Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
ISSN: 1135-0806
ARTÍCULOS
RESUMEN
ABSTRACT
This paper is a review of the key role played by basic psychological processes
in the current conceptualization of personality disorders, the most outstanding
models, and the cognitive-behavioral therapies. Currently, there is an increas-
ing tendency towards more dimensional approaches at the expense of more
categorical ones. Basic psychological processes are more relevant for dimen-
sional approaches. In this regard, a number of models will be described: the
7 factor model, the Big Five model, the biosocial model, and the cognitive
models. Likewise, the basics of both cognitive-behavioral approaches to per-
sonality disorders will be outlined. Finally, the role of perception, attention,
memory, learning, impulsivity, and the way cognitive-behavioral therapies cope
with them will also be reviewed. All these processes should be given due rele-
vance.
PALABRAS CLAVE
KEY WORDS
REFERENCIAS
Abraham, K. (1927). The influence of oral Beck, A.T. y Freeman, A. (1990). Cogni-
erotism on character formation. En C.A.D. tive therapy of the personality disorders. New
Bryan y A.Strachey (Eds.), Selected papers York: Guilford Press.
on psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth.
Beck, A.T.; Freeman, A, Pretzer, J., Davis,
Alford, B.A. y Beck, A.T. (1997). The inte- D.D.Fleming, B., Ottaviani, R. et al. (1995).
grative power of cognitive therapy. New Terapia cognitiva de los trastornos de perso-
York: Guilford Press nalidad. Barcelona: Paidos.
American Psychiatric Association (1980). Beck, A.T., Rush, a.J., Shaw, B.F. y
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy for
Disorders-Third Edition. (DSM-III). Washing- depression. New York: Guilfod Press.
ton, DC: APA
Benjamin, L.S. (1996). Interpersonal diag-
American Psychiatric Association (2000). nosis and treatment of personality disorders.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental New York: Guilford Press.
Disorders-Fourth Edition. Text revission
(DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: APA Berlin, H.A. y Rolls, E.T. (2004). Time per-
ception, impulsivity, emotionality, and per-
Arntz A, Appels C, Sieswerda S (2000). sonality in self-harming borderline personali-
Hypervigilance in borderline disorder: A test ty disorder patients. Journal of Personality
with the emotional Stroop paradigm. Journal Disorders, 18, 358-378.
of Personality Disorders, 14, 363-377.
Besteiro, J., Lemos, S., Muñiz, J., García,
Arranz Estévez, F.J.; García Blanco, S. y E. y Álvarez, M. (2007). Dimensiones de los
Ros Montalbán, S. (2004). Modelos experi- trastornos de personalidad en el MCMI-II.
mentales de investigación de la impulsivi- Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 7,
dad. En S. Ros Montalbán, M.D. Peris Díaz y 295-306.
R. Gracia Marco (Eds.), Impulsividad (pp. 23-
39). Barcelona: Ars Medica. Bohus M, Limberger M, Ebner U, Glocker
FX, Schwarz B, Wernz M, Lieb K (2000). Pain
Austin, MA, Riniolo, TC, Porges, SW perception during self-reported distress and
(2007). Borderline personality disorder and calmness in patients with borderline perso-
emotion regulation: Insights from the Polyva- nality disorder and self-mutilating behavior.
gal Theory. Brain and Cognition, 65, 69-76. Psychiatric Research, 95, 251-260.
Caballo, V.E. (2001). Tratamientos cogniti- NEO Personality Inventory manual. Odessa,
vo-conductuales para los trastornos de per- FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
sonlidad. Psicología Conductual, 9,579-605.
Dollan, M y Fullan, R. (2005). Memory for
Caballo, V.E. (2004). Conceptos actuales emotional events in violent offenders with
sobre los trastornos de personalidad. En antisocial personality disorder. Personality
V.E. Caballo (Ed.), Manual de los trastornos and Individual Differences, 38, 1657-1667.
de personalidad: descripción, evaluación y
tratamiento (pp.25-56). Madrid: Síntesis. Escovar, L. (1997). The Millon inventories:
Sociocultural considerations. En T. Millon
Cadenhead KS, Light GA, Geyer MA, Braff (Ed.), The Millon Inventories (pp.264-285).
