SATELLITE SENSOR

LANDSAT(USA) SPOT(FR) JERS-1(JP)

TOPEX/POSEIDON(USA, FR) TERRA/ASTER(USA,JP) DAICHI(JP)
(from NASA, JAXA, ERSDAC-website)
Satellites and sensors for mineral exploration
LANDSAT(USA)
SPOT(France)
JERS-1(JAPAN)
EARTH RESOURCE SATELLITE
Topex/Poseidon
GRAVITY SENSOR

IKONOS
HIGH RESOLUTION1m
OTHER SATELLITE
ASTER : Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
NASA/TERRA12/18/1999

HIGH SPACIAL RESOLUTION VNIR(15M), SWIR(30M), TIR(90M)

HIGH SPECTLE RESOLUTION VNIR(3BANDS), SWIR(6)

THE FIRST MULTI SPECTLE SATELLITE SENSOR OF TIR

DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL VNIR(3N, 3B) - STEREO PAIR IMAGE

VNIR(1-3) TIR(10-14) SWIR(4-9)
TERRA/ASTER
TERRA/1999.12
TERRA/ASTER
NASA
ASTER
VNIR(1-3) TIR(10-14) SWIR(4-9)
ASTER SENSOR
Spectral interpretation
Spectral reflectance.
Escondida, Chile
OPTICAL SENSOR
Geomorphological interpretation
Lineaments, fracture systems, drainage pattern.
Mantri, Malaysia
RADAR
SPACIAL RESOLUTION
Bajo de la Alumbrera(Cu-Au Po), Catamarca, Argentine
1km
ASTER VNIR 15M RESOLUTION
1km
ASTER VNIR 15M RESOLUTION
Agua Rica(Cu Po), Catamarca, Argentine
SPECTLE RESOLUTION
(ALTERATION MAPPING)
SPECTLE PATTERN OF THE SURFACE
VISIBLE VNIR SWIR IR - TIR
R
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Wave length
Water
Soil/Clay
Vegetation
Sensor band
OPTICAL SENSOR
RGB COLOR COMPOSIT MODEL
BAND COMBINATION
R
B
G
HOW many combinations
for Satellite image analysis?
Blue
Green
Red
Cyan
Magenta
Yellow
White
additive color system
Subtractive color mixing
Band 1
Band 2
Band 3
BGR=123
COLOR COMPOSITE IMAGE
B G R B G R B G R
1 2 3 True C 2 1 3 3 1 2
1 2 4 2 1 4 3 1 4
1 2 5 2 1 5 3 1 5
1 2 7 2 1 7 3 1 7
1 3 2 2 3 1 3 2 1
1 3 4 2 3 4 Pseudo C 3 2 4
1 3 5 2 3 5 3 2 5
1 3 7 2 3 7 3 2 7
1 4 2 2 4 1 3 4 1
1 4 3 2 4 3 Natural C 3 4 2
1 4 5 2 4 5 3 4 5
1 4 7 Rock, Alt 2 4 7 Rock, Alt 3 4 7
1 5 2 2 5 1 3 5 1
1 5 3 2 5 3 3 5 2
1 5 4 2 5 4 3 5 4
1 5 7 Rock, Alt 2 5 7 3 5 7
1 7 2 2 7 1 3 7 1
1 7 3 2 7 3 3 7 2
1 7 4 2 7 4 3 7 4
1 7 5 2 7 5 3 7 5
B G R B G R B G R
4 1 2 5 1 2 7 1 2
4 1 3 5 1 3 7 1 3
4 1 5 5 1 4 7 1 4
4 1 7 5 1 7 7 1 5
4 2 1 5 2 1 7 2 1
4 2 3 5 2 3 7 2 3
4 2 5 5 2 4 7 2 4
4 2 7 5 2 7 7 2 5
4 3 1 5 3 1 7 3 1
4 3 2 5 3 2 7 3 2
4 3 5 5 3 4 7 3 4
4 3 7 5 3 7 7 3 5
4 5 1 5 4 1 7 4 1
4 5 2 5 4 2 7 4 2
4 5 3 5 4 3 7 4 3
4 5 7 Rock, Alt 5 4 7 7 4 5
4 7 1 5 7 1 7 5 1
4 7 2 5 7 2 7 5 2
4 7 3 5 7 3 7 5 3
4 7 5 5 7 4 7 5 4
BAND COMBINATION

