fb / 2 fb / 3 fb / 3 fb / 4 fb / 4

1
2 3 3 4 4

Rendimiento (BER = 10-6)


Modulacin BPSK QPSK 4-QAM 8-QAM 8-PSK 16-PSK 16-QAM 32-QAM 64-QAM
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Relacin C/N (dB) 10.6 13.6 13.6 17.6 18.5 24.3 20.5 24.4 26.6

Relacin Eb/N0 (dB) 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 14 18.3 14.5 17.4 18.8
34

FUNDAMENTOS DE LA COMPRESION
Algunas porciones son muy similares a zonas de cuadros subsiguientes con cierto grado de desplazamiento que se debe al movimiento de la porcion. en este caso la persona caminando mientras cruza la calle donde el resto del paisaje se mantiene inerte. Ciertas zonas pequeas dentro de un cuadro son similares a zonas contigiuas. Esto equivale a indicar de manera de codigo cuales zonas consiguientes son parecidas y las cuales no incluyen movimiento con lo cual solo ciertas porciones contien informacion de movimiento y diferencias entre zonas reduciendo de esta manera enormemente la informacion de la imagen.
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35

COMPRESION ESPACIAL

8 Pixeles

Imgenes

8 Pixeles

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36

ETAPAS DE COMPRESION

Correccin del error

Codifiacin Huffman

Digitalizacin Codificacin de fuente (DCT)

Compensacin de movimiento

Correccin de error

Video comprimido

Informacin redundante
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37

Canal de TV Digital

Una Seal digital es mucho mas robusta al ruido del sistema al incluir un ancho de banda dedicado para la deteccin y correccin de errores.
Las seales Digitales pueden ser comprimidas usando de esta manera menos ancho de banda.

Las seales Digitales pueden ser codificadas y encriptadas desde su origen para prevenir el uso no autorizado.
El estndar internacional para video comprimido digital es el MPEG.

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38

Diagrama de Flujo de Cabecera Digital

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39

Segmentos de Red

Transporte

Distribucion

Acceso
Taps 2, 4, 8 y 16 puertos

Hub

Hub

Node Amplificadores

Metro

Hub

Hub

Cliente

HE

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40

Componentes de un Sistema de Cable (Red de Comunicaciones de Banda Ancha)

Cable Modem
Planta Externa o Red HFC (Hibrida Fibra y Coax)

Head End

TV
Set-Top Box Nodo de Distribucion Procesamiento de Seal Amplificador de Distribucion Tap Datos & Telefonia

1) El Headend o cabecera tiene la funcion de recolectar las seales digitales de video, datos y RF. 2) Las seales recolectadas incluyen la entrega de seales satelitales Analogicas y Digitales, Difusion de RF (VHF, UHF), video pregrabado, microondas AM y FM, Video Banda Base, Datos y Telefonia. 3) Las seales recolectadas son Multiplexadas y/o Combinadas (Intercaladas) para la entrada en el Sistema de distribucion via los amplificadores de distribucion o amplificacion de luz por laser (Nodos) 4) El Headend tambien procesa todas las seales de retorno del sistema de distribucion.
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41

Arquitecturas de Red

Arbol y Ramas (Tree and Branch)


-Arquitectura original de CATV. -Largas cascadas de amplificadores la caracterizan (40+). -Sin derivadores entre los amplificadores troncales. -Derivadores en los cables de alimentacin

HE

-Extensores de Lnea en la cascada.


-Acondicionado para servicios de video. -Bajo desempeo, confiabilidad y alto costo
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42

Arquitecturas de Red
Fiber Backbone Este fue el metodo inicial de desarrollo e implementacin de fibra donde los nodos fueron colcados en segmentos de la red en areas de servicio mas peqeas (5mil a 10mil casas pasadas) para reducir las cascadasd e amplificadores e incrementar el desempeo. Adicionalmente increment el desempeo del retorno y su capacidad. Solo una pequeo porcentaje de sistemas nuevos implementaron esta arquitectura.

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43

Arquitecturas de Red

HFC Hybrid Fiber-Coax


-La arquitectura de red mas usada. -Se introduce dentro de la red segmentandola. -Reduce las cascadas de amplificadores incrementeando el desempeo, Confiabilidad y reduciendo el alto costo por uso de amplificadores. -Incrementa la capacidad y desempeo del retorno. -El cable de fibra optica es inmune a los tradicionales problemas como las variaciones de Temperatura e inteferencias de RF. -Flexible adecuandola para Video, Voz, Datos y Servicios interactivos. Amplificadores de distribucion No taps en cable troncal

HE

Node

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44

Arquitectura de Red Actual

HFC Hibrido Fibra-Coaxial


-La arquitectura de red mas usada. -Se introduce dentro de la red segmentandola. -Reduce las cascadas de amplificadores incrementeando el desempeo, Confiabilidad y reduciendo el alto costo por uso de amplificadores. -Incrementa la capacidad y desempeo del retorno. -El cable de fibra optica es inmune a los tradicionales problemas como las variaciones de Temperatura e inteferencias de RF. -Flexible adecuandola para Video, Voz, Datos y Servicios interactivos.
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Hub

Metro

Hub

Hub GX2

Node

HE

45

BLASTER AENABAC"
Arquitectura Estrategica de Niveles de Banda Ancha para Aumentar Confiabilidad

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46

Diseo Convencional

500 CASAS
BTD

SECTOR 2
60 V CENTRO DE

500 CASAS
BTD

LA MASA

500 CASAS

NODO 60 V

BTD

SECTOR 3

SECTOR 1

60 V

BTD

SECTOR 4
60 V

500 CASAS

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AREA DE 2000 CASAS

47

Diseo Convencional MIGRACION????? RETORNO?????