DL (2000). Sensory gating deficits assessed New York: Guilford Press.
by the P50 event-related potential in subjects
with schizotypal personality disorder. Ameri- Farabaugh, A., Fava, M., Mischoulon, D.,
can Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 55-59. Sklarsky, K., Petersen, T. et al. (2005). Rela-
tionships between major depressive disorder
Casillas, A y Clark, L.A. (2002). Depen- and comorbid anxiety and personality disor-
dency, impulsivity and self-harm: traits ders. Comprhensive Psychiatry, 46, 266-271.
hypothesized to underlie the association
between cluster B personality and substance Farmer CM, O’Donnell BF, Niznikiewicz
use disorders. Journal of Personality Disor- MA, Voglmaier MM, McCarley RW, Shenton
ders, 16, 424-436. ME (2000). Visual perception and working
memory in schizotypal personality disorder.
Clark, L.A. (2005). Stability and change in American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 781-786.
personality pathology: revelations of three
longitudinal studies. Journal of Personality Flory, JD, Newcorn, JH, Miller, C, Harty,
Disorders, 19, 525-532. S, Halperin, JM (2007). Serotonergic function
in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity
Clark, L.A. (2007). Assessment and diag- disorder - Relationship to later antisocial per-
nosis of personality disorder: Perennial sonality disorder. British Journal of Psychia-
issues and emerging reconceptualization. try, 190, 410-414.
Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 227-257.
Fossati, A, Barratt, ES, Borroni, S, Villa, D,
Cloninger, C.R. (1998). The genetics and Grazioli, F, Maffei, C (2007). Impulsivity,
psycholbiology of the seven-factor model of aggressiveness and DSM-IV personality dis-
personality. En K.R.Silk (Eds.), Biology of orders. Psychiatry Research, 149, 157-167.
pesonality disorders (63-92). Washington,
DC: American Psychiatric Press. Fossati A, Novella L, Donati D, Donini M,
Maffei C (2002). History of childhood atten-
Cloninger, C.R. (2000). A practical way to tion deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms
dagnosis personality disorders: a proposal. and borderline personality disorder: A con-
Journal of Personality Disorders, 14, 99-108. trolled study. Comprehensive Psychhiatry,
43, 367-377.
Cloninger, C.R. (2007). Genética. En J.M.
Oldham, A.E. Skodol y D.S. Bender (Eds.), Furnam, A. y Crump, J. (2005). Pesonality
Tratado de los trastornos de la personalidad traits, types, and disorders: an examination
(pp. 145-156). Barcelona: Elsevier Masson. of the relationship betwen three self-report
measures. European Journal of Pesonality,
Costa, P.T. y McCrae, R.R. (1985). The 19, 167-184.
García Palacios, A. (2006). La terapia dia- Kremers, IP, Van Giezen, AE, Van der
léctico comportamental. Edupykhé, 5, 255- Does, AM, Van Dyck, R, Spinhoven, P
272. (2007). Memory of childhood trauma before
and after long-term psychological treatment
Gratz, KL, Rosenthal, MZ , Tull, MT, of borderline personality disorder. Journal Of
Lejuez, CW, Gunderson, JG (2006). An Behavior Therapy And Experimental Psychi-
experimental investigation of emotion dys- atry, 38, 1-10
regulation in borderline personality disorder.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 850- Krueger, R.F. (2005). Continuyty of Axes I
855. and II: toward a unified model of personality,
personality disorders, and clinical disorders.
Heim, A. y Westen, D. (2007). Teorías de Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 233-
la personalidad y trastornos de la personali- 261.
dad. En J.M. Oldham, A.E. Skodol y D.S.
Bender (Eds.), Tratado de los trastornos de la Lacey, J.H. y Evans, C.D. (1986). The
personalidad (pp. 17-36). Barcelona: Elsevier impulsivist: a multi impulsive personality dis-
Masson. order. British Journal of Addiction, 81, 641-
649.
Henry, C, Mitropoulou, V., New AS,
Koenigsberg, HW, Silverman, J, Siever, LJ Lara, DR, Pinto, O, Adiskal, K, Akiskal, HS
(2001). Affective instability and impulsivity in (2006). Toward an integrative model of the
borderline personality and bipolar II disor- spectrum of mood, behavioral and personali-
ders: similarities and differences. Journal of ty disorders based on fear and anger traits: I,
Psychiatric Research, 35, 307-312. clinical implications. Journal of Affective Dis-
orders, 94, 67-87.
