Precalculo ejercicios otoño 2022

1
M. C. Luis Fernando Gómez Ceballos
1
Benemérita Universidad Autónoma dePuebla, Facultad de Ingenierı́a

July 2022
2
Capı́tulo 1

Números reales

1.1. Números reales, potencias, potencias y logaritmos

1.- Simplifique
2 2
3x5 y 4 −a3
   
4 −3 1 −5 2 2 4
c) (8x y ) x y , e) , f ) (4a b) ,
2 x0 y −3 2b
 −1 −1 −2 3 −1  −2 −3 −3  2 3 2  3 2 5
q r s p xy z a l a b
g) , h) , i) ,
r−5 sp5 q −8 x2 y 3 z −4 b c3 l6
2.- Simplifique la expresión, y racionalice el denominador cuando sea apropiado.
√4
p p p
a) 256 b) 6 (2u−3 v 4 )6 c) 5xy 2 10x3 y 3
r r s s
4 4 8 3 3 4
3 3x y 5 5x y 5 8x 5 4x
d) e) f )
9x 27x2 y4 y2
√
r r
4 3t3 64tr p4 12 y 24 z6, 3
g) 4 7 7
k) 2624400x l) 1944a1 2b3 c5
125r s 5s
3.- Simplifique
−2
cos2 θ sin3 ϕ cos4 θ sin3 ϕ cos ϕ
  
4
a) b) tan θ sin ϕ
sin12 θ cos4 θ sin4 ϕ cos θ
sin4 r sin12 s sin−11 t sin ϕ cos−r ϕ
 s 
m n
c) d) tan θ sin θ
cos6 s sin−3 t cos−s θ
4.- Use productos notables (productos especiales) o Binomio de Newton para desarrollar el
producto simplificado.
√ √ √ √
a) (3x − y)(x + y), b) (u − 4 5)(u + 4 5), c) (x − x − 2)(x + x − 2),
d) (e3x − e3y )(e3x + e3y ), e) (sin θ + sin α)(sin θ − sin α), f ) (tan3 α + sec3 α)2 ,
p p
j) (π − x)5 , k) (tan α + sec α)2 (tan α − sec α)2 , l) ( h2 + 1 + 1)3 ( h2 + 1 − 1)3 ,
5.-Use una formula especial de factorización para simplificar la expresión..
c) r3 − y 6 e) ln6 (x − 5) + ln6 (x + 5), f ) (sin θ + 3)2 − 4,
g) 1331a3 + 343b3 , h) 1 + 1000y 3 , i) cos4 α − tan4 α
6.- En cada uno de los ejercicios expresar el logaritmo dado en función de logaritmos de
expresiones más sencillas.
x2 − 1 x2 x(x + 2)2
a) logb , b) logb , c) logb ,
x2 − 4 x3 + 1 (x − 2)4
√ r
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
d) logb , e) logb ,
3x2 x2 + 2

3
4 CAPÍTULO 1. NÚMEROS REALES

7.- En cada uno de los ejercicios, hallar la función inversa de la función dada.
1 bx − 1 bx + 1
a) y = , b) y = , c) y = ,
1 − bx bx + 1 bx − 1
√
bx + b−x
 x
1 ± 1 − x2

b +1
d) y = , e) y = exp x i) y = logb
2 b −1 x
8.- Compruebe la igualdad:
√
1 3+2 2 √
logb √ = logb (3 + 2 2). (1.1)
2 3−2 2
√ √
√ √

logb x + 3 + x + 2 = − logb x+3− x+2 . (1.2)
 p   p 
logb x ± x2 − 1 = ± logb x + x2 − 1 . (1.3)

9.- Resuelva la ecuación:

a) log x − log(x − 2) = log 2, b) log x + log(x − 1) = log 6,

c) ln 12 − ln(x − 1) = ln(x − 2)

10.- Transforma la ecuación dada en otras que no contengan logaritmos

ln x + ln y = ln 4, (1.4)
log(x + y) + log(x − y) = 0 (1.5)
2 ln 2x − ln(z + 2y) = ln(z − 2y) (1.6)
ln x + 2 ln y − x − y = z − 3 ln z (1.7)

Aplicaciones
1. Crecimiento de población. Muchos paı́ses del mundo tienen un ı́ndice de crecimiento de po-
blación del 3 % (o más)por año. Con esta tasa, ¿cuánto tardará una población en duplicarse
(al entero más próximo)? Usar el modelo de crecimiento de la población

P = P0 (1,03)t

2. Determinación de edad mediante carbono 14. ¿Cuánto tiempo (con tres cifras significativas)
tardará el carbono 14 en disminuir al 1 % de la cantidad inicial después de la muerte de
una planta o animal?
A = A0 e0,000124t
donde t es el tiempo en años.

3. Absorción de rayos x. Despejar I en términos de las otras literales de la ecuación

x = −(1/k) ln(I/I0 )

4. Interés compuesto continuo. Despejar r en la ecuación A = P ert . Escoger entre logaritmos

comunes o decimales el que permita un proceso más sencillo.

