Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Asma
Asma
Factores de Riesgo.
Fisiopatología.
Diagnóstico y clasificación.
Educación y manejo.
Tratamiento.
Recommendaciones
Desorden inflamatorio crónico de las vías aéreas
Hiperreactividad
Episodios recurrentes de sibilancias, disnea,
dolor torácico y tos
Predominio nocturno y matutino.
Obsrucción aérea extensa pero variable que en
ocasiones es reversible con o sin tratamiento.
30
20
85 90 95 2000 05 10 15
Year
Rev. Alerg. Mex. 2017; 64 Supl 1.
Factores predisponentes: Predisposición
individual para desarrollar o proteger asma.
Factores desencadenantes.
Factores externos que influyan en la
susceptibilidad de desarrollar asma en
individuos predispuestos, que precipiten
crisis asmáticas y/o causen síntomas
persistentes.
GINA 2019: http://www.ginasthma.com
GINA 2019: http://www.ginasthma.com
GINA 2019: http://www.ginasthma.com
Alergenos
Contaminantes del aire.
Infecciones respiratorias.
Ejercicio e hiperventilación,
Cambios climáticos.
Dióxido sulfurico.
Alimentos, medicamentos, aditamentos.
Atopia Ocupación.
Tabaquismo.
Hiperreactividad
Contaminación aérea.
respiratoria.
Infecciones respiratorias.
Género
Infecciones parasitarias.
Raza/etnia.
Factores socioeconòmicos.
Dieta y medicamentos.
Obesidad.
INFLAMMATION
INFLAMMATION
Airway
Hyperresponsiveness Airflow Obstruction
Síntomas.
Uso de medicación para aliviar síntomas.
Síntomas nocturnos,
Limitaciones de su actividad.
Espirometría para manejo inicial. Flujo espiratorio máximo para el
seguimiento.
Evaluar la severidad
Evaluar la respuesta a la terapia.
Monitoreo en casa
Important e para aquellos con pobre percepción de síntomas.
Medición diaria registrada en un diario.
Evaluar la severidad y predecir empeoramiento.
Gasometría arterial para exacerbaciones severas.
Volume
FEV1
Normal Subject
1 2 3 4 5
Time (sec)
Note: Each FEV1 curve represents the highest of three repeat measurements
GINA 2019: http://www.ginasthma.com
Métodos para prevención inicial de Asma
aun no son disponibles, no obstante son una
meta importante,
Medidas para reducir exposición a factores
exacerbantes de asma: alergenos,
contaminantes, alimentos, medicamentos.
Medicamentos controlados:
Glucocorticosteroides inhalados (ICS)
Glucocorticosteroides sistémicos (SCS)
Metilxantinas
Anti-IgE
GINA 2019: http://www.ginasthma.com
Uso regular de SABA se asocia con efectos
adversos
La regulaciòn negativa de los receptores beta
disminuye la broncoprotección.
Hiperreactividad bronquial de rebote.
Disminuye la repsuesta del broncodilatador..
Uso elevado de SABA se asocia con
complicaciones clínicas.
Incrementa exacerbaciones >3 veces/año
>12 exacerbaciones incrementa riesgo de
mortalidad,.
GINA 2019: http://www.ginasthma.com
No recomienda uso de SABA, solamente en
el tratamiento en la Etapa I
Todos los adultos y adolescentes con asma
sintomática deben recibir ICS como terapia
regular.
Reduce el riesgo de exacerbaciones severas..
Uso elevado de SABA se asocia con
complicaciones clínicas.
Incrementa exacerbaciones >3 veces/año
>12 exacerbaciones incrementa riesgo de
mortalidad,.