Kernberg, O.F. (1996). A psychoanalytic
theory of personality disorders. En J.F. Lewis, M.D. (2000). Emotional self-organi-
Clarkin, y M.F. Lenzenweger (Eds.), Major zation at three time scales. En M.D. Lewis e I.
theories on personality disorder (pp.106- Granic (Eds.), Emotion, development and self-
140). New York: Guilford Press. organization: Dynamic systems approaches to
emotional development (pp. 37-69). Cam-
Klosko, J. y Young, J. (2004). Cognitive bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
therapy of borderline personality disorder. En
R.L. Leahy (Ed.), Contemporary cognitive Linehan, M.M. (1993a). Cognitive-behav-
therapy: theory, research and practice ioral treatment of borderline personality dis-
(pp.269-299). New York: Guilford Press order. New York: Guilford Press.
patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, Miller, J.D., Reynolds, SK y Pilkonis, P.A.
1060-1064. (2004). The validity of the Five-Factor Model
prototypes for personality disorders in two
Linehan, M.M., Bohus, M., Lynch, T.R. clinical samples. Psychological Assessment,
(2007). Dialectical Behavior Therapy for per- 16, 310-322.
vasive emotion dysregulation. En J.J. Gross
(Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. Millon, T. (1985). Personality disorders: a
581-605). New York: Guilford Press. biosocial learning approach. New York: Wiley
Linehan, M.M., Heard, H.L., y Armstrong, Millon, T. (1990). Toward a new personol-
H.E. (1993). Naturalistic folow-up of a behav- ogy: an evolutionary model. New York:
ioral treatment for chronically parasuididal Wiley-Interscience.
borderline patients. Archives of General Psy-
chiatry, 50, 971-975. Millon, T. (2002). Assessment is not
enough: the SPA should partipate in con-
Linehan, M.M., Tutek, D., Heard, H.L. et structing a comprehesive clinical science of
al. (1994). Interpersonal out-come of cogni- personality. Journal of Personality Assess-
tive-behavioral treatment for chronically sui- ment, 78, 209-218.
cidal borderline patients. American Journal
of Psychiatry, 5, 1771-1776. Mitropoulou V, Harvey PD, Zegarelli G,
New AS, Silverman JM, Siever LJ (2005).
Livesley, W.J. (2003). Diagnostic dilem- Neuropsychological performance in schizo-
mas in classifying personality disorder. En typal personality disorder: Importance of
K.A. Phillips, M.B. First y H.A. Pincus (Eds.), working memory. American Journal Of Psy-
Advancing DSM: Dilemmas in psychiatric chiatry 162, 1896-1903.
diagnosis (pp. 153-190). Washington, DC:
APA Morey, L.C. y Zanarini, M.D. (2000). Bor-
derline personality: traits and disorder. Jour-
Lynam, D.R. y Widiger, T.A. (2001). Using nal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 733-737.
the five-factor model to represent the DSM-
IV personality disorders: an expert consen- Muro C, Tomas C, Moreno L, Rubio V
sus approach. Journal of Abnormal Psychol- (2002). Perception of aggression, personality
ogy, 110, 401-412. disorders and psychiatric morbidity in nurs-
ing students. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavi-
Magai, C y Hunziker, J. (1998). “To bed- ca, 106, 118-120.
lam and part way back”.Discrete emotions
theory and borderline symptons. En W.F. Minzenberg MJ, Fisher-Irving M, Poole
Flack y J.D. Laird (Eds.), Emotions in Psy- JH, Vinogradov S (2006). Reduced self-refer-
chopatholoy (pp380-393). New York: Oxford ential source memory performance is associ-
Press ated with interpersonal dysfunction in bor-
derline personality disorder. Journal Of Per-
McClure, MM, Romero, MJ, Bowie, CR, sonality Disorders, 20, 42-54
Reichenberg, A, Harvey, PD, Siever, LJ
(2007). Visual-spatial learning and memory in O`Connor, B.P. (2002). The search for
schizotypal personality disorder: Continued dimensional structure differences between
evidence for the importance of working normaltiy and abnormality: a statistical revew
memory in the schizophrenia spectrum. of published data on personality and psy-
Archives Of Clinical Neuropsychology 22, chopathology. Journal of Personality and
109-116. Social Psychology, 83, 962-982.
Sieswerda, S, Arntz, A. y Kindt, M. (2007). Trull, T.J. y Durrett, C.A. (2005). Categori-
Successful psychotherapy reduces hypervig- cal and dimensional models of personality
ilance in borderline personality disorder. disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychol-
Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 35, ogy,1, 355-380.
387-402.