6C3=(6*5*4)/(3*2*1)
=20
LANDSAT TM
6 BANDS
BGR=123 TRUE COLOR BGR=243 NATURAL COLOR
BGR=234 PSEUDO COLOR BGR=457 ALTERATION
(EXAMPLE: Useful combination of TM bands)
BGR=123 TRUE COLOR
BGR=147 ROCK, ALTERATION
BGR=157 ROCK, ALTERATION
BGR=234 PSEUDO COLOR
BGR=243 NATURAL COLOR
BGR=247 ROCK, ALTERATION
BGR=457 ALTERATION (blue green color) *Ookas favorite
BAND COMBINATION
LANDSAT ETM BGR=457 (QUICK LOOK OF ALTERATION)
North west of I RAN
ALTERATION (LANDSAT TM)
VEIN
ALTERATION
FAULT
FACTORS
GEOLOGY
STRUCTURE
GEOCHEMICAL
ANOMALY
GEOPHYSICAL
ANOMALY
A MODEL OF HYDORO-THERMAL DEPOSIT
ORE DEPOSIT MODEL
ALTERATION MAPPING
Po(fresh
core)
Potassic
Advanced argillic
Phyllic
Topography
Granite
Model of porphyry copper deposit
ALTERATION MINERALS
BGR=457 etc.
ALTERATION
BGR=457 is good at finding
acidic alteration minerals
CALCITE
CaCO3
ALTERATION MINERALS
CHOLORITE
(Fe, Mg, Al)6(Si, Al)4O10(OH)8
EPIDOTE
Ca2(Al, Fe)3(SiO4)3(OH)
ILLITE
KAl2(AlSi3O10)(F, OH)2
KAOLINITE
Al
2
Si
2
O
5
(OH)
4

SMECTITE
(Na, Ca)(Al, Mg)6(Si4O10)3(OH)6 - nH2O
ALUNITE
KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
S
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r
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Wave length(nm)
Sensor band(ASTER)
False color image (BGR = 147)
alteration(light green)





Ratio image (BGR = 4/5, 4/6, 4/7)
alteration(white color)

(ASTER BAND)
Definition:
An image created by dividing the mean value of parcels
of pixels in two different images of the same area.
RATIO IMAGE
Alteration zone
VISIBLE VNIR SWIR IR - TIR
R
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f
l
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c
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a
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Wave length
Water
Soil/Clay
Vegetation
RATIO IMAGE
1 2 3 4 5 7 6
RATIO IMAGE
CALCITE
Hematite
Jarosite
Basic rocks
Goethite
1 2 3 5 7 6
RATIO IMAGE
LANDSAT TM(EXAMPLE)
-RATIO 5/7 Alteration
minerals
-RATIO 3/1 Fe-Oxides


-RATIO (4 - 3)/(4+3)

Vegetation(NDVI)
ASTER RATIO IMAGE (EXAMPLE)
Fe-Oxides Mapping

ASTER RATIO 2/1

LANDSAT RATIO 3/1
RATIO IMAGE
North-west part of Mexico
Cananea mine (Cu Porphyry)
RATIO IMAGE
Hematite
Jarosite
Basic rocks
Goethite
1 2 3 5 7 6
Fe-Oxide:3/1 Alt.mineral :5/7
Chlorite
Epidote
Calcite
Kaolinite
Montmori-
llonite
Muscovite
Alunite
RATIO (4 - 3)/(4 + 3)
Vegetation (NDVI)
RATIO IMAGE (NDVI)
Vegetation area
LANDSAT TM
BAND 3 BAND 4
(0.63-0.69nm) (0.75-0.90nm)
(LANDSAT TM)
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
NDVI has been shown to be correlated
with green leaf biomass and green leaf
area index.
False color image (BGR = 147) alteration(light green)







Ratio image (BGR = 4/5, 4/6, 4/7) alteration(white
color)

ASTER MINERAL MAPPING
(ASTER BAND)
Spectle pattern matching (Semi-Quantitative analysis)
Iso-Grain Model (Hiroi T.and Takeda H.(1990), Hiroi T.and Pieters C.M.(1992))
Identify alteration minerals; Alunite, Kaolinite, Gypsum, Sericite, Hematite,
Calcite, Chlorite, Quartz, Goethite, Jarosite etc.
ASTER MINERAL MAPPING
Spectle pattern of minerals
Mineral identification image
Simulated spectle pattern
Pattern of Goethite 100%
Pattern of Sericite 100%
Hydro-thermal alteration
(Lachaite (Au), Jujuy, Argentine)
ALTERATION MAPPING
Lachaite, BGR=123(False
Color)
4km

Lachaite, BGR=147(False Color)
4km

Lachaite, BGR= 4/5,4/6,4/7 (Ratio)
4km

Lachaite, BGR=Ser, Kao, Aln (Mineral analysis)
4km

Lachaite, BGR=Ser, Goe, Aln (Mineral analysis)
4km

Lachaite, BGR=Chl, Ser, Aln+Kao (Mineral analysis)
4km

Lachaite, BGR=Qtz, Hem,Geo (Mineral analysis)
4km

Lachaite, BGR=123
4km

AGUA RI CA(Po-Cu), Argentine
RGB=Alu+Kao, Ser, Chl
VNIR BGR=123 15m resolution
ALTERATION MAPPING