5. Presión atmosférica. Si la temperatura es constante, entonces la presión atmosférica P (lb/pulg2 )

varı́a con la altura sobre el nivel del mar h de acuerdo con la ley

P = P0 e−kh

donde P0 es la presión atmosférica al nivel del mar y k es una constante. Si la presión

atmosférica es 15 lb/pulg2 a 4000 pies de altura, determine la presión atmosférica a una
altura de 12000 pies.
1.1. NÚMEROS REALES, POTENCIAS, POTENCIAS Y LOGARITMOS 5

Figure 4

√
6. The point on a coordinate line corresponding to 2 may be determined by constructing
a right triangle√with sides
√ of length 1, as shown in the figure 4. Determine the points that
correspond to 3 and 5, respectively. (Hint: Use the Pythagorean theorem.)

7. Trout population. A pond is stocked with 1000 trout. Three months later, it is estimated
that 600 remain. Find a formula of the form N = N0 act that can be used to estimate the
number of trout remaining after t months.

8. Electrical current The current I(t) in a certain electrical circuit at time t is given by
I(t) = I0 eRt/L , where R is the resistance, L is the inductance, and I0 is the initial current
at t = 0. Find the value of t, in terms of L and R, for which is 1 % of I0 .

9. Earthquake area in the West. In the western United States, the area A (in mi2 ) affected
by an earthquake is related to the magnitude R of the quake by the formula

R = 2,3 log(A + 3000) − 5,1

Solve for A in terms of R.

10. Sound intensity. The sound intensity level formula is: .

 
I
α = 10 log
I0

(a) Solve for I in terms of α and I0 .

(b) Show that a one-decibel rise in the intensity level α corresponds to a 26 % increase in
the intensity I.

11. Discuss how many solutions the equation

log5 x + log7 x = 11

has. Solve the equation using the change of base formula.

12. Number of Molecules A sealed room in a hospital, measuring 5 m wide, 10 m long, and 3
m high, is filled with pure oxygen. One cubic meter contains 1000 L, and 22.4 L of any gas
contains 6,0223 molecules (Avogadro’s number). How many molecules of oxygen are there
in the room?

13. How Far Can You See? Because of the curvature of the earth, the maximum distance D
that you can see from the top of a tall building of height h is estimated by the formula
p
D = 2rh + h2

where r = 3960 mi is the radius of the earth and D and h are also measured in miles.
How far can you see from the observation deck of the Toronto CN tower, 1135 ft above
the ground? (Figure 7) Express the result in international units system
6 CAPÍTULO 1. NÚMEROS REALES

Figure 7

14. Volume of Concrete A culvert is constructed out of large cylindrical shells cast in concrete,
as shown in the figure 12. Using the formula for the volume, explain why the volume of
the cylindrical shell is
V = πR2 h − πr2 h
Factor to show that V = 2π(avetage radius)(height)(thickness). Use the unrolle diagram
to explain why this makes sense geometrically.

Figure 12
Capı́tulo 2

Números complejos

2.1. Números Complejos

1.- Sea z1 = 3 − 5i, z2 = 1 − i, z3 = 1 − i, z4 = 2i y z5 = 1 + 2i, z6 = 3 + 2i Calcular
    
z1 z3 z 3 z2 z4 z 1 z2 z5 − z6
a) + b) (z1 − z¯5 ) c)
i z4 z2 − z 4 z1 + z5 z4
  !  
z6 z1 − z2¯z3 (z6 − z1 )z3 z3 z 2 z5
d) e) f) −
z5 − z6 z6 − z3 z2 z6 z3

2.- En cada uno de los ejercicios efectuar las operaciones indicadas y expresar el resultado en
forma canónica
√ √ √
√ √ √

a) −1 + −2 − −3 −1 − −2 + −3
√ √ √
√ √ √

b) −3 + −2 − −1 −3 + −2 + −1

3.- Encuentre los valores de x y y, donde x y y son números reales.

a) (1 + i) x + (−2 + 5i) y= − 4 + 17i

b) (1 + i)(x + 2y) − (3 − 2i)(x − y) = 8 + 3i

4.- Exprese el número complejo en su forma polar y exponencial con 0 ≤ θ < 2π

√ √
1 3 1 3
a) − + , b) − , c)1 + cos α + i sin α
2 2 2 2
√  √ 
d) − i, e) − 4 + 3i, f) 1 − 3 − i 1 + 3

5.- Use el teorea de Moivre’s para cambiar el complejo dado a la forma canónica.
√ √ !6 6
3 3√

2 2
a) + i b) − + 3i c) i6
2 2 2 2
√ √ !5
 √ 4 2 2
d) 23 e) −1 + 3i f) − +
2 2
2 3
i5 + 2
 