BTD

60 V

SECTOR 1

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AREA DE 500 CASAS PASADAS


48

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Common Path Distorion

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49

Puntos de Falla Diseo Convencional

NODO
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12 PUNTAS De FALLA
50

Puntos de Falla Blaster

2 2 PUNTAS De FALLA
NODO
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10 PUNTAS MENOS

51

BLASTER Diseo #1 Comparacion

BLASTER contra Fiber-To-Feeder Area de 9.5 km Densidad de 210 casas por km


Nodo de 2,000 casas pasadas

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52

BLASTER Diseo #1
Comparacion Resultados
7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

4 3 1.5 1

Activos por km

Cascada

Fiber-To-Feeder
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BLASTER
53

BLASTER Diseo #1 Comparacion Resultados

BLASTER 17 Activos

FIBER TO FEEDER 28 Activos

Ahorra de 40% en Activos


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54

BLASTER Comparacion

BLASTER

CONVENCIONAL

1 - BTD @ TOTAL

$900 $900

4-LINE EXTENDERS @ $ 300 TOTAL $1,200

AHORRO= $ 300 PRECIO DE LISTA


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55

BLASTER Diseno #2 Comparacion Resultados

BLASTER contra Fiber-To-Feeder


Area de 12 km Densidad de 208 casas por km
Nodo de 2,500 casas pasadas

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56

BLASTER Diseno # 2 Comparacion


Resultados

PRECIO DE LISTA

BLASTER

CONVENCIONAL

16 - BTD @ $900 4-LINE EXT. @ $300

$14,400 $ 1,200

4-BTD @ $900 = $ 3,600 62-LINE EXT. @ $300 = $ 18,600

TOTAL

$15,600

TOTAL

$22,200

AHORRO= $ 6,600 POR NODO AHORRO= 42% en equipos


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57

BLASTER Diseno # 2 Comparacion Resultados

BLASTER
Consume 16 - BTD @60v =1.20a 4-LINE EXT.@60v-.62

CONVENCIONAL
Consume 4-BTD @60v =1.20a

19.20 2.48

4.8

62-LINE EXT. @60v=.62 38.44

TOTAL

21.68a

TOTAL

43.24a

Fuentes de Poder = 2.0 = Fuentes de Poder = 4.0 AHORRO= 2 Fuentes de Poder


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58

BLASTER Disenos con Blaster en Latin


America

CLIENTE CHILE VENEZUELA BRAZIL PERU MEXICO

CONVENCIONAL 30 Activos 51 Activos 28 Activos 10 Activos 117 Activos

BLASTER 15 Activos 28 Activos 15 Activos 2 Activos 54 Activos

CASCADA 3-1 5-2 3-1 2-1 6-3


59

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Ahorro de $2,400 USD 6 Activos @ $900 = $5,400 USD


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13 Activos @ $600 = $7,800 USD


60

Ahorro de $1,800 USD 6 Activos @ $900 = $5,400 USD


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9 Activos @ $800 = $7,200 USD


61

BLASTER - Ventajas
20-50% reduccion en activos
reduccion el consumo de poder y en costos de electricidad reduccion en mantenimiento

Mayor parte de los cellulas son Nodo & 1 en cascada Flexibilidad en migraciones en el futuro Reduce la condicion de Common Path Distortion El cable coaxial se utiliza para mantener el servicio de la fuente de poder a los nodos en la migracion de el futuro . El mejor diseo para obtener confiabilidad de la red
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62

BLASTER - Desventajas
17% adicional de cable paralelo
Arquitectura arbol y rama tiene 20 % de cable paralelo Con Blaster este numero se sube hasta 37%

Los ahorros de Blaster se reducen en densidades menos de 80 casas por km, pero conservas las cascadas bajas ms un ahorro de activos.

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63

Transporte

Transporte

Distribucion

Acceso

HE

Hub

Node

Metro

HE

HE

Cliente

HE

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64

Arquitecturas de Transporte

De Anillo (Areas Grandes / Alta densidad de usuarios)

Hub

Caracteristicas Transporta servicios a grandes areas. Menos fibra es necesaria si se requiere redundancia. Misma seal de ingreso (canal) a cada Hub.

HE

Hub

Posibles configuraciones 1550 nm Digital

Hub

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65

Arquitecturas de Transporte

De Estrella (Areas Pequeas / Baja densidad de usuarios)


Hub

Caracteristicas: Diferentes seales de ingreso (canales) para cada Hub. Generalmente usa menos fibra si el area a cubrir por el Hub es grande. Posibles configuraciones 1550 nm 1310 nm

HE

Hub

Hub

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66

Arquitectura de Anillo
Topologia Lgica

HUB 1
Trayecto Bi-direccional de doble va

HUB 2

Head End

HUB 3
Enlace Primario Enlace Secundario o Redundante

Topologa Fsica

HUB 5
HE

HUB 4

Enlace Primario

HUB 5

HUB 1 HUB 2

HUB 4 HUB 3
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67

CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System)

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68

Distribucion

Transporte

Distribucion

Acceso

HE

Hub

Node

Metro

HE

HE

Cliente

HE

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69

NODO OPTICO

Procesamiento de Seal

HE
Fibra Optica
Satelite

Al sistema de Distribucion (Amplificadoes)

HUB

(Seal de RF)

