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ESCUELA LIBRE DE DERECHO
2022 - 2023

APUNTES
TEORÍA DEL DERECHO

Javier Lozano Alarcón

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García Máynez, Eduardo. Ob Cit. p.51
29
Bonnecase, Julièn. Introducción al estudio del Derecho. Editorial Temis, Bogotá, 1982, p.81.
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31
De conformidad con los artículos 65, 66 y 67 de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, el
Congreso se reunirá a partir del primero de septiembre de cada año, para celebrar un primer periodo de sesiones
ordinarias, excepto cuando el Presidente de la República inicie su encargo en la fecha prevista en el artículo 83 de
esta Constitución, en cuyo caso se reunirá a partir del 1o. de agosto; y a partir del 1º de febrero de cada año para
celebrar un segundo periodo.
El primer periodo no podrá prolongarse sino hasta el 15 de diciembre del mismo año, excepto cuando el Presidente
de la República inicie su encargo (art. 83), en cuyo caso las sesiones podrán extenderse hasta el 31 de diciembre. El
segundo periodo no podrá prolongarse más allá del treinta de abril. Si no hay acuerdo de las Cámaras resolverá el
Presidente de la República.
El Congreso o una sola de las Cámaras se reunirán en sesiones extraordinarias, cada vez que los convoque para ese
objeto la Comisión Permanente, solo se ocuparán de los asuntos que exprese la convocatoria.
!!!
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32
Fraga, Gabino, Derecho Administrativo, 22a. ed., México, Ed. Porrúa, p. 29.
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33
La formación de leyes puede comenzar indistintamente en cualquiera de las dos Cámaras, con excepción de los
proyectos que se refirieren a empréstitos; contribuciones o impuestos, o sobre reclutamiento de tropas, las cuales
deberán discutirse primero en la Cámara de Diputados.
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Si no tiene
observaciones, lo
publicará
inmediatamente

Si lo aprueba pasa Deberá ser discutido

al Ejecutivo Es desechado en de nuevo por ésta, y si
El proyecto será ley
todo o en parte, lo fuese confirmado por
Sancionado con la misma y vuelve al
regresa a cámara de las dos terceras partes
mayoría ejecutivo para su
origen con del número total de
promulgación
observaciones votos, pasará otra vez a
la Cámara revisora

Si lo aprueba, lo
La aprueba con la misma
Es rechazado en su publicará
mayoría
totalidad y es Las observaciones son inmediatamente
regresado a cámara aprobadas por la Si lo reprobase, no podrá
de origen con mayoría absoluta volver a presentarse en el
observaciones mismo periodo de
sesiones.
Modificaciones son Si no tiene
Es discutido y aprobadas por la observaciones lo
aprobado, pasa a mayoría absoluta, pasa promulgará
la cámara de al ejecutivo34 inmediatamente
revisión

Si por mayoría absoluta de

votos presentes se
desecharen en esta
segunda revisión dichas
adiciones o reformas, Si no tiene
Es desechado en
Adiciones o reformas puede acordarse que la observaciones lo
parte, modificado o
hechas por la Cámara parte aprobada por ambas promulgará
adicionado y
revisora son cámaras siga su trámite de inmediatamente
regresa a cámara de
reprobadas por la promulgación y
origen
mayoría de votos en la publicación. El resto sería
Cámara de su origen, discutido en un próximo
volverán a cámara periodo de sesiones.
revisora

Insiste, por la mayoría

absoluta de votos
presentes, todo el proyecto
no volverá a presentarse
sino hasta el siguiente
periodo de sesiones35