4 1−i
g) (sin α + i (cos α − 1)) h) i)
i19 + 1 1+i
√ !20
 √ −6 1+ 3
j) (1 + i)8 1 − 3 k) l) (−i)6
1−i

7
8 CAPÍTULO 2. NÚMEROS COMPLEJOS

6.- Calcule la potencia de los siguientes números complejos

√
I) (3 − 3i)−12 , II) (2 − i)−4 III) ( 3 + i)−6
√ √
IV ) (1 + 3i)−5 V ) (2 − 8i)−6 V I) (1 − i)−4

7.- Calcule la raı́z indicada, y represente el resultado gráficamente.

a) z 4 = 1 + i, b) z 3 = −2i, c) z 6 = −4,
√
1 3
d)z 4 = − + i e) (−i)1/4 f ) i1/4
2 2 s √
4 1 3i  √ 1/4
g) 51/5 h) + i) 4 − 4 3i
2 2
 √ 1/8
j)−128 + 128 3i k) i1/9 l) (−4)1/4
√ √
q q q
4
ñ) (2 − 2i)4
5
m) −1 + 3i n) 2 3 + 2i
√
o) i

Análisis
1. Hallar la expresión general para los siguientes ejercicios (n ϵ N )
√ n h √  √ in
a) 3+i , b) 1 + 3 + i 1 − 3
1 + sin ϕ + i cos ϕ n
 
c) d) [sin ϕ − sin θ + (cos ϕ − cos θ)]n
1 + sin ϕ − i cos ϕ

2. Resuelva los siguientes sistemas de ecuaciones lineales:

a)(3 − i)z1 + (4 + 2i)z2 = 1 + 3i

(4 + 2i9)z1 − (2 + 3i)z2 = 7

b)(2 + i)z1 + (2 − i)z2 = 6

(3 + 2i)z1 + (3 − 2i)z2 = 8

3. use the graph of the roots of a complex number.

(a) Write each of the roots in trigonometric form.

(b) Identify the complex number whose roots are given. (Figure 13)

Figure 13
2.2. POLINOMIOS Y FRACCIONES PARCIALES 9

2.2. Polinomios y fracciones parciales

1.- En cada uno de los ejercicios resolver la ecuación dada por factorización y si no es posible
hacerlo completando cuadrado. Comprobar los resultados utilizando fórmula general.
a) 3y 2 + 3y − 1 = 0, b) x2 − 2x + 2 = 0, c) 6z 2 + z − 2,
e) 3s2 − 3s − 2 = 0, f ) 3y − 3y + 2 = 0, g) 4x2 − 4x + 1 = 0,
3.- Use la formula cuadrática para resolver la ecuación (i) x en términos de y y (ii) y en
términos de x.
a) 4x2 − 4xy + 1 − y 2 = 0, b) 2x2 − xy = 3y 2 + 1
4.-En cada uno de los ejercicios determinar el valor de k para que la ecuación tenga raı́ces iguales.
a) kx2 + b8x + 4 = 0, b) x2 − 3kx + 9 = 0, c) x2 + kx + 8 = k,
d) x2 + 3k + 1 = (k + 2)x, e) (k + 4)x2 − 1 = (2k + 2) − k, f ) (k − 1)x2 − 2kx + k 2 = 0
5.- Calcular el valor de k para que la suma de las raı́ces de la ecuación 2kx2 − (12k + 1) + 12 = 0
sea 7.
6.- Hallar el valor de k para que el producto de las raı́ces de la ecuación (k−2)x2 −5x+2k = 0
sea 6.
7.- Encuentre todos los valores de k tal que sea divisible por el polinomio lineal.
a) f (x) = kx3 + x2 + k 2 x + 3k 3 + 11, x+2
2 3
b) f (x) = k x − 4kx + 3; x+3
9.Resolver la ecuación dada como ecuación de forma cuadrática.
a) x4 − 17x2 + 16, b) 2x4 + 17x2 − 9 = 0,
c) x + x1/2 − 6 = 0, d) x1/2 − 3x1/4 + 2 = 0,
e) x1/3 + 2x−1/3 − 3 = 0, f ) x + x1/2 − 6 = 0,
1 2 x−1 2
       
1 x−1
g) x + + x+ = 12 h) 3 −4 = 4,
x x x x
x2 − 2 x p
i) 2 − 2 = 1, j) x2 + 2x + x2 + 2x + 10 − 20 = 0,
x x −2
10.- En cada uno de los ejercicios resolver la ecuación con radicales y comprobar si aparecen
raı́ces extrañas.
√ √ √ √
a) x + 2 + x + 7 = 5, b) x + 2 − x + 7 = 5,
r
√ √ √
q q
c) 1 + 3 + 6x = 2, d) x − 1 − x + x = 1,

11.-Hallar las raices de los polinomios.