Video

La funcin del nodo es la de Transreceptor donde recibe seal de la fibra ptica la cual viaja libre de distorsin, ruido o interferencia para hacer llegar la seal a lo largo de grandes distancias, esta es reconviertida a seal de RF (50-870 Mhz) la cual se enva al sistema de distribucin va cable coaxial la cul ser reacondicionada para viajar por lneas coaxiales para su distribucin al usuario. Se requieren bsicamente 2 FO para la comunicacin Full-Duplex, una FO del Hub al nodo para la transmisin del Broadcast en la ruta de avanzada (Forward) de video y/o datos y una FO del nodo al Hub para la transmisin de la ruta de retorno (return) de datos. La seal de avanzada y retorno en RF viajan sobre el mismo cable coaxial.
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70

NODO OPTICO (Forward)

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71

Distribucin

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72

Access to Regional Area Network

MASTER HEADEND

1550 nm Optical Amplifier

Cableoptics Network Solutions: Long Distance Transport and Distribution applications using Bi-directional Broadband links for the delivery of video, voice and data.

PRIMARY RING

SECONDARY HEADEND

SG-2000 or BTN Optical Node / 4 Output RF Launch Amplifier

SG-1000 Optical Node / Dual or 3 Output RF Launch Amplifier


SECONDARY RING 1550 nm Transmission 1550 nm TSD via Dense Wave Division Multiplexing DISTRIBUTION HUB

OPTICAL NODE 500 - 2000 HOME SERVING AREA OPTICAL NODE

Origination point of Primary Broadcast Analog Video

1310 nm Optical Platform

OPTICAL NODE OPTICAL NODE

500 - 2000 HOME SERVING AREA

Access to Local Distribution Network Narrowcast - Node Targeted Services


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Products Supporting Fiber-to-the-Serving Area and Fiber-to-the-Last Active Architectures

125 - 500 HOME SERVING AREA

125 - 500 HOME SERVING AREA

73

Acceso

Transporte

Distribucion

Acceso

HE

Hub

Node

Metro

HE

HE

Cliente

HE

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74

FIBRAS OPTICAS
Conceptos Generales

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Ventajas
Gran Ancho de Banda Baja atenuacin Inmunidad electromagntica Bajo peso (4kg/300m---36kg/300m) Inofensiva Seguridad de la informacin.

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76

Un ejemplo Grfico
Coaxial 1

TX

Fibra Optica

No hay componentes activos que fallen

2
3 4

Cable 860 Espaciado de Amp 20 dB (1600 Pies) 56,000 / 1600 = 35 56,000 Pies = 35 Amps 35 x 20 = 700 dB 6

5
6
*

Muchas posibilidades para que fallen los componentes activos Una performance muy degradada.

dB Prdida @ 1310/.35 dB/km 17.14 km 10.65 Millas 56,000 Pies

8
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35

77

Principio de Reflexin Interna Total para Fibra Optica


Modo de Revestimiento Cono de Aceptacin n2 n1

Revestimiento Ncleo

Revestimiento

n = Indice de Refraccin Si n2 < n1, luego la Reflexin Interna Total ocurre para aquellos rayos de luz (modos) dentro del Cono de Aceptacin.
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78

Prdida de la Fibra
Tipo de Cable Longitud de Onda (nm) 850 1310 1550 2.5 4.0 .35 .60 .21 .45

Monomodo Multimodo

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79

Tipos de Fibras
Fibra Monomodo

Cubierta 250 micrm. Revest.125 micrm. Ncleo 5 a 10 micrm.

Fibra Multimodo

Cubierta 250 micrm.


Revest. 125 micrm. Ncleo 50 a 62.5 mic.

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80

Tipos de Fibra Optica

Momomodo
Revestimiento Vtreo

Ncleo Vtreo Multimodo

Revestimiento Vtreo
A B C

Ncleo Vtreo
Los modos A, B & C llegan al final de la fibra en diferentes tiempos, distorsionando por lo tanto la seal original.

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81

Gua de Ubicacin de Fibra


BINDER COLOR
FIBER LOCATOR GUIDE B L U E O R A N G E G R E E N B R O W N S L A T E W H I T E

FIBER COLOR
BLUE ORANGE GREEN BROWN SLATE WHITE 1 2 3 4 5 6

FIBER NUMBER FOR 6 FIBER BUNDLES


7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

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82

Prdida Espectral de una Fibra mostrando sus Ventanas de Operacin ms usuales


Prdida (dB/km) 6 5 4 3
(850 nm) 2.5

1ra Ventana

OH
OH

OH 2 da. Ventana 3 ra. Ventana

2 1
(1310 nm) .35 (1550 nm) .25

0 0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Longitud de Onda - (m)


83

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Macrocurvatura

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84

Microcurvatura
Microcurvatura

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85

Empalme por Fusin

1. 2.

3. 4. 5.
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86

Perdida de Luz en Fibras Opticas

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87

Empalme Mecnico

Introducen prdidas del orden de 1 dB. Se coloca un gel de matching del ndice de refraccin en la cmara de unin de las dos fibras. Son relativamente fciles de instalar, y no se requiere de herramientas costosas.

Son adecuados para una emergencia, pero la prctica habitual es reemplazarlos luego por un empalme de fusin.
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88

Conectorizado

FC

SC

Los conectores FC y SC son dos de los ms comnmente usados en la industria y se refieren al tipo de conectorizacin.

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89

Conector PC (Polish Connector)


Brecha de Aire

Peor Prdida de Retorno: > -14 dB


Conector comn para Fibra Multimodo.

Fibras no se tocan entre s

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90

Conector SPC (Super Polish Connector)


Buena Prdida de Retorno: > -30 dB Las fibras se tocan

Conector comn para Fibra Monomodo.

