Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
primeros desarrollos
Desde la Prehistoria hasta la dinastía Goryeo
Notas Iniciales
Romanización
Revisada por Corea del Sur, 2000
McCune–Reischauer
Corea del Norte
Yale
Prehistoria
• Paleolíico
Cronología Básica • Neolítico 8000-2000 a.C
• Bronce 2000-300 a.C
Ámbito geográfico Protohistoria
• Gojoseon s. VII a.C. – 108 a.C.
peninsular • Dominio Han 108 a.C. - 313
• Samhan I – III d.C.
Tres Reinos
• Goguryeo 37 a.C - 668
Sucesión de • Baekche 18 a.C. - 660
estados antiguos • Silla 57 a.C. - 935
• Gaya 42 a.C. - 562
Silla Unificada/Balhae
• Silla Unificada 676 – 935
• Balhae 698 - 926
Dinastía Goryeo 918 - 1392
Dinastía Joseon 1392 - 1910
Marco
Geográfico
Neolítico,
8000 -2000 a.C
Culturas:
• Neolítico Inferior
• Neolítico Medio
• Jeulmun (decoración incisa,
“peinada”): vasos con sección en
V
• Neolítico Superior
• Vasos con fondo plano y
decoración en zigzag
Economía:
• Cazadora-recolectora
• Agricultura
Bronce
2000 – 300 a.C.
Cultura Material
• Cultura Cerámica Mumun (cerámica
lisa cocida en hornos de baja
temperatura)
• Dólmenes y enterramientos de cista
• Cultura de Dagas de bronce
• Forma de violín
• Formas alargadas y finas
Estratificación Social
Joseon
• Joseon Antiguo s. VII – III a.C.
• Wiman Joseon s. III – 108 a.C.
• Persona de Yao
• Relación con Han
Hierro I y Hierro II Proceso de expansión del hierro
s. IV – s. I a.C.
Norte – Sur
Transición de la Prehistoria a la
Protohistoria Estratificación Social acuciada
• Fuentes Chinas: Guanzi (Joseon)
26 a.C., Hou Han Shu, Sanguozhi s. ¿Cuándo surge el primer estado
III en la Península?
• Fuentes Coreanas: Samguk Yusa, Joseon antiguo – Wiman Joseon
Samguk Sagi, s.XII-XIII
Colonias Han
• Fuentes Japonesas: Nihon Shoki, Buyo
s.VII
Okcho, Ye del Este
Samhan: Jinhan, Manhan,
Arqueología: hasta el s. III es muy Byeonhan
difícil hablar de Estado arcaico
Tres Reinos: Goguryeo, Baekche,
en el sur peninsular Silla, Gaya
Comercio de larga distancia:
hierro
Depósitos del sur peninsular
國 en las fuentes
Conquista Han en el valle del
río Daedong: Lelang
Transmisión de conocimiento
técnico y influencia cultural y
política
Sociedades aristocráticas bajo control
real Baekche:
Goguryeo: Mahan
Rey Taejo (53 – 146?): sucesión Confederación en el río Han
dentro de la casa real
Rey Koi (234 - 286):
Rey Micheon en 313 destruye Lelang asalto por parte de Lelang
Goguryeo: reforma y expansión en el (246)
s.IV-V Centralización del estado:
ministros (262)
Rey Sosurim (371 - 384)
Rey Geun Chogo (346 – 375):
Budismo finaliza la centralización del
Academia confuciana (372) estado y la conformación del
reino
Código administrativo (373
Línea dinástica
Rey Gwangaeto (391 – 413)
Consortes de un único clan
Expansión territorial del reino Sogi, crónica del reino
Cambio de capital 427, de T’ung-kou Budismo: 384
a la rivera en la zona de Pyeongyang
Rey Seong: capital en Buyeo (475)
Estela de Gwanggaeto
Estela de Gwanggaeto
Gazing over the ford, the king said, "I am Ch'umo, son of August
Heaven and the daughter of the Earl of the River. Weave together the
bullrushes for me so that the turtles will float to the surface." And no
sooner had he spoken than [the God of the River] wove the bullrushes
so that the turtles floated to the surface, whereupon he crossed over
the river. Upon the mountain-fort west of Cholbon in Piryu Valley he
established his capital, wherein his family would long enjoy the
hereditary position. Accordingly, he [ritually] summoned the Yellow
Dragon to come down and "meet the king." The King was on the hill
east of Cholbon, and the Yellow Dragon took him on its back and
ascended to Heaven.
