Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
EMPRESARIAL
Diego Coria Villca
UMRPSFXCH
CONSEJO EDITORIAL
1era
EDICIÓN
ESTADÍSTICA
EMPRESARIAL
×
Diego Coria Villca
Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca
Poner logo Consejo Editorial
ESTADÍSTICA EMPRESARIAL
Autor: Diego Coria Villca
E-mail: coriabol@gmail.com
Cel.: (591)72869217
Sucre. 2018
430 p. 17,5 x 24,5 cms.
Depósito Legal: 3-1-2544-18
ISBN: 978-99974-0-341-4
Impresión: Imprenta IMAG Calle Colón esquina René Moreno Telf.: 64-27793
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ͳǤʹ
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ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ͳǤ͵
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺ
ͳǤͶ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲ
ͳǤͷ
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ͳǤ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶ
ͳǤ À
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͺ
ͳǤͺ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͲ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ
ͳǤͻ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ
ͳǤͳͲ À
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͻ
Àʹ
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×
ʹǤͳ
×
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͷ
ʹǤʹ
×
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͷ
ʹǤ͵
×
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵
ʹǤͶ
×
×
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͲ
ʹǤͷ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶʹ
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×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͷ
ʹǤ
×±
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͷ
ʹǤͺ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ
À͵
×
͵Ǥͳ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
±
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͳ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺʹ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺ͵
±
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͶ
×
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͻ
͵Ǥʹ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻ͵
͵Ǥ͵ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͺ
͵ǤͶ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲʹ
͵Ǥͷ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲͺ
͵Ǥ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳʹ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳʹ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳ
͵Ǥ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͻ
͵Ǥͺ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹͳ
͵Ǥͻ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹ͵
͵ǤͳͲ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹͶ
͵Ǥͳͳ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹͷ
͵Ǥͳʹ ÀÀǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹ
͵Ǥͳ͵ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹͻ
͵ǤͳͶ
ሺሻǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵ʹ
͵Ǥͳͷ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵Ͷ
ÀͶ
×
ͶǤͳ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶͺ
ͶǤʹ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶͻ
ͶǤ͵
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶͻ
ͶǤͶ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷͲ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷͻ
ͶǤͷ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͺ
ͶǤ
×
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ
×𝜑𝜑ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲ
∁
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹ
𝜑𝜑ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹ
ͶǤ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵
ͶǤͺ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶ
Àͷ×
ͷǤͳ ×
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͺʹ
ͷǤʹ ×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͺ͵
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͺ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͺͺ
×𝑅𝑅 2ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻͲ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻͳ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ͵
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻͶ
ͷǤ͵ ××
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ
×
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ
×
ï
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͲͲ
ͷǤͶ ×
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͲͶ
ͷǤͷ ×À
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͲͺ
ÀïA
×
Ǥͳ
×ïÀ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͳͶ
Ǥʹ ïÀ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͳͷ
Ǥ͵ A
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͳ
ǤͶ
ïÀ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͳͺ
Ǥͷ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͳͻ
Ǥ ïÀ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹʹͳ
Ǥ A
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹʹͳ
A
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹʹͳ
A
±ǡ
ǡǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹʹ͵
Ǥͺ A
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹʹ
Ǥͻ A
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹʹͺ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹʹͺ
×ǡ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͵ͳ
ǤͳͲ A
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͵ʹ
ÀÀ
Ǥͳ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͶͲ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͶͲ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͶͶ
Ǥʹ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͶͷ
Ǥ͵
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͶ
ǤͶ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͷͲ
Ǥͷ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͷ
Ǥ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͷ
Ǥ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ
Àͺ
ͺǤͳ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹʹ
ͺǤʹ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹʹ
ͺǤ͵
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ
ͺǤͶ
×
±
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͺ
ͺǤͷ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͺͲ
ͺǤ
×±
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͺͳ
ͺǤ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͺ͵
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͺͷ
ͺǤͺ
×ǦǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͻͳ
ͺǤͻ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͻͷ
ͺǤͳͲ
×
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͻ
Àͻ
ͻǤͳ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͳʹ
ͻǤʹ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͳ͵
ͻǤ͵ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͳ
ͻǤͶ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ʹ͵
ͻǤͷ À
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͵ʹ
ÀͳͲ
±
ͳͲǤͳ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͵ͺ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͵ͺ
±
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͷʹ
ͳͲǤʹ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͷͷ
ͳͲǤ͵ ×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͷͻ
×
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͷ
×
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ʹ
Àͳͳ±À
ͳͳǤͳ
×ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͺ
ͳͳǤʹ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͺ
ͳͳǤ͵
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͻͳ
±
×
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͻʹ
Método de k medias “nubes dinámicas”ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͻͻ
ͳͳǤͶ ×ïǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͲͳ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͲ͵
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͲͶ
ÀǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͳͳ
Acerca del autor
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
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“José Balliviá”,ï
Nacional “
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Ǥ±“Sociedad
Cubana de Matemática y Computación” ʹͲͲͷ
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Ha publicado dos Libros “Análisis de Datos Estadísticos, Nivel Descriptivo” ʹͲͳʹ
“Portafolio de Inversión con Análisis Cluster y la Teoría de Markowitz” ʹͲͳǤ
Publicación conjunta del libro “Surgiendo” 2016Ǥ
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Presentación
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
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Los datos son materia prima para realizar Estadísticas
Empresariales
2 | Estadística Empresarial
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Los Datos | 3
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4 | Estadística Empresarial
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6 | Estadística Empresarial
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Necesidad de levantar datos
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Estudiar toda la población
POBLACIÓN ocasiona costos altos
Muestreo INFERENCIA
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Los Datos | 9
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Datos Procesamiento Información
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Los Datos | 11
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para ubicar a los consumidores de acuerdo con su “preferencia sobre la marca de
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𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎; 𝑎𝑎 > 0
×Ǥ Ǣ
𝑦𝑦 = 1000𝑥𝑥ǡ𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦ሺǤ
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12 | Estadística Empresarial
× 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏ǡ
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Los Datos | 13
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14 | Estadística Empresarial
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ͲͳͲ
×
ͶͳǣͳͲǣͲͲ Ͷǣͳʹǣͳʹ ͶǣͶʹǣͷͳ ͶͺǣͶͷǣͲͲ
ͳǤ
×
×
Ǥ
ǡ
ǣ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǣ
ǡ
Ǥ
× ǡ
ሺǤǡʹͲͲͺሻǤ
ǡ
Ǥ
: − : − : − : − : − : − : − :
× : − : − : − : − : − : − : − :
×
l : − : − : − : − : − : − : − :
: − : − : − : − : − : − : − : ±
: − : − : − : − : − : − : − :
: − : − : − : − : − : − : − :
ǡ
ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ
× ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ
×
l ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ
ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ ±
ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ
ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ
Los Datos | 15
×ͳͲ
ÀǦͷͷǡ
ሺ
ሻǡ
Ǥ
±
×
± ǡ
±
ÀǤ ïǡ
×
±ሺሻǤ
ǡ
ǡ
ï
ሺͷሻ
×Ǥ
ͷ ͷ ͷ ͷ ͷ
Ͷ Ͷ Ͷ Ͷ Ͷ
͵ ͵ ͵ ͵ ͵
ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
À
−ͳ −ͳ −ͳ −ͳ −ͳ
−ʹ −ʹ −ʹ −ʹ −ʹ
−͵ −͵ −͵ −͵ −͵
−Ͷ −Ͷ −Ͷ −Ͷ −Ͷ
−ͷ −ͷ −ͷ −ͷ −ͷ
ሺͳͻ͵ʹሻ
× Àǡ
ÀሺሻǤ
×
±
ÀǤ
A
Ǥ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ
Ǥ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ
× ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ
Ǥ
×
ǡ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ
Ǥ
16 | Estadística Empresarial
ͳǤͳ
×
Ǥ
ï
ï ï
ï ï
×
×
±
ǣǤǡʹͲͲͺ
V
×
ǡ
ï
À
ǤሺሻǤ
ǡ
Ǥ
“1” si el producto de la fila prefiere o “0” si sucede lo contrario.
̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴
ǡ
ͳͲͲ Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǤͳͲͲ
ሺሻǤ
ǣ ͳͲͲ
À
×ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
Los Datos | 17
±
×Ǥ
ሺሻǤ
ǣ ï ×ǡ
×ǡ
ǡï
ǡͳ
ǡʹÀ
Ǥ
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
ǡ
que existe entre ellos. De modo que cuando más se “parezcan” los dos objetos
ǡǤ
ǡ
×
×ǡ
de 0 a 10; donde 0 significa “nada similares” y 10 “muy similares”.
V
ͳͲ
̴̴̴̴ ͳͲ
̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴ ͳͲ
̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴ ͳͲ
V ̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴ ͳͲ
̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴ ͳͲ
̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴ ̴̴̴̴ ͳͲ
× ǡ
ǣ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
ÀǤǡ
𝛼𝛼
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛 ∑ 𝜎𝜎𝑗𝑗2
𝛼𝛼 = (1 − 2 )
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡
2
ǣ∑ 𝜎𝜎𝑗𝑗 = Suma de las varianzas de los ítemes
𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡2 = Varianza de la puntuación total de la escala
𝑛𝑛 = Número de ítemes de la escala
18 | Estadística Empresarial
ͳǤ À
À
À
ǡ
×
×
Ǥ
ïï
ǡ
ǡǡǡͳǡʹǡͳǡʹǤ
ǡ×
Ǥ
×𝑦𝑦 = 7𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑥 + 20ǡ𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦
ሺǡǡǡሻǤ
×
À
ǡ
À
ǡ ï
À
ǣ
ǡ
×
À
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
×ï
×ǡ
ǣ
±
Ǥ
× ǡ
Ǥ
×
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ±±
ǡ
ǡ
À
Ǥ ±
“categóricas”, la categorización
Ǥ
Ǥ
±
×ǡ
±À
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥǣ
ʹͲÓǡʹͲͲÓǡͲÓǡ
Ǥ
×ǡǣ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
×
Ǥ
×À
×
Ǥ
Los Datos | 19
ͳǤͶ Ǥ
× ±
ǡ
ï Ǥ
×
ǣ ǡ ǡ
×ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ×ï
×
ǡ
ï Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
×±
Àǡ
À
ÀǤ
ǣ
×
ï
Óò
Ó
ͳǤͺ
×
±
ǡ
ǡ
×ǡǡ
ǡǤ
20 | Estadística Empresarial
ǡ
À
×Ǥ
À
ǡ±
Ǥ
ǡǡ
ǡ
Ǣ
×Ǥ
ÀÀ
×
ï
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ Ǥ
ǡ ± ǡ
ǡ ǡ Àǡ
ï
Ó
×ǡ
×Ó
Ǥ
×
Ǥ
×
À
ǡ Ó ǡ
Ǥ
À ï
ǡ
×Ǥ
ï Ǥ ሺʹͲͲͺሻ
×
×
ǡ
×
ǡ
ǣ
Ǥ
×
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥǣ
ǡÀ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
×
ǡÓ
ǡ±
ǡ
À
±
×
Ǥ
ǡ
× À
Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡǤ
Los Datos | 21
Ǥ
×
ǡ
ሺሻ
× ±Ǥ
×
À
ǡ
×
ǡ
×
×Ǥ
×
×Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
×
ሺǦሻǡ
×ÀǤǡ
À
Àǡ
ǡ
×
Ǥ
×
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
À
×
Ǥ
ǡ
À ±Ǥ
×
ǡ
×Ǥ
V
×ǡ
×
Ǥ
ï
×
Ǥ
ÀǤ
ǤÀ
Ǥ
×
Ǥ
×ǡ
× ±
ǡ
ÀǤÓ
ǡ
22 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥ
Ǥ
̶±
̶
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
ï
×Ǥ
Ǥ
ÀǤ
ǡ
Ǥǡ
ǣ Ǭ ± × ǫǡ
ǣ Ǭ ±
Ǥǡ
ǫ
ǣ
×
Ǥ
ǡ
ǣ
ǡ
×ǡ
ǡ ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
×Ǥ
ǡ
×
Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
ÀǤ
ïǡ
ǡ
±
×
Ǥ
ï
ïǡ
Ǥ
À
Ǥ
V
×
ǤïǤሺʹͲͲͺሻǡ
ǣ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ ±
×Ǥ
×
ǡ
Ǥ
24 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥ
×
ǡ
ÀǤ
ǡ ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
×
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
×
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
× Ǥ
ï
Ǣ
ǡ
ǡ
À
Ǥ
×±
×Ǥ
×
×Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ ±
ǡ
Ǥǡǣ
Ǭ±
ǫ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
ǣ
ǡ
×
ǡ±ǡ
×ǡ
Ǥ À
ǣ
Ǭ±
ǫ
Los Datos | 25
ǡ
ǡ
À
ǡ
Àǡ
×Ǥ
± ǡ
Ó
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
À
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ±
Ǥ
±
Ǥ
×
Àǡ
ǡ ǡ
×
Ǥ
×ï×
Ǥ
×
Àǡ
×Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǭ
ǡ
×
ǫ
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴À
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
×
elegir entre “si” o “no” aunque se sientan indiferentes o definitivamente
Ǥ
×
ïǤ
Ǭ
ǡ
×
ǫ
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴±
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ሺ
ሻ
Las alternativas de respuestas como “no lo sé”, “ninguna de las
anteriores” y “otro” puede originar sesgo, por lo que es posible agruparl
ǡ
À
ǡ
ǣ
26 | Estadística Empresarial
×
×
×
×
ǡ
ǡ
×
ǡ
ǡ
×
×
×
±Ǥ
±Ǥ
À
À
×
×
À
Ǥ
À
Ǥ
×
×À
×
×À
×
× ×
×
Ǥ
Ǥ
À
×À
À
×À
×ǡ±±
ǡ
×ǡ±±
ǡ
ǤǤ
ͳǤͻ ͳǤͻ
×ǡ
×ǡ
À
À
ǡ
ǡ
×
×
ǡ
ǡ
ǣ
ǣ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ
ሺሻǤ
ሺሻǤ
ሺሻ
ሺሻ
𝑿𝑿𝟏𝟏 𝑿𝑿𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝑿𝑿𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 ⋯ 𝑿𝑿𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿⋯𝒑𝒑 𝑿𝑿𝒑𝒑
ͳ 𝑥𝑥11ͳ 𝑥𝑥12 11 𝑥𝑥13 12 ⋯ 𝑥𝑥13 𝑥𝑥1𝑝𝑝
⋯ 𝑥𝑥1𝑝𝑝
ሺ ሺʹ 𝑥𝑥21ʹ 𝑥𝑥22 21 𝑥𝑥23 22 ⋯ 𝑥𝑥23 𝑥𝑥2𝑝𝑝
⋯ 𝑥𝑥2𝑝𝑝
ሻ
ሻ ͵ 𝑥𝑥31͵ 𝑥𝑥32 𝑥𝑥 ⋯ 𝑥𝑥3𝑝𝑝
31 𝑥𝑥33 32 ⋯ 𝑥𝑥33 3𝑝𝑝
⋮ ⋮⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱⋮ ⋮⋱ ⋮
𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛1𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛2
𝑛𝑛1 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛2 ⋯
𝑛𝑛3 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛3 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
⋯ 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑗𝑗𝑖𝑖ǡ
ǣ
𝑗𝑗𝑖𝑖ǡ
ǣ
𝑋𝑋 = {𝑥𝑥𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖=
}{𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 }
𝑖𝑖 = 1,2,=
𝑖𝑖 … 1,2,
, 𝑛𝑛Ǣ𝑗𝑗
… , 𝑛𝑛Ǣ𝑗𝑗 = 1,2,= … 1,2,
, 𝑝𝑝Ǥ
… , 𝑝𝑝Ǥ
ï
ï
ïǡǤ
ïǡǤ
28 | Estadística Empresarial
ͳ ⋯ 𝒋𝒋 ⋯
ͳ 𝑛𝑛11 ⋯ 𝑛𝑛1𝑗𝑗 ⋯ 𝑛𝑛1J
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮
𝒊𝒊 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖1 ⋯ 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ⋯ 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖J
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑛𝑛I1 ⋯ 𝑛𝑛I𝑗𝑗 ⋯ 𝑛𝑛IJ
×
×ǡ×
±
Ǥ
±
ǣ
À ʹͲͷ ʹͷͲ ͳͶͷ ͳͳʹ ͳ͵͵ ͻʹ ͳͺʹ
À
ͳͺͲ ͳʹͲ ͳͷͲ ͻ ͻͷ ʹͷͲ ͳͲʹ
ʹͲͲ ʹͲ ͵ͲͲ ͷ ͷͲ ʹͲ ͳͷͷ
ͳͲͲ ʹͷʹ ʹͶͲ ͳͷͷ ͳʹ ͳͲͲ ͳʹ
ʹ ʹͷͲ ʹͲͲ ͳͷͲ ͳʹͲ ʹʹ ͳ͵͵
ͳͺͷ ͳͻ ʹͲͲ ͳ͵͵ ͳͲͲ ͷͲ ͳͷʹ
ʹͲͲ ʹͲ ʹ ͳʹ͵ ͷ ͳͲ ͳͶͷ
±
ሺሻ
ሺ
×ሻǡ
×
Ǥ
ͳǤͳͲ À
À
Ǣ
Ǥ
ǡǡ
Ǥ
ሺ
ሻ
×À
ǡ
×
Ǥ ±
̶
̶Ǥǡ
ÓǤ ǡ
× ï
Ǥ
××
À
ሺǤǤ
ሻǤ
30 | Estadística Empresarial
ሻ Ǭǫ
ሻ Ǭ×
ǫ
ሻ Ǭ±
×À
ǫ
ͳǤͷ
ͳͲͲ
ǡǣ
ͳሻ ͷʹΨ
Ǥ
ʹሻ ͶΨ
×
Ǥ
͵ሻ ͷͲΨ
͵ͲΨ
ʹͲΨ
Ͷሻ
ͳǡͺǤ
ͷሻ ï Ó
͵Ǥ
ǣ
ሻ
×ǡǤ
ሻ
ǡ
×Ǥ
ሻ
ÀǤ
ͳǤ ǡ
×ͶǤ
×ǡǡÀǤ
ͳǤ
ǡ
×
ǡ
ǣ
Ǥ Ǥ
Ͳ ͷ
ͳ
ʹ ͳͲ
͵ ͳʹ
Ͷ ͺ
ͷ Ͷ
ǣ
ሻ Ǭǫ
ሻ Ǭǫ
ሻ ǬÀ
ǫ
ሻ Ǭ±
±
ǫ
ሻ Ǭ
ǫ
ሻ Ǭǫ
ሻ ǬÀǫ
ͳǤͺ
×Ǥ
ͳǤͻ
×Ǥ
32 | Estadística Empresarial
ͳǤͳͲ
ǡ×
×
Ǥ±±Ǥ
ͳǤͳͳ
Ǥ
ͳǤͳʹ
ͳͲ
×
Ǥ
ͳǤͳ͵
ͳͲ Ǥ
ሺ
ሻǤ
ͳǤͳͶ
ͳͲ
ሺ
ሻǤ
ͳǤͳͷ
±Ǥ
Ǥ
ͳǤͳ Ó
×ǡ
×Ǥ
ͳǤͳ
ǡǬ
À
×ǫǡǤ
ͳǤͳͺ Ǭ±
×±×
ǫ À Ǭ±
×
À ±ǫ À
×Ǥ
ǡ
±×Ǥ
ͳǤͳͻ À
ǣ
±
Ǥ
ʹ
×±
×
La exploración estadística permite comprender “a priori” que
nos dicen los datos
±
ǡ
×
aproximación “a priori” e ideal de fenómeno a ser estudiado. En la
×
×
ǡ
ǡ
ǡǡ
± À
Ǥ
34 | Estadística Empresarial
ʹǤͳ
×
×
“”
ǡ
ï
Ǥ
×ǣ
Ǥ
ǡǤ
×
ï
Ǥ
×ǣ
×
Ǥ
×
×
ǡ
ÀǤ
ǡ
±
×
ǡ ±
Ǥ
ʹǤʹ
×
×
×
ǡǤ
×
Ǥ
À
Ǥ
ï
ǡ
×
×
×ǡ
×
±
Ǥ
×
×
× À
Ǥ ǣ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡǡǡ×ǡǡǡǤ
Ǥ
Exploración de Datos a Través de la Distribución de Frecuencias
| 35
Exploración de Datos a Través de la Distribución de Frecuencias | 35
Ǥ
À
ǡ
ǡ
À
ǡ
ǡ
×ǣ
×ǣ
𝑛𝑛 ⟶ 360o
𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 ⟶ 𝑥𝑥360 o o
𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ⟶ ×𝑖𝑖o360
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 o
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖o = 𝑓𝑓 × 360o
𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖o =
𝑛𝑛
100% ⟶ 360o
100%
𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖 % ⟶⟶ o
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖o360
o
𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖o% ⟶ o
𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥×𝑖𝑖 360
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = 𝑝𝑝 × 360o
𝑖𝑖 100
𝑥𝑥 o =
A 𝑖𝑖 100
A
À
×
À
×
Ǥ
Ǥ
±
Ǥ
±
Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ
ï
ï
ï
ï
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ï
Ǥ
ï
Ǥ
Ǥሺͳͻሻ±
Ǥሺͳͻሻ±
Ǥ
×
ǡ
Ǥ
×
ǡ
×
×
×
×
ï
Ǥ
ï
Ǥ
ǣ
ǣ
ͳǤ
Ǥ
ͳǤ
Ǥ
ʹǤ Separar los dígitos guía “tallo” de cada dato
ʹǤ
ǡ
Separar los dígitos guía “tallo”de
cada
dato
À
ǡ
À
Ǥ
Ǥ el dígito rastrero “hoja” para cada dato junto a los À ÀǤ
͵Ǥ istrar
͵Ǥ
istrar el dígito rastrero “hoja”
ï Àpara cada dato
junto
a
los À
ÀǤ
ï À
36 | Estadística Empresarial
36 | Estadística Empresarial
ǡÀ
𝑛𝑛Ǥ
ǡÀ
𝑛𝑛Ǥ
×
Ǥ
ሺሻ
ǡǤ ሺ
ሻ
×
Ǥ ሺሻ
×
Ǥ
ǡǤ ሺ
ሻ
×
Ǥ
ሺሻ
À
ሺ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሺሻ
À
ሺ
ሻ
Ǥ
ǣ
Ojiva “menor que”. Es la representación gráfica de una distribución de
ǣ
ǡ
À
Ojiva
“menor que”.