a) x3 + x2 − 4x + 6 = 0 b) x3 − 4x2 + 14x − 20 = 0
c) x4 − 6x3 + 14x2 − 14x + 5 = 0, d) x4 + 5x3 + 6x2 − 4x − 8
e) x4 − 9x3 + 22x2 − 32 f ) x4 + 4 = 0
g) x6 + 1 = 0 h) 3 + 6s + 7s2 + 5s3 + 2s4 + s5 = 0

i) −32 − 72x − 164x2 − 286x3 − 141x4 + 8x5 + 12x6 = 0

j) 758u4 + 120u5 + 108 + 684u + 1581u2 + 1649u3 = 0
k) 9 + 111x + 364x2 + 151x3 + 85x4 − 168x5 + 36x6 = 0
l) 50 + 105x + 172x2 + 226x3 + 194x4 + 137x5 + 72x6 + 16x7 = 0
m) −3375 − 2025x + 2115x2 + 1405x3 − 49x4 − 119x5 − 3x6 + 3x7 = 0
10 CAPÍTULO 2. NÚMEROS COMPLEJOS

13.- En cada uno de los ejercicios descomponer la fracción dada en sus fracciones parciales
simples.

3 + 13x + 8x2 7x
a) + x3 b)
−2 − x + 2x2 2x2 − 5x − 3

x3 + 2x2 − 1 9 + 8x
c) d)
x2 + x − 6 x3 + 5x2 + 8x + 4

4x4 − 3x2 + 6x − 3 2x4 − 4x2 − x + 2

e) f)
−1 + x + 2x2 − 2x3 − x4 + x5 (x2 − x)2

2x2 + x + 3 −10x2 − 24x − 48

g) h)
x4 + 5x2 + 6 (x2 − x − 6)(x2 + x + 2)

2x4 + 4x3 + 4x2 + x − 6 x2 − 3x + 2

i) j)
x4 + x3 + 3x2 x4 − 4x3 − 3x2 + 2x + 1

x4 − x3 + 3x2 + 12x − 10 s4 + 1
k) l)
x4 − 8x3 + 3x2 + 2x − 1 3s4 − 13s3 + 14s2 + 4s − 8
16.- Discriminant Use the discriminant to determine the number of real solutions of the
equation. Do not solve the equation.

a) x3 − 6x + 2 = 0, b) 3x2 = 6x − 9, c) x2 + 2,20x + 1,21 = 0,

d) x2 + 2,21x + 1,21 = 0, e) 4x2 + 5x = −13/8, f ) x2 + 7x = 8

17.- find the three solutions of the equation x3 = 64.

Aplicaciones
1. Una parcela rectangular de tierra tiene un área de 5000 pies cuadrados. Una diagonal entre
esquinas opuestas mide 10 pies más que un lado de la parcela (ver fig 1). ¿Cuáles son las
dimensiones de la tierra, corresctas hasta el pie más próximo?

Figura 1.

2. Una caja abierta con un volumen de 1500 cm3 se contruirá con una pieza de cartón de
20 por 40 cm, cortando cuadros de longitud lateral x cm en cada esquina (veasé fig. 2), y
doblando los lados hacia arriba. Muestre que esto se puede hacer en dos formas distintas
y encuentre la dimensiones exactas de la caja en cada caso.
2.2. POLINOMIOS Y FRACCIONES PARCIALES 11

Figura 2

3. Una tienda de campaña, hecha de lona, se va a construir en forma de pirámide con base
cuadrada. Un poste de 8 pies formará el soporte del centro, como se ilustra en la figura
3. Encuentre la longitud x de un costado de la base para que la cantidad total de lona
necesaria para los costados y fondo sea de 384 pies cuadrados.

Figura 3

4. Braking distance. The distance that a car travels between the time the driver makes the
decision to hit the brakes and the time the car actually stops is called the braking distance.
For a certain car traveling ν mi/hr, the braking distance d (in feet) is given by d =
ν + (ν 2 /20).
(a) Find the braking distance when ν is 55 mi/hr .
(b) If a driver decides to brake 120 feet from a stop sign, how fast can the car be going
and still stop by the time it reaches the sign?

5. Fencing a region. A farmer plans to enclose a rectangular region, using part of his barn
for one side and fencing for the other three sides. If the side parallel to the barn is to be
twice the length of an adjacent side, and the area of the region is to be 128 ft2 , how many
feet of fencing should be purchased?

6. Dimensions of an oil drum. A closed right circular cylindrical oil drum of height 4 feet is
to be constructed so that the total surface area is 10π ft2 . Find the diameter of the drum.

7. Deer propagation A herd of 100 deer is introduced onto a small island. Assuming the
number N (t) of deer after t years is given by N (t) = −t4 + 21t2 + 100 (for t > 0),
determine when the herd size exceeds 180.
12 CAPÍTULO 2. NÚMEROS COMPLEJOS
Capı́tulo 3

Trigonometrı́a

3.1. Trigonometrı́a

1.- If a circular arc of the given length s subtends the central angle θ on a circle, find the
radius of the circle.