Contacto Fsico Los conectores utilizan un sistema de resortes para mantener las fibras en estrecho contacto unas con otras.
La terminacin de tipo Super PC (SPC) se pule y redondea, mejorando as la prdida de retorno hasta >-45.
El pulido de la terminacin de tipo Ultra PC (UPC) es mejorado respecto del tipo Super PC, el cual es pulido an ms para mejorar la prdida de retorno hasta >-55. La prdida de retorno se degrada extremadamente si el conector no est apareado con otro conector o con el terminador.
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Fibras se tocan entre s.

91

Conector APC
(Angle Physical Contact/Angle Polish Connector)
Terminacin Inclinada

La mejor Prdida de Retorno: Puede ser > -65 dB Preferido para conectar Fibra Monomodo

La cara terminal del conector se pule a 8, 10 o 12 grados lo que causa que la reflexin sea dirigida hacia el revestimiento, en vez de dirigirse hacia atrs en la fibra. Este es el conector preferido, dado que la prdida de retorno no est extremadamente degradada si el conector no est apareado con otro conector o terminacin. Es caro de fabricar.
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92

Prdida de Retorno
Terminacin Plana Terminacin Plana

Terminacin tipo PC

Terminacin Redondeada

Brecha de Aire

Contacto Fsico
Terminacin tipo APC

8, 10, 12

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Contacto Fsico en Angulo


93

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Ejemplo de Clculos de Prdida del Enlace


Conector Empalme

Transmisor Huelgo Permitido

RX

Convertir millaje de tendido de cables a kilmetros: 10.5 millas x 1.61= 16.9 km + 10% = 18.6 Km Encontrar prdida de fibra en dB: 18.6 km x 0.35 dB/Km = 6.51 dB Cantidad aproximada de empalmes por fusin: 1 + (18.6 km / 3.3) = 7 empalmes Prdida de cada empalme por fusin: 7 x 0.05 dB = 0.35 dB Prdida de cada empalme mecnico: 2 x 0.5 dB = 1.0 dB Prdida total del enlace : 6.51 dB + 0.35 dB (empalmes por fusin) + 1.0 dB (empalmes mecnicos) = 7.9 dB Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0
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94

Tipos de Acopladores

1x2

2x2

Seccin Fusionada

Seccin Fusionada

1x4

Seccin Fusionada
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95

Divisin tpica del Enlace mediante el Uso de un Acoplador Optico

Trayecto 1 = 8.2 mi
45% O - 4.2 dB

RX-1

55/45

Transmisor
55% O - 3.3 dB

RX-2
Trayecto 2 = 10.5 mi

El Acoplador 55/45 tiene una diferencia de 0.9 dB entre ambas salidas


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96

Potencia de Salida (Unidades Arbitrarias)

Espectro de Emisin del Lser Fabry-Perot


1-5 dB por debajo de la portadora
Luz Primaria

1300

1310 Longitud de Onda (nm)


Luz de Modo Secundario Luz de Modo Terciario

1320

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97

Espectro de Emisin del Lser DFB (Distribuited Feedback)


Potencia de Salida (Unidades Arbitrarias) 35-40 dB por debajo de la portadora Luz Primaria

1295

1305 Longitud de Onda (nm) Luz de Modo Secundario Luz de Modo Terciario

1315

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98

Modulacin Directa
Seal Optica

Resistencia de Carga
+

Modulacion de intensidad directa Corriende de RF agregada directamente al laser Baja corriente de RF Usado con laser DFB y FP Muy alta eficiencia ptica Transmisor simple de diseo y fabricacin El mas comnmente usado.

Fibra Optica (entrada) Fuente de la Seal CATV (Seal electrica)

Fibra Optica (salida)

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99

Modulador Externo
Usado para TX DFB 1550nm

Gua de Ondas para la Seal Optica

Alta corriente de RF
Alta linealidad Baja dispersin de BW optica Muy caro de disear/construir

Electrodos del Modulador

Fibra Optica (entrada) Fuente de la Seal CATV

Fibra Optica (salida) Resistencia de Carga

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100

Amplificadores Opticos EDFA


(Diagrama en Bloque)
Fibra de Ganancia
Seal de Entrada

Seal de Salida Amplificad a

Aislador Optico

WDM

WDM

Aislador ptico

Bomba Lser

Bomba Lser

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101

Transmisin ptica

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102

Inyeccin en el Nodo (RTN)

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103

Amplificadores

Los amplificadores se utilizan para mantener la ganancia unitaria del sistema de distribucin. La compensacin para las perdidas ocurre cuando los niveles de la seal bajan a menos del las normas de diseo predeterminadas para conservar el buen funcionamiento de la red.

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104

Amplificadores
Los amplificadores se utilizan para mantener la ganancia unitaria del sistema de distribucin. La compensacin para las perdidas ocurre cuando los niveles de la seal bajan a menos del las normas de diseo predeterminadas para conservar el buen funcionamiento de la red.

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105

Cable de Bajada

Los cables de bajada para domicilio del cliente desde los puertos de derivacion generalmente son de dos tamaos. Se utiliza cable F59/F69 dentro del domicilioy desde la derivacion a la conexin de domicilio cuando la distancia es inferior a 38/46 metros. Cuando la distancia del puerto de derivacion a la conexin de domicilio es mayor se utiliza un cable F11. Este cable tambien se utiliza en unidaes con multiples residencias y en aplicaciones comerciales.