Es la representación
gráfica
de una
distribución
de
ሺÀ
ሻ
ǡ
À
ǤǡÀ
ሺÀ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ሻ
Ojiva “mayor que”. Es la representación gráfica de una distribución de
ǤǡÀ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ojiva “mayor que”. Es la representación gráfica de una distribución de
ǡ
A
Ǥ
A
Ǥ
ሺ
ሻǤ
Ǥ
ሺ
ሻǤ
ǡ
×
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
×
Ǥ
Ǥ
Exploración de Datos a Través de la Distribución de Frecuencias | 37
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
Exploración de Datos a Través de la Distribución de Frecuencias | 37
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
À
ǡ
Ǥ
×Ǥ
À
ǡ
Ǥ
×Ǥ
Ǥ
×
×Ǥ
A
Ǥ
×
×Ǥ
±Ǥ
À
À
A
ǡ
Ǥ
±Ǥ
À
À
ǦA
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡÀ
×
ǦA
Ǥ
ǡÀ
ʹǤ͵
×
×
Ǥ
ǡ
±
ʹǤ͵
×
Ǥ
ǡ
±
Ǥ
𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖
ï
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǣ
ǡ
Ǥ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
ï
Ǥ
ǣ
ǡ
ͳǤ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ∈ ℤ+ → 0 ≤ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ≤ 𝑛𝑛
Ǣ
ǡ
ʹǤ ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = 𝑛𝑛
Ǥ
𝑘𝑘ൌï
𝑛𝑛ൌ
ǣ
Ǥ
ͳǤ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ∈ ℤ+ → 0 ≤ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ≤ 𝑛𝑛
ʹǤ ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = 𝑛𝑛
𝑘𝑘ൌï
𝑛𝑛ൌ
Ǥ
38 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖
ǡ×ǡ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 × 100
𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖 =
𝑛𝑛
ǣ
ͳǤ 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖 ∈ ℝ → 0 ≤ 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖 ≤ 100
ʹǤ ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖 = 100
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖ǡ
𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
Ǥ
𝑖𝑖
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 = × 100
𝑛𝑛
ǣ
ͳǤ 𝑃𝑃1 = 𝑝𝑝1
ʹǤ 𝑃𝑃𝑘𝑘 = ∑𝑘𝑘−1
𝑗𝑗=1 𝑝𝑝𝑗𝑗 + 𝑝𝑝𝑘𝑘 = 100
͵Ǥ 𝑝𝑝1 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 ≤ 100
ͶǤ 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 − 𝑃𝑃ℎ = ∑𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖=ℎ+1 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖
𝑡𝑡 > ℎ
ï𝑖𝑖ï𝑘𝑘ǡ
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 ǡ𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖↑ Ǥ
𝑘𝑘
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖↑
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖↑ = × 100
𝑛𝑛
ǣ
ͳǤ 𝑃𝑃1↑ = 100
ʹǤ 𝑃𝑃𝑘𝑘↑ = 𝑝𝑝𝑘𝑘
͵Ǥ 𝑝𝑝𝑘𝑘 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖↑ ≤ 100
ͶǤ 𝑡𝑡 < ℎ
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡↑ − 𝑃𝑃ℎ↑ = ∑ℎ−1
𝑖𝑖=𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖
ʹǤͶ
×
×
×
±
ǡሺǡǡǡ
ǡ
ሻǤ
ǣ
ͳǤ
×
Ǥ
ʹǤ 𝑛𝑛Ǥ
ï
ǡ
Ǥ
͵Ǥ
Ǥ
×±
×Ǥ
ʹǤͳ À
×
×
ͳ 𝑓𝑓1 𝑝𝑝1
ʹ 𝑓𝑓2 𝑝𝑝2
͵ 𝑓𝑓3 𝑝𝑝3
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘 𝑝𝑝𝑘𝑘
∑ 𝑛𝑛 ͳͲͲ
×
×
ǡ±ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
×
À
ǡǤ
×ǡ
ʹǤͳ
ͳͷ
×Ǥ
ͷ Ͷ ͵ ʹ ͳ
Ǥ
ͳʹͳͳʹͶͷͶͶͷͶͷͶʹʹʹʹͶͶʹ͵ͶͷͶͶ
ͶͶͶͷͶͷͶͶͶͷͶͶ͵͵͵͵ͶͶͶͷͶͶͶͷͷ
Exploración de Datos a Través de la Distribución de Frecuencias | 41
×ǡ
ͷͲ Ǥ
×
Ǥ
× Ǥ
3
Muy insatisfecho 3 𝑝𝑝1 = 50 × 100 =6
7
Insatisfecho 7 𝑝𝑝2 = 50 × 100 =14
5
Neutral 5 𝑝𝑝3 = × 100 =10
50
25
Satisfecho 25 𝑝𝑝4 = 50
× 100 =50
10
Muy Satisfecho 10 𝑝𝑝5 = 50
× 100 =20
∑ 50 100%
ǡǬ
ǫǡǬ
ǫ
ͷͲΨ
ʹͷǤ
ሺΨሻǤ
×
×
Ǥ
ʹǤͳ 60%
50%
Porcentaje
40%
×
30%
20%
10%
0%
Muy Insatisfecho Neutral Satisfecho Muy
insatisfecho Satisfecho
Satisfacción laboral
ʹǤʹ
Muy insatisfecho
6%
Insatisfecho
20% Neutral
× 14%
Satisfecho
Muy Satisfecho
10%
50%
42 | Estadística Empresarial
ʹǤͷ
×
×
Ǥ
×
ǣ
ͳǤ
ï
À
Ǥ
ʹǤ
×
Ǥ
͵Ǥ
Ǥ
ʹǤʹ
Ǥ
Ǥ
𝒙𝒙𝒊𝒊 𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒊 𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊 𝑭𝑭𝒊𝒊 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊 𝑭𝑭↑𝒊𝒊 𝑷𝑷↑𝒊𝒊
× 𝑥𝑥1 𝑓𝑓1 𝑝𝑝1 𝐹𝐹1 𝑃𝑃1 ↑
𝐹𝐹1 𝑃𝑃1↑
𝑥𝑥2 𝑓𝑓2 𝑝𝑝2 𝐹𝐹2 𝑃𝑃2 𝐹𝐹2↑ 𝑃𝑃2↑
↑
𝑥𝑥3 𝑓𝑓3 𝑝𝑝3 𝐹𝐹3 𝑃𝑃3 𝐹𝐹3 𝑃𝑃3↑
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘 𝑝𝑝𝑘𝑘 𝐹𝐹𝑘𝑘 𝑃𝑃𝑘𝑘 𝐹𝐹𝑘𝑘↑ 𝑃𝑃𝑘𝑘↑
ǡ
À
ǣǡ
Ǥ±ǡ
À
±
×Ǥ
×
ʹǤʹ
×ǡ
calidad dando así “luz verde”, por el
ǡ
Ǥ
Ó𝑛𝑛 = 100ǡÀ
×Ǥ
ÀȀ ÀȀ ÀȀ
𝒏𝒏ൌͳͲͲ
𝒏𝒏ൌͳͲͲ
𝒏𝒏ൌͳͲͲ
𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
ͳ ͳͳ ͷ ʹͳ
ʹ ͺ ͳʹ ʹ ʹʹ Ͷ
͵ ͺ ͳ͵ Ͷ ʹ͵ Ͷ
Ͷ ͳͷ ͳͶ ͷ ʹͶ ʹ
ͷ ͳͷ Ͷ ʹͷ ͳ
ͳ ʹ ͷ
ͻ ͳ Ͷ ʹ ͳͷ
ͺ ͳͺ ʹͺ ͳ
ͻ ͳ ͳͻ ͺ ʹͻ Ͷ
ͳͲ ͺ ʹͲ ʹ ͵Ͳ ͳ
Exploración de Datos a Través de la Distribución de Frecuencias | 43
͵ͲÀǤ
À
×
ሺ
ሻ
ï×
Ǥ
À À
À
Ǥ
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖↑
ͳ Ͷ 𝐹𝐹1 = 4 𝐹𝐹1↑ = 26 + 4 = 30
ʹ ͵ 𝐹𝐹2 = 4 + 3 = 7 𝐹𝐹2↑ = 23 + 3 = 26
Ͷ 𝐹𝐹3 = 7 + 6 = 13 𝐹𝐹3↑ = 17 + 6 = 23
ͷ ͵ 𝐹𝐹4 = 13 + 3 = 16 𝐹𝐹4↑ = 14 + 3 = 17
ͷ 𝐹𝐹5 = 16 + 5 = 21 𝐹𝐹5↑ = 9 + 5 = 14
ʹ 𝐹𝐹6 = 21 + 2 = 23 𝐹𝐹6↑ = 7 + 2 = 9
ͺ Ͷ 𝐹𝐹7 = 23 + 4 = 27 𝐹𝐹7↑ = 3 + 4 = 7
ͻ ͳ 𝐹𝐹8 = 27 + 1 = 28 𝐹𝐹8↑ = 2 + 1 = 3
ͳͷ ʹ 𝐹𝐹9 = 28 + 2 = 30 𝐹𝐹9↑ = 2
͵Ͳ
Ǥ ±
×
Ǥ
À Ǥ
À À Ǥ
Ǥ Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
↑
𝒙𝒙𝒊𝒊 𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒊 𝑭𝑭𝒊𝒊 𝑭𝑭𝒊𝒊 𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊 𝑷𝑷↑𝒊𝒊
ͳ Ͷ Ͷ ͵Ͳ ͳ͵ǡ͵͵ ͳ͵ǡ͵͵ ͳͲͲ
ʹ ͵ ʹ ͳͲ ʹ͵ǡ͵͵ ͺǡ
Ͷ ͳ͵ ʹ͵ ʹͲ Ͷ͵ǡ͵͵ ǡ
ͷ ͵ ͳ ͳ ͳͲ ͷ͵ǡ͵͵ ͷǡ
ͷ ʹͳ ͳͶ ͳǡ Ͳ Ͷǡ
ʹ ʹ͵ ͻ ǡ ǡ ͵Ͳ
ͺ Ͷ ʹ ͳ͵ǡ͵͵ ͻͲ ʹ͵ǡ͵͵
ͻ ͳ ʹͺ ͵ ͵ǡ͵͵ ͻ͵ǡ͵͵ ͳͲ
ͳͷ ʹ ͵Ͳ ʹ ǡ ͳͲͲ ǡ
͵Ͳ ͳͲͲ
×ǣ
À
À
×𝑛𝑛 = 100ǡ
À
Ͷ
ʹͲΨÀǤ
ǡ
ͳ͵ À
Ͷ
ሾͳǦͶሿǡ
44 | Estadística Empresarial
Ͷ͵ǡ͵Ψ ÀǤ ʹ͵ À
Ͷ
ǡΨሾͶǦͳͷሿǤ
×
À
Ǥ
ʹǤ͵
6
À 5
4
Frecuencia
0
1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 15
Piezas defectuosas
ʹǤͶ
100
90
80
70
60
Porcentaje
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Piezas defectuosas
±
ǡ À
ͳͷ
ǡ±
Ǥ
ǡ
À
×
ǡʹǤͷ
×
Àǡ
×
Ǥ ± À
Ǥ
Exploración de Datos a Través de la Distribución de Frecuencias | 45
ʹǤͷ
Gráfica P de piezas defectuosas
0,16
1 1
0,14
0,12 LCS=0,1229
0,10
Proporción
0,08
0,06 _
P=0,0547
0,04
0,02
0,00 LCI=0
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Muestra
ʹǤ
×
×
±
±
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
±
Ǥ
ǡ
×Ǥ
ሺ
ሻǤ
ʹǤ͵
Ǥ
Ǥ
𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝒊𝒊 − 𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝒊𝒊 𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒊 𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊 𝑭𝑭𝒊𝒊 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊 𝑭𝑭↑𝒊𝒊 𝑷𝑷↑𝒊𝒊
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1 𝑓𝑓1 𝑝𝑝1 𝐹𝐹1 𝑃𝑃1 ↑
𝐹𝐹1 𝑃𝑃1↑
× 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑓𝑓 𝑝𝑝2 𝐹𝐹2 𝑃𝑃2 𝐹𝐹2↑ 𝑃𝑃2↑
2 2 2
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿3 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿3 𝑓𝑓3 𝑝𝑝3 𝐹𝐹3 𝑃𝑃3 𝐹𝐹3↑ 𝑃𝑃3↑
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑘𝑘 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘 𝑝𝑝𝑘𝑘 𝐹𝐹𝑘𝑘 𝑃𝑃𝑘𝑘 𝐹𝐹𝑘𝑘↑ 𝑃𝑃𝑘𝑘↑
ǣ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ï
ï
×ÀǤ
ï
ʹͲͷ
Ǥ
46 | Estadística Empresarial
×
×
×
ǡ
À
×
ǡ±
À
ሺǡǤʹͲͳʹሻǤ
À𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ y 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ǡ𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ < 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗Ǥ
×ǣ
[𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ ] = {∀𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ∈ ℝ: 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ ≤ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ≤ 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ }
ǣ
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ = límite superior del intervalo 𝑖𝑖
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ = límite inferior del intervalo 𝑖𝑖
À
ǡ
ǡ
ÀǤ À
Ǥ
À
ǡ
ǡ
ÀǤ
×ǣ
[𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ ] = {∀𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ∈ ℝ: 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ < 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 < 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ }
ǣ
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ = límite superior del intervalo 𝑖𝑖
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ = límite inferior del intervalo 𝑖𝑖
À
ǡ
ǡ
ǣ
[𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 ) = {∀𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ∈ ℝ: 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 ≤ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 < 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 }
(𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 ] = {∀𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ∈ ℝ: 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 < 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ≤ 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 }
ǣ
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 = límite superior del intervalo 𝑖𝑖
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 = límite inferior del intervalo 𝑖𝑖
±
À
ǡ
ǡ
ïǤ
Exploración de Datos a Través de la Distribución de Frecuencias | 47
Ǥ
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
ͳͲ–ͳͻ ͳͲ
ʹͲ–ʹͻ ʹͲ
͵Ͳ–͵ͻ ʹͲ
ͶͲ–Ͷͻ ͳͲ
À𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗ − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖∗
ǡ
𝐷𝐷 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2∗ − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1∗ = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿3∗ − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2∗ = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿4∗ − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿3∗ = 1
ǡǡ
𝐷𝐷 1 𝐷𝐷 1
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1∗ − = 10 − = 9,5 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1∗ + = 19 + = 19,5
2 2 2 2
∗
𝐷𝐷 1 ∗
𝐷𝐷 1
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2 − = 20 − = 19,5 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2 + = 29 + = 29,5
2 2 2 2
𝐷𝐷 1 𝐷𝐷 1
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿3 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿3∗ − = 30 − = 29,5 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿3 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿3∗ + = 39 + = 39,5
2 2 2 2
∗
𝐷𝐷 1 ∗
𝐷𝐷 1
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿4 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿4 − = 40 − = 39,5 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿4 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿4 + = 49 + = 49,5
2 2 2 2
×
Ǥ
48 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑘𝑘 ≈ 1 + 3,3 × log(𝑛𝑛)Ǣሺሻ
𝑘𝑘 ≈ √𝑛𝑛Ǣሺ
ሻ
ln(𝑛𝑛)
𝑘𝑘 ≈ ln(2)ǢሺÀ
ሻ
ʹǣǤ
𝑅𝑅
𝑎𝑎 = + 1𝑢𝑢
𝑘𝑘
ǣ
𝑅𝑅 = 𝑋𝑋𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝑋𝑋𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ሺሻ
1𝑢𝑢 ൌ
Ǥ1𝑢𝑢 = 1ǡ
1𝑢𝑢 = 0,1Ǣ
1𝑢𝑢 = 0,01;
1𝑢𝑢 = 0,001Ǥ
ïǤ
𝑘𝑘ൌǤ
͵ǣÀ
Ǥ
À À
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1 = 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1 + 𝑎𝑎
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2 + 𝑎𝑎
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿3 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿3 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿3 + 𝑎𝑎
⋮ ⋮
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑘𝑘 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑘𝑘−1 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑘𝑘 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑘𝑘 + 𝑎𝑎
= 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1 + 𝑎𝑎 × (𝑘𝑘 − 1) = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1 + 𝑎𝑎 × 𝑘𝑘
= 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑎𝑎 × 𝑘𝑘 − 𝑅𝑅
Ͷǣ ǡ
Ǥ
±
±
Ǥ
×ǡ
×
ʹǤͷ
ͷͲǤ
ͷǤͷͲͲͷǤͷͲͲͷǤͲͲͳͲǤͶͲͲǤͳͲͲǤͷͲͲǤͻͲͲǤͲͲǤʹͲͲǤʹͻͲ
Ǥ͵ͲͲǤͶͲͲǤͶͷͲͳͳǤͲͲǤͷͲͲǤͲͲǤͻͲͲͺǤͲͲͲͺǤͲͲͲͺǤͳͲͲ
ͻǤͲͲͲͻǤͷͲͲͻǤͻͲͲͳͲǤͲͲͲͳͲǤʹͲͲͳͲǤͷͲͲͷǤͻͲͳͲǤͷͲͲͳͳǤͷͲͲǤͷͲͲ
ͺǤʹͲͲͺǤʹͲͲͺǤʹʹͲͺǤ͵ͷͲͺǤͶͷͲͺǤͶͶͲͺǤͶͲͳͷǤͶͻͲͺǤͷͷͲͺǤͺͲ
ͷǤͲͲͲͷǤʹͲͲͷǤʹͲͲͺǤͺͺͲͳʹǤͲͲͲͳʹǤͶͲͲͳʹǤͲͲͳʹͷͲͳ͵ǤͲͲͲͺǤͷͲͲ
ͷͲǡ
ǣ
𝑘𝑘 ≈ 1 + 3,3 × log(50) ≈ 7
𝑅𝑅 = 𝑋𝑋𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝑋𝑋𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 15.490 − 5.000 = 10.490
𝑅𝑅 10.490
𝑎𝑎 = + 1𝑢𝑢 = + 1 = 1.499,57 ≈ 1.500
𝑘𝑘 7
ÀǤ
50 | Estadística Empresarial
×ǣ
±
ͳͳǤͲͲͲሺሻǤ
×
ͷǤͲͲͲͳͳǤͲͲͲͺͶΨǤ
ʹǤ 16
15
14
13
12
11
10
Frecuencia
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
5000 6500 8000 9500 11000 12500 14000 15500
Haber básico
ʹǤ
100
90
80
Porcentaje acumulado
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
5000 6500 8000 9500 11000 12500 14000 15500
Haber básico
ʹǤͺ 55
50
45
40
35
Frecuencia
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5000 6500 8000 9500 11000 12500 14000 15500
Haber básico
52 | Estadística Empresarial
ʹǤͻ 55
50
45
40
35
Frcuencia 30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5000 6500 8000 9500 11000 12500 14000 15500
Haber básico
ʹǤͳͲ 16
15
À 14
13
12
11
10
9
Frecuencia
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Haber básico
ǡï
ሺͳͶሻ
ʹͲ
ͺǤͲͲͲǤï
ͳͶ
ï
ͳ
ͻǤͲͲͲǤ
ሺͳͶሻ
ͳͶ
ͺǤͲͲͲ
ͻǤͲͲͲǤ
ʹǤ
ǡ
× Ͷͷ
À
Ǥ±
×
Ǥ
Ȁ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖↑ 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖↑
[121 − 130] ͵ ǡ ͵ ǡ Ͷͷ ͳͲͲ
[131 − 140] ͺ ͳǡͺ ͳͳ ʹͶǡͷ Ͷʹ ͻ͵ǡ͵
[141 − 150] ͳͳ ʹͶǡͶ ʹʹ Ͷͺǡͻ ͵Ͷ ͷǡͷ
[151 − 160] ͳͷǡ ʹͻ Ͷǡͷ ʹ͵ ͷͳǡͳ
[161 − 170] ͷ ͳͳǡͳ ͵Ͷ ͷǡ ͳ ͵ͷǡͷ
[171 − 180] ͳ͵ǡ͵ ͶͲ ͺͺǡͻ ͳͳ ʹͶǡͶ
[181 − 190] ͳ ʹǡʹ Ͷͳ ͻͳǡͳ ͷ ͳͳǡͳ
ሾͳͻͳ−ʹͲͲሿ Ͷ ͺǡͻ Ͷͷ ͳͲͲ Ͷ ͺǡͻ
Ͷͷ ͳͲͲ
ǡ
ͳͶͳͳͷͲǤ
×ǤǡͶͺǡͻΨ
ͳͷͲ
ǤǡͷͳǡͳΨ
ͳͷͲǤ
×Ǥ
ǡ
À
ǡ
Ǥ
ʹǤͳʹ
×
54 | Estadística Empresarial
Ó ×
ʹǤ
ï
×
ÀʹͲ×ǡ
ͲͲ
Ͳ
ͳͷͲͺͲǤǡͶͲͲ
ʹͲͶͲͲͳͲͲǤ±
ͳͷΨ
Ͳ ͺͲ
×Ǥ
×
ʹͲǤ
×ǣ
×À𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1 = 20ǡ𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 20𝑘𝑘 = 5
ǡ
×ǡ
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1 + 20 = 40ǡ𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1 = 40ǡ𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2 + 20=60,…
ሾʹͲǦͶͲሻǡሾͶͲ–ͲሻǡሾͲǦͺͲሻǡሾͺͲǦͳͲͲሻሾͳͲͲ–ͳʹͲሻ
ͶͲͲ
ʹͲ ͶͲ
ǡ
𝑓𝑓1 = 400ǡ Ͳ
ͳͲͲǡ
𝑓𝑓5 = 60Ǥ
±ͲͲ
Ͳǡ
𝐹𝐹2 = 700Ǥ
𝐹𝐹2 = 𝑓𝑓1 + 𝑓𝑓2 = 700