π 13π
a) θ = 4, s = 10cm b) θ = , s = 3km c)θ = s = 10m
9 15

2.- (i) Find the length of the arc of the colored sector in the figure 2. (ii) Find the area of
the sector.

Figure 2

3.- Encuentre el valor exacto de la función trigonométrica del número real dado.

7π 17π 5π
a) cos 4π b) tan c) cos d) tan
  6  6 3
−π −π 7π 7π
e) cos f ) sec g) cos h) sin
6 3 4 4

13
14 CAPÍTULO 3. TRIGONOMETRÍA

4.-Muestre la identidad
√ √
0 sin x + 3 cos x  π 3 tan x + 1
a) sin(x + 60 ) = b) tan s + = √
2 6 3 − tan x
sin(ϕ − θ) sin 4y
c) tan ϕ − tan θ = , d) = tan 2y,
cos ϕ cos θ 1 + cos 4y
2 tan(u/2) sin 4t
e) = sin u, f ) cot 2t = ,
1 + tan2 (u/2) 1 − cos 4t
1 + sec 2A cos 2r 1 + tan r
g) 2 cos2 A = h) =
sec 2A 1 − sin 2r 1 − tan r
sin(A + B) tan A + tan B sin 2x cos x x
i) = j) = tan
sin(A − B) tan A − tan B (1 + cos 2x)(1 + cos x) 2
1 + tan2 t sec 2γ − 1
k) = sec 2t, l) = tan2 γ,
1 − tan2 t sec 2γ + 1
1 + sin u − cos u u 1 − cos 6α
m) = tan , n) = sec2 3α − 1
1 + sin u + cos u 2 1 + cos 6α
sin 5ν + sin ν
o) = 1 + 2 cos 2ν p) sin3 t + cos3 t = (1 − sin t cos t) (sin t + cos t)
sin 3ν − sin ν

4.- Verifique la identidad transformando el lado izquierdo en el lado derecho.

a) (tan θ + cot θ) tan = sec2 θ, b) (1 − sin2 θ)(1 + tan2 θ) = 1, c) sec θ − cos θ = tan θ sin θ
sin θ + cos θ 1 + cos2 3α sin(β/2) cos(β/2)
d) = 1 + tan θ, e) = 2 csc2 3α, f) + =1
cos θ sin2 3α csc(β/2) sec(β/2)

5.- Verifique la identidad.

a) log cscθ = − log sin θ b) log tan θ = log sin θ − log cos θ
c) ln |sec θ + tan θ| = − ln |sec θ − tan θ|

7.- Periodic Functions Graph the following functions. From the graph, determine whether
the function is periodic; if it is periodic, find the period.

a) y = |sin x| b) y = sin |x| c) x − [x]

2
d) cos(sin x) e) cos(x )

8.- Find the period, and graph the function.

 π  π 1
a) y = 3 tan x + b) y = sec x + c) y = tan(πx − π)
4 4 2
 π
d) y = tan 2 x − e) y = 4 sin(3x + π) f ) y = 4 sin(x + 3π)
3
g) f (x) = arc cos(x − 2) h) f (x) = 3 arcsin(x + π) g) arctan(x + 2)
h) f (x) = arc cos(2x + 1) i) f (x) = arcsin(2x + π)

9.- Utilice identidades trigonométricas y la formula de Moivre para calcula la raı́z del complejo
dado.

a) (cos β + i(1 − sin β))1/2 b) (sin α + i(1 − cos α))1/2

3.1. TRIGONOMETRÍA 15

Applications
1. A tornado’s core A simple model of the core of a tornado is a right circular cylinder that
rotates about its axis. If a tornado has a core diameter of 200 feet and maximum wind
speed of 180 mi/hr (or 264 ft/sec ) at the perimeter of the core, approximate the number
of revolutions the core makes each minute.

2. Earth’s rotation. Earth rotates about its axis once every 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4
seconds. Approximate the number of radians Earth rotates in one second.

3. Earth’s rotation. Refer to Exercise 2. The equatorial radius of Earth is approximately

3963.3 miles. Find the linear speed of a point on the equator as a result of Earth’s rotation.

4. Length of a shadow. A straight road makes an angle of 150 with the horizontal. When the
angle of elevation of the sun is 570 , a vertical pole at the side of the road casts a shadow
75 feet long directly down the road, as shown in the figure 7. Approximate the length of
the pole.

Figure 4 Figure 5

5. Sighting from a helicopter. A helicopter hovers at an altitude that is 1000 feet above a
mountain peak of altitude 5210 feet, as shown in the figure 2. A second, taller peak is
viewed from both the mountaintop and the helicopter. From the helicopter, the angle of
depression is 430 , and from the mountaintop, the angle of elevation is 180 .
(a) Approximate the distance from peak to peak.
(b) Approximate the altitude of the taller peak.