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106

Operacin de los Amplificadores


El Pad (atenuador) Es usado para balancear el amplificador para Ganancia Unitaria y limitar el nivel de entrada al primer hbrido. El Equalizador Es usado para compensar la respuesta de frecuencia del cable coaxial a la llegada al amplificador
El Amplificador es usado para contrarrestar las perdidas por transmision de la seal de la red coaxial

PAD

EQ

AMP

Ej: Si un sistema esta diseado con una entrada al amplificador de 20 dBmV en el canal mas alto y el tecnico de campo lee una entrada de 22 dBmV, un pad=2 dBmV debera ser instalado en el amplificador Nota: El valor mnimo de seal entrada al primer hbrido no debe ser menor a la NF de sistema (indicado en la hora de especificaciones del equipo) considerando el valor mayor entre la frecuencia del canal bajo y la frecuencia del canal alto de balanceo.

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107

Pendiente: Es el resultado de diferencia de amplitud entre las seales transmitidas en el FWD entre la frecuencia del canal mas bajo > 52Mhz y hasta la frecuencia de balanceo (550, 750, 870, 1000Mhz). Positiva: Cuando la amplitud del canal mas alto es mayor a la amplitud de canal mas bajo. Negativa: Cuando la amplitud del canal mas alto es menor a la amplitud de canal mas bajo.

Amplificadores

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108

Ruta de Avanzada interna en el amplificador (FWD)

-Las seales de avanzada y retorno viajan sobre el mismo cable coaxial en bandas especificadas en el espectro -El diplex filter separa las bajas de las altas frecuencias en 2 rutas. Las Altas Frecuencias designadas al Forward viajan en el sentido del HE al Cliente tipicamente de 50 a 750 Mhz.

-Las Bajas Frecuencias designadas al Retorno viajan en el sentido opuesto tipicamente de 5 a 40 Mhz. RETORNO
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109

Control Automatico de Ganancia

Acoplador Entrada Amp Muestra Control de Voltaje


Auto Control

Salida

ADU El control automatico de ganancia muestrea el nivel de seal y ajusta la salida de ganancia usando los voltajes de control de DC para mantener la seal de salida deseada. El AGC ajusta las variaciones de temperatura en el ambiente.

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110

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111

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112

TAPS

FFT

26K

General Instrument

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113

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114

Post Pad y Post Ecualizacion

FORWARD Cada salida del Amplificador puede alimentar mas de un amplificador. La entrada del amplificador es alimentada desde un solo amplificador. Se tiene un Pad unico en cada salida del Amplificador Siempre se ecualiza y atenua con un Pad a la entrada del Amplificador
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RETORNO

Cada entrada de retorno puede provenir desde varios amplificadores.


La salida de retorno va alimentar un solo amplificador. Solo existe un Pad a la entrada de retorno del sig. amplificador Se ecualiza y atenua con el Pad que estan a la salida del amplificador

115

Concepto de Ganancia Unitaria

AMP No.1 Entrada 10 dbmV Perdida Coax. 20 dB

AMP No.2 Entrada 10 dBmV Perdida Coax. 20 dB

Salida 30 dBmV

Salida 30 dBmV

La seccion de Forward opera bajo el concepto de ganancia unitaria. Ganancia Unitaria significa 0 dB de ganancia neta a la salida entre amplificadores. Ej: +30 dBmV -20 dBmV +10 dBmV +20 dBmV +30 dBmV +30 dBmV +30 dBmV 0 dBmV
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Nivel de la seal a la salida del amplificador No.1 Perdida por transmision coaxial Entrada al amplificador No.2 Ganancia Operacional del Amplificador No.2 Salida del Amplificador No.2 Salida del Amplificador No.1 Salida del Amplificador No.2 Ganancia Neta
116

Punto de Ganancia Unitaria en el Retorno (BLE)


47 dBmV (FWD) 10 dBmV (RET)

47 dBmV (FWD)

AMP FWD 26 dB Tap

AMP RET

47 dBmV (FWD) -26 dBmV (TAP) 21 dBmV (FWD)


36 dBmV (RET)

36 dBmV (RET) -26 dBmV (TAP) 10 dBmV


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117

Punto de Ganancia Unitaria en el Retorno

BTD

47 dBmV (FWD) 10 dBmV (RET) 47 dBmV


H L

Tap 26 dB

H L AMP FWD H L

21 dBmV (FWD) 36 dBmV (RET)

-9 dBmV
H L

AMP RET

H L

1 dBmV

El mismo nivel en el puerto del Tap nos da el mismo nivel en el Filtro Diplexor pero diferente nivel de entrada al Hibrido
118

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Ciclo de Ganancia Unitaria en el FWD

La intencin de entrar con seal plana al primer pre-amplificador PP de bajo ruido es establecer el mismo C/N a lo largo de todo el espectro de FWD

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119

Conclusiones

En el Forward, la ganancia unitaria se mantiene al ajustar cada amplificador con el mismo nivel de salida. En el Retorno, mantenemos el mismo criterio de ganancia unitaria de lo contrario las seales llegaran al lser (Nodo) con el nivel equivocado y como resultado se tendr distorsin o una relacin pobre de C/N con el riesgo de degradar los datos. Localizacin, si el punto de GU se selecciona errneamente ocurrirn los mismos problemas como si el ajuste de ganancia no se hubiera hecho correctamente. Forward Entrada (RET) al puerto del amplificador (salida de FWD). Puntos de ganancia Unitaria: Retorno Entrada al Filtro Diplexor en el RTN (la salida del hibrido de FWD).