𝒇𝒇𝟐𝟐 = 700 − 𝑓𝑓1 = 700 − 400 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
ͳͷͲ
×ͺͲǡ
𝐹𝐹4↑ = 150Ǥ
𝐹𝐹4↑ = 𝑓𝑓4 + 𝑓𝑓5 = 150
𝒇𝒇4 = 150 − 𝑓𝑓5 = 150 − 60 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
ͳͷΨ
ͲͺͲ×ǡǡ
𝑓𝑓3
𝑝𝑝3 = × 100 = 15
𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛 × 15
𝑓𝑓3 =
100
100
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑓𝑓
15 3
ǡ
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑓𝑓1 + 𝑓𝑓2 + 𝑓𝑓3 + 𝑓𝑓4 + 𝑓𝑓5 = 400 + 300 + 𝑓𝑓3 + 90 + 60 = 850 + 𝑓𝑓3
ǡ
100
𝑓𝑓 = 850 + 𝑓𝑓3
15 3
12750
𝒇𝒇𝟑𝟑 = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
85
Exploración de Datos a Través de la Distribución de Frecuencias | 55
Ǭ
ǫ
𝑛𝑛 = 850 + 𝑓𝑓3 = 1000
ǡ
Ǥ
±Ǥ
× Ǥ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖↑ 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖
ʹͲ–ͶͲ ͶͲͲ ͶͲͲ ͳͲͲͲ ͶͲ
ͶͲ–Ͳ ͵ͲͲ ͲͲ ͲͲ ͵Ͳ
Ͳ–ͺͲ ͳͷͲ ͺͷͲ ͵ͲͲ ͳͷ
ͺͲ–ͳͲͲ ͻͲ ͻͶͲ ͳͷͲ ͻ
ͳͲͲ–ͳʹͲ Ͳ ͳͲͲͲ Ͳ
ʹǤ
×±
±
Ǥ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘−𝑖𝑖+1
ǣ
𝑘𝑘ൌï
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ൌ
Ǥ
ʹǤͶ 𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
× ͳ 𝑥𝑥1 𝑓𝑓1 = 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘−1+1 = 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘
±
ʹ 𝑥𝑥2 𝑓𝑓2 = 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘−2+1 = 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘−1
͵ 𝑥𝑥3 𝑓𝑓3 = 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘−3+1 = 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘−2
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑘𝑘 − 2 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘−2 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘−2 = 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘−(𝑘𝑘−2)+1 = 𝑓𝑓3
𝑘𝑘 − 1 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘−1 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘−1 = 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘−(𝑘𝑘−1)+1 = 𝑓𝑓2
𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘 = 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘−𝑘𝑘+1 = 𝑓𝑓1
𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
ʹǤͺ
56 | Estadística Empresarial
ʹǤͺ
×
±
×
Ǥ (𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌)
(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 )ǡ𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 Ǥ
×
ǤǤ
ʹǤͷ
𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 ⋯ 𝒚𝒚𝒋𝒋 ⋯ 𝒚𝒚𝒓𝒓
𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 𝑓𝑓11 𝑓𝑓12 ⋯ 𝑓𝑓1𝑗𝑗 ⋯ 𝑓𝑓1𝑟𝑟 𝑓𝑓1∙
𝑝𝑝11 𝑝𝑝12 ⋯ 𝑝𝑝1𝑗𝑗 ⋯ 𝑝𝑝1𝑟𝑟 𝑝𝑝1∙
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝑓𝑓21 𝑓𝑓22 ⋯ 𝑓𝑓2𝑗𝑗 ⋯ 𝑓𝑓2𝑟𝑟 𝑓𝑓2∙
𝑝𝑝21 𝑝𝑝22 ⋯ 𝑝𝑝2𝑗𝑗 ⋯ 𝑝𝑝2𝑟𝑟 𝑝𝑝2∙
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
𝒙𝒙𝒊𝒊 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖2 ⋯ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ⋯ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖∙
𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖1 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖2 ⋯ 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ⋯ 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖∙
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
𝒙𝒙𝒌𝒌 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘1 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘2 ⋯ 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ⋯ 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘∙
𝑝𝑝𝑘𝑘1 𝑝𝑝𝑘𝑘2 ⋯ 𝑝𝑝𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ⋯ 𝑝𝑝𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑝𝑝𝑘𝑘∙
𝑓𝑓∙1 𝑓𝑓∙2 ⋯ 𝑓𝑓∙𝑗𝑗 ⋯ 𝑓𝑓∙𝑟𝑟 𝑓𝑓∙∙ = 𝑛𝑛
𝑝𝑝∙1 𝑝𝑝∙2 ⋯ 𝑝𝑝∙𝑗𝑗 ⋯ 𝑝𝑝∙𝑟𝑟 𝑝𝑝∙∙ = 100
×
Ǥ
ʹǤͻ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
ï
(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 )ሺǡሻǤ
ǡ
(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 )
Ǥ
𝑘𝑘 𝑟𝑟
∑ ∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑗𝑗=1
𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 ).
ï
Ǥ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = × 100
𝑛𝑛
Exploración de Datos a Través de la Distribución de Frecuencias | 57
∑ ∑ 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 100
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑗𝑗=1
ʹǤͻ
Ǥ
ǡ𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖∙
ï
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ǡ
Ǥ
𝑟𝑟
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖∙ = ∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑗𝑗=1
ǡ
ï
𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 ǡ
Ǥ
𝑘𝑘
𝑓𝑓∙𝑗𝑗 = ∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖=1
ǡ
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ǡ
Ǥ
𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖∙ 100 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖∙ = × 100 = ∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = ∑ × 100 = ∑ 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑗𝑗=1 𝑗𝑗=1 𝑗𝑗=1
Ǥ
𝑘𝑘
𝑝𝑝∙𝑗𝑗 = ∑ 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑗𝑗=1
ǡ
Ǥ
𝑘𝑘 𝑟𝑟 𝑘𝑘 𝑟𝑟
̴
̴
̴
̴
̴
̴
×
ǡǤ
ͳ͵ ͳ ͵Ͳ
𝑝𝑝11 = 13×100 17×100
=ʹͷΨ 𝑝𝑝12 = =͵ʹǡΨ ͷǡΨ
52 52
ͳ Ͳ ͳ
𝑝𝑝21 = 1×100 0×100 ͳǡͻΨ
=ͳǡͻΨ 𝑝𝑝22 = =ͲΨ
52 52
ͳ ͷ ʹͳ
𝑝𝑝31 = 16×100 5×100 ͶͲǡͶΨ
52
=͵ͲǡͺΨ 𝑝𝑝32 = =ͻǡΨ
52
͵Ͳ ʹʹ 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
ͷǡΨ Ͷʹǡ͵Ψ ͳͲͲΨ
Exploración de Datos a Través de la Distribución de Frecuencias | 59
×ǣ
ͷʹ ×
ͳͲͲሺ
ሻǤ
𝑓𝑓11 = 13ǡï×
ÀሺሻǤͳ͵
×
Ǥ
ʹͷΨǤ
×
ǡ
͵ʹǡΨ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
×
variable “moneda” en cantidades absolutos y porcentajes (frecuencia
ሻǤ𝑓𝑓2∙ = 1
× ͳǡͻΨ
Ǥ
ǡ
×
la variable “tipo de fondo” en cantidades absolut
ሺ
ሻǤ 𝑝𝑝∙1 = 57,7%
× ×
͵ͲǤ
×ǡ
Ǥ
ʹǤͳ͵ 18
17 Tipo de fondo
16 Abierto
15
14 Cerrado
13
12
Frecuencia
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
BOB UFV USD
Moneda
60 | Estadística Empresarial
ʹǤͳͶ 65%
60%
Tipo de fondo
Cerrado
55% Abierto
50%
45%
Porcentaje 40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
BOB UFV USD
MONEDA
ʹǤͳͷ 70.00%
57.70% 57.70…
60.00%
50.00% 42.30%
40.40%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00% 1.90%
0.00%
BOB UFV USD Abierto Cerrado
MONEDA TIPO DE FONDO
ǡ
×
Ǧ±
Ǥ ǡ
(𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌)Ǥ
𝑌𝑌 = 𝑦𝑦𝑗𝑗 ǡ
𝑋𝑋|𝑌𝑌 = 𝑦𝑦𝑗𝑗
ǡ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑗𝑗 Ǥ
×
×
𝑗𝑗
Ǥ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖|𝑗𝑗
ǡ
𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘
ǡ
ǡ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖|𝑗𝑗
𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖|𝑗𝑗 = × 100
𝑓𝑓∙𝑗𝑗
±
ǡ±Ǥ
ʹǤ 𝑿𝑿|𝒀𝒀 = 𝒚𝒚𝒋𝒋 𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒊|𝒋𝒋 𝒑𝒑𝒊𝒊|𝒋𝒋
𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 𝑓𝑓1|𝑗𝑗 𝑝𝑝1|𝑗𝑗
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝑓𝑓2|𝑗𝑗 𝑝𝑝2|𝑗𝑗
𝑿𝑿|𝒀𝒀 = 𝒚𝒚𝒋𝒋
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝒙𝒙𝒊𝒊 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖|𝑗𝑗 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖|𝑗𝑗
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝒙𝒙𝒌𝒌 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘|𝑗𝑗 𝑝𝑝𝑘𝑘|𝑗𝑗
∑ 𝑓𝑓∙𝑗𝑗 ͳͲͲ
𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ǡ
𝑌𝑌|𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
ǡ
×
×
𝑖𝑖Ǥ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑓𝑓𝑗𝑗|𝑖𝑖
ǡ
𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟
62 | Estadística Empresarial
ï ǡ ʹͲͳʹǡ
×
×
ʹǤͳͲ
ǡǤ
ͳǤͶͺǤͺͻ ͳǤ͵ͶͺǤͺ͵ͷ ͵ǤͲͻǤͳͶ
ͳǤͲͲͶǤͷͷͶ ͵Ǥͻ͵ͷ ͳǤͶͳǤͶͺͻ
ʹǤͷ͵Ͷ͵͵ ͳǤͻͺͷͲ ൌͶǤ͵ͻǤʹͲ͵
×
×
ͶǤ͵ͻǤʹͲ͵
×Ǥ
Ǥ
1.748.879×100 1.348.835×100
𝑝𝑝1|1 = 3.097.714
ൌͷǡͷ𝑝𝑝2|1 = 3.097.714
ൌͶ͵ǡͷͳͲͲΨ
1.004.554×100 636.935×100
𝑝𝑝1|2 = 1.641.489
ൌͳǡʹ 𝑝𝑝2|2 =
1.641.489
ൌ͵ͺǡͺͳͲͲΨ
×
ǣ
×
×
À ሺǡ ሻ
À
ሺሻǤ
ͳͲͲǤ
ͷǡͷΨ
×
×
Ͷ͵ǡͷΨ
×
×
Ǥ
×
×
ͳǡʹΨ
͵ͺǡͺΨǤ
𝑝𝑝1|1 = 1.748.879×100 1.348.835×100
ൌ͵ǡͷ 𝑝𝑝1|2 = ൌǡͻ
2.753433 1.985770
1.004.554×100 636.935×100
𝑝𝑝2|1 = 2.753433
ൌ͵ǡͷ 𝑝𝑝2|2 = ൌ͵ʹǡͳ
1.985770
ͳͲͲΨ ͳͲͲΨ
×
ǣ
×
×
Àሺǡሻ
À
ሺ ሻǤ
ͳͲͲǤ
×
×
͵ǡͷΨ
͵ǡͷΨǤ
Exploración de Datos a Través de la Distribución de Frecuencias | 63
×
ǡͻΨ
͵ʹǡͳΨǤ
ʹǤͳ 100%
SEXO
90%
Mujeres
80%
Hombres
70%
Porcentaje
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Hombres Mujeres
SEXO
Ó
ǡ
ǡ
×
ǡ
×
Ǥ
×
ʹǤͳͳ
À
Ǥ
͵
ǣ
ͳǤǣͳǦʹǦ
ʹǤ
×
Ǥ
ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ
64 | Estadística Empresarial
͵Ǥ
×
Ǥ
ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ
±
ͳͷͲ
ǡ
×
×
×
ሺ
ሻǤ±Ǥ
Satisfacción con el servicio
Ni
Muy insatisfecho Muy
Sexo insatisfecho Insatisfecho ni satisfecho Satisfecho satisfecho Total
Hombre Satisfacción Muy Recuento 1 1 0 0 0 2
con el insatisfecho % del total 1,5% 1,5% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 3,1%
producto
Insatisfecho Recuento 2 1 0 1 5 9
% del total 3,1% 1,5% 0,0% 1,5% 7,7% 13,8%
Ni Recuento 0 0 1 0 5 6
insatisfecho % del total 0,0% 0,0% 1,5% 0,0% 7,7% 9,2%
ni satisfecho
Satisfecho Recuento 0 6 0 8 20 34
% del total 0,0% 9,2% 0,0% 12,3% 30,8% 52,3%
Muy Recuento 0 3 0 8 3 14
satisfecho % del total 0,0% 4,6% 0,0% 12,3% 4,6% 21,5%
Total Recuento 3 11 1 17 33 65
% del total 4,6% 16,9% 1,5% 26,2% 50,8% 100,0%
Mujer Satisfacción Muy Recuento 2 0 0 2 0 4
con el insatisfecho % del total 2,4% 0,0% 0,0% 2,4% 0,0% 4,7%
producto
Insatisfecho Recuento 3 4 1 2 1 11
% del total 3,5% 4,7% 1,2% 2,4% 1,2% 12,9%
Ni Recuento 2 0 1 1 1 5
insatisfecho % del total 2,4% 0,0% 1,2% 1,2% 1,2% 5,9%
ni satisfecho
Satisfecho Recuento 2 8 1 18 10 39
% del total 2,4% 9,4% 1,2% 21,2% 11,8% 45,9%
Muy Recuento 0 0 0 19 7 26
satisfecho % del total 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 22,4% 8,2% 30,6%
Total Recuento 9 12 3 42 19 85
% del total 10,6% 14,1% 3,5% 49,4% 22,4% 100,0%
Total Satisfacción Muy Recuento 3 1 0 2 0 6
con el insatisfecho % del total 2,0% 0,7% 0,0% 1,3% 0,0% 4,0%
producto
Insatisfecho Recuento 5 5 1 3 6 20
% del total 3,3% 3,3% 0,7% 2,0% 4,0% 13,3%
Ni Recuento 2 0 2 1 6 11
insatisfecho % del total 1,3% 0,0% 1,3% 0,7% 4,0% 7,3%
ni satisfecho
Satisfecho Recuento 2 14 1 26 30 73
% del total 1% 9% 1% 17% 20% 49%
Muy Recuento 0 3 0 27 10 40
satisfecho % del total 0,0% 2,0% 0,0% 18,0% 6,7% 26,7%
Total Recuento 12 23 4 59 52 150
% del total 8,0% 15,3% 2,7% 39,3% 34,7% 100,0%
Exploración de Datos a Través de la Distribución de Frecuencias | 65
ǡ
×
×
𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘×𝑟𝑟 ሺ
×Ǧ
ሻǤ
𝑋𝑋 𝑌𝑌 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 𝑓𝑓11 𝑝𝑝11
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦𝑟𝑟 𝑓𝑓1𝑟𝑟 𝑝𝑝1𝑟𝑟
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖1 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖1
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑟𝑟 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 𝑦𝑦1 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘1 𝑝𝑝𝑘𝑘1
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 𝑦𝑦𝑟𝑟 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑝𝑝𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
∑ 𝑛𝑛 ͳͲͲΨ
ʹǤͻ
×
×Ǧ
Ǥ
ʹǤͳʹ
ሺ𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) ሺ𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 )
ͳ͵ ʹͷ
ͳ ͵ʹǡ
ͳ ͳǡͻ
Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ ͵Ͳǡͺ
ͷ ͻǡ
∑ ͷʹ ͳͲͲΨ
66 | Estadística Empresarial
ʹǤͳ
×
Ǥ
Ͷͷ×
ͲͶ±
Ǥ
Ͳൌ
ͳൌ
ʹൌ
͵ൌ
Ͷൌ
±ǣ
ʹ ͵ ͵ Ͷ ͳ Ͷ ͵ ʹ Ͷ ͵ ʹ ͳ Ͷ ʹ ͳ
ͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ Ͳ ʹ ʹ ͳ ʹ ʹ Ͳ ͳ ͵ Ͷ ʹ
͵ ʹ ͳ ͵ ʹ Ͷ ͵ ͳ ʹ Ͷ ʹ ͵ ʹ ͳ ͵
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ
×
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ሻ
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ሻ
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ʹï
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ͷ ͺ ͻ Ͷ ͷ ͻ Ͷ ͺ ͷ ͵ Ͷ ͵ ʹ
ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͷ Ͷ ͷ ͵ ͷ ͷ ͺ ͵ ͷ ͷ
ͺ ͷ Ͷ ͷ ͵ Ͷ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ Ͷ
ሻ
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ሻ
×
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
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ሻ Ǥ
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ͷͲΨ
ǫ
ʹǤ͵
ͶͶ
ï
Ǥ
ǣ
Exploración de Datos a Través de la Distribución de Frecuencias | 67
ʹͲ ʹ ʹͳ ʹʹ ʹͶ ʹͷ ʹͶ ʹʹ ʹͳ ʹͲ ʹ
ʹ ʹͶ ʹͷ ʹͶ ʹͳ ʹʹ ʹͶ ʹͷ ʹ ʹ ʹͳ
ʹʹ ʹͳ ʹͳ ʹͲ ʹͶ ʹͷ ʹ͵ ʹʹ ʹͶ ʹͷ ʹʹ
ʹͳ ʹͲ ʹͷ ʹ͵ ʹͲ ʹͶ ʹͷ ʹͶ ʹ͵ ʹ͵ ʹͲ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
×
Ǥ
ሻ Ǭ
ʹǫ
ሻ Ǭ
ʹʹ ǡ ʹ
ǫ
ሻ Ǭ±
ʹͷǫ
ሻ Ǭ±
ʹͷǫ
ሻ
Ǥ
ʹǤͶ
ÀͶͲÓǤ
ͳǡ ʹǡͳ Ͷǡʹ ͺǡ ͻǡ ͳǡͷ ʹǡ Ͷǡ ͳͲ ͳͲǡͶ
ͳǡʹ ʹǡ͵ ͷǡʹ ͳͲǡͷ ͳͳǡͺ ͳǡͶ ʹǡͷ ͷǡͶ ͳͲǡ ͳʹǡ͵
ͳǡ ʹǡͺ ǡͳ ͳͲǡͺ ͳͳǡͺ ͳǡʹ ʹǡͻ ǡͷ ͳͲǡ͵ ͳʹǡͷ
ͳǡ ʹǡͺ ǡ ͻǡ ͳʹǡͶ ͳǡ ʹǡͻ ͺǡ͵ ͻǡͳ ͳͳǡͺ
ሻ
×
Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ ǡ͵Ǥ
ʹǤͷ Al gerente general de la empresa “ABC” le
ò
ǡ
Ǥ
×
×Óòǣ
ʹͲ ͳʹ ͳ ͷ ͷ ͺ ͻ ͷ ͳʹ ͳͶ ͳͷ ͳ
͵ ͷ ʹʹ ʹʹ ʹͲ ʹͳ ʹͶ ͳͶ ʹͳ ͳͷ ͳͶ ͳͲ ͳͳ ͳʹ ͺ
ͳ͵ ͳʹ ͳ ͳͻ ͳ ͳʹ ͳͲ ͳͲ ͳ͵ ʹͲ ʹͳ ʹʹ ͳͶ ʹͳ ͳʹ
͵ ͷ Ͷ ͺ ͻ ͷ ͵ ʹ ͳ ͷ ͳʹ
ͳͷ ͳͶ ʹͲ ͳ Ͷ ͷ ͳͷ ͳͺ ͻ ͳ Ͷ ͷ ͳʹ ͷ
Ͷ ͷ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ ͷ ͺ ͳͻ ͳͲ Ͷ ͵ ʹ ͳ
ሻ
×
Ǥ
Ǥ
ሻ
×
Ǥ
ሻ
ǡÀ
Ǥ
ʹǤ
×À
ǡ
ͷͲ
Ǥ
ǣ
68 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ
ͳ ͷͻ ͳͳ ͷͷ ʹͳ Ͳ ͵ͳ Ͳ Ͷͳ ͷͷ
ʹ Ͷ ͳʹ ͷ ʹʹ ͵ʹ ͷͲ Ͷʹ
͵ Ͷͷ ͳ͵ ͳ ʹ͵ ͷ͵ ͵͵ Ͷ Ͷ͵
Ͷ ͷͲ ͳͶ ͷ ʹͶ ͷ ͵Ͷ ͷ͵ ͶͶ ͷͶ
ͷ ͻ ͳͷ ͷͺ ʹͷ ͷͻ ͵ͷ Ͷͻ Ͷͷ ͷ͵
ͳ ʹ ʹ Ͷ ͵ ͺͻ Ͷ ͷͳ
ͷͻ ͳ Ͳ ʹ ͷͲ ͵ ͷͲ Ͷ ͷͲ
ͺ ͷͻ ͳͺ ͳ ʹͺ ͷͶ ͵ͺ ͵ Ͷͺ Ͷ
ͻ ͷ ͳͻ ͳ ʹͻ Ͷ ͵ͻ Ͷ Ͷͻ ͵
ͳͲ Ͷͻ ʹͲ ͳ ͵Ͳ ͶͲ ͷʹ ͷͲ Ͳ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
×
Ǥ
Ǥ
ሻ 𝐹𝐹3 ǡ𝑓𝑓3ǡ𝑃𝑃3 ǡ𝑝𝑝3 ǡ𝑃𝑃3↑ 𝐹𝐹3↑
ሻ
À
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ʹǤ
ሺǤሻ
×
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ͳͲ ͺ Ͷ ͷ ͷ ͳͷ ʹʹ ͵Ͳ ͺ ͷ
ͷ Ͷ ͻ ͳͶ ͳͷ ͷ ʹ ͵Ͳ Ͷ ͳͶ
ͶͲ ͵Ͳ ͷ ͳ ͷ ͺ ͵ͷ ͳͶ ͺ ͳʹ ͻ
ͳͷ ʹ ͷ ͺ ͳͲ ͳͻ ͳͷ ͳͲ ʹʹ ʹʹ
ͷ Ͷ ͷ ͺ ͷ ͳͲ ͳͳ ͳ͵ ͳͻ
ሻ
×
ͷ
ǡͳͲǡͳͳǦͳͷǡͳǦ͵Ͳ͵ͲǤ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ
×
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ʹǤͺ
×
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ͳͲͲ ͳͷͲ Ͳ ͳͳͲ ͳʹͲ ͳͷͲ ʹʹͲ ʹͷͲ ͵ͲͲ ʹͷͲ
ͺͲ ͳͷͲ ͺͲ ͻͲ ͳͳͲ ͳͲͲ ͳʹͲ ͳͶͲ ͳͲ ͳͷͲ
ͳ͵Ͳ ͳͷͲ ʹͲͲ ʹͷͲ ʹ͵Ͳ ʹͲ ʹͺͲ ʹͲ ʹͲ ͳͶͲ
ͳʹͲ ͳͳͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳ͵Ͳ ͳͺͲ ͻͲ ͳͲ ͳͲͲ ͻͲ