6. Flight distance. An airplane flies 165 miles from point A in the direction 1300 and then
travels in the direction 2450 for 80 miles. Approximately how far is the airplane from A?
16 CAPÍTULO 3. TRIGONOMETRÍA

7. Jogger’s course. A jogger runs at a constant speed of one mile every 8 minutes in the
direction S400 E for 20 minutes and then in the direction N200 E for the next 16 minutes.
Approximate, to the nearest tenth of a mile, the straightline distance from the endpoint
to the starting point of the jogger’s course.

8. Angle of a box. The rectangular box shown in the figure 3 has dimensions 8′′ × 6′′ × 4′′
Approximate the angle formed by a diagonal of the base and a diagonal of the 6′′ × 4′′
side.

Figure 12

9. Seismology. Seismologists investigate the structure of Earth’s interior by analyzing seismic

waves caused by earthquakes. If the interior of Earth is assumed to be homogeneous, then
these waves will travel in straight lines at a constant velocity ν. The figure 9 shows a
cross-sectional view of Earth, with the epicenter at E and an observation station at S. Use
the law of cosines to show that the time t for a wave to travel through Earth’s interior
from E to S is given by
2R θ
t= sin
ν 2
where R is the radius of Earth and θ is the indicated angle with vertex at the center of
Earth.

Figure 9

10. Distances in a baseball. diamond A baseball diamond has four bases (forming a square)
that are 90 feet apart; the pitcher’s mound is 60.5 feet from home plate. Approximate the
distance from the pitcher’s mound to each of the other three bases.

11. Penrose tiles. Penrose tiles are formed from a rhombus ABCD having sides of length 1 and
an interior angle of 720 . First a point P is located that lies on the diagonal AC and is a
distance 1 from vertex C, and then segments P B and P D are drawn to the other vertices
3.1. TRIGONOMETRÍA 17

of the diagonal, as shown in the figure 5. The two tiles formed are called a dart and a kite.
Three-dimensional counterparts of these tiles have been applied in molecular chemistry.

(a) Find the degree measures of ∠BP C, ∠AP B and ∠ABP

(b) Approximate, to the nearest 0.01, the length of segment BP .
(c) Approximate, to the nearest 0.01, the area of a kite and the area of a dart

Figure 13

12. Temperature in Fairbanks The expected low temperature T (in 0 F) in Fairbanks, Alaska,
may be approximated by
 
2π
T = 36 sin (t − 101) + 14
365

where t is in days, with corresponding to January 1. For how many days during the year
is the low temperature expected to be below −40 F?

13. Constructing a rain gutter Shown in the figure 6 is a design for a rain gutter.
(a) Express the volume V as a function of θ. (b) Approximate the acute angle θ that
results in a volume of 2 ft3 .

Figure 13

14. Height of Cloud Cover To measure the height of the cloud cover at an airport, a worker
shines a spotlight upward at an angle 750 from the horizontal. An observer 600 m away
measures the angle of elevation to the spot of light to be 450 . Find the height h of the
cloud cover.
18 CAPÍTULO 3. TRIGONOMETRÍA

Figure 14
Capı́tulo 4

Desigualdades y funciones

4.1. Desigualdades
1.- Resuelva la ecuación
 
 5x − 2 
a) |x + 4| = 11, b) 2 |5x + 2| − 1 = 5, f) 
 =7
x+3 

2.- Resuelva la desigualdad y exprese las soluciones en términos de intervalos siempre que
sea posible.

a) (2x − 3)(4x + 5) ≤ (8x + 1)(x − 7) b) (x − 3)(x + 3) ≥ (x + 5)2 c) (x − 4)2 > x(x + 12)
4 3 4
d) ≥ 0, e) ≤ 0, f) 2 > 0,
3x + 2 2x + 5 x +4
g) x4 + 5x2 ≥ 36, h) x4 + 15x2 < 6, i) x4 + 15x2 < 16,
x2 (x + 2) x+5 x−2
j) ≤ 0, k) ≤0 l) ≥ 0,
(x + 2)(x + 1) x2 − 7x + 12 x2 − 3x − 10

3.- Resuélvanse las desigualdades y exprese las soluciones en términos de intervalos.

     
x − 2 x + 1 x + 1
a)  <2 b)  ≥4 c)  ≤2
3  2  x − 1
 2   2   
x − 1 x − 4  x+2 
d) 
  ≥ 0, e)   < 3, f)  2
  < 1,
x+4  x−3  x − 4

4.2. Funciones
4.- Encuentre el dominio de la función.
x 5t + 4 1
a) f (x) = , b) f (t) = , c) h(s) = √
3x − 1 t2 + 3t + 2 x2 − 5x
√ √3 √ √
d) f (t) = t + t, e) g(u) = u + 4 − u,

6.- Evalúe el cociente de diferencia de la función que se proporciona (no olvides simplificar).

f (3 + h) − f (3)
i. − f (x) = 4 + 3x − x2 ,
h
f (a + h) − f (a)
ii. − f (s) = s3 ,
h
t+3 f (t) − f (1)
iii. − f (t) = ,
t+1 t−1