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120

Conclusiones

Se determina que el punto de ganancia unitaria es la entrada al puerto del amplificador. Para el hbrido de retorno el nivel de entrada es irrelevante mientras se garantice un nivel de entrada por arriba d la figura de ruido especificada (tpicamente >3 dB sobre el NF). Si el punto de ganancia unitaria fuera definido a la entrada del hibrido y no a la entrada al filtro diplexor o al puerto del amplificador en el retorno, el nivel de entrada al hibrido al ser constante internamente para todo tipo de amplificador causar que los niveles se en la planta se vean afectados forzando el equipo terminal necesite transmitir a niveles mas altos para tratar de compensar las perdidas internas de los diferentes amplificadores. (Ej.: el nivel en el BTD es aprox. 9 dBmV mas que en el BLE y en el MB 5 dBmV respecto al BLE). Es indeseable tener que transmitir diferentes niveles desde los equipos terminales para poder alimentar diferentes amplificadores. Los niveles de planta son designados de tal forma que los equipos terminales operen a su nivel de salida mas alto posible, por lo tanto los niveles de planta tienen que ser disminuidos 9 dB si el punto de ganancia unitario es asignado a la entrada del hibrido de retorno en lugar de la entrada del filtro diplexor.
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121

Sugerencias de Mantenimiento

Todas las derivaciones con valor de 20dB o menos tienen que instalarse con terminadores de puerto (75 ohms) conservando de esta manera la adaptacin de impedancias en toda la red. Las portadora piloto tienen que recibir mantenimiento (verificacion) diario en el HE, para asegurar que la operacin del AGC (Control Automatico de Ganancia) en el campo es adecuada. 65% de los problemas estan relacionado con el cable de bajada al cliente. 15% de los problemas estan relacionados con el convertidor del cliente. La calidad de los conectores de bajada influyen demasiado en los costos de mantenimiento.

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122

Metodo de Round Robin

Receptor de TV

Headend Video Modulador Opt. Tx

Nodo Rx OPT
H

RET Tx Rx Retorno

Analizador de Espectro

Generador

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Metodo Round Robin

Conecte el analizador de espectro al receptor de retorno y ajuste los controles de nivel de referencia del SA para desplegar la salida esperada del receptor. El nivel de salida del receptor es dependiente de la potencia optica recibida, el nivel del Tx de RF del retorno y los ajustes de ganancia de los receptores internos. 2. Si el analizador tiene una salida de video, uselo para modular un canal abierto en el HE. Este canal es usado por el receptor de TV en el monitor de campo los niveles de seal del receptor de retorno en el HE. Ajuste el generador por una salida plana y el nivel requerido en la entrada del transmisor de retorno. El nivel total de RF para el transmisor de retorno dependera del numero de portadoras inyectadas y el nivel especificado recomendado por el fabricante. Compare la salida del receptor del retorno (Como se ve en el TV) para los niveles esperados dados por el numero de portadoras probadas Los ajustes de gnancias dentro del nodo podrian ajustarse para ajuste antes de continuar en el primer amplificador en la cascada. Una vez ajustados los niveles del nodo, continue en el primer apmlificador de la cascada. Los niveles de inyeccion estan basados en el nivel optimo de entrada al amplificador. Ajuste el nivel de salida del generador de retorno igual al nivel de entrada optimo mas la perdida pasiva combinada del punto de prueba. Filtro diplexor, acopladores, etc.. La Ecualizacion y atenuacion seran desarrollados despues de que hayan sido ajustados los niveles de entrada de los amplificadores. Inserte el ecualizador apropiado para un respuesta plana vista en el receptor de TV. Atenue la salida del amplificador para referenciar los niveles establecidos en el HE.

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124

Perdida del Cable @ 750 MHz Tap 4

26
Tap 1

-5 -1.2

20
Tap 2

-7 -1.6

14
Tap 3

-11 -2.5

4
Perdida del Cable @ 40 MHz

FWD @ 750 MHz Perdida desde al Activo al pierto del Tap

RTN @ 40 MHz Perdida desde el puerto del Tap al Activo

Tap 1 Tap 2 Tap 3 Tap 4

26 dB 5+20=25 dB 5+7+14=26 dB 5+7+11+4=27 dB 2 dB

26 dB 20+1.2=21.2 dB 14+1.6+1.2=16.8 dB 4+2.5+1.6+1.2=9.3 dB 16.7 dB

Variacin Max entre Taps

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125

Cable Loss @ 750 MHz

Tap 1 23 T-CS-3 -5 -1.2

Tap 2 20 T-EQ-2 -7 -1.6

Tap 3 14 T-EQ-6 -11 -2.5

Tap 4 4 T-EQ-14
Cable Loss @ 40 MHz

CS added to maintain return 23 dB


Add loss to return path to tighten gain variance and reduce effects of ingress on low value taps
Tap 1 Tap 2

FWD @ 750 MHz

RTN @ 40 MHz

Perdida desde al Activo al pierto del Tap

Perdida desde el puerto del Tap al Activo

23+3=26 dB 5+20=25 dB

23 dB 2+20+1.2=23. 2 dB

Tap 3
Tap 4 Max. Variance b/n Tap 1 and 4

5+7+14=26 dB
5+7+11+4=27 dB 2 dB

6+14+1.6+1.2= 22.8 dB
14+4+2.5+1.6+1.2=23.3 dB 0.5 dB

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126

P-Series Block Diagram


IN OUT

Plug-in
Plug-ins Available:
T-EQ-* T-CS-* T-RPA/S-* T-HP/S-52 T-JP (included in shipment)

P1 P2
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127

Equalizable Taps

T-EQ-* T-RPA/S-* T-CS-*

T-HP/S-52
JP

Plug-in features: Plastic snap-in feature to lock device in place Gold plated pins and contacts for improved reliability Symmetrical design for easy installation Labels included to mark faceplate with value of plug-in
128