ͺͲ ͻͲ ͻͲ ͺͲ ͻͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͷͲ ͳͷͲ ͳ͵Ͳ
ʹͻͲ ʹͲͲ ʹͷͲ ʹʹͲ ʹͲ ʹͶͲ ʹͲ ͳͺͲ ʹͲ ͳͲ
ͳͶͲ ͳͷͲ ͳʹͲ ͳʹͲ ͳͶͲ ͳͷͲ ͳͳͲ ͳʹͲ ͳͷͲ ͳͲͲ
ͻͲ ʹͺͲ ͻͲ ʹͲ ʹͲͲ ͳʹͲ ͳͷͲ ʹͷͲ ͳʹͲ ʹͶͲ
ͳͲ ͳͷͲ ͳͲ ͳͲ ʹͲͲ ͳͺͲ ͳͲ ͳͻͲ ʹͲͲ ͳͲͲ
ʹͲͲ ʹͶͲ ʹ͵Ͳ ʹͲ ʹͷͲ ͵ͲͲ ʹͶͲ ͳͲͲ ͳʹͲ ͳͶͲ
ሻ
Ǥ
Exploración de Datos a Través de la Distribución de Frecuencias | 69
ሻ
×
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À
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ሻ
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ሻ Ǥ
ʹǤͻ
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± Ͷͺ
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ͺǡͷ ͻǡͷ ǡͷ ǡͺ ǡͷ ͺǡͷ ͷǡͺ ǡͷ ǡͺ ͺǡͺ ͻǡʹ ͺǡͷ
ǡ ͷǡͷ ǡͷ ͷǡ ǡͳ ͺǡͳ ͷǡ ǡʹ ǡͺ ǡͻ ͻǡͳ ͻǡͶ
ǡ͵ ǡͲ ͺǡʹ ǡ͵ ǡͻ ͺǡʹ ͷǡͻ ǡͶ ǡͻ ͺǡͷ ͺǡͻ ͻǡͳ
ሻ
ͷǤ
ሻ
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ʹǤͳͲ
ͶͶ
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൏ͳͲ ͷ
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≥͵Ͳ
ሻ
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ʹͲ ͳͶ
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ሻ Ǭ
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ʹʹǫ
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ሻ Ǭ͵ͲΨ
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×
ͳǤͲͲͲ
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ሺሻ Ǥ
ǤͲͲͲ ʹͲͲ
ǤͲͲͲ–ͳͺǤͲͲͲ
ͳͺǤͲͲͲ–ͶʹǤͲͲͲ
ͶʹǤͲͲͲ
ǡǣ
À ͵ǤͲͲ̈́ ͲǤͲͲͲ̈́Ǥ ͵ʹͲ
ͳͺǤͲͲͲ̈́ʹͲͲ
ͶʹǤͲͲͲ̈́Ǥ
ሻ Ǭ±
ͳͶǤͲͲͲǫ
ሻ ǬͶͲΨ
ǫ
70 | Estadística Empresarial
ሻ Ǭ±
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ʹǤͳʹ
ï
À
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×
×ǣ
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×
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× ï ×
×Ǥ
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ͷͲ–ͻ ͳͲ
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ͳͳͲ–ͳʹͻ ͻ
ͳ͵Ͳ–ͳͶͻ
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ሻ
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ሻ
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ʹǤͳͶ
ǡ
×
Ǥ
100
95 10
90
Frecuencia porcentual inversa
85 9
80
75 8
70
65 7
acumulada
60
55 6
50
45 5
40
35 4
30 3
25
20 2
15
10 1
5
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Articulos rechazados
Exploración de Datos a Través de la Distribución de Frecuencias | 71
ʹǤͳͷ ǣ ï ±
×
Ǥ
±ȀǤ ȀǤ
ͳ ʹʹ ͷǤͲͲͲ ͶǤͲͲͲ
ʹ ͵Ͳ ʹͲǤͲͲͲ ǤͲͲͲ
ʹ ʹͷ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ ǤͷͲͲ
͵ ͵ͷ ͷͲǤͲͲͲ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ
Ͷ ͶͲ ͳͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͳʹǤͲͲͲ
ͷ ͵ʹ ͶͲǤͲͲͲ ͺǤͲͲͲ
ʹͻ ͷǤͲͲͲ ͵ǤͲͲͲ
͵ͳ ͲǤͲͲͲ ǤͲͲͲ
ͺ ͵Ͷ ͳͷͲǤͲͲͲ ͳͶǤͲͲͲ
ͻ ͵Ͳ ʹͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͳͷǤͲͲͲ
ͳͲ
͵ ͷͲǤͲͲͲ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ
ͳͳ ʹͷ ͷǤͲͲͲ ͶǤͲͲͲ
ͳʹ ͵ͳ ʹͲǤͲͲͲ ǤͲͲͲ
ͳ͵ ʹͷ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ ͳʹǤͲͲͲ
ͳͶ ʹͷ ͷͲǤͲͲͲ ͺǤͲͲͲ
ͳͷ ͵ͳ ͷͲǤͲͲͲ ͵ǤͲͲͲ
ͳ ʹͷ ͳͲͲǤͲͲͲ ǤͲͲͲ
ͳ ͵Ͳ ͶͲǤͲͲͲ ǤͲͲͲ
ͳͺ
͵Ͳ ͷǤͲͲͲ ͳͶǤͲͲͲ
ͳͻ ͵ͳ ͶͲǤͲͲͲ ͳͷǤͲͲͲ
ʹͲ ͵Ͳ ͷǤͲͲͲ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ
ʹͳ ʹͷ ͶͲǤͲͲͲ ǤͲͲͲ
ʹʹ ͵Ͳ ʹͲǤͲͲͲ ͳʹǤͲͲͲ
ʹ͵ ͵Ͳ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ ͺǤͲͲͲ
×ǣ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
±Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ ±ሺ
ሻǤ
ሻ ±ሺ
ሻǤ
ሻ ሺ
ሻǤ
ሻ
Ǥ
ʹǤͳ
×Ǥ
̳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ
Ǧͳ ͷ ͺ ͷ ͺ Ͷ ͳ
Ͳ Ͷ ͳͲ ͺ
ͳ ͳͷ ͳʹ ͳͳ ͳʹ
ʹ ʹ ͺ ͳͶ ͳͷ ͳͶ ͳ
72 | Estadística Empresarial
ǣ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
×
ൌͶǤ
ሻ
×
ൌʹǤ
ሻ
×
ൌʹǤ
ሻ
×
ൌͳǤ
ʹǤͳ
×ǣ
̳ ͳͷ ʹͷ ͵ͷ ͶͲ ͷͲ
ͳͲ ͷ ͺ ͳͲ ͳʹ ͳͷ
ʹͲ Ͷ ͳͲ ͳʹ ͳͶ ͳ
͵Ͳ ͵ ͷ ͻ ͳͳ
ͶͲ ͳ Ͷ ͺ ͳʹ ͳͲ
ǣ
ሻ
×
ൌͳͷǤ
ሻ
×
ൌ͵ͷǤ
ሻ
×
ൌʹͲǤ
ሻ
×
ൌ͵ͲǤ
ሻ
Ǥ
ʹǤͳͺ
×
ï
±ǡ
±Ǥ
̳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ
ͳ ͵ ͳ ʹ ͳͺ
ʹ ͳͲ ͳͶ ͳ ʹͲ
͵ ͺ ʹ ͺ ʹͶ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ Ǭ±ǫ
ሻ Ǭ
ǫ
ሻ Ǭ±
±ǫ
ሻ Ǭ±
ǫ
ሻ Ǭ±
±ǫ
ሻ ± Ǭ±
ǫ
Exploración de Datos a Través de la Distribución de Frecuencias | 73
ʹǤͳͻ
× ሺൌǡ ൌǡ
ൌሻ
×
ሺǡ ሻǤ
∑
ͳͲ ͳ͵ ʹ ʹͷ
ʹͲ ͳʹ ͺ ͶͲ
͵Ͳ ͳͷ ͳͲ ͵ͷ
∑ ͶͲ ͶͲ ʹͲ ͳͲͲ
ǣ
ሻ
×
×Ǥ
Ǥ
ሻ
×
×Ǥ
ሻ
×
×
ǤǤ
ሻ
Ǥ
ʹǤʹͲ
×
ǣ
൏ͻ ͳͺǤͲͲͲ ʹʹǤͲͲͲ
ͻͳ͵ ͳͷǤͲͲͲ ͳͶǤͲͲͲ
ͳ͵ͳ ͳͶǤͲͲͲ ͳǤͷͲͲ
ͳʹͳ ʹͷǤͷͲͲ ʹͶǤͷͲͲ
ʹͳ͵Ͳ ʹʹǤͲͲͲ ʹͶǤͲͲͲ
͵ͲͶͲ ʹͳǤͲͲͲ ʹʹǤͲͲͲ
ͶͲͷͲ ͳͷǤͲͲͲ ͳͶǤͲͲͲ
ͷͲͲ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ ͳǤͷͲͲ
≥Ͳ ͷͷǤͲͲͲ ͲǤͲͲͲ
ʹǤʹͳ ǡ
ሺሻ ȀǤ ±ȀǤ
ͳ ʹʹ ͷǤͲͲͲ ͳǤͲͲͲ
ʹ ͵Ͳ ʹͲǤͲͲͲ ǤͲͲͲ
͵ ʹͷ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ ǤͷͲͲ
Ͷ ͵ͷ ͷͲǤͲͲͲ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ
ͷ ͶͲ ͳͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͳʹǤͲͲͲ
͵ʹ ͶͲǤͲͲͲ ͺǤͲͲͲ
ʹͻ ͷǤͲͲͲ ͵ǤͲͲͲ
ͺ ͵ͳ ͲǤͲͲͲ ǤͲͲͲ
ͻ ͵Ͷ ͳͷͲǤͲͲͲ ͳͶǤͲͲͲ
ͳͲ ͵Ͳ ʹͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͳͷǤͲͲͲ
ͳͳ ͵ ͷͲǤͲͲͲ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ
74 | Estadística Empresarial
ʹǤʹʹ
Ǥ
ʹǤʹ͵
Ǥ
͵
×
͵Ǥͳ
×
ǡ±Ǥ
×
ǡ
ǣ±
ǡ
±
ǡ×
ǡǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
×
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
±
×±
𝑎𝑎 > 0𝑟𝑟 > 0
𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑟𝑟, 𝑎𝑎 + 2𝑟𝑟, 𝑎𝑎 + 3𝑟𝑟, 𝑎𝑎 + 4𝑟𝑟, 𝑎𝑎 + 5𝑟𝑟, 𝑎𝑎 + 6𝑟𝑟, … , 𝑎𝑎 + (𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑟𝑟
×±
𝑛𝑛
±
Ǥ
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎 + 2𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎 + 3𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎 + 4𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎 + 5𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎 + 6𝑟𝑟
±
𝑛𝑛 ±
Ǥ
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎 + 2𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎 + 3𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎 + 4𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎 + 5𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎 + 6𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎 + 7𝑟𝑟
𝑎𝑎+3𝑟𝑟+𝑎𝑎+4𝑟𝑟 7𝑟𝑟
±
ൌ = 𝑎𝑎 +
2 2
ǡ±
×±
Ǥ
×Ǥ
ʹͶͺͳͲͳʹͳͶ
±
ͻ
ʹͶͺͳͲͳʹͳͶͳ
2
×
±
ǡ
×
Ǥ ǡ
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 77
±
×
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑥𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛−1 + 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 1
𝑥𝑥̅ = = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1
ǡ±
Ǥ
×
ǡ
͵Ǥͳ
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14
𝑥𝑥̅ = = 8
7
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14 + 16
𝑥𝑥̅ = = 9
8
Ǥ
±
𝒙𝒙
× Ó ǡ
̅Ǥ
×
𝜇𝜇ሺሻ
×Ǥ
𝑁𝑁
1
𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖=1
±
×
×
×Ǥ
±
ሺ𝑥𝑥̅ ሻ À
Ó
ǡÀÀ
Ǥ
±
ǡ
𝑋𝑋(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 )𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 ǡ
×ǣ
𝑘𝑘
1
𝑥𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1
ǣ
𝑘𝑘
1
𝑥𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖
100
𝑖𝑖=1
× ʹǤʹ
͵Ǥʹ
ÀǤ
×
ÓͳͲͲǡ͵ͲÀÀ
×Ǥ
78 | Estadística Empresarial
ሺ𝒙𝒙𝒊𝒊 ) Àሺ𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒊 )
ͳ Ͷ
ʹ ͵
Ͷ
ͷ ͵
ͷ
ʹ
ͺ Ͷ
ͻ ͳ
ͳͷ ʹ
͵Ͳ
×±
ǣ
𝑘𝑘
1
𝑥𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1
4 + 2 × 3 + 4 × 6 + 5 × 3 + 6 × 5 + 7 × 2 + 8 × 4 + 9 + 15 × 2
= = 5,467
30
ǡÀ
×
ͷ
Àǡ
×
×
×
Ǥ
2
ͳǤ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = 𝑐𝑐ǡ 𝑐𝑐 ∈ ℝǡ 𝑖𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛𝑛
±
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
1 1 1
𝑥𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = ∑ 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝑐𝑐
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
×ǡሺሻͳͷ
͵Ǥ͵
ǡ
ǡ
×
Ǥ
ͷͷͷͷͷͷͷͷͷͷͷͷͷͷͷ
ͷሺ𝑥𝑥̅ = 5ሻ
ʹǤ
×ǡ𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 ± 𝑏𝑏
(𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) ∈ ℝǡ
𝑦𝑦̅ = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥̅ ± 𝑏𝑏Ǥ
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
1 1 𝑎𝑎 1
𝑦𝑦̅ = ∑ 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 = ∑(𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ± 𝑏𝑏) = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ± 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥̅ ± 𝑏𝑏
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 79
͵ʹͲͲ Ǥ
͵ǤͶ
ʹͲΨǡ
͵ͲǤǬǫ
ൌǡൌ
𝑌𝑌 = (𝑋𝑋 + 0,2𝑋𝑋) − 10
𝑌𝑌 = 1,2𝑋𝑋 − 10ሺሻ
ǡǡ
𝑌𝑌̅ = 1,2𝑋𝑋̅ − 30 = 1,5 ∗ 3200 − 30 = 3810Ǥ
2V
×
ǡ
±
×ǣ
𝑘𝑘
1
𝑥𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
ǡ
Ǥǡ𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
ሺ
ሻǤ
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 =
2
×
Ǥ
ͺͲ
×
×
͵Ǥͷ
ሺ
×
×
ሻǤ
Ǥ
ሺሻ
ͷ ʹ
ͷ–ͳͲ ͵Ͳ
ͳͲ–ͳͷ ͳ͵
ͳͷ–ʹͲ ͷ
ʹͲ–ʹͷ ͵
ʹͷ–͵Ͳ ʹ
±
×ǣ
6
1 665
𝑥𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = = 8,31
80 80
𝑖𝑖=1
Ǥ
80 | Estadística Empresarial
Óǡ
×
Ǥ
×Óሺሻ Ǥ
ͲͲ–ͳǤͲͲ ͷ
ͳǤͲͲ–ʹǤͲͲ ͳͶ
ʹǤͲͲ–͵ǤͲͲ ʹͲ
͵ǤͲͲ–ͶǤͲͲ ʹʹ
ͶǤͲͲ–ͷǤͲͲ ʹͲ
ͷǤͲͲ–ǤͲͲ ͳͶ
ǤͲͲ–ǤͲͲ ͷ
𝑘𝑘 = 7ǡ
ǣ
3.700 + 4.700
𝑥𝑥̅ = 𝑥𝑥8⁄2 = 𝑥𝑥4 = = 4.200
2
× Ó ͶǤʹͲͲ
Ǥ
À
±
ï
Ǥ
±
Ǥ
±
Ǥ
×
Ǥ
Ó
Ǥ
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 81
ǡ
ïǤ
±
À
Ǥ
× ±
ǡ ±
Ǥ
×
Ǥ
ǡ
×ǡ
Ǥ
À
Ǥ
±
À
ǡ
×
Ǥ𝛼𝛼Ψ
ǡ
±
Ǥ
×ǡ
∥𝑛𝑛(1−𝛼𝛼)∥
1
𝑥𝑥̅𝛼𝛼 = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛𝛼𝛼
𝑖𝑖=∥𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛∥+1
∥ 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ∥𝑛𝑛𝛼𝛼 =∥ 𝑛𝑛(1 − 𝛼𝛼) ∥ −∥ 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ∥
͵Ǥʹǡ
͵Ǥ
͵Ͳ À À
×
ͳͷͲͳͷǤ
ሺ𝒙𝒙𝒊𝒊 ) Àሺ𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒊 )
ͳ Ͷ
ʹ ͵
Ͷ
ͷ ͵
ͷ
ʹ
ͺ Ͷ
ͻ ͳ
ͳͷ ͳ
À
ͳͷͲ ͳ
͵Ͳ
±ǡ±
𝑥𝑥̅ = 9,97À
ͳͲ
À
×
82 | Estadística Empresarial
À
ሺͳͷͲሻǡ
𝛼𝛼 = 0,05Ǥ ͷΨ
ǡ
À
ሺሻǤ
∥𝑛𝑛(1−𝛼𝛼)∥ ∥30(1−0,05)∥
1 1
𝑥𝑥̅0,05 = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛𝛼𝛼 ∥ 30(1 − 0,05) ∥ −∥ 30 × 0,05 ∥
𝑖𝑖=∥𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛∥+1 𝑖𝑖=∥30×0,05∥+1
28
1
= ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = 4,93
27
𝑖𝑖=2
À
×
ͷ
Ǥ
ǡ
𝑥𝑥11 , 𝑥𝑥12 , … , 𝑥𝑥1𝑛𝑛1 , 𝑥𝑥21 , 𝑥𝑥22 , … , 𝑥𝑥2𝑛𝑛2 , … , 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘1 , 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘2 , … , 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘𝑛𝑛𝑘𝑘
ǡ𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛1 + 𝑛𝑛2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑛𝑘𝑘 = ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖
±
ǣ
𝑥𝑥11 + 𝑥𝑥12 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑥1𝑛𝑛1 + 𝑥𝑥21 + 𝑥𝑥22 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑥2𝑛𝑛2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘1 + 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘𝑛𝑛𝑘𝑘
𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑇𝑇 =
𝑛𝑛
∑𝑛𝑛1 𝑥𝑥1𝑖𝑖 + ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 2
𝑥𝑥2𝑖𝑖 + ⋯ + ∑𝑖𝑖=1
𝑛𝑛𝑘𝑘
𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
= 𝑖𝑖=1
𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛1 𝑛𝑛2 𝑛𝑛𝑘𝑘
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥1𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥2𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑛𝑛1 [ 𝑛𝑛 ] + 𝑛𝑛2 [ 𝑛𝑛 ] + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑛𝑘𝑘 [ 𝑛𝑛 ]
1 2 𝑘𝑘
=
𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛1 𝑥𝑥̅1 + 𝑛𝑛2 𝑥𝑥̅2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑛𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥̅𝑘𝑘
=
𝑛𝑛
𝑘𝑘
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥̅𝑖𝑖
=
𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛
𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 = 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 = 1ǡ
Ǣ
𝑘𝑘
∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥̅𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥̅𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑇𝑇 = = = ∑ 𝑥𝑥̅𝑖𝑖 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1
×
±
ሺ𝑥𝑥̅𝑖𝑖 ሻ
× ሺ𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ሻǤ ±
±
À
Ǥ
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 83
À͵ǡǤ
͵Ǥͺ
ͳǤͷͲͲ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ Ǥ
ͳǤͲͲͲ ͺǤͲͲͲ Ǥ
ǡʹǤͷͲͲͳʹǤͲͲͲǤǬ
ǫ
ǡ
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛1 + 𝑛𝑛2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑛𝑘𝑘 = 1.500 + 1.000 + 2.500 = 5.000
ǡ
1.500 1.000 2.500
𝑤𝑤1 = = 0,3Ǣ𝑤𝑤2 = = 0,2𝑤𝑤3 = = 0,5
5.000 5.000 5.000
3
𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑇𝑇 = ∑ 𝑥𝑥̅𝑖𝑖 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 = 10.000 ∗ 0,3 + 8.000 ∗ 0,2 + 12.000 ∗ 0,5 = 10.600
𝑖𝑖=1
ͳͲǤͲͲǤ
×
ǡǢ
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
×
×𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 Ǥ
𝑥𝑥1 𝑣𝑣1 , 𝑥𝑥2 𝑣𝑣2 , 𝑥𝑥3 𝑣𝑣3 , … , 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛
𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖
ǡ
𝑛𝑛
ͷͲ
ͳǤͲͲͲ̈́
×ǡ
͵Ǥͻ
ͻΨǤ±
ͳͲͲ
ͳǤͷͲͲ̈́
ǡ
ͳͷΨǤǤ
×ʹͲͲǤͲͲͲ̈́ǡ
ͷͲǤͲͲͲ̈́
50.000
𝑤𝑤1 = = 0,25ͳͷͲǤͲͲͲ̈́
200.000
150.000
𝑤𝑤2 = = 0,75Ǣ
200.000
ͷΨǤ
ǡ×ͳ͵ǡͷΨǤ
2
2
×±
ǡ
×Ǥ
𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥̅𝐺𝐺 = √∏ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ∀ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 > 0
𝑖𝑖=1
×±
ǡ
͵ǤͳͲ
7
𝑥𝑥̅𝐺𝐺 = √2 ∗ 4 ∗ 8 ∗ 16 ∗ 32 ∗ 64 ∗ 128 = 16
6
𝑥𝑥̅𝐺𝐺 = √2 ∗ 4 ∗ 8 ∗ 16 ∗ 32 ∗ 64 = 11,3
Ǥ
±
±
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛 1 1
ln 𝑥𝑥̅𝐺𝐺 = ln ( √∏ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ) = ln (∏ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ) = ∑ ln 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥̅𝐺𝐺 = 𝑒𝑒 (∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖)/𝑛𝑛
ǡ±
ÀǦ±
𝑘𝑘ሺ𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 ሻ
Ǥ
𝑘𝑘
𝑛𝑛
𝑓𝑓
𝑥𝑥̅𝐺𝐺 = √∏ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 ∀ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 > 0
𝑖𝑖=1
±
ǡǣ
𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘
𝑛𝑛
1 1
ln 𝑥𝑥̅𝐺𝐺 = ln √∏ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓
= ln (∏ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 ) = ∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ln 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
( )
𝑘𝑘
𝑥𝑥̅𝐺𝐺 = 𝑒𝑒 (∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖)/𝑛𝑛
À
±
±
À
±
Ǥ