Trull, T.J., Widiger, T.A., Lynam, D.R. et
Sieswerda, S., Arntz, A., Mertens, I. y Ver- al. (2003). Borderline personality disorder
tommen, S. (2007). Hypervigilance in from the perspective of general personality
patients with borderline personality disorder: functioning. Journal of Abnormal Psycholo-
Specificity, automaticity, and predictors. gy, 112, 193-202.
Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 1011-
1024. Turkat, I.D. y Maisto, S.A. (1985). Person-
ality disorders: Application of the experimen-
Silbersweig, D, Clarkin, JF, Goldstein, M, tal method to the formulation and modifica-
Kernberg, OF, Tuescher, O, Levy, KN (2007). tion of personality disorders. En D.H. Barlow
Failure of frontolimbic inhibitory function in (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological dis-
the context of negative emotion in borderline orders: A step by step treatment manual.
personality disorder. American Journal Of New York: Guilford Press.
Psychiatry, 164, 1832-1841
Tyrer, P., Coombs, N., Ibrahimi, F., Mathi-
Skodol, A.E., Gunderson, J.G., Shea, lakath, A., Bajaj, P., et al. (2007). Critical
M.T., McGlashan, T.H.., Morey, L.C. et al. developments in the assessment of persona-
(2005). The collaborative Longitudinal Per- lity disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry,
sonality diorders Study (CLPS). Journal of Suppl. 49, 51-59.
Personality Diosrder, 19, 487-504.
Valenzuela, J. y Caballo, V.E. (2001). La
Stanley, B. y Brodsky, B.S. (2007). Ter- terapia de esquemas, de Young. En V.E.
apia dialéctica conductual. . En J.M. Old- Caballo (Ed.), Manual de los trastornos de
ham, A.E. Skodol y D.S. Bender (Eds.), personalidad: descripción, evaluación y
Tratado de los trastornos de la personalidad tratamiento (pp. 463-481). Madrid: Síntesis.
(pp. 309-322). Barcelona: Elsevier Masson.
Wells, A. (2000). Emotional Disorders &
Stevens A, Burkhardt M, Hautzinger M, Metacognition: Innovative Cognitive Therapy.
Schwarz J, Unckel C (2004). Borderline per- Chichester: Wiley.
sonality disorder: impaired visual perception
and working memory. Psychiatric Research, Widiger, T.A. y Costa, P.T. (2002). Five fac-
125, 257-267. tor model personality disorder research. En
P.T. Costa y Widiger, T.A. (Eds.), Personality
Svrakic, D.M., Draganic, S., Hill, K. et al. disorders and the Five Factor Model of Per-
(2002). Temperament, character, and perso- sonality, 2nd Edition (pp.59-87). Washington,
nality disorders: etiologic, diagnostic and tre- DC: American Psychological Association.
atment issues. Acta Psychiatrica Scandina-
vic, 106, 189-195. Widiger, T.A. y Mullins-Sweatt, M.A.
(2007). Modelos categoriales y dimensiona-
Szerman, N. (2004). Impulsividad y tras- les de los trastornos de personalidad. En
tornos de personalidad. En S. Ros Montal- J.M. Oldham, A.E. Skodol y D.S. Bender
bán, M.D. Peris Díaz y R. Gracia Marco (Eds.), Tratado de los trastornos de la perso-
(Eds.), Impulsividad (pp. 101-119). Barcelo- nalidad (pp. 37-55). Barcelona: Elsevier Mas-
na: Ars Medica. son.
Widiger, T.A. y Samuel, D.B. (2005). Diag- Young, J.E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for
nostic categories or dimensions? A question personality disorders. Sarasota, FL: Profes-
for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of sional Resources Press.
Mental Disorders –Fifth Edition. Journal of
Young, J.E., Klosko, J.S. y Weishaar, M.E.
Abnormal Psychology, 114, 494-504.
(2003). Schema therapy: a practitioner´s
guide. New York: Guilford Press.
Williams LM, Sidis A, Gordon E, Meares
RA (2006). “Missing links” in borderline per- Young, J.E. y Klosko, J. (2007). Terapia
sonality disorder: loss of neural synchrony de esquemas. En J.M. Oldham, A.E. Skodol
relates to lack of emotion regulation and y D.S. Bender (Eds.), Tratado de los trastor-
impulse control. Journal Of Psychiatry & nos de la personalidad (pp. 289-308). Barce-
Neuroscience, 31, 181-188 lona: Elsevier Masson.