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El hombre de hierro : los límites sociales y naturales del capital Titulo

Bartra, Armando - Autor/a; Autor(es)


México Lugar
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, DCSH/UAM-X, Unidad Xochimilco Editorial/Editor
Editorial Itaca
Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México
2013 Fecha
Colección
Política; Capitalismo; Pensamiento crítico; Pensamiento latinoamericano; Temas
Libro Tipo de documento
"http://biblioteca.clacso.org/Mexico/dcsh-uam-x/20201026113803/El-Hombre-Hierro.pdf" URL
Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Derivadas CC BY-NC-ND Licencia
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.es

Segui buscando en la Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales de CLACSO


http://biblioteca.clacso.org

Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO)


Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais (CLACSO)
Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO)
www.clacso.org
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V XVWd Za egdXZhd YZ bdYZgc^oVX^‡ c S(((T 8YZb‚ h& [jZ iVbW^„ c Za eg^bZg ^ciZcid
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eg‚ Xi^XVh( Q Zc ZhiZ hZci^Yd [jZ jcV ^YZdad\ V gZVabZciZ gZegZhZciVi^kV& cd N
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egd\gZhdt fjZ adh XdcYZcVWVc V hZ\j^g aV ]jZaaV YZ hjh sVciZXZhdgZht #Vjc h^
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EVgm$& Vh adh XdciZhiViVg^dh YZ idYVh aVh eZg^[Zg^Vh hZ YZhbVgXVc YZ aVh
k^h^dcZh jc^a^cZVaZh n [ViVa^hiVh fjZ adh ZcXVYZcVc V jc Xjghd ]^hi‡ g^Xd egZ'
ZhiVWaZX^Yd( Q XjVcYd hZ igViV YZ hVXVg [jZgoVh YZ [aVfjZoV cd ]Vn YZ digV4 Za
+10 = D @GE9J= <= @A=JJG

hjejZhid VigVhd YZk^ZcZ seg^k^aZ\^dt& aV bVg\^cVX^‡ c [jZciZ YZ sXgZVi^k^YVYt


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ad iVcid ejZYZ hZg fjZ Vaa hjg_Vc ^cigdheZXX^dcZh b‚ h Xd]ZgZciZh YZ aVh deX^dcZh
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Zh aV eZgi^cZcX^V YZ adh eVgVY^\bVh Y^Xdi‡ b^Xdh #XVe^iVa^hiV'egZXVe^iVa^hiV$
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cd g^\Z Za VYZcigd n Za V[jZgV VWhdajidh n YdcYZ adh egZhjcidh VcVXg‡ c^Xdh hdc
Zc kZgYVY XdciZbedg‚ cZdh ejZh iVc XVe^iVa^hiV Zh Za XZcigd Xdbd aV eZg^[Zg^V(
D8 ;GFKHAJ8;A•F
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edaad sL^``Vt n aVh ]VbWjg\jZhVh V Ac\aViZggV& XdZm^hi^ZcYd
Xdc Za eZhXVYd n aVh eVeVh [g^iVh(

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Xg^eX^‡ c ZhigjXijgVa& Za gZ\gZhd YZ aVh ^YZci^YVYZh XdaZXi^kVh uV XdcigVeZad YZ
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cd h‡ ad gZ[jZgoV aV ^YZV YZ fjZ Za XVe^iVa^hbd gZVa Zh bjX]d b‚ h eajgVa n
Y^kZghd YZ ad fjZ „ a b^hbd fj^h^ZgV& h^cd fjZ edcZ ^\jVabZciZ YZ bVc^[^Zhid fjZ
adh kVadgZh& Xdhbdk^h^dcZh n eg‚ Xi^XVh ]^hi‡ g^XVbZciZ VXjbjaVYVh edg X^Zgidh
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aV XZcijg^V hZ ]^X^Zgdc XVYV kZo b‚ h k^h^WaZh n WZa^\ZgVciZh aVh b^cdg Vh fjZ
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cZh Vjidcdb V eda i^XV( Q Va b^hbd i^Zbed fjZ hZ gZVc^bVWVc n ZbWVgcZX Vc
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cZdcViVh& YZWjiVciZh& ZbZg\ZciZh( Q aVh ^YZci^YVYZh hZ YZhYdWaVc Zc b‚ h
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n Vidb^oVX^‡ c4 Zc dXVh^dcZh adh c‰ XaZdh ^YZci^iVg^dh hZ V\gjeVc iVbW^„ c Zc
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edcZg Zc Xg^h^h V adh \gVcYZh Xdc\adbZgVYdh egZhjciVbZciZ XVc‡ c^Xdh fjZ
[jZgdc aVh cVX^dcZh n aVh XaVhZh hdX^VaZh(

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n egde^Vh YZ aV cVijgVaZoV ]jbVcV& hdc k^hiVh Xdbd Vig^Wjidh bZiV[ h^Xdh
YZ jc hda^iVg^d gVY^XVa& aV hdX^ZYVY VeVgZXZg‚ Xdbd gZhjaiVYd YZ jc VXjZgYd
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D8 ;GFKHAJ8;A•F <= DGK <A>=J=FL=K +13

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n aVh iZcYZcX^Vh egd[jcYVh YZ aVh hdX^ZYVYZh XdciZbedg‚ cZVh aVh XjVaZh hZ
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jc^kZghVa^hbd ^cY^k^YjVa^hiV n Vci^eajgVa^hiV YZ Y^X]V egdejZhiV( Ij^h^ZgV
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eZgkZghVh& n edg Zaad hdc Zck^VYVh Va eVhVYd n hjh gZYjXidh& Va dg^ZciZ Zm‡ i^Xd
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YZ kVadgZh fjZ hdc gZ[ZgZciZ ^chdhaVnVWaZ YZ XjVafj^Zg egdnZXid ]^hi‡ g^Xd
cd gZ\gZh^kd( Q Zh fjZ egZX^hVbZciZ edg hj kdgVX^YVY Za YZa \gVc Y^cZgd Zh
jc h^hiZbV'bjcYd ^cXajnZciZ #Zc Za hZci^Yd \adWVa^[‚ \^Xd YZ ^cXajh^‡ c$ fjZ
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=a ^cY^k^Yjd egZhjciVbZciZ edgiVYdg YZ aV scVijgVaZoV ]jbVcVt Zh jcV


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