86 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥ
×±
ǡï
ǡ
±
Ǥ
±
±
ǡÀǣ
𝑥𝑥̅𝐺𝐺 ≤ 𝑥𝑥̅
ǡ±
×ǡ
ǣ
ǡ
ǡǤǡ
ሺÓǡÀሻǡ
×±
×ͳǤ
𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛
𝑇𝑇̅ = 𝑥𝑥̅𝐺𝐺 − 1 = √∏ 𝑥𝑥𝑡𝑡 − 1
𝑡𝑡=1
͵Ǥͳͳ
ʹͲͲͻǦʹͲͳͷǤ
ǡ
ͳͷΨǡ
Ó
Ǥ
ǣ
Ó ̈́
ʹͲͲͻ ʹͻ
ʹͲͳͲ ͵ʹ
ʹͲͳͳ ͶͲ
ʹͲͳʹ Ͷ
ʹͲͳ͵ ͷͲ
ʹͲͳͶ ͷͷ
ʹͲͳͷ Ͳ
×ǡ
Ó ̈́
×
ʹͲͲͻ ʹͻ ǦǦǦǦ
ʹͲͳͲ ͵ʹ ͵ʹȀʹͻൌͳǡͳͲ͵
ʹͲͳͳ ͶͲ ͶͲȀ͵ʹൌͳǡʹͷͲ
ʹͲͳʹ Ͷ ͶȀͶͲൌͳǡͳͷ
ʹͲͳ͵ ͷͲ ͷͲȀͶൌͳǡͲͶ
ʹͲͳͶ ͷͷ ͷͷȀͷͲൌͳǡͳͲͲ
ʹͲͳͷ Ͳ ͲȀͷͷൌͳǡͲͻͳ
ǡ
×±
Ǥ
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 87
6
6
𝑥𝑥̅𝐺𝐺 = √∏ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖=1
6
𝑥𝑥̅𝐺𝐺 = √1,103 × 1,250 × 1,175 × 1,064 × 1,1 × 1,091 = 1,129
𝑇𝑇̅ = 𝑥𝑥̅𝐺𝐺 − 1 = 1,129 − 1 = 0,129 ≅ 12,9%
ǡ
ͳʹǡͻΨǡ
ͳͷΨǡ
Ó
Ǥ
× ͳǤͲͲͲ ×ǡ
͵Ǥͳʹ
Ó
ͺͲͲǡÓ
ͷͲͲ
Ó ͳǤͲͲͲ
× ሺ
ሻǤ
×
ÓǤ
Óǡ Ó ×
ʹͲΨǡ Ó ± × ͵ǡͷΨ
×
ÓǤ
ÓͳͲͲΨ
×Óʹǡ±
Ǥ
Ó
×
×Ψ Ψ
Ͳ ͳǤͲͲͲ ǦǦ ǦǦ
ͳ ͺͲͲ ͺͲ ǦʹͲ
ʹ ͷͲͲ ʹǡͷ Ǧ͵ǡͷ
͵ ͳͲͲͲ ʹͲͲ ͳͲͲ
±
ǣ
3
𝑥𝑥̅𝐺𝐺 = √80 ∗ 62,5 ∗ 200 = 100
𝑇𝑇̅ = 𝑥𝑥̅𝐺𝐺 − 100 = 100 − 100 = 0
ǡ
×ÓͲΨǤ
ǣ
3
3
𝑇𝑇̅ = √∏(1 + 𝑥𝑥𝑡𝑡 ) − 1 = √(1 − 0,2)(1 − 0,375)(1 + 1) − 1 = 0 ≅ 0%
3
𝑡𝑡=1
−20−37,5+100
±
𝑥𝑥̅ = = 14,2%
3
ͳͶǡʹΨǡ
Ǥ
88 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑛𝑛
ǣ
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 1/𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛
𝑇𝑇̅ = √∏(1 + 𝑥𝑥𝑡𝑡 ) − 1 = [∏(1 + 𝑥𝑥𝑡𝑡 )] − 1
𝑡𝑡=1 𝑡𝑡=1
ïÀ
ʹͲͳͶ
͵Ǥͳ͵
××
ሺ
ሻǤ
×ʹͲͲǦ
ʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
Ó
××Ψ
ʹͲͲ ͳ͵ǡʹ
ʹͲͲ ʹͲǡͶ
ʹͲͲͺ ͳͻǡ
ʹͲͲͻ ʹ͵ǡ
ʹͲͳͲ ǡͻ
ʹͲͳͳ ͳͺǡ
ʹͲͳʹ ʹʹǡͷ
ʹͲͳ͵ ͳǡͷ
8
8
𝑇𝑇̅ = √∏(1 + 𝑥𝑥𝑡𝑡 ) − 1
𝑡𝑡=1
8
= √(1 + 0,132)(1 + 0,204)(1 + 0,197)(1 + 0,237)(1 + 0,069)(1 + 0,187)(1 + 0,225)(1 + 0,175) − 1
= 0,177 ≅ 17,7%
×
ʹͲͲǦʹͲͳ͵
×
×ͳǡΨǤ
ǡ
͵ǤͳͶ
ÀÀÓǤ
Ǥ
Ψ Ó
Ͳǡͻ ʹ
ʹǡ ͳ
͵ǡʹ ͵
Ͷǡ͵ ʹ
ͷǡ ʹ
×ǡ
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 89
10
10
𝑇𝑇̅ = √∏(1 + 𝑥𝑥𝑡𝑡 ) − 1
𝑡𝑡=1
10
= √(1 + 0,009)2 (1 + 0,026)(1 + 0,032)3 (1 + 0,043)2 (1 + 0,057)2 − 1
= 0,0339 ≅ 3,39%
ÀÀͳͲÓ
͵ǡͶΨ
×
𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛−1 , 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 ǡ
ሺ𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ≠ 0ሻǡ
ǡ
1 1 1 1 1
, , ,⋯, ,
𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 𝑥𝑥3 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛
±
ǣ
1
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 ( )
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥̅ =
𝑛𝑛
±
ǣ
1 𝑛𝑛
=
𝑥𝑥̅ ∑𝑛𝑛 ( 1 )
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥
𝑖𝑖
1
𝑥𝑥̅𝐴𝐴 = 𝑥𝑥̅
ǣ
𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥̅𝐴𝐴 =
1
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 ( )
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
ǡ×
ሺ𝑥𝑥̅𝐴𝐴 )ǡ±
Ǥ
ǡ
͵Ǥͳͷ
ǡ
ʹǤͲͲͲ
Ǥ
ʹͲ
ȀÀ
×
͵Ͳ
ȀÀǤ Ǭ
× ͶǤͲͲͲ
ǫ
ǡ×
Ǥ
2 2
𝑥𝑥̅𝐴𝐴 = = = 24 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐/𝑑𝑑í𝑎𝑎
1 1 1
∑2𝑖𝑖=1 ( ) +
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 20 30
90 | Estadística Empresarial
20+30
±ǡ
±
= 25ǡ
2
2.000
ͶǤͲͲͲ
ͳǡ À ( +
20
2.000
30
= 166.67) 25 ∗ 166,67 ≈ 4.167
Ǥ
×
24 ∗ 166,67 ≈ 4.00Ͳ
Ǥ
ǣ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥̅𝑝𝑝 = = 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖
×
×ǡ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 = ; ∀ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ≠ 0
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
×
ǣ
𝑓𝑓
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ( 𝑖𝑖 ) ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥̅𝐴𝐴 = =
𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 ( 𝑖𝑖 ) ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 ( 𝑖𝑖 )
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑓𝑓
ǡ×
𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ≠ 0Ǥ
͵Ǥͳ
À
×Ǥ
͵Ǥͳ
À
×
ͳ ʹͷ ʹͷͲͲ
ʹ ʹͲ ͳͲͲ
͵ ͳͶ ͻͺͲ
Ͷ ͳͲ ͺͷͲ
ͷ ͵Ͳ ʹͲͲ
ͶͲ ͵ͲͲͲ
×
Ǥ
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 =
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
±
ǡ
×
×
Ǥ
À
×
ͳ ʹͷ ʹǤͷͲͲ ͳͲͲ
ʹ ʹͲ ͳǤͲͲ ͺͲ
͵ ͳͶ ͻͺͲ Ͳ
Ͷ ͳͲ ͺͷͲ ͺͷ
ͷ ͵Ͳ ʹǤͲͲ ͻͲ
ͶͲ ͵ǤͲͲͲ ͷ
ÀͳͳͲͲ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǣ
∑6𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 2.500 + 1.600 + 980 + 850 + 2.700 + 3.000
𝑥𝑥̅𝐴𝐴 = = = 83,67
𝑓𝑓 2.500 1.600 980 850 2.700 3.000
∑6𝑖𝑖=1 ( 𝑖𝑖 ) + + + + +
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 100 80 70 85 90 75
ʹͲ×ͲȀǡͶͲ
͵Ǥͳͺ
ͺͲȀͳʹͲ×ͳͲͲȀǤ
×
ͳͺͲǤ
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
Ȁ𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
×Ǥ
×ǡ
×
Ǥ
∑3𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 20 + 40 + 120
𝑥𝑥̅𝐴𝐴 = = = 88,52
𝑓𝑓 20 40 120
∑3𝑖𝑖=1 ( 𝑖𝑖 ) 60 + 80 + 100
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
ǡ
×ͺͺǡͷʹȀǤ
92 | Estadística Empresarial
À
×
ï
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
À
Ǥ
±ǡǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
×
ǣ
𝑥𝑥̅𝐴𝐴 ≤ 𝑥𝑥̅𝐺𝐺 ≤ 𝑥𝑥̅
×
×Ǥ𝑝𝑝 =
ǡ𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = producción𝑟𝑟ൌ
×Ǥ
∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖
𝑝𝑝̅ = 𝑘𝑘
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖
×
Ǥ
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 × 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
ǡ
ǣ
∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑘𝑘
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖
×
Ǥ
1 1
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑣𝑣 ∗ 𝑡𝑡ǡ 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑒𝑒
𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣
𝑒𝑒 =
ǡ𝑣𝑣 =
𝑡𝑡 =
ǣ
∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖
𝑣𝑣̅ = 𝑘𝑘
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖
À
À
×
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛
1 1
∑ ( − ) = 0
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥̅𝐴𝐴
𝑖𝑖=1
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
1 1 1 1 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
∑ ( − ) = ∑ − ∑ = − = 0
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥̅𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥̅𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥̅𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥̅𝐴𝐴
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 93
͵Ǥʹ
ǡ
ͷͲΨ
ͷͲΨ
Ǥ
ͷͲΨ𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀ͷͲΨ
𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚á𝑥𝑥
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀Ǥ
À
ï
Ǥ
À
ÓǤ
Ǥ
À
ǡ
×
Ǥ
±
±
Ǥ
Ǥ
±
Ǥ
À
Ǥ
ͳǤ 𝑥𝑥1 ≤ 𝑥𝑥2 ≤ ⋯ ≤ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ≤ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖+1 ≤ ⋯ ≤ 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛−1 ≤ 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛+1
ʹǤ
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ±À
𝑖𝑖 =
2
͵Ǥ 𝒊𝒊
ǡ 𝑥𝑥∥𝑖𝑖∥ = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖+1 ሺ∥ 𝑖𝑖 ∥
significa parte entera de 𝑖𝑖ሻǤ
Ǥ
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 0,5(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 )
𝒊𝒊
ǡ
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
ሺ ͻ ሻǤ
͵Ǥͳͻ
Ǥ
ͳǤ ǣͷͲͷʹͷͶͷͷͺͲʹͶ
ʹǤ
ͷͲͷʹͷͶͷͷͺͲʹͻͻͺ
𝑛𝑛+1 9+1
𝑛𝑛 = 9 𝑖𝑖 = = = 5 ǡ
2 2
ሺ𝑥𝑥5 ሻǤ
ǡ
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑥𝑥5 = 58 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
94 | Estadística Empresarial
͵Ǥͳ
ǡͻͻͺ
Ǥ
Ó ͳͷͲ Ǥ ሺሻǡ
ǣͷͲͷʹͷͶͷͷͺͲʹͶͳͷͲǤǬǫ
𝑛𝑛 = 10ǡ
𝑛𝑛 + 1 10 + 1
𝑖𝑖 = = = 5,5
2 2
𝑖𝑖
∥ 𝑖𝑖 ∥=∥ 5,5 ∥= 5Ǣ
±×Ǥ
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 0,5 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 )
= 𝑥𝑥5 + 0,5(𝑥𝑥6 − 𝑥𝑥5 )
= 58 + 0,5(60 − 58)
= 59 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
×ǣͷͲΨͷͻͷͲΨ
ͷͻǤ
×
Ǭǫǡ
͵ǤʹͲ
×
Ǥ
ï
Ͳ ͵Ͳ
ͳ ʹͳ
ʹ ʹͲ
͵ ͳͷ
Ͷ ͺ
ͷ ͺ
×
𝑛𝑛 = 102ǡͷͲΨ
𝑛𝑛+1 102+1
𝑖𝑖 = = = 51,5∥ 𝑖𝑖 ∥=∥ 51,5 ∥= 5ͳǤ
2 2
ͷͳͷʹǤ
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 0,5(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝑥𝑥51 + 0,5(𝑥𝑥52 − 𝑥𝑥51 ) = 1 + 0,5(2 − 1) = 1,5 hijos
×ǣͷͲΨͷͲΨ
Ǥ
ͷͲΨ×Ǥ
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 95
ǣ
ሺሻ
≤ʹǤͲͲͲ ͷͲ
ʹǤͲͲͲ–͵ǤͷͲͲ Ͳ
͵ǤͷͲͲ–ǤͲͲͲ ͳʹͲ
ǤͲͲͲ–ͳͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳ
ͳͲǤͲͲͲ–ͳͷǤͲͲͲ ʹͲ
ǡ
ͷͲΨ ͵ʹͲ
ǡ
𝑛𝑛 320
ǣ = = 160
2 2
𝐹𝐹3 = 240 > 160ǡ
ሾ͵ǤͷͲͲǦǤͲͲͲሻ𝑖𝑖 = 3
𝒊𝒊 𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒊 𝑭𝑭𝒊𝒊
ͳ ≤ʹǤͲͲͲ ͷͲ ͷͲ
ʹ ʹǤͲͲͲ–͵ǤͷͲͲ Ͳ ͳʹͲ 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖−1
͵ ͵ǤͷͲͲ–ǤͲͲͲ. ͳʹͲ ʹͶͲ 𝑓𝑓
𝑖𝑖
Ͷ ǤͲͲͲ–ͳͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳ
ͷ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ–ͳͷǤͲͲͲ ʹͲ
͵ʹͲ
96 | Estadística Empresarial
ǡ
ǡ
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
2 − 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖−1 − 𝐹𝐹2 160 − 120
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 ( ) = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿3 + 𝑎𝑎3 (2 ) = 3.500 + 2.500 ( )
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓3 120
= 4.333,3
×ǣ ͷͲΨ
ͶǤ͵͵͵ǡ͵ͷͲΨͶǤ͵͵͵ǡ͵Ǥ
×
𝑘𝑘 𝑋𝑋(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖 )𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1
ሺ𝑛𝑛ሻǡ
ͷͲΨ
Ǥ
ǡ
50% − 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖−1
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 [ ]
𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖
ï
× ʹͲͳʹǡ
͵Ǥʹʹ
×
×Ǥ
×
Ͳ–ͳͶ ͵ͳǡͲʹ
ͳͷ–Ͷ ʹǡͺ
ͷ ǡͳʹ
ǣǡʹͲͳʹ
ǡ
ͻ͵ǡͺͺΨ
Ǣ
ǣ
50% − 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖−1 50% − 31,02
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 [ ] = 15 + 50 [ ] = 30,1 𝑎𝑎ñ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖 62,86
ǡͷͲΨ
×͵ͲÓǡ
×Ǥ
𝒏𝒏
ǡ = 𝑭𝑭𝒊𝒊 𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓%ǡ
À
𝟐𝟐
Ǥ
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖
×
͵Ǥʹ͵
Ǥ
ሺǤǤሻ Ψ
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖
ͳǡͲ–ͳǡͷ ͳͲ ͳͲ
ͳǡͷ–ʹǡͲ ͳͷ ʹͷ
ʹǡͲ–ʹǡͷ ʹͷ ͷͲ
ʹǡͷ–͵ǡͲ ʹͷ
͵ǡͲ–͵ǡͷ ͳͷ
͵ǡͷ–ͶǡͲ ͳͲ
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 97
𝑃𝑃3 = 50%
ሾʹ–ʹǡͷሻ𝑖𝑖 = 3ǤǡÀ
Ǥ
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿3 = 2,5
V2
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 −𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
×±
𝑋𝑋(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 )𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1
ǡ𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ≠ 0ǡ𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖
2
ǡ
×
ǣ
Ǥ 𝒌𝒌 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ≠ 0 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 𝑎𝑎ǡ À ͷͲΨ
𝑛𝑛
= 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 Ǣǡ
2
𝑘𝑘
𝑖𝑖 = 2 Ǣ
ǣ
𝑛𝑛
− 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖−1 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 − 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖−1
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 (2 ) = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎 ( )
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
= 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎 ( ) = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑘𝑘⁄2
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
Ǥ 𝐤𝐤 ǡ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ≠ 0ǡ 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 𝑎𝑎ǡ À ͷͲΨ
𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 −𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
= 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 [ 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖] + 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖−1 ǡǡ
2 𝑎𝑎
𝑘𝑘+1
𝑖𝑖 = Ǣ
ǣ
2
𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
− 𝐹𝐹 𝑖𝑖−1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ( 𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖 ) + 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖−1 − 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖−1
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎 (2 ) = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎 ( )
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
= 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥(𝑘𝑘+1)/2
ǡǣ
𝑥𝑥(𝑘𝑘+1)⁄2 𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = {
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑘𝑘⁄2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑘 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
ï
͵ǤʹͶ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ͺͲ–ͻͲ ͳͲ
ͻͲ–ͳͲͲ ͳͷ
ͳͲͲ–ͳͳͲ ͳ
ͳͳͲ–ͳʹͲ ʹʹ
ͳʹͲ–ͳ͵Ͳ ͳ
ͳ͵Ͳ–ͳͶͲ ͳͷ
ͳͶͲ–ͳͷͲ ͳͲ
98 | Estadística Empresarial
× ±
ǡ
×
Ǥ
120 − 110
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑥𝑥(𝑘𝑘+1)/2 = 𝑥𝑥(7+1)/2 = 𝑥𝑥4 = = 115
2
×ǣͷͲΨͳͳͷǡ
ͷͲΨͳͳͷǤ
× ͵Ǥʹ͵
͵Ǥʹͷ
Ǥ
×±
ǡ
×ǡ
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑘𝑘/2 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿6/2 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿3 = 2,5ǤǤ
×ǣ ͷͲΨ
ʹǡͷ
ͷͲΨ
ʹǡͷǤ
͵Ǥ͵
ǡÀ
ǡ
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀Ǥ
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 → Ǥሺ𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ሻ
ǡ
Ǥ
𝑓𝑓1 < 𝑓𝑓2 < ⋯ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1 < 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 > 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1 > ⋯ > 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘
×͵Ǥʹ
Ǥ
͵Ǥʹ
ሺ𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ) Àሺ𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 )
ͳ Ͷ
ʹ ͵
Ͷ
ͷ ͵
ͷ
ʹ
ͺ Ͷ
ͻ ͳ
ͳͷ ʹ
͵Ͳ
À
𝑖𝑖 = 3ǡ
ǣ
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥3 = 4
×ǣ
×
Ͷ
ÀǤ
×
ͳͻͺͶǡ ×
ï
Ǥ
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ≈ 3𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 − 2𝑥𝑥̅
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 99
×±
͵Ǥʹ͵ǡ
ǡ
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑘𝑘/2 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿6/2 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿3 = 2,5ǤǤ
͵ǤʹͶ
ǡ
110 + 120
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑥𝑥(𝑘𝑘+1)/2 = 𝑥𝑥(7+1)/2 = 𝑥𝑥4 = = 115 piezas fabricadas.
