Network Devices

Computer Networking: A
All material copyright 1996-2020
Top-Down Approach
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved 8th edition
Adapted by Carmen Benavides and Isaías García Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Pearson, 2020
Network Devices: roadmap
 repetidor
 hub
 switches
• Forwarding table
• Self learning
• Filtering/forwarding

 Switches vs Routers
Repetidor
 Es un dispositivo de la capa física
• regenera la señal física
• permite a la red extender la distancia
Hub
 Es un dispositivo de la capa física
• regenera la señal física
• Retransmite la señal que le llega por un puerto por todos los demás
• permite a la red extender la distancia
• Permiten implementar la topología en estrella

B C
Hub
 Es un medio compartido (broadcast).
 Forman un único dominio de colisión

B C
Hub
 Podemos crear una red de área local con varios segmentos

Carlos
Miguel

 Hub Advantages:
• simple, inexpensive device
• Multi-tier provides graceful degradation: portions of the LAN continue to
operate if one hub malfunctions
• extends maximum distance between node pairs (100m per Hub, 10BaseT)
Hub
 Podemos crear una red de área local con varios segmentos

Carlos
Miguel

How many collision domains?

Hub
 Podemos crear una red de área local con varios segmentos

Carlos
Miguel

 Hub disadvantages:
• Do NOT isolate collision domains.
• Restringida la máxima distancia entre 2 nodos
• Restringido el número de nodos que podemos conectar
Ethernet Switch
 Switch is a link-layer device: takes an active role
• Store (use buffers), forward Ethernet frames,
• examine incoming frame’s MAC address, selectively forward frame
to one-or-more outgoing links when frame is to be forwarded on
segment.
 transparent: hosts unaware of presence of switches
 plug-and-play, self-learning
• switches do not need to be configured
Ethernet switch
 Switch en el backbone, inicialmente eran dispositivos caros.
switch

Carlos Miguel

 Una red de área local(LAN) con tres segmentos

 ¿Cuántos dominios de collision?
• Switch DO isolate collision domains
 Podríamos interconectar segmentos con switches sin límite en el tamaño de la LAN
Ethernet switch
 Switch en el backbone y para conectar los segmentos porque se redujo mucho el precio.

switch

switch switch switch

Carlos Miguel

 Una red de área local(LAN) con tres segmentos

 ¿Cuántos dominios de collision?
• Switch do isolate collision domains -> No collisions
 ¿Cuántas redes IP?
• Una. ¡No hay routers!
• Un único dominio de broadcast
Switch: multiple simultaneous transmissions
 hosts have dedicated, direct
connection to switch A
 switches buffer packets C’ B
 Ethernet protocol used on each 1 2
incoming link, so: 6
3
• no collisions; full duplex 5 4

• each link is its own collision domain B’ C

A’
 switching: A-to-A’ and B-to-B’ can transmit
simultaneously, without collisions switch with six
interfaces (1,2,3,4,5,6)
Switch forwarding table
Q: how does switch know A reachable via interface 1,
C reachable via interface 3,…? A
C’ B
A: each switch has a switch table, each entry:
 (MAC address of host, interface to reach host, 1 2
time stamp) 6
3
5 4

MAC addr interface TTL B’ C

A 1 40
A’
C 3 50
A’ 4 60

Q: how are entries created, maintained in switch table?

Switch: self-learning Source: A
Dest: A’

A A’
 switch learns which hosts can be reached A
through which interfaces C’ B
• when frame received, switch “learns” 1 2
location of sender: incoming LAN 6
3
segment 5 4

• records sender/location pair in B’ C

A’
switch table
Switch table
MAC addr interface TTL (initially empty)
A 1 60
Switch: frame filtering/forwarding
when frame received at switch:
1. record incoming link, MAC address of sending host

2. index switch table using MAC destination address

3. if entry found for destination

then {
if destination on segment from which frame arrived
then drop frame
else forward frame on interface indicated by entry
}
else flood /* forward on all interfaces except arriving interface */
Link Layer: 6-16
Self-learning, forwarding: example Source: A
Dest: A’

 frame destination, A’, location unknown: flood A A’

A
C’ B
 destination A location known:
1
selectively send on just one link 6A A’
2
3
5 4
MAC addr interface TTL
A 1 60 switch table B’ C
A’ 4 60 (initially empty)
A’ A A’

 Los puentes son dispositivos plug-and-play, no requieren intervención del

administrador, son autoconfigurables y aprenden de forma automática.
Interconnecting switches
switches can be connected together:

S4

S1
S3
A S2
F
D I
B C
G H
E

Q: sending from A to G - how does S1 know to forward frame destined to

G via S4 and S3?
 A: self learning! (works exactly the same as in single-switch case!)
Small institutional network
mail server
to external
network
router web server

IP subnet
Switches vs. routers application
transport
both are store-and-forward: datagram network
frame link
 routers: network-layer devices (examine
physical link frame
network-layer headers)
physical
 switches: link-layer devices (examine link-layer
headers) switch

network datagram
link frame
both have forwarding tables: physical
 routers: compute tables using routing
algorithms, IP addresses application
transport
 switches: learn forwarding table using flooding, network
learning, MAC addresses link
physical