Unidad 4.

Dominio
Eucaria: Reino
protoctista
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 ¿Que son los protistas?
• Los protistas son eucariotas que no son miembros del reino vegetal, animal u hongos.
• En la actualidad seguimos conviviendo con ellos y con frecuencia los llamamos “protistas” nombre
que significa “primeros”
• Aparecieron hace más de mil millones de años. En los fósiles microscópicos de estas células con
las primeras eucariotas.
• Los protistas son unicelulares (muy pequeños), algunos otros no lo son (algas) porque contienen
miles de células dispuestas en tejidos diferenciados y se considera aquí porque tienen mas relación
con protistas unicelulares que con miembros de otros reinos.
 Ejemplos:
Las conchas de las diatomeas, protistas Los protistas llamados mohos del
marinos microscopicos, presentan fango se agregan en colonias como
patrones complejos. 960X esta. 15X

La euglena móvil y fotosintética es un Una especie de protista multicelular

protista de agua dulce común. 250X es la Kelp gigante; las nutrias se
envuelven en ella para evitar que el
mar las arrastre mientras duermen.
 Estructura y funcion
¿Como se muevenlos protistas en el ambiente?
• Antes de qué diera lugar a eucariotas celulares multicelulares, los protistas evolucionaron en cada
forma de movimiento celular conocida.
• Algunos protistas se mueven cambiando su forma celular y algunos mediante organelos
especializados; otros no se mueven de forma activa, pero los transportan el viento, el agua u otros
organismos.
• Movimiento ameboide: este es un proceso que utiliza proyecciones citoplasmáticas conocidas como
seudópodos. Los protistas más conocidos con esta forma de movimientos son las amebas.
• Éste movimiento es propulsado por una proteína llamada actina , esta también la tienen las células
animales y les ayuda a la contracción muscular.
Cilios y flagelos, estos son las estructuras que producen el movimiento y se
sostienen con microtúbulos protista que los porta.
Los cilios son cortos y numerosos; se mueven como remos en un bote
(Ciliados).
Estos organelos especializados tienen estructuras internas casi idénticas, pero
producen un movimiento diferente. Los flagelos son relativamente largos y por
lo general cuentan con uno o dos por célula (flagelados).
Movimiento pasivo : algunos de los protistas más importantes no se mueven
solos, así que producen esporas y utilizan otros medios, por ejemplo:
Plasmodium sus esposas son parasitas y viven en mosquitos, causa la malaria.
Cryptosporidium sus esposas están en el agua contaminada, su ingesta provoca
una enfermedad intestinal grave.
 REPRODUCCION
DE LOS
Conjugación
PROTISTAS
División
celular (asexual por
(asexual por mitosis).
mitosis) Reproducción
sexual
(meiosis)

Alternancia de
generaciones
(diploide y
haploide)
 LA ECOLOGÍA DE LOS PROTISTAS
Protistas: Autótrofos.
Funciones ecológicas.
Los protistas fotos sintéticos desempeñan funciones de ecológicas importantes en la
tierra .
La posición de los protistas fotos sintéticos en la base de la cadena alimenticia hace
posible mucha la diversidad de la vida acuática.
 Alimentar a los peces y ballenas.
Forman parte del fitoplancton.
La mitad de la fotosíntesis en la tierra la hace el fitoplancton.
Fuente de nutrición indirecta para humanos.

Sostén para los arrecifes de coral.

Los arrecifes proporcionan alimento protección a grandes cantidades de peces y otros organismos.
Las algas proporcionan la mayor parte de las necesidades energéticas.
Las algas rojas Carolinas proporcionan el carbono para su crecimiento

Proveer refugio
Los bosques de kelp dan protección a muchas especies marinas
Son fuente de alimentos para los erizos
Otra alga parda forma alfombras flotantes kilométricas cerca de Bermudas se le llama a Mar de los
sargazos.

Reciclaje de desechos
Los protistas crecen en dónde se descarga el drenaje
Su función vital es el reciclaje
 Protistas HETEROTROFOS
Amebas
Capturan y digieren su Funciones ecológicas
alimento en la vacuola
alimenticia

Ciliados Muchos protistas son heterótrofos porque

Paramessum, lleva su alimento hacia la
citofaringle con ayuda de los cilios
Moho del limo
obtienen su alimento de otros organismos.
Algunos protistas heterótrofos envuelven y
digieren su alimento, mientras otros viven
absorbiendo moléculas de ambiente.

Este protista en un ciclo de su vida forma un

plasmodio para moverse sobre la materia
muerta que se alimenta, además ayudará a
formar esporangios
Los saprolegnia crecen en plantas o en
descomposición que están en el agua
Moho del agua:
Protistas simbióticos: mutualistas y parásitos
Muchos protistas están implicados en simbiosis mutualistas, en las que ellos y sus
anfitriones se benefician.

Zooxantelas: mantienen Trichonynpha: viven

una relación mutualista dentro del sistema
digestivo de varias
con los arrecifes, los
especies de termitas
cuales no sobreviven sin y les permite digerir
su ayuda la madera.
 Los protistas parasitos son responsables de algunas de las enfermedades más mortales
del mundo, Incluyendo hoy varias clases de enfermedades intestinales debilitantes, la
enfermedad del sueño africano y la malaria

Giardia: Causa diarrea grave. Trypanosoma: causa Plasmodium: causante de

Entomoaba: Causa disentería,
ataca la pared intestinal y
causa sangrado grave
Cryptosporidium
enfermedad del sueño. la malaria provocada
Se transmite por la por las esporas del
picadura de la mosca protista que transporta
tsetse. Destruye las el mosquito Anopheles
células sanguíneas.
 CLASIFICACION DE LOS
PROTISTAS:
Los protozooarios son organismos heterótrofos, semejantes a los animales,
pero en formas unicelulares, algunos de los cuales tiene cierta movilidad. Se
les clasificó entre otras características de acuerdo con su forma de
locomoción en:
Sarcodinos, zooflagelados, esporozoarios y ciliados.

Las algas verdes unicelulares y pluricelulares realizan la fotosíntesis y son

todas acuáticas.
Crisofitas, pirrófitas, euglenofitas, clorofitas, feofitas, rodofitas.

Los hongos unicelulares tienen características muy particulares como pasar

por etapas flageladas y alimentarse de manera saprófita.
mixomicetos, acrasiomicetos y oomicetos
 Clasificación actual:
PRINCIPALES GRUPOS DE PROTISTAS:
● Euglenozoos
● Excavados
● Estamenopilos
● Rhizarios
● Alveolados
● Amebozoos
● Algas rojas
● Algas clorofitas
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