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Calculos de Diseno de Forward


750Mhz Cable .540 CA/CB = 17/10 salida de tap
47dB -17dB 47dB @ 750Mhz 30dB 1.4dB 4.85dB 40.7dB -17dB 23dB 37.1dB -17dB 20dB 1.4dB 2.12dB 1.5dB 1.51dB 34.0dB -17dB 17dB 1.7dB 1.21dB 31.0dB -17dB 14dB 1.7dB 1.51dB 27.7dB -17dB 10dB 1.51dB 2.4dB

23.8dB -17dB - 1dB 6dB

26
37dB @ 54Mhz

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

20m

14

25m

10

25m

1.15dB 37dB -10dB 27dB 0.5dB

0.36dB 0.50dB 0.36dB 0.29dB 0.36dB 0.5dB 0.7dB 1.0dB 35.3dB 34.3dB 33.2dB 31.9dB 1.1dB 30.4dB 1.5dB 28.5dB -10.0dB 24dB -10.0dB 23dB -10.0dB 21dB -10.0dB 20dB -10.0dB - 10.dB 8dB 25dB

-10.0dB

+21dB +11dB

+17dB +12dB

+17dB +14dB

+17dB +16dB

+17dB +17dB

+18dB +20dB

+18dB +14dB

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129

Calculos de Diseno de Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
36.5dB -24.0dB +12.5 dB 38.2dB -1.15dB -0.50dB +36.5 dB 39.2dB -0.50dB -0.50dB +38.2 dB 40.3dB -0.36dB -0.7dB +39.2 dB 41.6dB -0.29dB -1.0dB +40.3 dB 43.1dB -0.36dB -1.1dB +41.6 dB 45.0dB -0.36dB -1.5dB +43.1 dB 55.0dB -6.0dB -4.0dB +45.0 dB

12

26
24 dB Entrada

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

20m

14

25m

10

25m

1.15dB 0.5dB 0.5dB

0.50dB 0.7dB

0.36dB 1.0dB

0.29dB 1.1dB

0.36dB 1.5dB

0.36dB 4.0dB

-6dB

+55dB

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130

Calculos de Diseno Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
32.4dB -24.0dB +8.4 dB 34.1dB -1.15dB -0.50dB +32.4 dB 35.1dB -0.50dB -0.50dB +34.1 dB 36.2dB -0.36dB -0.7dB +35.1 dB 37.5dB -0.29dB -1.0dB +36.2 dB 39.0dB -0.36dB -1.1dB +37.5 dB 55.0dB -6.0dB -10.0dB +39.0 dB

08

12 25m

26
24 dB Entrada

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

20m

14

25m

10

1.15dB 0.5dB 0.5dB

0.50dB 0.7dB

0.36dB 1.0dB

0.29dB 1.1dB

0.36dB 10dB

-6dB

+55dB

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131

Calculos de Diseno Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
29.9dB -24.0dB +5.9 dB 31.6dB -1.15dB -0.50dB +29.9 dB 32.6dB -0.50dB -0.50dB +31.6 dB 33.7dB -0.36dB -0.7dB +32.6 dB 35.0dB -0.29dB -1.0dB +33.7 dB 55.0dB -6.0dB -14.0dB +35.0 dB

06

08 25m

12 25m

26
24 dB Entrada

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

20m

14

10

1.15dB 0.5dB 0.5dB

0.50dB 0.7dB

0.36dB 1.0dB

0.29dB 14dB -6dB

+55dB

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132

Calculos de Diseno Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
28.2dB -24.0dB +4.2 dB 29.9dB -1.15dB -0.50dB +28.2 dB 30.9dB -0.50dB -0.50dB +29.9 dB 32.0dB -0.36dB -0.7dB +30.9 dB 55.0dB -6.0dB -17.0dB +32.0 dB

04

06 20m

08 25m

12 25m

26
24 dB Entrada

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

14

10

1.15dB 0.5dB 0.5dB

0.50dB 0.7dB

0.36dB 17.0dB -6dB

+55dB

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133

Calculos de Diseno Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
24.3dB -24.0dB +0.3 dB 26.0dB -1.15dB -0.50dB +24.3 dB 27.0dB -0.50dB -0.50dB +26.0 dB 55.0dB -8.0dB -20dB +27.0 dB

04

06 20m

08 25m

12 25m

26
24 dB Entrada

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

14

10

1.15dB 0.5dB 0.5dB

0.50dB 20.0dB -8dB

+55dB

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0


MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

134

Calculos de Diseno Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
24.3dB -24.0dB +0.3 dB 26.0dB -1.15dB -0.50dB +24.3 dB 55.0dB -6.0dB -23.0dB +26.0 dB

04

06 20m

08 25m

12 25m

26
24 dB Entrada

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

14

10

1.15dB 0.5dB 0.5dB -6dB

+55dB

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0


MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

135

Calculos de Diseno Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
23.0dB -24.0dB -1.00 dB 55.0dB -6.0dB -26.0dB +23.0 dB

04

06 20m

08 25m

12 25m

23 26
24 dB Entrada

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

14

10

26.0dB

-6dB

+55dB

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0


MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

136

Calculos de Diseno Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
47.0dB -23.0dB +24.0 dB

06 23
24 dB Entrada

04 80m

06 20m

08 25m

12 25m

23

35m

20

25m

17

14

10

+17 dB +24dB

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0


MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

137

Calculos de Diseno Forward


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
Attenuador de 4dB 1.7dB 1.4dB 1.4dB 47dB @ 750Mhz 4.85dB 2.12dB 1.5dB 1.51dB 1.21dB 1.7dB 28.1dB 24.1dB

