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Que es la telemedicina.
Transmission medium
Transmitter or Receiver
Communications channel
12
Signal transmission (2)
Low-frequency
source information Transmission
(analog or digital) medium
(channel)
High-
High-frequency
frequency
local oscillator
oscillator
Transmitter Receiver
13
Classes of Transmission Media
• Wireless or unguided media
– Use radio waves of different frequencies and do
not need a wire or cable conductor to transmit
signals.
15
Design Factors
for Transmission Media
• Bandwidth: All other factors remaining constant, the greater
the band-width of a signal, the higher the data rate that can
be achieved.
• Transmission impairments. Limit the distance a signal can
travel.
• Interference: Competing signals in overlapping frequency
bands can distort or wipe out a signal.
• Number of receivers: Each attachment introduces some
attenuation and distortion, limiting distance and/or data. rate.
Ondas
Fourier descubrió que una señal aperiódica, como por ejemplo de la voz
tiene un espectro de frecuencias continuo, que ocupa un ancho de banda
entre una frecuencia máxima y una mínima
Señal aperiódica
Espectro de la señal
The Wireless Communication Channel
22
Introducción
Propagation mechanisms
Outdoor Indoor
Noise
Source
The Channel
Multiplicative Additive
Noise Noise
Multiplicative Additive
•Antenna directionality. • Thermal and shot
•Reflection (smooth surfaces). noise in receiver.
• Absorption (walls, trees, atmosphere). • Atmospheric &
•Scattering (rough surfaces). Cosmic noise.
•Diffraction (edges of buildings and hills) • Interference
• RefractionA(atmosphere). .(intentional & otherwise)
Noise
Correlated noise
Nonlinear distortion
Harmonic distortion
Intermodulation distortion
Uncorrelated noise
External
Atmospheric
Extraterrestrial
Solar
Cosmic
Man-made
Impulse
Interference
Internal
Thermal
Shot
Transient time
28
Noise
29
Thermal Noise (white noise)
N KTB
KTB KT
N dBm 10 log 10 log 10 log B
0.001 0.001
30
Three Scales of Multiplicative Noise
x x x x x +
6
Bandwidth and information capacity
S S
I B log 2 1 3.32 B log10 1
N N
I = information capacity
33
Bandwidth and information capacity
Example:
S S
I B log 2 1 3.32 B log10 1
N N
Standard telephony
S
1000 (30 dB)
N
B = 2,7 kHz
I 2700 log 2 1 1000 26.9 kbit/sec
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Noise
S S
I B log 2 1 3.32 B log10 1
N N
S/N = signal-to-noise power ratio (unitless)
Noise - internal
- external
35
The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Según el Reglamento de la Unión Internacional de
Telecomunicaciones UIT, se entiende por espectro
radioeléctrico u ondas hertzianas: “El conjunto de ondas
electromagnéticas cuya frecuencia se fija convencionalmente
por debajo de 3000 GHz, y que se propagan por el espacio sin
guía artificial”. Siendo el espectro radioeléctrico ERE un
subconjunto del espectro electromagnético EEM, conformado,
entre otros, por la luz visible, el espectro infrarrojo, el
ultravioleta, los rayos gamma, los rayos X y los rayos
cósmicos.
Frequency : f [Hertz]
Wavelength: [m]
c
f
f
1 kHz 3 x 105 m
100 kHz 3 x 103 m
10 MHz 3 x 101 m = 30 m
1 GHz 3 x 10-1 m = 30 cm
37
Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum
38
The Radio electric
Spectrum
3 kHz 30 kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz
Frequency
100 km 10 km 1 km 100 m 10 m 1m 10 cm 1 cm 1 mm
Free-space Wavelength
L, S, C, X, Ku, K, Ka
8
Frequency Bands
Band name Frequency range Band name Frequency range
[GHz]
Very low frequency 3 – 30 kHz L band 1–2
9
1873
History 1
Maxwell predicts the existence of electromagnetic waves
1888 Hertz demonstrates radio waves
1895 Marconi sends first wireless signals a distance of over a mile
1897 Marconi demonstrates mobile wireless communication to ships
1898 Marconi experiments with a land ‘mobile’ system – the apparatus is the size
of a bus with a 7m antenna
1916 The British Navy uses Marconi’s wireless apparatus in the Battle of Jutland
to track and engage the enemy fleet
1924 US police first use mobile communications
1927 First commercial phone service between London and New York is
established using long wave radio
1945 Arthur C. Clarke proposes geostationary communication satellites
1957 Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1 communication satellite
1962 The world’s first active communications satellite ‘Telstar’ is launched
1969 Bell Laboratories in the US invent the cellular concept
1978 The world’s first cellular phone system is installed in Chicago
1979 NTT cellular system (Japan) nd
10
History 2
1988 JTACS Japanese Total Access Communication System cellular system (Japan)
1981 NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone (Scandinavia)
1983 AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System cellular frequencies allocated (US)
1985 TACS Total Access Communication system (Europe)
1991 USDC (US)
1991 GSM Global System for Mobile cellular system deployed (Europe)
1993 DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications & DCS launched (Europe)
1993 Nokia engineering student Riku Pihkonen sends the world’s first SMS text message
1993 PHS cordless system (Japan)
1995 IS95 CDMA Code Division Multiple Access (US)
1998 Iridium global satellite system launched
1999 Bluetooth short-range wireless data standard agreed
1999 GPRS launched to provide fast data communication capabilities (Europe)
2000 UK government runs the world’s most lucrative spectrum auction as bandwidth for 3G
networks is licensed for £22.5 billion
2001 First third-generation cellular mobile network is deployed (Japan)
2002 Private WLAN networks are becoming more popular (US)
2003 WCDMA third-generation cellular mobile systems deployed (Europe)
2004 First mobile phone viruses found
2006 GSM subscriptions reach two billion worldwide. The second billion took just 30 months.
11
Six Wireless
l
Communication
Megacell Satellite
fixed link Systems
Picocell
Terrestrial
fixed link
Macrocell
Microcell
36
Modulation principle
Change parameters of a carrier
v t Ac cos 2 f c t c
Information signal: Ac(t)
fc(t)
c(t)
Analog Digital
Ac(t) : amplitude modulation AM ASK
fc(t): frequency modulation FM FSK
c (t) : phase modulation PM PSK