El proyecto de ley
es desechado, no
puede presentarse
en las sesiones del
año

34
La nueva discusión girará en torno a las modificaciones de la cámara revisora, de ninguna manera sobre los artículos
ya aprobados.
35
A no ser que ambas Cámaras acuerden, por la mayoría absoluta de sus miembros presentes, que se expida la ley
o decreto sólo con los artículos aprobados, y que se reserven los adicionados o reformados para su examen y votación
en las sesiones siguientes.
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36
Las leyes secundarias, es decir aquellas aprobadas por el Congreso de la Unión) pueden clasificarse, de acuerdo a
la doctrina en:
1. Ordinarias o simpliciter, son aquellas dictadas por el Congreso de la Unión en ejercicio de la respectiva facultad
explícita sobre materia distinta de la Constitución misma.
2. Secundum quid, pueden ser orgánicas, reglamentarias o complementarias:
a. Orgánicas: Desarrollan el texto de la ley. Regulan la estructura o funcionamiento de algún órgano o
autoridad.
b. Reglamentarias: Aquellas normas que dividen a una disposición general en otras varias menos generales,
para facilitar su aplicación.
c. Complementarias: Adicionan o complementan algún texto constitucional que menciona la materia sin
estipular nada sobre la misma. (Por ejemplo las llamadas garantías individuales, hoy derechos humanos
fundamentales).
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37
Época: Novena Época. Registro: 183029. Instancia: Tribunales Colegiados de Circuito. Tipo de Tesis: Aislada.
Fuente: Semanario Judicial de la Federación y su Gaceta. Tomo XVIII, Octubre de 2003. Materia(s): Común.
Tesis: IX.1o.71 K. Página: 1039. Rubro: JURISPRUDENCIA. CONCEPTO, CLASES Y FINES.
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38
Véase “Principio de la plenitud hermética del Derecho”. Unidad Cuarta / Tema 2
39
Tesis: P./J.145/2000, Pleno, Semanario Judicial de la Federación, Novena Época.
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40
La reforma Judicial: su impacto en la integración y difusión de la jurisprudencia. SCJN Agosto 2021
41
En té r minos del artí c ulo Primero Transitorio, fracció n II, del Decreto que reformó la Ley de Amparo, publicado el 7 de
junio de 2021, las disposiciones relativas a los Plenos Regionales en sustitució n de los Plenos de Circuito entrará n en vigor
en un plazo no mayor a 18 meses contados a partir del 8 de junio de 2021, de conformidad con los acuerdos generales que
para tal efecto emita el Consejo de la Judicatura Federal.
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43
Artículo 2, inciso a), de la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados de 1969
44
Artículo 2º de la Ley sobre la Celebración de Tratados, publicada en el Diario Oficial de la Federación el 2 de enero
de 1992.
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Adoptado en San José de Costa Rica, el 22 de noviembre de 1960, suscrito por México el 18 de diciembre de 1980 y
publicado en el Diario Oficial de la Federación el 9 de enero de 1981.
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47
Véase Semanario Judicial de la Federación y su Gaceta, Décima época, t. 3, Libro XIII, Octubre de 2012,
p. 2038.
48
Carbonell, Miguel, El ABC de los Derechos Humanos y del Control de Convencionalidad, 2ª edición,
México, Porrúa, 2016, p. 37.
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49
De conformidad con el artículo 92 de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, todos los
reglamentos, decretos, acuerdos y órdenes del Presidente deberán estar firmados por el Secretario de Estado a que
el asunto corresponda, y sin este requisito no serán obedecidos. (Refrendo)
50
Véase “Acción de inconstitucionalidad” en Unidad Sexta / Tema 4
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51
Novena Época, Registro: 180240, Primera Sala, Jurisprudencia, Semanario Judicial de la Federación y su Gaceta,
XX, Octubre de 2004,Constitucional, Tesis: 1a./J. 80/2004, Pag: 264
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Ihering, Rudolf Von, Abreviatura del Espíritu del Derecho Romano, Ed. Artes Gráficas Clavileño SA., Madrid,
1962, p. 27
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53
Lariguet Guillermo, Dogmática jurídica y aplicación de normas. Un análisis de las ideas de autonomía de
ramas jurídicas y unidad del derecho; México; Fontamara; 2007.
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54
Garcia Maynez, Eduardo. Introducción a la lógica jurídica. Editorial Fontamara, México. 2014
55
La Ontología llamada también teoría del ser, se ocupa de la definición del ser y de establecer las categorías
fundamentales o modos generales de ser de las cosas a partir del estudio de sus propiedades.
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González Ibarra, Juan de Dios. Epistemología jurídica, cuarta edición. Editorial Porrúa, S.A. México. 2013
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Zuleta Puceiro, Enrique. Interpretación de la Ley. La Ley. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2003. p. 22.
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59
LA JURISPRUDENCIA EN MÉXICO. Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación, 2ª. Edición, México, 2005. p. 182.
60
Ibídem. p. 185 y 186.
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61
Aquella operación llevada a cabo por los intérpretes del derecho, mediante la cual se atribuye a un caso o a una
materia que no encuentra una reglamentación expresa en el ordenamiento jurídico, la misma disciplina prevista
por el legislador para un caso y para una materia similar.
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62
A este respecto, el artículo 14 de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos en sus párrafos 3
y 4 establece que: “…. En los juicios del orden criminal queda prohibido imponer, por simple analogía, y aún por
mayoría de razón, pena alguna que no esté decretada por una ley exactamente aplicable al delito de que se trata.
En los juicios del orden civil, la sentencia definitiva deberá ser conforme a la letra o a la interpretación jurídica de
la ley, y a falta de ésta se fundará en los principios generales del derecho.”
63
No. Registro: 177,924. Jurisprudencia. Materia(s): Constitucional. Novena Época. Instancia: Pleno. Fuente:
Semanario Judicial de la Federación y su Gaceta. XXII, Julio de 2005. Tesis: P./J. 87/2005. Página: 789. Acción de
inconstitucionalidad 26/2004 y sus acumuladas 27/2004 y 28/2004.
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64
No. Registro: 246,971. Tesis aislada. Materia(s): Común. Séptima Época. Instancia: Tribunales Colegiados de
Circuito. Fuente: Semanario Judicial de la Federación. 217-228 Sexta Parte. Tesis: Página: 353.
65
No. Registro: 177,274. Tesis aislada. Materia(s): Civil. Novena Época. Instancia: Tribunales Colegiados de Circuito.
Fuente: Semanario Judicial de la Federación y su Gaceta. XXII, Septiembre de 2005. Tesis: I.6o.C.357 C. Página:
1482. SEXTO TRIBUNAL COLEGIADO EN MATERIA CIVIL DEL PRIMER CIRCUITO.
66
Diego, Julián Arturo de, Manual de derecho del trabajo y de la seguridad social, Buenos Aires, Abeledo-Perrot,
1997, p. 59
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67
Véase “Los Tratados Internacionales” Unidad Tercera / Tema 5
68
La clasificación por su ámbito espacial de validez, supone un sistema nacional.
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Segundo Tribunal Colegiado del Sexto Circuito de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación, Octava Época, Fuente:
71