2
V
ǡ
× ±
Ǥ×
Ǥ
100 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1
ሻ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 [𝑓𝑓 ]
𝑖𝑖−1 +𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1 −𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1
ሻ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 [ ]
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 +𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1 +𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1 − 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1
ሻ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 [ ]
2(2𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 −𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1 −𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1 )
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 − 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1
ሻ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 [ −𝑓𝑓 ]
2𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖−1 −𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1
×
Ǥǡ
ሺሻǤ
𝑓𝑓1 < 𝑓𝑓2 < ⋯ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1 < 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 > 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1 > ⋯ > 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘
×Ǥ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 − 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 [ ]
(𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 − 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1 ) + (𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 − 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1 )
ǣ
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 ൌÀ
𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 ൌ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ൌ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1 ൌ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1 ൌ
×͵Ǥͷ
Ǥ
͵Ǥʹͺ
𝑎𝑎 = 5ǡ
𝑖𝑖 = 2±
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = 30Ǥ
ሺሻ
ͷ ʹ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1
ͷ–ͳͲ ͵Ͳ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
ͳͲ–ͳͷ ͳ͵ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1
ͳͷ–ʹͲ ͷ
ʹͲ–ʹͷ ͵
ʹͷ–͵Ͳ ʹ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 − 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1 𝑓𝑓2 − 𝑓𝑓1
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 [ ] = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2 + 𝑎𝑎2 [ ]
(𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 − 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1 ) + (𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 − 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1 ) (𝑓𝑓2 − 𝑓𝑓1 ) + (𝑓𝑓2 − 𝑓𝑓3 )
30 − 27
= 5 +5[ ] = 5,75 mim.
(30 − 27) + (30 − 13)
×ǣ À
ͷǡͷ
Ǥ
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 101
×ǣ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1 13
ሻ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 [ ] = 5 + 5 [27+13] = 6,625
𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖−1 +𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖+1
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1 −𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1 27−13
ሻ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 [ +𝑓𝑓 ] = 5 + 5 [30+13+27] = 6
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖+1 +𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1 − 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1 13−27
ሻ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 [ ] = 5 + 5 [2(2∗30−27−13] = 3,25
2(2𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 −𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1 −𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1 )
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 − 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖−1 30−27
ሻ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 [ −𝑓𝑓 ] = 5 + 5 [2∗30−27−13] = 5,75
2𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖−1 −𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖+1
± ሺ
ሻǡǡ
ͷǡͷǤ
V
ǡ
Ǥ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
ℎ𝑖𝑖 =
𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖
Ǥ
ǡ
×
Ǥ
ℎ𝑖𝑖 − ℎ𝑖𝑖−1
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 [ ]
(ℎ𝑖𝑖 − ℎ𝑖𝑖−1 ) + (ℎ𝑖𝑖 − ℎ𝑖𝑖+1 )
×͵Ǥʹͳ
Ǥ
͵Ǥʹͻ
± ǡ
𝑖𝑖 = 3ሺሻǤ
𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 ℎ𝑖𝑖
≤ʹǤͲͲͲ ͷͲ ʹǤͲͲͲ ͲǡͲʹͷ
ʹǤͲͲͲ–͵ǤͷͲͲ Ͳ ͳǤͷͲͲ ͲǡͲͶ
͵ǤͷͲͲ–ǤͲͲͲ ͳʹͲ ʹǤͷͲͲ ͲǡͲͶͺ
ǤͲͲͲ–ͳͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳ ͶǤͲͲͲ ͲǡͲͳͷ
ͳͲǤͲͲͲ–ͳͷǤͲͲͲ ʹͲ ͷǤͲͲͲ ͲǡͲͲͶ
ℎ𝑖𝑖 − ℎ𝑖𝑖−1 ℎ3 − ℎ2
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 [ ] = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿3 + 𝑎𝑎3 [ ]
(ℎ𝑖𝑖 − ℎ𝑖𝑖−1 ) + (ℎ𝑖𝑖 − ℎ𝑖𝑖+1 ) (ℎ3 − ℎ2 ) + (ℎ3 − ℎ4 )
0,048 − 0,047
= 3500 + 2500 [ ] = 3.573,5
(0,048 − 0,047 ) + (0,048 − 0,015)
×ǣ
͵ǤͲͻǡ͵Ǥ
102 | Estadística Empresarial
͵ǤͶ
ǡ
ǡ
ͻͻ
𝑃𝑃1 , 𝑃𝑃2 , … , 𝑃𝑃99 Ǣ𝑃𝑃50 Ǥǡ
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟%
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 (100 − 𝑟𝑟)% 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 Ǥ
͵Ǥʹ
ͳǤ
Ǥ𝑥𝑥1 ≤ 𝑥𝑥2 ≤ ⋯ ≤ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ≤ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖+1 ≤ ⋯ ≤ 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛
ʹǤ
×𝑖𝑖
𝑟𝑟ǡ±À
𝑖𝑖𝑥𝑥
𝑛𝑛 + 1
𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟 ( )
100
𝑟𝑟 = 1,2, … ,99
𝑛𝑛 =
͵Ǥ
×
× 𝑖𝑖ǡ
𝑟𝑟 − é𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
ǣ
Ǥ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ≥ 1ǡ
𝑥𝑥∥𝑖𝑖∥ = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖+1ሺ∥ 𝑖𝑖 ∥ significa parte entera de 𝑖𝑖ሻ
Percentil 𝑟𝑟 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + (𝑖𝑖 − ‖𝑖𝑖‖)(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 )
ǡ
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 0, decimal de 𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 )
Ǥ
𝑖𝑖ǡ
ǣ𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 103
ͳͻǣͲǡͻǡͻǡ͵ǡ
͵Ǥ͵Ͳ
ͲǡͲǡͳǡʹǡͷʹǡͷͲǡͷͳǡͷͻǡͲǡͷͻǡͲǡʹǡʹǡͷǡͺͲǤ
ʹͷǡ
ͷͲǡ
ͷ
ͺͺǤ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ʹͷ
𝑛𝑛+1 19+1
𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟 ( ) = 25 ( ) = 5ǡ
×Ǣ
ǣ
100 100
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 → 𝑃𝑃25 = 𝑥𝑥5 = 59
ͷͲ
19+1
𝑖𝑖 = 50 ( 100 ) = 10ǡ
×Ǣ
ǣ𝑃𝑃50 = 𝑥𝑥10 = 61
ͷ
19+1
𝑖𝑖 = 56 ( ) = 11,2
×ǡ
ǣ
100
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 0, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 )
𝑃𝑃56 = 𝑥𝑥11 + 0,2(𝑥𝑥12 − 𝑥𝑥11 )
= 62 + 0,2(63 − 62)
= 62,2
ͺͺ
20
𝑖𝑖 = 88 ( ) = 17,6
×ǡ
ǣ
100
𝑃𝑃88 = 𝑥𝑥17 + 0,6(𝑥𝑥18 − 𝑥𝑥17 )
= 72 + 0,6(75 − 72)
= 73,8
×ǣͺͺΨ͵ǡͺͳʹΨ
͵ǡͺǤ
104 | Estadística Empresarial
À
͵Ǥ͵ͳ
À
×ǡ
×ͻͲ
ǣ
À
ሺ𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 )
Ͳ ͵ʹ
ͳ ʹ͵
ʹ ͳͷ
͵ ͳͲ
Ͷ ͺ
ͷ ʹ
× ʹͲ À
À
ͳͷͲǤǤǡ
À
±ͷͲǤǤ
ͷͲÀ
Àሺ
ͺ
ÀሻǤ
ǣ
𝑋𝑋 =ïÀ
(20 − 𝑋𝑋) =ïÀ
𝐺𝐺ൌ
À
ͷͲ𝑋𝑋
90+1
𝑖𝑖 = ( ) 50 = 45,5
𝑃𝑃50.𝑋𝑋 = 1À
Ǥ
100
ǡ
𝐺𝐺 = [(20 − 𝑋𝑋)150 − 50𝑋𝑋]8 = 24.000 − 1.600𝑋𝑋
ǡ
𝐺𝐺 = 2.4000 − 1.600𝑃𝑃50.𝑋𝑋 = 24.000 − 1.600(1) = 22.400 u. m.
×
͵Ǥ͵ʹ
Ǥ
𝑥𝑥12 ൌͳǡͳͲͶͳ𝑥𝑥23 ൌͳǡͲ͵ͷ 𝑥𝑥34 ൌʹǡͳ
𝑥𝑥1 ൌǦʹͺǡͻͳͺͶ 𝑥𝑥45 ൌͷǡͷ
𝑥𝑥2 ൌǦʹͲǡͷͲͳͳ 𝑥𝑥13 ൌͳǡͶ͵ʹͳ𝑥𝑥24 ൌͳǡͳͳ𝑥𝑥35 ൌʹǡʹʹ𝑥𝑥46 ൌͷǡͺͲͷ
𝑥𝑥3 ൌǦͳͺǡͻͲʹ𝑥𝑥14 ൌͳǡͶͶͶͻ𝑥𝑥25 ൌͳǡʹͶ𝑥𝑥36 ൌʹǡ͵ͷͺͺ𝑥𝑥47 ൌǡͶ͵
𝑥𝑥4 ൌǦͳͳǡͶͶͳ𝑥𝑥15 ൌͳǡͶͶͺ𝑥𝑥26 ൌͳǡͺͲͳ𝑥𝑥37 ൌʹǡ͵ͺ 𝑥𝑥48 ൌǡͳͳ
𝑥𝑥5 ൌǦǡͲͲͳͺ 𝑥𝑥16 ൌͳǡͶͻ𝑥𝑥27 ൌͳǡͺͳͶͻ𝑥𝑥38 ൌʹǡͶʹ͵𝑥𝑥49 ൌͳʹǡͲͶ͵ͻ
𝑥𝑥6 ൌǦͶǡͺͻͺͳ 𝑥𝑥17 ൌͳǡͷͷʹͻ𝑥𝑥28 ൌͳǡͻͲͲͷ𝑥𝑥39 ൌʹǡͷͺͻͶ𝑥𝑥50 ൌͳʹǡʹͻ
𝑥𝑥7 ൌǦʹǡͶͺͺͳ 𝑥𝑥18 ൌͳǡͷͺʹͶ𝑥𝑥29 ൌͳǡͻͳ͵ 𝑥𝑥40 ൌʹǡͷͻͳͶ𝑥𝑥51 ൌͶͺǡʹ͵ͳ
𝑥𝑥8 ൌǦͲǡͲ 𝑥𝑥19 ൌͳǡʹ 𝑥𝑥30 ൌͳǡͻͳͻ𝑥𝑥41 ൌʹǡʹͳʹ𝑥𝑥52 ൌͷǡͻͺ͵ͺ
𝑥𝑥9 ൌǦͲǡͲ͵ͻ 𝑥𝑥20 ൌͳǡͺʹͶ𝑥𝑥31 ൌͳǡͻͶͺ𝑥𝑥42 ൌ͵ǡʹ͵ʹ
𝑥𝑥10 ൌͲǡʹͷ 𝑥𝑥21 ൌͳǡͻ𝑥𝑥32 ൌʹǡͲʹͷͻ𝑥𝑥43 ൌ͵ǡͻͷ
𝑥𝑥11 ൌͲǡͻͶͺ 𝑥𝑥22 ൌͳǡͻͺ 𝑥𝑥33 ൌʹǡͲͻʹͶ𝑥𝑥44 ൌͶǡ͵ͳʹͺ
×ǡǣ
ͳͷΨÀǤ
𝑛𝑛+1 52+1
𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟 ( ) = 15 ( ) = 7,95
100 100
ǣ
𝑃𝑃15 = 𝑥𝑥7 + 0,95(𝑥𝑥8 − 𝑥𝑥7 )
= −2,4881 + 0,95(−0,0767 + 2,4881) = −0,19737
ͳͷΨÀǤ
𝑛𝑛+1 52+1
𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟 ( 100 ) = 85 ( 100 ) = 45,05
ǣ
𝑃𝑃85 = 𝑥𝑥45 + 0,05(𝑥𝑥46 − 𝑥𝑥45 )
= 5,757 + 0,05(5,805 + 5,757) = 5,7594
À
ͳͷ
ͺͷǤ
𝑃𝑃15 𝑃𝑃85 ͲΨÀǣ
𝑟𝑟 = 85 − 15 = 70
ǦͲǡͳͻʹͷǡͷͻͶ.