19
20 CAPÍTULO 4. DESIGUALDADES Y FUNCIONES

7.- Encuentre las funciones f + g, f − g, f g y f /g, y su dominio.

a) f (x) = x3 + 2x2 , g(x) = 3x2 − 1
√ √
b) f (x) = 1 + x, g(x) = 1 − x
c) f (x) = ln(x − 1), g(x) = ex + 1
8.- (a) Grafique la función f . (b) Encuentre el dominio D y el rango de la función, (c) Eprese
los intervalos en el cual la función es creciente, decreciente o constante.

a) f (x) = 5, b) f (t) = t2 − 6t, c) f (x) = |2x + 1| ,

|x|
d) g(x) = 2 , e) y = 2x , f ) y = e3x−1
x
3t
g) y = 3e , h) y = 2 ln (2x + 1), i) tan (2t − (π/3))
r
x−2
j) f (x) = , k) f (x) = cos (3x + 2), l) f (t) = 3 cos x + 2
x+2
r r r
t−1 t+2 s−3
m)f (t) = , n) g(t) = , u) g(s) =
t2 − 2 t2 − 4 4 − s2
v) h(x) = 1 − ln(x − 1) w) r(t) = 3 + ln(t + 1) x) s(t) = 3 − ln(t + 7)
y) r = 2 sin α cos α z) r = sec2 β − tan2 β
9.- Encuentre las funciones f ◦ g, g ◦ f, g ◦ g, f ◦ f , ası́ como sus dominios, contradominios,
y describa la función dada (propiedades de paridad, acotamiento, creciente o decreciente y
pariodicidad)
1
a)f (x) = 1 − x3 , g(x) = , b)f (x) = sin x, g(x) = 1 − x,
√ x
c)f (x) = 2x + 3, g(x) = x2 + 1,
En el siguiente ejercicio argumente su respuesta (nota todas funciones tienen el mismo dominio).
10.- - La figura 10 muestra la gráfica de y = x4 − 3x3 − x2 + 3x. Use la gráfica para contestar lo
siguiente:
(a) Encuentre las soluciones de la ecuación0 = x4 − 3x3 − x2 + 3x.
(b) Encuentre las soluciones de la desigualdad x4 − 3x3 − x2 + 3x ≤ 0

Figure 10

12.- Hyperbolic Sine Function The hyperbolic sine function is defined by

ex − e−x
sinh(x) =
2
4.2. FUNCIONES 21

(a) Sketch the graphs of the functions y = (1/2)ex and y = −(1/2)e−x on the same axes, and
use graphical addition to sketch the graph of y = sinh(x)

(b) Use the definition to show that sinh(−x) = − sinh(x)

13.- Graphs of Trigonometric Functions Match the trigonometric function with one of the
graphs (figure 13) I–VI.
 π
a) f (x) = tan x + b) f (x) = sec x c) f (x) = cot 4x
4
d) f (x) = − tan x e) f (x) = 2 sec x f ) f (x) = 1 + csc x

Figure 13

15.-Grafique la función f
 
 3 if x < −2  −2x if x < −1
a) f (x) = −x + 2 if |x| ≤ 2 b) f (x) = x2 if |x| ≤ 1
−4 if x > 2 −2 if x > 1
 

16.- The graph of a function f is shown (figure 16), together with graphs of three other
functions (a), (b), and (c). Use properties of symmetry, shifts, and reflecting to find equations
for graphs (a), (b), and (c) in terms of f .

Aplicaciones
1. Drug concentration To treat arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat), a drug is fed intravenously
into the bloodstream. Suppose that the concentration c (mg/L) of the drug after t hours
is given by
3,5t
c= .
t+1
If the minimum therapeutic level is 1.5 mg/L, determine when this level is exceeded.
22 CAPÍTULO 4. DESIGUALDADES Y FUNCIONES

Figure 16

2. Boyle’s law Boyle’s law for a certain gas states that if the temperature is constant, then
pv = 200 , where p is the pressure (in lb/in2 ) and v is the volume (in in3 ). If 25 ≤ v ≤ 50
, what is the corresponding range for p?

3. Explain why you should not try to solve one of these equations.
√ √
2x − 3 + x + 5 = 0
√3
√
2x − 3 + 3 x + 5 = 0

4. Bonfire Temperature In the vicinity of a bonfire the temperature (figure 4) T in 0 C at a

distance of x meters from the center of the fire was given by
600000
T =
x2 + 300

At what range of distances from the fire’s center was the temperature less than 500 0 C?

Figure 4

5. Fish Population The population of a certain species of fish has a relative growth rate of
0.9 % per year. It is estimated that the population in 2016 was 1 million.

i Find an exponential model n(t) = n0 ert for the population t years after 2016.
ii Estimate the fish population in the year 2025.
iii After how many years will the fish population reach 5 million?
iv Sketch a graph of the fish population.
4.2. FUNCIONES 23

6. Gas Mileage The gas mileage g (measured in mi/gal) for a particular vehicle, driven at v
mi/h, is given by the formula g = 10 + 0,9v − 0,01v 2 , as long as v is between 10 mi/h and
75 mi/h. For what range of speeds is the vehicle’s mileage 30 mi/gal or better?