He left a testamentary command to his heir apparent, King
Yuryu, that he should conduct his government in accordance
with the Way. Great King Churyu succeeded to rule and the
throne was handed on, [eventually] to the seventeenth in
succession, [who], having ascended the throne at twice-nine
[i.e., eighteen], was named King Yongnak ("Eternal Enjoyment").
His gracious beneficence blended with that of the August
Heaven; and with his majestic military virtue he encompassed
the Four Seas like a [spreading] willow tree and swept out [the
Nine Tribes of Barbarians (Kui),] thus bringing tranquility to his rule.
His people flourished in a wealthy state, and the five grains
ripened abundantly.
But Imperial Heaven was pitiless, and at thirty-nine he expired in
majesty, forsaking his realm. On the twenty-ninth day, uryu, of
the ninth month of the kabin year [28 October 414] his body was
moved to its tumulus, whereupon we erected this stele, with an
inscription recording his glorious exploits to make them manifest
to later generations.
Paekchan [Paekche] and Silla had long been our subject
peoples and such had brought tribute to our court. But the Wa
[the Yamato Polity in Japan] had, since the sinmyo year [391],
been coming across the sea to wreak devastation. Paekche [in
concert with them] invaded Silla and subjected its people.
In the sixth year, pyongsin [396], the King personally led his naval
force to chastise Paekche. The army, [marching by separate
routes], first attacked and took eighteen fortified towns, after
which they [advanced and laid siege to] that state's capital.
The enemy, rather than bring their spirit into submission, dared to
come out and fight numerous battles. Flaring up in terrible rage,
the King crossed the Ari River. He sent his vanguard to put
pressure on the city, and [with a lateral thrust and frontal assault]
they seized the capital. The Paekche king (Chan wang), in dire
straits, proffered a thousand male and female captives and a
thousand bolts of fine cloth.
Pledging his allegiance to our king, the Paekche king swore a
solemn oath: "From this time on I shall forever be your slave-
guest." Our King graciously granted him pardon for his [earlier]
transgressions and formally recorded the sincerity of his pledge
of obedience. Thereupon, [having taken possession of] fifty-
eight towns and seven hundred villages, he turned his army
around and returned to his capital, bringing with him the
Paekche king's (Chan wang's) younger brother and ten great
officers.
In the ninth year, kihae, of Yongnak [ AD 399], Paekchan
[Paekche], in violation of its sworn oath, concluded a peace
with the Wa. The king responded by making a tour down to
P'yonyang, where an envoy sent from Silla reported to him,
saying "The Wa people have filled our territory and are
overwhelming and smashing our walls and moats. Since, as
slave-guests, we have become your subject people, we take
refuge in Your Majesty and ask for your command." The great
king in his benevolence praised the sincerity of their loyalty and
sent the envoy home to impart [a secret plan] to the Silla king.
In the tenth year, kyongja [AD 400], the king sent five
myriads of troops, both foot and horse, to go to the aid of
Silla. The whole area from Namgo-song to the Silla capital
was filled with Wa people. At the approach of our
government troops the Wa enemy retreated. [Our
government troops came following their tracks; attacking
the Wa] from behind, our troops reached Chongbal-song
in Imna gara, which forthwith surrendered.
The troops of the Alla people seized the Silla capital. It was
full of Wa people, who flooded over the walls [in flight?].
In the fourteenth year, kapchin [AD 404], the Wa rose up
and made an incursion into the territory Daebang. The
king's forces, having waited for them at a critical point,
surprised and assaulted them. The Wa marauders [Woegu]
were utterly defeated, and countless numbers of them
had their throats cut.
In the seventeenth year, chongmi [AD 407], the king issued
instructions for the dispatch of five myriads of troops, foot
and horse, [to wipe out the Wa marauders once and for
all. When the marauders turned back and invaded
P'yongyang, the royal] army engaged them in battle,
smiting them mightily and wiping them out entirely.