ÀʹǤ
ʹǡ𝑥𝑥31 𝑥𝑥32 ǡ×ǣ
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 = 2 = 𝑥𝑥31 + 0, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖(𝑥𝑥32 − 𝑥𝑥31 )
= 1,9468 + 0, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖(2,0259 − 1,9468)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖 = 0,673
ǡ
53
𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟 ( ) = 0,53𝑟𝑟 = 31,673
100
ǡ𝑟𝑟 = 59,76~60Ψ
ǡ ͲΨ À
ʹǤ
106 | Estadística Empresarial
ÀͶǤ
Ͷǡ
𝑥𝑥43 𝑥𝑥44
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 = 4 = 𝑥𝑥43 + 0, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖(𝑥𝑥44 − 𝑥𝑥43 )
= 3,7965 + 0, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖(4,3128 − 3,7865)
ǡ
0, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖 = 0,39
ǡ
𝑖𝑖 = 0,53𝑟𝑟 = 43,39
ǡ𝑟𝑟 = 81,9~82%
×ǡͳʹΨሺͺʹǦͳͲͲሻÀ
ͶǤ
À±Ǥ
±ͻÀሺሻǡ
ͳǡ͵ΨሺͻȀͷʹȗͳͲͲሻǤ𝑃𝑃17 Ǥ
V
ǡ
Ǥ
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
ͳǤ
( )𝑟𝑟 = 1,2,3, … ,99
Ǥ
100
ʹǤ
[𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 )ǡ𝑖𝑖 − é𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑟𝑟 − é𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
ǡ
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
(100)ǡǢ
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 ≥ ( )
100
ǡ
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖−1 < ( ) ≤ 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖
100
͵Ǥ
×ǣ
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
− 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖−1
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 (100 )
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
ǣ
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 ൌ−é𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
ǡ𝑟𝑟 = 1,2,3, … ,99
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 ൌÀ
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟
𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 ൌ
(𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 )
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖−1 ൌ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ൌ
𝑛𝑛ൌ
ǡ×Ǥ
𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃1 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1 + 𝑎𝑎1 ( )
100𝑓𝑓1
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 107
ͳǡ
ʹͷ
ͷ
×
͵Ǥ͵͵
×
À×Ǥ
× ïÀ
ͳͷ–ʹͲ ͳ
ʹͲ–ʹͷ ʹ
ʹͷ–͵Ͳ ͷ
͵Ͳ–͵ͷ ʹͲ
͵ͷ–ͶͲ ͳͷ
ͶͲ–Ͷͷ ͷ
Ͷͷ–ͷͲ ʹ
𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏
×Ǥ
𝑛𝑛 50
𝑃𝑃1 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1 + 𝑎𝑎1 ( ) = 15 + 5 ( ) = 17,5
100𝑓𝑓1 100
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 25×50
( )=( ) = 12,5ʹͷΨÀ
100 100
12,5
( × 100 = 25%)
50
ͳʹǡͷ𝐹𝐹4 = 28
𝑖𝑖 = 4ǡ ǡ 𝑃𝑃25
ሾ͵Ͳ – ͵ͷሻ
±Ǥ
𝑖𝑖
× 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖
ͳ ͳͷ–ʹͲ ͳ ͳ
ʹ ʹͲ–ʹͷ ʹ ͵
͵ ʹͷ–͵Ͳ ͷ ͺ 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖−1
Ͷ ͵Ͳ–͵ͷ ʹͲ ʹͺ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
ͷ ͵ͷ–ͶͲ ͳͷ Ͷ͵
ͶͲ–Ͷͷ ͷ Ͷͺ
Ͷͷ–ͷͲ ʹ ͷͲ
×
ʹͷǤ
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
100
− 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖−1
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 ( )
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
− 𝐹𝐹3 12,5 − 8
𝑃𝑃25 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿4 + 𝑎𝑎4 (100 ) = 30 + 5 ( ) = 31,125
𝑓𝑓4 20
𝑷𝑷𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 56×50
(100) = ( 100 ) = 28ͷΨÀǤ
108 | Estadística Empresarial
ʹͺ
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖 = 4
𝐹𝐹4 = 28Ǣሺ100 = 𝐹𝐹4 ሻǡ
𝑃𝑃56
ሾ͵Ͳ–͵ͷሻǤ
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
− 𝐹𝐹3 28 − 8
𝑃𝑃56 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿4 + 𝑎𝑎4 (100 ) = 30 + 5 ( ) = 35
𝑓𝑓4 20
×ǣ ͷ Ψ À ×
×
͵ͷǡͶͶΨ͵ͷǤ
Ǭ±
À͵ǫǡ
𝑟𝑟Ψ×
ሾ͵ͷ–ͶͲሻǡ
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 50𝑟𝑟
−𝐹𝐹4 −28
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 = 37 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿5 + 𝑎𝑎5 (100𝑓𝑓 ) = 35 + 5 (100 ) ⟹𝑟𝑟ൌͲΨ
5 15
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
(100) = 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 Ǣ
𝑟𝑟 − é𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
À
ǡ
ǣ
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
( ) = 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖−1 Ǣ
𝑟𝑟 − é𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
À
100
ǡ
ǣ
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖
ǡ
ͷ
ǡ
ǣ
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 50 × 56
( )=( ) = 28 = 𝐹𝐹4
100 100
ǡ
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 → 𝑃𝑃56 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿4 = 35
͵Ǥͷ
×ℎℎ < 100ǡ
ïǡ
ǣ
ℎൌʹሺ×ሻ
ℎ =Ͷ
ℎ =ͳͲ
Ǥ
×
ǡ
×
𝐶𝐶1 , 𝐶𝐶2 𝑦𝑦 𝐶𝐶3 Ǥ ǡ
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟%
𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 (100 − 𝑟𝑟)%𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 Ǥ
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 109
͵Ǥ͵
Ǣ
×
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛+1
𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟 ( 4 )ǡ𝑟𝑟 = 1,2,3
ǡ
𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 0, decimal de 𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 )
𝑟𝑟×𝑛𝑛
×
( )ǡ
4
𝑟𝑟 = 1,2,3
ǡ
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
− 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖−1
𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 ( 4 )
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
ͳͻǣͲǡͻǡͻǡ͵ǡͲǡͲǡ
͵Ǥ͵Ͷ
ͳǡʹǡͷʹǡͷͲǡͷͳǡͷͻǡͲǡͷͻǡͲǡʹǡʹǡͷǡͺͲǡ
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛+1 19+1
𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟 ( 4 ) = ( 4 ) = 5ǡ
×Ǣ
ǣ𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥5 = 59
𝑛𝑛+1 20
𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟 ( 4 ) = 2 ( 4 ) = 10ǡ
×Ǣ
ǣ𝐶𝐶2 = 𝑥𝑥10 = 61
𝑛𝑛+1 20
𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟 ( 4 ) = 3 ( 4 ) = 15ǡ
×Ǣ
ǣ𝐶𝐶3 = 𝑥𝑥15 = 69
±ǡ
𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶3
ͷͲΨ
ͷͻͻ
±
ǡǤ ǡ𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑃𝑃25 = 59ǡ
𝐶𝐶2 = 𝑃𝑃50 = 61𝐶𝐶3 = 𝑃𝑃75 = 69
×
͵Ǥ͵ͷ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ሺÓሻ Ǥ
ͳͺ–ʹͶ ʹͲ
ʹͶ–͵Ͳ ͷͷ
͵Ͳ–͵ͷ ͵Ͳ
͵ͷ–ͶͲ ʹͲ
ͶͲ–ͷͲ ͳͷ
ͷͲ–Ͳ ͳͲ
110 | Estadística Empresarial
ǣ
𝑟𝑟×𝑛𝑛 150
ǣ 4 = 4 = 37,5
ǡ
𝑛𝑛
4
− 𝐹𝐹1 37,5 − 20
𝐶𝐶1 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2 + 𝑎𝑎2 ( ) = 24 + 6 ( ) = 25,909
𝑓𝑓2 55
𝑟𝑟×𝑛𝑛 2×150
ǣ = = 75
ǡ
4 4
2𝑛𝑛
− 𝐹𝐹1 75 − 20
𝐶𝐶2 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2 + 𝑎𝑎2 ( 4 ) = 24 + 6 ( ) = 30
𝑓𝑓2 55
3×150
ǣ = 112,5
ǡ
4
3𝑛𝑛
4
− 𝐹𝐹3 112,5 − 105
𝐶𝐶3 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿4 + 𝑎𝑎4 ( ) = 35 + 5 ( ) = 36,875
𝑓𝑓4 20
±ǡ𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶3
ͷͲΨ
ʹͷǡͻ͵ǡͻÓ
ǡ
ǡʹͷΨ
ʹͷΨ
×Ǥǡ
±
ǡ
Ǥ
͵ǤͶ
×ǡ
×
±
𝐷𝐷1 , 𝐷𝐷2 , 𝐷𝐷3 , … , 𝐷𝐷9Ǥǡ
𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟%
𝐷𝐷𝑟𝑟 (100 − 𝑟𝑟)%𝐷𝐷𝑟𝑟 Ǥ
͵Ǥͷ
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 111
ǡ
×
±
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛+1
𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟 ( )ǡ
ǣ
10
𝐷𝐷𝑟𝑟 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 0, decimal de 𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 )𝑟𝑟 = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 𝑦𝑦 9Ǥ
𝑟𝑟×𝑛𝑛
×
( ),
10
ǣ
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
−𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖−1
𝐷𝐷𝑟𝑟 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 (10 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
)𝑟𝑟 = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 𝑦𝑦 9Ǥ
×
͵Ǥ͵
Ǥ
ͳǡ
ʹ
Ǥ
ͳ
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 150
( ) = ( ) = 15ͳͲΨ
Ǥ
10 10
ͳͷʹͲǡ
𝐹𝐹1 = 20 > 15Ǥ
ǡ𝐷𝐷1
ሾͳͺ–ʹͶሻǡ
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
− 𝐹𝐹0 15 − 0
𝐷𝐷1 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1 + 𝑎𝑎1 (10 ) = 18 + 6 ( ) = 22,5
𝑓𝑓1 20
ʹ
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 150×2
(10) = ( 10 ) = 30
ǡ𝐷𝐷2
ሾʹͶ–͵ͲሻǤ
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
− 𝐹𝐹1 30 − 20
𝐷𝐷2 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2 + 𝑎𝑎2 (10 ) = 24 + 6 ( ) = 25,1
𝑓𝑓2 55
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 150×6
(10) = ( 10 ) = 90
ǡ𝐷𝐷6
ሾ͵Ͳ–͵ͷሻǤ
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
− 𝐹𝐹2 90 − 75
𝐷𝐷6 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿3 + 𝑎𝑎3 (10 ) = 30 + 5 ( ) = 32,5
𝑓𝑓3 30
×ǣͲ
͵ʹǡͷÓ
ͶͲΨ͵ʹǡͷÓǤ
±
×ǣ
𝐷𝐷1 = 𝑃𝑃10 = 22,5
𝐷𝐷2 = 𝑃𝑃20 = 25,1
𝐷𝐷6 = 𝑃𝑃60 = 32,5
ǡ ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
𝑃𝑃10 𝐷𝐷1 ǦǦǦ ǦǦǦ
𝑃𝑃20 𝐷𝐷2 ǦǦǦ ǦǦǦ
112 | Estadística Empresarial
×ǡ
͵Ǥ͵
ʹͷͶͷ͵ͷ͵ͲͶͲͷͲʹͲ
±
ǡ
7
1 25 + 45 + 35 + 30 + 40 + 50 + 20
𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = = 35
7 7
𝑖𝑖=1
ǣ
7
1 700
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇)2 = = 100
7 7
𝑖𝑖=1
7
∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇)2 = (25 − 35)2 + (45 − 35)2 + (35 − 35)2 + (30 − 35)2
𝑖𝑖=1
+ (40 − 35)2 + (50 − 35)2 + (20 − 35)2 = 700
×ǣ
7
1
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 − 𝜇𝜇2 = 1.325 − 352 = 100
7
𝑖𝑖=1
ǡ
7
1 252 + 452 + 352 + 302 + 402 + 502 + 202
∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 = = 1.325
7 7
𝑖𝑖=1
ͳͳ
͵Ǥ͵ͺ
ʹͲͳͶǡ
Ǧ
±
ǡ
Ǥ
ǤǤΨ
ǤǤΨ
ͳͷǡͲʹ ͳͺǡͻ͵
ͳͶǡͳͷ ʹͳǡͲͲ
ͳǡ͵ ͳͺǡͳͲ
ͳǡͻ Ǥ Ǥ
ͳ͵ǡʹͶ
ͳͺǡͳ ʹ͵ǡͳͶ
ͳͺǡͺͶ Ǥ
Ǥ ʹͶǡ
ǡͺͳ Ǥ
Ǥ
ͳǡͷ
ͺǡͺ͵
Ǥ ͳͺǡ͵ͻ
ͷǡͶ
ͳͶǡͻͳ
ͳʹǡͳͷ Ǥ ͳͺǡ͵ͻ
ͳǡͷͷ ͳǡͶͳ
ʹͲǡͷ Ǥ ͳͶǡͶ
ͳͶǡͻ͵ ͳͷǡͻͺ
Ǥ
ͳǡͲͺ ͳͺǡ͵Ͳ
ͳ͵ǡʹͶ ͳͻǡͻ
ͳ͵ǡʹͶ Ǥ ͳͻǡͻ
114 | Estadística Empresarial
ǡ
×
ͷ
Ǥ
ሺ𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ሻ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇)2 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
ͷǡͶ–ͻǡͻͺ ͵ ǡͺͳ ʹ͵ǡͶ͵ ʹ͵ͺǡͶ͵ʹ
ͻǡͻͺ–ͳͶǡ͵ʹ ͳʹǡͳͷ ʹǡͻ ͳʹͷǡͷͺͶ
ͳͶǡ͵ʹ–ͳͺǡ ͳ ͳǡͶͻ ʹͺͲǡ͵͵ Ͳǡͻ͵ͻ
ͳͺǡ–ʹ͵ ͺ ʹͲǡͺ͵ ͳǡͶ ͳ͵ͶǡͺͲͺ
ʹ͵–ʹǡ͵Ͷ ͵ ʹͷǡͳ ͷǡͷͳ ʹͳ͵ǡͻͷͶ
∑ ͵ ͳͺǡͺͳ ͳ͵ǡͳ
ǡ
𝑘𝑘
1 618,81
𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = = 16,725
𝑁𝑁 37
𝑖𝑖=1
ǡ
𝑘𝑘
1 713,717
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇)2 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = = 19,29
𝑁𝑁 37
𝑖𝑖=1
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 115
±ǡ
×
ǡ
×
ሺ𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ሻǤ
ǡ
ͳͺǡͺͶǤ
×
ǡ
×Ǥ
𝑘𝑘
1
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇)2 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖
100
𝑖𝑖=1
1
ǡ𝜇𝜇 = ∑𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝
100 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖
×
ሺ͵Ǥʹ͵ሻǤ
͵ǤͶͲ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǤȀǤǤ Ψ
ሺ𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖 ) 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇)2 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖
ͳǡͲ–ͳǡͷ ͳͲ ͳǡʹͷ ͳʹǡͷ ͳͷǡʹͷ
ͳǡͷ–ʹǡͲ ͳͷ ͳǡͷ ʹǡʹͷ ͺǡͶ͵ͷ
ʹǡͲ–ʹǡͷ ʹͷ ʹǡʹͷ ͷǡʹͷ ͳǡͷʹͷ
ʹǡͷ–͵ǡͲ ʹͷ ʹǡͷ ͺǡͷ ͳǡͷʹͷ
͵ǡͲ–͵ǡͷ ͳͷ ͵ǡʹͷ Ͷͺǡͷ ͺǡͶ͵ͷ
͵ǡͷ–ͶǡͲ ͳͲ ͵ǡͷ ͵ǡͷ ͳͷǡʹͷ
∑ ͳͲͲ ʹͷͲ ͷͳǡʹͷ
ǣ
𝑘𝑘
1 250
𝜇𝜇 = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖 = = 2,5
100 100
𝑖𝑖=1
ǣ
𝑘𝑘
1 51,25
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇)2 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖 = = 0,51 um2
100 100
𝑖𝑖=1
𝜎𝜎 2 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋)
ͳǤ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜀𝜀 ℝǡ
𝜎𝜎 2 ≥ 0Ǥ
ʹǤ ǡ
𝜎𝜎 2 = 0Ǥ
͵Ǥ
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑏𝑏 > 0ǡ
𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ± 𝑏𝑏ǣ
𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐𝒀𝒀 = 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐𝑿𝑿
Ǥ
𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ± 𝑏𝑏𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 = 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 ± 𝑏𝑏ǡ
ǣ
116 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁 𝑛𝑛
1 1 1
𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2 = ∑(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 )2 = ∑[(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ± 𝑏𝑏) − (𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 ± 𝑏𝑏)]2 = ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 )2 = 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2
𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
ͶǤ
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑎𝑎ǡ𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ǣ
𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐𝒀𝒀 = 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐𝑿𝑿
Ǥ
𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 = 𝑎𝑎𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋
ǣ
𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁
1 1 𝑎𝑎2
𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2 = ∑(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 )2 = ∑(𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑎𝑎𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 )2 = ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 )2 = 𝑎𝑎2 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2
𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
ǡ
͵ǤͶͳ
ͳǤͷͲͲ
ͷͲʹǤ
ǡ
͵ͲΨ×Ǥ
Ǥ
ǣൌ
ǡൌ
𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = 1.500;𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 = 50
𝑌𝑌 = 𝑋𝑋 + 0,3𝑋𝑋 = 1,3𝑋𝑋
𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 = 1,3𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋
ǡ×ǡ
𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2 = 1,32 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 = 1,32 ∗ 50 = 84,5 um2
𝜇𝜇
ǡ
𝜎𝜎 2
ǡ±
À
Ǥ
×
À
×
Ǥ ǡ
𝑥𝑥̅ Ǥ
𝑛𝑛
2
1
𝑆𝑆 = ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑖𝑖=1
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
1 1 (∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 )2
= (∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 − 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥̅ 2 ) = (∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 − )
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 117
ǡ
𝑘𝑘
2
1
𝑆𝑆 = ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑖𝑖=1
𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 2
1 1 (∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 )
= (∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 − 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥̅ 2 ) = (∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 − )
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
×
×ǣ
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 + 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 =
2
𝑘𝑘
1
𝑥𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1
ǡÓ
(𝑛𝑛 − 1)ǡ
À
Ǥ
Ó × 𝑛𝑛 (𝑛𝑛 − 1)
ሺ
Àሻǡ
ÓǤ
ǡ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇)2
≤ ≈ ≈ 𝜎𝜎 2
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑛𝑛
ǣͶǡͶǡͷǡͷǡͷǡǡǡǡǤ
Ǥ
͵ǤͶʹ
ǡ
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
Ͷ ʹ ͺ ͵ʹ
ͷ ͵ ͳͷ ͷ
Ͷ ʹͶ ͳͶͶ
ͳ Ͷͻ
∑ ͳͲ ͷͶ ͵ͲͲ
ǣ
4
1 1
2
𝑆𝑆 = (∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 − 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥̅ 2 ) = (300 − 10 × 5,42 ) = 0,93
𝑛𝑛 − 1 9
𝑖𝑖=1
ǣ
4 4 2
2
1 2 (∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ) 1 542
𝑆𝑆 = (∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 − ) = (300 − ) = 0,93
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑛𝑛 9 10
𝑖𝑖=1
118 | Estadística Empresarial
×
Ó
͵ǤͶ͵
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǣ
ǣ
Ó Ǥ Ó Ǥ
ʹ ͷ Ͷ Ͷ
͵ ͳͲ ͷ ʹ
Ͷ ͳͶ
ͷ ͳʹ ͳ͵
ʹͲ ͺ ͻ
ʹͷ ͻ Ͷ
ͺ ͳͲ ͳ
ͻ ͷ
ͳͲ ʹ
𝑥𝑥̅1 ൌͷǡͺͷ 𝑥𝑥̅2 ൌǡͻ
±ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅1 )2 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅2 )2 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
ʹ ͷ ͶǡͲͻʹ Ͷ Ͷ ͵ͳǡͲͷ
͵ ͳͲ ͺͳǡͳͻͶ ͷ ʹ ǡ͵ͺͺ
Ͷ ʹ͵ǡͻͶͶ ͳͶ ͺǡ
ͷ ͳʹ ͺǡͷͻ ͳ͵ Ͳǡͷͺͻ
ʹͲ ͲǡͶͷ͵ ͺ ͻ ͳ͵ǡʹ͵
ʹͷ ͵͵ǡͲͻ͵ ͻ Ͷ ͳͻǡͷͺͷ
ͺ ͵ʹǡ͵Ͷ ͳͲ ͳ ͳͲǡ͵ʹʹ
ͻ ͷ Ͷͻǡʹͻ ∑ Ͷ ͺͻǡͺʹ
ͳͲ ʹ ͵ͶǡͶͷͶ
∑ ͻ͵ ͵͵ǡͺͻʹ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǣ
9
1 1
𝑆𝑆12 = ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅1 )2 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = (337,892) = 3,67 años2
𝑛𝑛 − 1 92
𝑖𝑖=1
ǣ
7
1 1
𝑆𝑆22 = ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅2 )2 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = (89,872) = 1,95 años 2
𝑛𝑛 − 1 46
𝑖𝑖=1
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 119
ǣ
ሺ𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ) 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
ͷ ʹ ʹǡͷ ǡͷ ͳͺǡͷ
ͷ–ͳͲ ͵Ͳ ǡͷ ʹʹͷ ͳǤͺǡͷ
ͳͲ–ͳͷ ͳ͵ ͳʹǡͷ ͳʹǡͷ ʹǤͲ͵ͳǡʹͷ
ͳͷ–ʹͲ ͷ ͳǡͷ ͺǡͷ ͳǤͷ͵ͳǡʹͷ
ʹͲ–ʹͷ ͵ ʹʹǡͷ ǡͷ ͳǤͷͳͺǡͷ
ʹͷ–͵Ͳ ʹ ʹǡͷ ͷͷ ͳǤͷͳʹǡͷ
∑ ͺͲ ͷ ͺǤͶͷͲ
4
1 665
𝑥𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = = 8,31 mim.
𝑛𝑛 80
𝑖𝑖=1
ǣ
6
1 1
2
𝑆𝑆 = (∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 − 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥̅ 2 ) = (8.450 − 80 × 8,312 ) = 37,03 min2
𝑛𝑛 − 1 79
𝑖𝑖=1
𝑛𝑛 ͵Ͳǡ × (𝑛𝑛 − 1) × 𝑛𝑛
Ǥ
͵Ǥ
ïǤ
ǡ
1
𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇2 = [(𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑆𝑆12 + (𝑛𝑛2 − 1)𝑆𝑆22 + 𝑛𝑛1 (𝑥𝑥̅1 − 𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑇𝑇 )2 + 𝑛𝑛2 (𝑥𝑥̅2 − 𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑇𝑇 )2 ]
𝑛𝑛 − 1 1
ǣ
𝑛𝑛1 ൌͳ
𝑛𝑛2 ൌʹ
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛1 + 𝑛𝑛2
𝑥𝑥̅1 =±
ͳ
𝑥𝑥̅2 =±
ʹ
𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑇𝑇 =
𝑆𝑆12 =ͳ
𝑆𝑆22 =ʹ
120 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑘𝑘ǡ
𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘
1
𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇2 = [∑(𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 − 1)𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖2 + ∑ 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥̅𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑇𝑇 )2 ]
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
±
ǣ
ሻ ǣÀǤ
𝑘𝑘
1
𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐸2 = ∑ 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥̅𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑇𝑇 )2
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑖𝑖=1
ሻ ǣÀǤ
𝑘𝑘
1
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷2 = ∑(𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 − 1)𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖2
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑖𝑖=1
×ǡ
͵ǤͶͷ
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥̅𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖2
ͻ͵ 𝑥𝑥̅1 ൌͷǡͺͷ 𝑆𝑆12 = 3,67
Ͷ 𝑥𝑥̅2 ൌǡͻ 𝑆𝑆22 = 1,95
𝑛𝑛 = 93 + 47 = 140ǡ
93 × 5,85 + 47 × 6,79
𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑇𝑇 = = 6,16
140
ǣ
1
𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇2 = [92 × 3,67 + 46 × 1,95 + 93(5,85 − 6,16)2 + 47(6,79 − 6,16)2 ]
139
= 3,27
Ó
͵ǡʹ
ÓʹǤ
ǡ
𝑘𝑘
1 1
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷2 = ∑(𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 − 1)𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖2 = [92 × 3,67 + 46 × 1,95] = 3,07
𝑛𝑛 − 1 139
𝑖𝑖=1
ǡ
𝑘𝑘
1
𝑆𝑆𝐸𝐸2 = ∑ 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥̅𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑇𝑇 )2
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑖𝑖=1
1
= [93(5,85 − 6,16)2 + 47(6,79 − 6,16)2 ] = 0,2
139
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 121
͵Ǥͺ
×
× À
×
À
ǡ
À
Ǥ
Ǥ
𝑁𝑁 𝑘𝑘
1 1
𝜎𝜎 = +√𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = +√ ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇)2 = +√ ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇)2 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛 𝑘𝑘
1 1
𝑆𝑆 = +√𝑆𝑆 2 = +√ ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2 = +√ ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
ǡ
×
À
Ǥ
×͵Ǥ͵ǡ
͵ǤͶ
𝜎𝜎 = √𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = √100 = 10
͵Ǥ͵ͺ𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 18,84
ǡ
×
ǡ
𝜎𝜎 = √𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = √18,84 = 4,34
×ǣ
Ǧ
±
Ͷǡ͵ͶΨ
Ǥ
×͵ǤͶͲǡ
𝜎𝜎 = √𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = √0,51 = 0,714
×͵ǤͶʹǡ
͵ǤͶ
͵ǤͶͺ
×À
×
×Ǥ
×
ǡ
Ǥሺ
××
ÀሻǤ
×
×
À
×
𝛼𝛼Ǥ
1
∥𝑛𝑛(1−𝛼𝛼)∥ 2
1
𝑆𝑆𝛼𝛼 = [ ∑ (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅𝛼𝛼 )2 ]
𝑛𝑛𝛼𝛼 − 1
𝑖𝑖=∥𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛∥+1
͵Ǥ
×
͵ǤͶͻ
𝛼𝛼 = 0,05Ǣ
𝑥𝑥̅0,05 = 4,93Ǥ
͵ͷΨ
À
Ǥ
1 1
∥𝑛𝑛(1−𝛼𝛼)∥ 2 28 2
1 1
𝑆𝑆𝛼𝛼 = [ ∑ (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅𝛼𝛼 )2 ] = [ ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 4,93)2 ] = 2,37 piezas
𝑛𝑛𝛼𝛼 − 1 27 − 1
𝑖𝑖=∥𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛∥+1 𝑖𝑖=2
͵Ǥͻ
×
À×ǡ
×
×
±
Ǥ
𝜎𝜎
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = × 100
𝜇𝜇
ǡ
𝑆𝑆
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = × 100
𝑥𝑥̅
À
×
±
×±±Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
͵ͲΨ
×
Ǥ
124 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥ
×
×͵Ǥ͵ͺ
͵ǤͷͲ
𝜇𝜇 = 16,76
×𝜎𝜎 = 4,34
ǡ
4,34
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = × 100 = 25,9
16,76
Ǧ
±
ʹͷǡͻΨǡǡ
±
Ǥ
×
×͵ǤͶ͵
͵Ǥͷͳ
ǣ𝑥𝑥̅𝐻𝐻 ൌͷǡͺͷ𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻 = 1,9
ǡ
𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻 1,9
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 100 = 100 = 32,7%
𝑥𝑥̅𝐻𝐻 5,58
ǣ𝑥𝑥̅𝑀𝑀 ൌǡͻ𝑆𝑆𝑀𝑀 = 1,4
ǡ
𝑆𝑆𝑀𝑀 1,4
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 100 = 100 = 20,6%
𝑥𝑥̅𝑀𝑀 6,79
× ǡ
ǡ Ó
±Ǥ
͵ǤͳͲ
×
× ǡ ×
Ǥ
V
×ǡ
𝑛𝑛
1
𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = ∑|𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐|
𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1
×
ǣ
𝐾𝐾
1
𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = ∑|𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐| 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 125
ï
×
(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)ǣ
ͳǤ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑥𝑥̅ ǡ
×ǡ𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥̅
ʹǤ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀ǡ
×ǡ𝐷𝐷𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
͵Ǥ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
×𝐷𝐷𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ǡ
×
±
ǡ
×Ǥ
×͵Ǥͷ
×ǡ
͵Ǥͷʹ
Ǥ
ǡ
𝑥𝑥̅ = 8,31 mim.