7. Thickness of a Laminate A company manufactures industrial laminates (thin nylon-based

sheets) of thickness 0.020 in., with a tolerance of 0.003 in. (a) Find an inequality involving
absolute values that describes the range of possible thickness for the laminate. (b) Solve
the inequality you found in part (a).

Figure 7

8. Global Warming Some scientists believe that the average surface temperature of the world
has been rising steadily. The average surface temperature can be modeled by

T = 0,02t + 15,0

where T is temperature in 0 C and t is years since 1950.

(a) What do the slope and T-intercept represent?

(b) Use the equation to predict the average global surface temperature in 2050.
(c) the function is decrecent?

9. Kepler’s Third Law Kepler’s Third Law of planetary motion states that the square of the
period T of a planet (the time it takes for the planet to make a complete revolution about
the sun) is directly proportional to the cube of its average distance d from the sun.

(a) Express Kepler’s Third Law as an equation.

(b) Find the constant of proportionality by using the fact that for our planet the period
is about 365 days and the average distance is about 93 million miles.
(c) The planet Neptune is about 2,79 × 109 mi from the sun. Find the period of Neptune.

10. Ideal Gas Law The pressure P of a sample of gas is directly proportional to the temperature
T and inversely proportional to the volume V .

(a) Write an equation that expresses this variation.

(b) Find the constant of proportionality if 100 L of gas exerts a pressure of 33.2 kPa at
a temperature of 400 K (absolute temperature measured on the Kelvin scale).
(c) If the temperature is increased to 500 K and the volume is decreased to 80 L, what
is the pressure of the gas?
(d) Sketch the function.
√
11. Rates of Growth Compare the rates of growth of the functions f (x) = ln x and g(x) = x
by drawing their graphs on a common screen using the viewing rectangle [−1, 30] by [−1, 6]
24 CAPÍTULO 4. DESIGUALDADES Y FUNCIONES

12. Absorption of Light A spectrophotometer measures the concentration of a sample dissolved

in water by shining a light through it and recording the amount of light that emerges.
In other words, if we know the amount of light that is absorbed, we can calculate the
concentration of the sample. For a certain substance the concentration (in moles per liter,
mol/L) is found by using the formula
 
I
C = −2500 ln
I0

where I0 is the intensity of the incident light and I is the intensity of light that emerges.
Find the concentration of the substance if the intensity I is 70 % of I0 .

Figure 12

13. Dimensions of a pen A pen consists of five congruent rectangles, as shown in the figure .

(a) Express the length y as a function of the length x.

(b) If the sides cost $10 per running foot, express the cost C of the pen as a function of
the length x.

Figure 13

Concept check
1. What is the difference between the expressions 1/(x + 1) and x + 1/(x2 − 1)?

2. a) What is a periodic function? (b) What are the periods of the six trigonometric functions?
(c) Find cos(19π/4).

3. Collinear Points Suppose that you are given the coordinates of three points in the plane
and you want to see whether they lie on the same line. How can you do this using slopes?
Using the Distance Formula? Can you think of another method?

4. When you multiply two powers of the same number, what should you do with the expo-
nents? When you raise a power to a new power, what should you do with the exponents?
4.2. FUNCIONES 25

5. Write the general form of each type of equation. (i) Linear equation, (ii) Quadratic equation

6. Write an equation that expresses each relationship. (a) y is directly proportional to x. (b)
y is inversely proportional to x. (c) z is jointly proportional to x and y.

7. Sean f, g funciones pares y h y p funciones impares, entonces

a) (f + g)(x) es una función impar.

b) (f g)(x) es una función par.
c) (f − h) es una función impar.
d) (gp)(x) es una función par.

8. Periodic Functions Prove that if f and g are periodic with period p, then f /g is also
periodic but its period could be smaller than p.

9. Periodic Functions (a) Prove that if f is periodic with period p, then 1/f is also periodic
with period p. (b) Prove that cosecant and secant both have period 2p.
26 CAPÍTULO 4. DESIGUALDADES Y FUNCIONES
Bibliografı́a

[1] Stewart, J. Redlin, L., & Watson, S. (2012). Precalculus: mathematics for calculus. (8a ed)
Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole: Cengage Learning.

[2] Leithold L. (2013). Matemáticaas previas al cálculo (3a ed.) México: Oxford.

[3] Zill, D. G. y Dewar J. M. (2012). Precálculo con avances de cálculo. (5a ed.) México: McGraw
Hill.

[4] Larson, R. Hostetler, R. P., & Falvo, D. (2010). Precalculus. (8th ed.) Boston, Ma.:
Brooks/Cole: Cengage Learning.

[5] Kurosch, A. G. (2000) Curso de Álgebra superior. México: Limusa

27