Silla: confederación con el Rey
Naemul (356 – 402)
Confederación en torno a
Saro (Gyeongju)
Tensión con Baekche por
medio de Gaya y alianza con
Goguryeo
Centralización segunda mitad
s. V
Expansión económica
Uso del término Wang
Rey Beopheung (514 – 540)
Código de derecho
administrativo: graduación de
oficiales en 17 grados
Budismo 535
Rey Chinheung (540 – 576):
expansión por el Han y Gaya
Organización Política y Social de los
Tres Reinos
Silla: linajes aristocráticos Proceso de integración al sistema
de estructura en principio externas
Golpum (rango de hueso): línea
hereditaria y base de la Consejo de Nobles: composición
(extraordinario nivel y extraordinario
organización social. Linajes nivel 2), principio de unanimidad
Linaje del rey
Ejército:
Acceso al trono
Comandantes
Altos puestos en la administración y
ejército Campamentos en las provincias
• Revueltas:
• Campesinos: Sangju 889
• Bandidos
• Gyeonhhweon y Kungye
• Fundación de Goryeo
Goryeo
Pacificación de la Península
Goryeo contra Baekche
Derrota en la región de Andong
Política de conciliación
Emigrados de Balhae
Silla
Creación de la Dinastía de
Goryeo: Rey Taejo (Wang Geon)
Reformulación del Gobierno
Colaboración con familias
terratenientes
Política matrimonial
Esclavos
Sistema de exámenes civiles
Los 10 Mandatos de Wang Geon
(Goryeosa)
1. The success of every great undertaking of our state depends upon the favor
and protection of Buddha. Therefore, the temples of both the Meditation and
Doctrinal schools should be built and monks should be sent out to those
temples to minister to Buddha. Later on, if villainous courtiers attain power and
come to be influenced by the entreaties of bonzes, the temples of various
schools will quarrel and struggle among themselves for gain. This ought to be
prevented.
2. Temples and monasteries were newly opened and built upon the sites
chosen by Monk Tosŏn according to the principles of geomancy. He said: ‘If
temples and monasteries are indiscriminately built at locations not chosen by
me, the terrestrial force and energy will be sapped and damaged, hastening
the decline of the dynasty.’ I am greatly concerned that the royal family, the
aristocracy, and the courtiers all may build many temples and monasteries in
the future in order to seek Buddha’s blessings. In the last days of Silla many
temples were capriciously built. As a result, the terrestrial force and energy
were wasted and diminished, causing its demise. Vigilantly guard against this.
3. In matters of royal succession, succession by the eldest legitimate royal issue
should be the rule. But Yao of ancient China let Shun succeed him because his
own son was unworthy. This was indeed putting the interests of the state
ahead of one’s personal feelings. Therefore, if the eldest son is not worthy of
the crown, let the second eldest succeed to the throne. If the second eldest,
too, is unworthy, choose the brother the people consider the best qualified for
the throne.
4. In the past we have always had a deep attachment for the ways of China
and all of our institutions have been modeled upon those of T’ang. But our
country occupies a different geographical location and our people’s
character is different from that of the Chinese. Hence, there is no reason to
strain our selves unreasonably to copy the Chinese way. Khitan is a nation of
savage beasts, and its language and customs are also different. Its dress and
institutions should never be copied.
5. I have achieved the great task off founding the dynasty with the help of the
elements of mountain and river of our country. The Western Capital,
P’yŏngyang, has elements of water in its favor and is the source of the
terrestrial force of our country. It is thus the veritable center of dynastic
enterprises for ten thousand generations. Therefore, make a royal visit to the
Western Capital four times a year — in the second, fifth, eighth, and eleventh
months — and reside there a total of more than one hundred days. By this
means secure peace and prosperity.
6. I deem the two festivals of Yŏndŭng and P’algwan of great spiritual value
and importance. The first is to worship Buddha. The second is to worship the
spirit of heaven, the spirits of the five sacred and other major mountains and
rivers, and the dragon god. At some future time, villainous courtiers may
propose the abandonment or modification of these festivals. No change
should be allowed.
10. In preserving a household or state, one should always be on guard to avert
mistakes. Read widely in the classics and history; take the past as a warning for
the present. The Duke of Chou was a great sage, yet he sought to admonish
his nephew, King Ch’eng, with Against Luxurious East (Wu i). Post the contents
of Against Luxurious East on the wall and reflect upon them when entering and
leaving the room.
Rey Seongjong (981 - 997) y Choe Seung-no Ejército profesional
Sociedad aristocrática dentro de una Tierras asignadas a los soldados
burocracia centralizada
2 Unidades de Guardas
Sistema regional de magistrados enviados
desde la corte 6 Divisiones
Reforma del gobierno local (limita el poder de Consejo de Generales
la aristocracia local Sistema de Examinación Civil
Educación confuciana para los hijos de la élite Diferentes currículos
Apertura del poder central a más clanes
Sistema Educativo
Importancia de la política matrimonial
Los 6 Colegios de la Capital para
Gobierno central estudiar los clásicos chinos
3 Cancillerías Nombramiento protegido
Directorio de Cancilleres
Consejo Privado, Todang
Gobierno territorial
12 provincias
Gobernador
Funcionarios locales
Conflicto Goryeo – Khitan Discriminación del ejército frente
Política de expansión norte
a la burocracia civil
Expedición 993 Descontento > revuelta militar