INSTITUCIÓN EDUCATIVA PARROQUIAL

“SANTA ROSA DE LIMA” – PIURA

Present perfect
Purpose : Opina en inglés como hablante y oyente sobre el contenido y el
propósito comunicativo del texto oral, y sobre las intenciones de los
interlocutores y el efecto de lo dicho en ellos a partir de su experiencia y el contexto
en el que se desenvuelve usando presente perfecto.

Formación del "present perfect"

El "present perfect" de cualquier verbo está compuesto por dos elementos: la forma
apropiada del verbo auxiliar to have (en presente) y el "past participle" del verbo principal.
La forma del "past participle" de un verbo regular es raíz+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked.

Afirmativa

Sujeto +to have +past participle

She ´s(has) visited.

Negativa

Sujeto +to have + not +past participle

She has not (hasn't) visited.

 Interrogativa

to have +sujeto +past participle

Has she visited?

Interrogativa negativa

to have + +sujeto +past participle

not

Hasn't she visited?

To Walk, "present perfect"

Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

I ´ve walked I haven't walked Have I walked?

You have walked You haven't walked. Have you walked?

 Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa

He, she, it has walked He, she, hasn't walked Has he, she, it walked?

We have walked We haven't walked Have we walked?

You have walked You haven't walked Have you walked?

They have walked They haven't walked Have they walked?

Funciones del "present perfect"

El "present perfect" se emplea para señalar un vínculo entre el presente y el pasado. El
tiempo en que transcurre la acción es anterior al presente pero inespecífico y, a menudo,
recae un mayor interés sobre el resultado que sobre la propia acción.

El "present perfect" se utiliza para describir

 Una acción o situación iniciada en el pasado y que continúa en el presente. I have
lived in Bristol since 1984 (= todavía vivo allí.)
 Una acción realizada durante un periodo de tiempo aún no concluido. Shehas
beento the cinema twice this week (= la semana todavía no ha terminado.)
 Una acción repetida en un periodo temporal inespecífico situado entre el pasado y el
presente. We have visited Portugal several times.
 Una acción que ha concluido en un pasado muy reciente, lo que se indica
mediante 'just'. I have just finished my work.
 Una acción para la cual no es importante el momento preciso en que
aconteció. He has read 'War and Peace'. (= lo relevante es el resultado de la
acción)
 Acciones iniciadas en el pasado y que continúan en el
presente
 They haven't lived here for years.
 She has worked in the bank for five years.
 We have had the same car for ten years.
 Have you played the piano since you were a child?

Cuando se hace referencia a un periodo temporal

inacabado
 I have worked hard this week.
 It has rained a lot this year.
 We haven't seen her today.

Acciones reiteradas en un periodo inespecífico, entre el

pasado y el presente.
 They have seen that film six times
 It has happened several times already.
 She has visited them frequently.
 We have eaten at that restaurant many times.

Acciones concluidas en un pasado muy reciente (+just)

 Have you just finished work?
 I have just eaten.
 We have just seen her.
 Has he just left?

Cuando la dimensión temporal no es relevante o

conocida
 Someone has eaten my soup!
 Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
 She's studied Japanese, Russian, and English.
1. Questions without question words in the Present
Perfect

Auxiliary
Auxiliary Subject Verb Rest Yes/No Subject
(+ n't)

Yes, I have.
the
Have you done No, I have not.
shopping?
No, I haven't.

Yes, she has.

Has Jane played basketball? No, she has not.
No, she hasn't.

Yes, they have.

Have they been to Canada? No, they have not.
No, they haven't.

2. Questions with question words in the Present

Perfect

Question
Auxiliary Subject Verb Rest Answer
word

I have tried to
to download
How often have you tried download the file
the file?
three times.

They have lived in

How long have they lived in Ottawa?
Ottawa since 2009.
 Question
Auxiliary Subject Verb Rest Answer
word

He has been at
Where has he been?
home.