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Gerhard Casper, ex rector de Stamford y ex decano de la facultad de leyes de la Universidad de Chicago.
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/+?,+́! 2.1',!#,'8./'1',N[[!

74
Lasalle, Ferdinand. ¿Qué es una Constitución?, Ediciones Siglo Veinte, Buenos Aires, 1964.
75
Ibidem, p. 49
76
Ibidem, p. 55
77
Covian Andrade, Miguel. Teoría Constitucional, CEDIPC, 2da edición, México, 2000, p.58.
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78
Giusseppe Massini fue quien distinguió entre Patria y Estado en el Siglo XIX.
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79
Una federación es una agrupación de la misma naturaleza. Confederación es un pacto entre federaciones.
80
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Diccionario jurídico mexicano, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, UNAM, Tomo P-Z, México, 1992, p.p. 2935 y
2936.
82
Andrade Sánchez, Eduardo. Derechos del pueblo mexicano. México a través de sus constituciones. H. Cámara de
Diputados, LV Legislatura. p. 56.
83
Arnaiz Amigo, Aurora. Estructura del Estado. Ed. Mc. Graw Hill. Serie Jurídica, cuarta edición, México, 2003, p.74
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85
De conformidad con el artículo 78 de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, durante los recesos
del Congreso de la Unión habrá una Comisión Permanente, integrada por 37 miembros de los que 19 serán diputados
y 18 senadores, nombrados por sus respectivas cámaras la víspera de la clausura de los periodos ordinarios de
sesiones.
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86
Compuesta originalmente por 18 Estados Miembros, la Comisión de Derechos Humanos cuenta hoy con 53
miembros que se reúnen anualmente en Ginebra para analizar asuntos relativos a los derechos humanos,
desarrollar y codificar nuevas normas internacionales y realizar recomendaciones a los Gobiernos.
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