GINA 2019: http://www.ginasthma.com
Box 3-5A Confirmation of diagnosis if
Adults & adolescents 12+ years necessary Symptom control &
modifiable
risk factors (including lung
function)
Comorbidities
Inhaler technique & adherence
Personalized asthma management: Patient goals
Assess, Adjust, Review response
Symptoms
Exacerbations
Side-effects Lung
function
Patient
satisfaction
Treatment of modifiable risk
factors & comorbidities STEP 5
Non-pharmacological
High dose
strategies Education & skills
ICS-LABA
training Asthma medications
Asthma medication options: Refer for
Adjust treatment up and down STEP 4 phenotypic
for individual patient needs assessment
Medium
STEP 3 ± add-on
dose ICS- therapy,
STEP 2 LABA e.g.tiotropiu
Low dose
m, anti-IgE,
PREFERRED STEP 1 ICS- anti-IL5/5R,
CONTROLLER
Daily low dose inhaled corticosteroid
LABA anti-IL4R
to prevent exacerbations As-needed low (ICS), or as-needed low dose ICS-
and control symptoms dose formoterol *
ICS-formoterol *
Other Low dose ICS Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA), Medium dose High dose Add low dose
controller taken or low dose ICS taken whenever SABA ICS, or low ICS, add-on OCS, but
options tiotropium, or consider
whenever taken † dose
add-on LTRA # side-effects
SABA is taken ICS+LTRA #
†
* Off-label; data only with budesonide-formoterol (bud-form) ‡ Low-dose ICS-form is the reliever for patients prescribed
† Off-label; separate or combination ICS and SABA inhalers bud-form or BDP-form maintenance and reliever therapy
# Consider adding HDM SLIT for sensitized patients with
allergic rhinitis and FEV >70% predicted
Symptoms
Exacerbations
Side-effects Lung
function
Patient
satisfaction
Treatment of modifiable risk
factors & comorbidities STEP 5
Non-pharmacological
High dose
strategies Education & skills
ICS-LABA
training Asthma medications
Asthma medication options: Refer for
Adjust treatment up and down STEP 4 phenotypic
for individual patient needs assessment
Medium
STEP 3 ± add-on
dose ICS- therapy,
STEP 2 LABA e.g.tiotropiu
Low dose
m, anti-IgE,
PREFERRED STEP 1 ICS- anti-IL5/5R,
CONTROLLER
Daily low dose inhaled corticosteroid
LABA anti-IL4R
to prevent exacerbations As-needed low (ICS), or as-needed low dose ICS-
and control symptoms dose formoterol *
ICS-formoterol *
Other Low dose ICS Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA), Medium dose High dose Add low dose
controller taken or low dose ICS taken whenever SABA ICS, or low ICS, add-on OCS, but
options tiotropium, or consider
whenever taken † dose
add-on LTRA # side-effects
SABA is taken ICS+LTRA #
†
* Off-label; data only with budesonide-formoterol (bud-form) ‡ Low-dose ICS-form is the reliever for patients prescribed
† Off-label; separate or combination ICS and SABA inhalers bud-form or BDP-form maintenance and reliever therapy
# Consider adding HDM SLIT for sensitized patients with
allergic rhinitis and FEV >70% predicted
Symptoms
Exacerbations
‘Controller’
‘Controller’ treatment
treatment Side-effects Lung
function
means
means the
the treatment
treatment Patient
taken to prevent
taken to prevent satisfaction
Treatment of modifiable risk
exacerbations
exacerbations factors & comorbidities STEP 5
Non-pharmacological
High dose
strategies Education & skills
ICS-LABA
training Asthma medications
Asthma medication options: Refer for
Adjust treatment up and down STEP 4 phenotypic
for individual patient needs assessment
Medium
STEP 3 ± add-on
dose ICS- therapy,
STEP 2 LABA e.g.tiotropiu
Low dose
m, anti-IgE,
PREFERRED STEP 1 ICS- anti-IL5/5R,
CONTROLLER
Daily low dose inhaled corticosteroid
LABA anti-IL4R
to prevent exacerbations As-needed low (ICS), or as-needed low dose ICS-
and control symptoms dose formoterol *
ICS-formoterol *
Other Low dose ICS Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA), Medium dose High dose Add low dose
controller ICS, add-on OCS, but
options taken or low dose ICS taken whenever SABA ICS, or low
whenever taken † dose tiotropium, or consider
add-on LTRA # side-effects
SABA is taken ICS+LTRA #
†
PREFERRED As-needed low dose ICS- As-needed low dose ICS-formoterol
RELIEVER formoterol * ‡
Other
reliever option As-needed short-acting β2 -agonist (SABA)
* Off-label; data only with budesonide-formoterol (bud-form) ‡ Low-dose ICS-form is the reliever for patients prescribed
† Off-label; separate or combination ICS and SABA inhalers bud-form or BDP-form maintenance and reliever therapy
# Consider adding HDM SLIT for sensitized patients with
allergic rhinitis and FEV >70% predicted
Symptoms
Exacerbations
Side-effects Lung
function
Patient
satisfaction
Treatment of modifiable risk
factors & comorbidities STEP 5
Non-pharmacological
High dose
strategies Education & skills
ICS-LABA
training Asthma medications
Asthma medication options: Refer for
Adjust treatment up and down STEP 4 phenotypic
for individual patient needs assessment
Medium
STEP 3 ± add-on
dose ICS- therapy,
STEP 2 LABA e.g.tiotropiu
Low dose
m, anti-IgE,
PREFERRED STEP 1 ICS- anti-IL5/5R,
CONTROLLER
Daily low dose inhaled corticosteroid
LABA anti-IL4R
to prevent exacerbations As-needed low (ICS), or as-needed low dose ICS-
and control symptoms dose formoterol *
ICS-formoterol *
Other Low dose ICS Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA), Medium dose High dose Add low dose