06 23
37dB @ 54Mhz

04

06

1.51dB

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

20m

14

25m

06 23
30.5dB

80m

1.15dB 0.5dB

0.50dB

0.36dB

0.29dB

0.36dB

24.5dB

0.5dB

0.7dB

1.0dB

1.1dB

Ecualizador 2dB 30.5 -2.0 = 28.5 dB

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0


MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

138

Calculos de Balanceo de Forward


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
Simulador 8dB 35.1dB 35.1 -8.0 = 27.1 dB Attenuador de 3dB

47dB @ 750Mhz

24.1dB

06 23
37dB @ 54Mhz

04 80m

06 20m

23

35m

20

25m

17

14

25m

06 23
27.5.dB

80m

24.5dB

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0


MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

139

Calculos de Balanceo de Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
41dB @ 5Mhz

30dB

24.1dB

06 23

04 80m

06 20m

23

35m

20

25m

17

14

25m

06 23

80m

Ecualizador de 5dB Atenuadordor de 6dB 35 dB 41dB @ 42Mhz

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0


MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

140

31.0dB -17dB

27.7dB -17dB

23.8dB -17dB 1.51dB 2.4dB - 1dB 6dB

14dB
1.7dB 1.51dB

10dB

Crucero de 3db Mejores niveles a dos casas .

14

25m

10

25m

0.36dB
31.9dB -10.0dB 21.9dB 1.1dB

0.36dB
30.4dB 1.5dB -10.0dB 20dB 28.5dB -10.0dB - 10.dB 8dB 31.0dB -17dB -1dB 13dB 1.7dB 1.51dB 27.0dB -17dB 10dB 1.51dB 2.4dB 23.0dB -17dB 6dB

+17dB +18dB

+18dB +20dB

+18dB +14dB

12

25m

10

25m

0.36dB 31.9dB 1.1dB

0.36dB 21.4dB 1.5dB -10.0dB 19.5dB -15.5dB

Crucero de 0db Mejores niveles a seis casas .

-10.0dB

-9.0dB
12dB +18dB +10dB

11dB

9dB

+17dB +11dB

+19dB +14dB

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0


MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

141

Simuladores de Cable para Taps

47dB @ 750Mhz

750Mhz
.540 cable 17/10 salida de tap

23
37dB @ 54Mhz

- 7db Cable Simulator

-7dB @750Mhz 0dB@54Mhz +17dB +14dB


142

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0


MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

+24dB +14dB

100m .528 W .64A

CALCULOS de POTENCIA
.64A 1.01A .64A 100m .528 W 1.01A

150m .792 W

200m .474 W

150m .355 W

1.01A

200m

1.01A

200m .474 W

1.01A

300m .711 W

.474 W

300m .711 W

1.01A

200m .474 W 100m .528 W

1.01A 100m .528 W .64A Consumo 1.01A .64A

.64A

100m .528 W .64A 100m .528 W .64A Resistencia .860QR ( 2.37Ohms /1000m )

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0

MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

.540QR ( 5.28Ohms /1000m )

143

100m .528W .64A

.64A

CALCULOS DE POTENCIA
100m 1.01A .64A .528W 1.01A

150m .792W

200m .474W

11.55a

150m .355W

1.01A

200m .474W

1.01A

200m .474W

1.01A

300m

300m .711W

1.01A

200m

1.01A

100m .528W

.64A

.711W 100m .528W

.474W 100 .528 W

.64A 100m .528W .64A

.64A

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0


MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

144

R x I = E
100m .528W .64A .64A

1) .711 W x 5.96 a = 4.23v


60v - 4.23v = 55.77v

51.78v
1.01A

2) .474 W x 3.30 a = 1.56v 55.77v - 1.56v = 54.21v

52.12v
150m .792W 200m .474W 11.55a 60v

3) .474 W x 2.29 a = 1.08v 54.21v - 1.08v = 53.13v 4) .792 W x 1.28 a = 1.01v 53.13v - 1.01v = 52.12v

54.21v
200m 200m 1.01A .474W

55.77v
1.01A 300m .711W 100m .528W

1.01A

.474W

53.13v

.64A

5) .528 W x .64A = .337v 52.12v - .337v = 51.78v

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0


MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

145

90 / 60 VOLTIOS????
60 V 60 V

9A

12A
90V

8A

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0


MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

146

.540 OR .500 ??
1) Ancho de Banda = 750Mhz 2) DENSIDAD = 266 H/KM 3) Iguales Niveles de Salida 4) Niveles son los mismos 5) Arquitectura BLASTER

26 26

23 20

20 17

14 10

10

26

26 26 26 26 23 20 20 17 14 10 10

BTD

26

26 26 26

26 26 26 20 23 10 14 10
147

17 20

10 14 10

26 26

20 23

17 20

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0


MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

RESULTADOS

.500
160 Homes passed por clula

.540
192 Homes passed por clula

20% ms suscriptores servidos por cada activo 12% menos activos con .540
Estimacin basada en nodos de 2000hp con una densidad de 266h/km, diseado con BLASTER y activos Motorola

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0


MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

148

CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System)


Cable Modem Termination System CMTS Combiner/ Splitter Network RF/Optical Plattform Node

TX DATA RX

TV Channels (BroadCast)

Fiber

Coax Trunk Amp

Cable Modem
Splitter

Line Extender

Tap

Set Top Box

Home Subscriber

Personal Computer Television

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0


MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

149

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