Utilizamos los adverbios “already”, “just”, “still” y “yet” más a menudo en el presente perfecto,
aunque podemos usarlos en otros tiempos verbales. Estos adverbios se utilizan en referencia a tiempo y
su posición dentro de la oración depende de cuál de ellos estemos utilizando.

Already

“Already” se refiere a algo que ha pasado antes o más pronto de lo que se esperaba y es traducido como
“ya” en español. “Already” generalmente va entre el verbo auxiliar y el verbo.

Ejemplos:

They have already finished their homework.(Ya han acabado sus deberes.)
Jacob has already left work.(Jacob ya se ha ido del trabajo.)
The train has already arrived.(El tren ya ha llegado.)

Just

“Just” se utiliza para acciones que han ocurrido hace poco tiempo y se traduce como “acabar de” o
“justo”. Al igual que con “already”, “just” va antes del verbo o entre el auxiliar y el verbo en la
frase.

Ejemplos:

I just ate, but I’m already hungry again.(Acabo de comer pero ya tengo hambre de nuevo.)
Where are you ? I ´ve just left.(¿Donde está Jacob? Acaba de irse.)
Beth has just moved to New York.(Beth acaba de trasladarse a Nueva York.)

Still
Usamos “still” para acciones o acontecimientos que todavía no han ocurrido, sobre todo cuando
esperamos que ya hubieran ocurrido. Se traduce como “aún” o “todavía”. Es con frecuencia usado
también con otros tiempos verbales, pero “still” siempre va antes del verbo, independientemente del
tiempo verbal que utilicemos.

Ejemplos:

I took two pills, but I still have a headache.(He tomado dos pastillas, pero todavía tengo dolor de cabeza.)
Is Jacob still working at the hospital?(¿Jacob aún trabaja en el hospital?)
They still haven’t finished their homework.(Todavía no han acabado sus deberes.)

Yet

“Yet” es usado para algo que esperabamos que sucediera, pero todavía no ha pasado. Tendemos a
usarlo en frases negativas e interrogativas. En frases negativas puede ser traducido como "aún"’ o
“todavía” y en preguntas como “ya”. En contraste con los otros adverbios de esta lección, “yet” va al
final de la frase.

Ejemplos:

I’m really hungry. I haven’t eaten yet.(Tengo mucha hambre. Todavía no he comido.)
Jacob hasn’t left his job at the hospital yet.(Jacob todavía no se ha ido de su trabajo en el hospital.)
Have they finished their homework yet?(¿Ya han terminado sus deberes?)
Has the train arrived yet?(¿Ya ha llegado el tren?)
 Present Perfect | Already, Since, For, Yet, Just
Already

'Already' is an adverb used to show that something has happened early, or

earlier han expected.

 She has already sent an email to the manager.

Position of already

'Already' comes between 'have'/'has' and the past participle (i.e. the mid
position).

Note that:

Sometimes 'already' may come at the end of the sentence for greater
emphasis or to show greater surprise. This is especially common in informal
speaking:

 They've spent nearly a lot of money on it already.

It may also come in the front position:

 Already, the supporters of the newly elected president have occupied the
streets to celebrate the event.

Since
You can use 'since' when you are mentioning a time or event in the past and
indicating that a situation has continued from then until now.

 I haven't seen Lacy since 2014

Position

'Since' is used before a time when something began.

For

'For' is used to say how long something has lasted.

 I haven't seen him for two years.

Position

'For' is used before a period of time: for two years, for a long time, for a
week...

Yet

'Yet' is used in negative sentences to show that something has not

happened up to the present time. It is also used in interrogative forms to ask
if something has happened up to the present time.

 I haven't finished yet.

 Have you finished yet?

Position

‘Yet’ usually comes at the end of the sentence.

Just

'Just' is used to indicate that something happened in the immediate past,

that is a very short time ago.

 He has just called.

'Just' comes between 'have'/ 'has' and the past participle