controller taken or low dose ICS taken whenever SABA ICS, or low ICS, add-on OCS, but
options tiotropium, or consider
whenever taken † dose
add-on LTRA # side-effects
SABA is taken ICS+LTRA #
†
* Off-label; data only with budesonide-formoterol (bud-form) ‡ Low-dose ICS-form is the reliever for patients prescribed
† Off-label; separate or combination ICS and SABA inhalers bud-form or BDP-form maintenance and reliever therapy
# Consider adding HDM SLIT for sensitized patients with
allergic rhinitis and FEV >70% predicted
Symptoms
Exacerbations
Side-effects Lung
function
Patient
satisfaction
Treatment of modifiable risk
factors & comorbidities STEP 5
Non-pharmacological
High dose
strategies Education & skills
ICS-LABA
training Asthma medications
Asthma medication options: Refer for
Adjust treatment up and down STEP 4 phenotypic
for individual patient needs assessment
Medium
STEP 3 ± add-on
dose ICS- therapy,
STEP 2 LABA e.g.tiotropiu
Low dose
m, anti-IgE,
PREFERRED STEP 1 ICS- anti-IL5/5R,
CONTROLLER
Daily low dose inhaled corticosteroid
LABA anti-IL4R
to prevent exacerbations As-needed low (ICS), or as-needed low dose ICS-
and control symptoms dose formoterol *
ICS-formoterol *
Other Low dose ICS Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA), Medium dose High dose Add low dose
controller taken or low dose ICS taken whenever SABA ICS, or low ICS, add-on OCS, but
options tiotropium, or consider
whenever taken † dose
add-on LTRA # side-effects
SABA is taken ICS+LTRA #
†
* Off-label; data only with budesonide-formoterol (bud-form) ‡ Low-dose ICS-form is the reliever for patients prescribed
† Off-label; separate or combination ICS and SABA inhalers bud-form or BDP-form maintenance and reliever therapy
# Consider adding HDM SLIT for sensitized patients with
allergic rhinitis and FEV >70% predicted
Other Low dose ICS Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA), Medium dose High dose Add low dose
controller taken or low dose ICS taken whenever SABA ICS, or low ICS, add-on OCS, but
options tiotropium, or consider
whenever taken † dose
add-on LTRA # side-effects
SABA is taken ICS+LTRA #
†
* Off-label; data only with budesonide-formoterol (bud-form) ‡ Low-dose ICS-form is the reliever for patients prescribed
† Off-label; separate or combination ICS and SABA inhalers bud-form or BDP-form maintenance and reliever therapy
# Consider adding HDM SLIT for sensitized patients with
allergic rhinitis and FEV >70% predicted
Other Low dose ICS Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA), Medium dose High dose Add low dose
controller taken or low dose ICS taken whenever SABA ICS, or low ICS, add-on OCS, but
options tiotropium, or consider
whenever taken † dose
add-on LTRA # side-effects
SABA is taken ICS+LTRA #
†
* Off-label; data only with budesonide-formoterol (bud-form) ‡ Low-dose ICS-form is the reliever for patients prescribed
† Off-label; separate or combination ICS and SABA inhalers bud-form or BDP-form maintenance and reliever therapy
# Consider adding HDM SLIT for sensitized patients with
allergic rhinitis and FEV >70% predicted
Other Low dose ICS Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA), Medium dose High dose Add low dose
controller taken or low dose ICS taken whenever SABA ICS, or low ICS, add-on OCS, but
options tiotropium, or consider
whenever taken † dose
add-on LTRA # side-effects
SABA is taken ICS+LTRA #
†
* Off-label; data only with budesonide-formoterol (bud-form) ‡ Low-dose ICS-form is the reliever for patients prescribed
† Off-label; separate or combination ICS and SABA inhalers bud-form or BDP-form maintenance and reliever therapy
# Consider adding HDM SLIT for sensitized patients with
allergic rhinitis and FEV >70% predicted
Symptoms
Exacerbations
Side-effects
Lung function
Child and parent
satisfaction
Treatment of modifiable risk factors
& comorbidities STEP 5
Non-pharmacological strategies
Refer for
Education & skills training
phenotypic
assessment
Asthma medication options: Asthma medications ± add-on
STEP 4
Adjust treatment up and down for therapy,
individual child’s needs e.g. anti-IgE
Medium dose
STEP 3 ICS-LABA
STEP 2 Refer for
Low dose expert advice
PREFERRED
ICS-LABA, or
STEP 1
CONTROLLER medium dose
Daily low dose inhaled corticosteroid
to prevent exacerbations ICS
(ICS) (see table of ICS dose ranges for
and control symptoms
children)
Other Low dose ICS Leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA), or Low dose High dose ICS- Add-on anti-IL5,
controller options taken whenever low dose ICS taken whenever SABA taken* ICS+LTRA LABA, or add- or add-on low
SABA taken*; or on tiotropium, dose OCS,
daily low dose ICS or add-on LTRA but consider
side-effects
RELIEVER
As-needed short-acting β2 -agonist (SABA)
Medicamentos en agudización:
β2-agonistas inhalados de acción
rápida
Glucocorticosteroides sistémicos
Anticolinérgicos.
Metilxantinas.
β2-agonists orales de acción rápida.
GINA 2019: http://www.ginasthma.com
Programa del manejo de Asma.
Parte 5: Planes establecidos para
manejo de las Exacerbaciones,
.
Asma Aguda.
Initial Assessment
History, Physical Examination, PEF or FEV 1
Initial Therapy
Bronchodilators; O2 if needed
Good Response
Incomplete/Poor Response Respiratory Failure