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 7,17mim
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 5,75 mim
ǣ
ሺ𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ) 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 |𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ |𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 |𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀|𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 |𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀|𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
ͷ ʹ ʹǡͷ ͳͷǡͺ ͳʹǡͲͻ ͺǡͷ
ͷ–ͳͲ ͵Ͳ ǡͷ ʹͶǡ͵ ͻǡͻ ͷʹǡͷͲ
ͳͲ–ͳͷ ͳ͵ ͳʹǡͷ ͷͶǡͶ ͻǡʹͻ ͺǡͷ
ͳͷ–ʹͲ ͷ ͳǡͷ Ͷͷǡͻͷ ͷͳǡͷ ͷͺǡͷ
ʹͲ–ʹͷ ͵ ʹʹǡͷ Ͷʹǡͷ Ͷͷǡͻͻ ͷͲǡʹͷ
ʹͷ–͵Ͳ ʹ ʹǡͷ ͵ͺǡ͵ͺ ͶͲǡ Ͷ͵ǡͷͲ
∑ ͺͲ ͵ʹǡͷͶ ͵Ͷ͵ǡͷͺ ͵ͺͲǡͷͲ
×ǣ
×ǡǤ
6
1 362,54
𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥̅ = ∑|𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ | 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = = 4,53 min.
𝑛𝑛 80
𝑖𝑖=1
6
1 343,58
𝐷𝐷𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = ∑|𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀| 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = = 4,29 min.
𝑛𝑛 80
𝑖𝑖=1
6
1 380,5
𝐷𝐷𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = ∑|𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀| 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = = 4,76 min.
𝑛𝑛 80
𝑖𝑖=1
͵Ǥͳͳ
×
Ǥ
ǡ
×Ǥǣ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ͳͲǦͻͲǤ
Ǧ
Ǥ
126 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥ
À
Ǥ
𝑅𝑅 = 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Ǥ
Ǥ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝐶𝐶3 − 𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑃𝑃75 − 𝑃𝑃25
Ǥ
ͳͲǦͻͲ
ǡ
ͻͲ
ͳͲǤ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅90−10 = 𝑃𝑃90 − 𝑃𝑃10 = 𝐷𝐷9 − 𝐷𝐷1
Ǥ Ǧ
×
ǡ
Ǥ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 =
2
À
ሺሻ
×
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
ʹͷΨʹͷΨǡ
ͷͲΨ
Ǥ
ǡ ï
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
͵Ǥ͵ʹ
Ǥ
͵Ǥͷ͵
ͳȀͲͻȀͳͶ
ʹʹȀͲͻȀͳͶ×
Ǥ
𝑅𝑅 = 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 56,9838 − (−28,9184) = 85,9022
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝐶𝐶3 − 𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑃𝑃75 − 𝑃𝑃25 = 2,5909 − 1,4353 = 1,1556
𝑅𝑅𝑃𝑃90−10 = 𝑃𝑃90 − 𝑃𝑃10 = 𝐷𝐷9 − 𝐷𝐷1 = 7,00708 − (−6,37069) = 13,3778
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 1,1556
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = = = 0,5778
2 2
±ǡï
Ǥ
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 127
͵Ǥͳʹ ÀÀ
×±
ǡ
×
Ǥ
±
ሺ𝑥𝑥̅ = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀ሻǡ
±
ሺ𝑥𝑥̅ = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀ሻǤ
͵Ǥ
À
͵Ǥ
×
±
ǡǣ
͵ǤͷͶ
128 | Estadística Empresarial
͵Ǥͷ 𝑥𝑥̅ = 8,31 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 7,17 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 5,75
ǡ
͵Ǥͷͷ
𝑥𝑥̅ = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑆𝑆 > 0
𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃 = 0ǡ ǡ
×
±
Ǥ
𝑆𝑆 > 0 (𝑥𝑥̅ − 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) > 0 × (𝑥𝑥̅ − 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) > 0
𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃 > 0ǡ ǡ
×Àሺ
ሻǤ
𝑆𝑆 > 0 (𝑥𝑥̅ − 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) < 0 × (𝑥𝑥̅ − 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) < 0
𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃 < 0ǡ ǡ
×ÀሺሻǤ
× ±
ǡ
ǡ
À–͵×͵ï
ÀǤ
A
×ǡ
×Ǥ
(𝐶𝐶3 − 𝐶𝐶2 ) − (𝐶𝐶2 − 𝐶𝐶1 ) 𝐶𝐶3 − 2𝐶𝐶2 + 𝐶𝐶1
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = =
(𝐶𝐶3 − 𝐶𝐶2 ) + (𝐶𝐶2 − 𝐶𝐶1 ) 𝐶𝐶3 − 𝐶𝐶1
−1 ≤ 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 ≤ 1
Ǥ
𝐶𝐶3 − 𝐶𝐶2 = 𝐶𝐶2 − 𝐶𝐶1
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = 0ǡǡ
×
±
Ǥ
𝐶𝐶3 − 𝐶𝐶2 > 𝐶𝐶2 − 𝐶𝐶1
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 > 0,ǡ
×
±
ሺ
ሻǤ
𝐶𝐶3 − 𝐶𝐶2 < 𝐶𝐶2 − 𝐶𝐶1
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 < 0,ǡ
×
±
ሺሻǤ
͵Ǥͳ͵
±
Àǡ
×ሺ
×
×
ÀሻǤ
ǣ
×
×
×ǡ
À
×ሺ
ï
ሻǤ
ǡ
×
×
ǡ
ï
Ǥ
ǡ
×
×
×ሺ
ï
ሻǤ±Ǥ
130 | Estadística Empresarial
͵Ǥͺ
×
ǡ
×
×
ǡ
ǡ
×
×
Ǥ
×
×ሺ
ï
ሻǡ
×
×Ǥ
∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )4 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹 = − 3
𝑛𝑛𝜎𝜎 4
∑(𝑥𝑥 −𝑥𝑥̅ )4 𝑓𝑓
𝑖𝑖 4 𝑖𝑖 = 3
ǡ𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹 = 0
×
ï
ǡ
𝑛𝑛𝜎𝜎
×Ǥ
𝑖𝑖∑(𝑥𝑥 −𝑥𝑥̅ )4 𝑓𝑓
𝑖𝑖
> 0
ǡ 𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹 > 0
×
ï
𝑛𝑛𝜎𝜎 4
Ǥ
∑(𝑥𝑥 −𝑥𝑥̅ )4 𝑓𝑓
𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖
< 0
ǡ 𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹 < 0
×
ï
ǡ
𝑛𝑛𝜎𝜎 4
Ǥ
ÀÀ
×
͵Ǥͷ
×
Ǥ
×
×
Ǥ
×ሺሻ
ͳ ʹͲ
ʹ Ͳ
͵ ͺͲ
Ͷ ͷͲ
ͷ ʹͷ
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 131
Àǡ
3(𝑥𝑥̅ − 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) 3(3 − 3)
𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃 = = = 0
𝑆𝑆 1,113
ÀǤǡ
𝐶𝐶3 − 2𝐶𝐶2 + 𝐶𝐶1 4 − 2 ∗ 3 + 2
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 = = = 0
𝐶𝐶3 − 𝐶𝐶1 4−2
À ǡ
(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )3 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )4 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
×ሺǤሻ
ͳ ʹͲ ͺͲ ǦͳͲ ͵ʹͲ
ʹ Ͳ Ͳ ǦͲ Ͳ
͵ ͺͲ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Ͷ ͷͲ ͷͲ ͷͲ ͷͲ
ͷ ʹͷ ͳͲͲ ʹͲͲ ͶͲͲ
∑ ʹ͵ͷ ʹͻͲ ͵Ͳ ͺ͵Ͳ
∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )3 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 30
𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹 = = = 0,093
𝑛𝑛𝜎𝜎 3 235 × 1,113
À
×
±
ǡ
ÀǤ
ǡ
∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )4 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 830
𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹 = 4
−3= − 3 = −0,67
𝑛𝑛𝜎𝜎 235 × 1,114
×
ï
Ǥ
±
ǡ À
×
×Ǥ
͵Ǥͻ
À
132 | Estadística Empresarial
͵ǤͳͶ
ሺሻ
×
À
ǡ
ǣ
ǡ ×ǡ À
×À
ሺሻǤ
El diagrama de caja fue descrito por Tukey denominándolo “box and whiskers”.
×Àǣ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ÀǤ
͵ǤͳͲ
×ͷͲΨǡ
ሺ𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑃𝑃25 ሻ
(𝐶𝐶3 =
𝑃𝑃75 )À
Ǥ
Àlamadas “bigotes”, para tal fin el
À
×
ǣ
ͳǤ À
ÀǤ
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝐶𝐶1 − 1,5𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝐶𝐶1 − 1,5(𝐶𝐶3 − 𝐶𝐶1 )
ǡ
À
ǡ
൏
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 À
ሺሻ
×ǡ
Ó
ÀǡÀ
À×ǡ
ǣ
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ≤ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ≤ 𝐶𝐶1
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 133
À
ሺ𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≥ 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿ሻǡÀ
ÀǤ
ʹǤ À
ǡÀǤ
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝐶𝐶3 + 1,5𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝐶𝐶1 + 1,5(𝐶𝐶3 − 𝐶𝐶1 )
ǣ
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
ǤǡÀ
×ǡ
ǡ
𝐶𝐶3 ≤ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ≤ 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
À
À
Ǥ
ͶͲ
͵Ǥͷ
ሺሻǤ
Ͷ ͳͲ ͳͲ ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͳͷ ͳ
͵ ͷ ͳͲ ͷ ͵ ʹ
Ͷ ͷ ͺ ͺ ͻ ͺ ͻ ͷ ͷ
Ͷ ͷ ͷ ͻ ͳͲ ͳͳ ͷ
Àǣ
𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚á𝑥𝑥 = 17ǡ𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 2ǡ
𝐶𝐶1 = 5ǡ𝐶𝐶3 = 8,75𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 6
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 8,75 − 5 = 3,75
À
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝐶𝐶1 − 1,5𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 5 − 1,5(3,75) = −0,625
𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 > −0,625ïǡ
À𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 2Ǥ
À
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑆𝑆 = 8,75 + 1,5(3,75) = 14,375À
ͳͷͳ
Ǥ
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 < 15 𝑦𝑦 17
ǡ
×𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = 11Ǥ
134 | Estadística Empresarial
͵Ǥͳͳ
ͶͲ
͵Ǥͳͷ
×
×
×
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
±
××
Ǥ
×
À
ǡ
ǣǡǡǡǤ
×ǣ
À
Ǥ
×
ǡ
Àǡ
ǣ
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 = × 100
𝑛𝑛
ǣ
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 =
𝑖𝑖 − é𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
×Ǥ
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 = ∑𝑖𝑖𝑗𝑗=1 𝑓𝑓𝑗𝑗 Ǣ
Ǥ
𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 = × 100
𝑚𝑚𝑘𝑘
ǣ
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 =
𝑖𝑖 − é𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
×Ǥ
𝑚𝑚𝑘𝑘 = ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 Ǣǡ
×
Ǥ
𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 = ∑𝑖𝑖𝑗𝑗=1 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓𝑗𝑗 ǡ
𝑖𝑖 − é𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
×Ǥ
ǡǡ
×
ǣ
𝑚𝑚𝑘𝑘 𝑛𝑛
ǡ
À
𝑚𝑚
( 𝑘𝑘 = 𝑥𝑥̅ ሻǤ
ǣ
𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 = 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 ∀ 𝑖𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑘𝑘
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 135
ǡÀ
×ÀǤ
𝑚𝑚𝑘𝑘
À(𝑘𝑘 − 1)
Ǥ
×
ǡ
À
×Ǥ
ǣ
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 ǡ𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 = 0 ∀ 𝑖𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑘𝑘 − 1
×Ǥ
ï
×Ǥ
×Ǥ
𝐹𝐹 𝑀𝑀 𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 = ∑𝑖𝑖𝑗𝑗=1 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓𝑗𝑗 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖 100 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 = 100
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚𝑘𝑘
ͳ 𝑥𝑥1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹1 𝑥𝑥1 𝑓𝑓1 𝑀𝑀1 𝑃𝑃1 𝑄𝑄1
ʹ 𝑥𝑥2 𝑓𝑓2 𝐹𝐹2 𝑥𝑥2 𝑓𝑓2 𝑀𝑀2 𝑃𝑃2 𝑄𝑄2
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘 𝐹𝐹𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘 𝑀𝑀𝑘𝑘 = 𝑚𝑚𝑘𝑘 𝑃𝑃𝑘𝑘 = 100 𝑄𝑄𝑘𝑘 = 100
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚𝑘𝑘 = ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
ǡ(𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 , 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 )Ǥ
ǡÀ
ï
ǡ
À
×Ǥ À
Ǥ
ǡ
×ǡ
×Ǥ
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 = 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖
ǡ
±
×
×Ǥ
͵Ǥͳʹ
136 | Estadística Empresarial
A
À
ሺ
×ሻǤ
∑𝑘𝑘−1
𝑖𝑖=1 (𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 − 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 )
𝐺𝐺 =
∑𝑘𝑘−1
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖
À
× ±
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖
𝑘𝑘 − 1ǡ𝑃𝑃𝑘𝑘 − 𝑄𝑄𝑘𝑘 = 0Ǥ
×À
𝑖𝑖
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 = 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 ǡ
À
Ǥ
∑𝑘𝑘−1
𝑖𝑖=1 (𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 − 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 )
𝐺𝐺 = = 0
∑𝑘𝑘−1
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖
ǡ
×ǡ
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 = 0Ǥ
∑𝑘𝑘−1
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖
𝐺𝐺 = 𝑘𝑘−1 = 1
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖
ǣ
͵Ǥͷͺ
Ǥ
൏ʹǤͲͲͲ ͻͲ
ʹǤͲͲͲ–ͶǤͲͲͲ ͳͳͲ
ͶǤͲͲͲ–ǤͲͲͲ ͳ͵Ͳ
ǤͲͲͲ–ͺǤͲͲͲ ͳʹͲ
ͺǤͲͲͲ–ͳͲǤͲͲͲ ͷͲ
ͳͲǤͲͲͲ–ͳʹǤͲͲͲ ͳͲ
×Ǥ
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 − 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖
𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖
൏ʹǤͲͲͲ ͳǤͲͲͲ ͻͲ ͻͲ ͻͲǤͲͲͲ ͻͲǤͲͲͲ ͳǡͶ ͵ǡͶͶ ͳͶǡͲͲ͵
ʹǤͲͲͲ–ͶǤͲͲͲ ͵ǤͲͲͲ ͳͳͲ ʹͲͲ ͵͵ͲǤͲͲͲ ͶʹͲǤͲͲͲ ͵ͻǡʹͳ ͳǡͲͲͶ ʹʹǡʹͳʹ
ͶǤͲͲͲ–ǤͲͲͲ ͷǤͲͲͲ ͳ͵Ͳ ͵͵Ͳ ͷͲǤͲͲͲ ͳǤͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͶǡͲ Ͷ͵ǡ͵ʹͲ ʹͳǡ͵ͺ
ǤͲͲͲ–ͺǤͲͲͲ ǤͲͲͲ ͳʹͲ ͶͷͲ ͺͶͲǤͲͲͲ ͳǤͻͳͲǤͲͲͲ ͺͺǡʹ͵ͷ ǡ͵ʹͺ ͳͲǡͻͲ
ͺǤͲͲͲ–ͳͲǤͲͲͲ ͻǤͲͲͲ ͷͲ ͷͲͲ ͶͷͲǤͲͲͲ ʹǤ͵ͲǤͲͲͲ ͻͺǡͲ͵ͻ ͻͷǡͷͶ ʹǡͶͻ͵
ͳͲǤͲͲͲ–ͳʹǤͲͲͲ ͳͳǤͲͲͲ ͳͲ ͷͳͲ ͳͳͲǤͲͲͲ ʹǤͶͲǤͲͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ Ͳ
∑ ͷͳͲ ʹǤͶͲǤͲͲͲ ͳǡͲͲͳ
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 137
±ǤͳǡΨ
͵ǡΨǡ͵ͻǡʹΨ
ͳΨǡ
Ǥ
À
×ǡ
Ǥ
∑𝑘𝑘−1
𝑖𝑖=1 (𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 − 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖 ) 71,001
𝐺𝐺 = 𝑘𝑘−1 = = 0,23
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 307,8
×
Ǥ
ǡ
×Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
±
×Ǥ
͵Ǥͳ͵
138 | Estadística Empresarial
͵Ǥͳ ǡ
ͷͷ ͷ ͷͳ ͷʹ ͷ͵ ͷͶ ͷͷ ͷ ͷ ͷͺ
ͷͻ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͺ
ͻ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͺ
ͻ ͺͲ ͺͳ ͺʹ ͺ͵ ͺͶ ͺͷ ͺ ͺͲ ͻͲ
ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷʹ ͷ͵ ͷͶ ͷͷ ͷ ͵
Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵
ͷʹ ͷ͵ ͷͶ ͷͷ ͺͶ ͺͷ ʹ ͵ ͺͳ ͺʹ
ǣ
ሻ ±
Ǥ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ
ʹͲǡ͵ͲǡͷͲͺͲ
ሻ
ͳʹǤ
ሻ
ʹǡͶǡǤ
͵Ǥʹ ǡ
ʹ ͵ ͳͲ ͷʹ ͷ͵ ͷͶ ͷͷ ͷ ͷ ͷͺ
ͷͻ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͺ
ͻ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͺ
ͻ ͺͲ ͺͳ ͺʹ ͺ͵ ͺͶ ͺͷ ͺ ͺͲͲ ͻͲͲ
ǣ
𝛼𝛼 = 0,05Ǣ𝛼𝛼 = 0,01𝛼𝛼 = 0,1Ǥ
͵Ǥ͵ ǡ
ʹ͵ͲͳͻͲͳͲͳͺͲͳͺͲͳ͵ͳͶʹͲͷ
ʹͳͳͳͺͲʹͳͷͳͺͲͳͻͶʹͲͲʹͷͲͳͻ͵
ሻ
±
ǡǤ
ሻ ͷͲͲ ʹͷͲǤ Ǭ×
À
±
ǫ
ሻ
±
Ǥ
ሻ
±
ǡ
ÀǤ
ሻ
͵ǡͷͷͲͲǤǬ
±
ǡǫ
͵ǤͶ ʹͻ𝑥𝑥̅ ൌ͵ͲͲÓ𝑥𝑥30 = 350ǤǬ
𝑥𝑥̅ ǫ
͵Ǥͷ
×
Ó𝑛𝑛ൌʹͲǡ𝑥𝑥̅ ൌͶͲͲǡ𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 =ͶͷͲÀ
𝑥𝑥1 ൌͳͲǤ×
À
À𝑥𝑥1 ൌͳͲͲǤ
͵Ǥ ±
ïͻ±
ǤǬ
ïǫ
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 139
͵Ǥ
×
ǡ
ͳͲͲ
ͶͷͲͲ̈́
ǡ
ͷͲ
ʹͷͲͲ̈́ǡͺͲͲ̈́ͳͷͲ
Ǥ
Ǥ
͵Ǥͺ Ͷ
ǡ
×
ǣͺΨǡͳͳΨǡͳͶǡͺΨʹͲǡʹΨǤǣͶͲͲǡͳͷͲǡ
ͷͲ ͵Ͳ
Ǥ
Ǥ
͵Ǥͻ
ï
ǡ
ͳʹͷǡǡͳͲǡ͵ǡʹǡ
ͺǡͳͷǡʹͲǡ͵ʹǡ͵ͷǡͶͲͶʹǤ
Ǥ
͵ǤͳͲ
×
ሺǦሻǤ
Ǥ
Ó
×
ͳͻͷͲ ʹǤͲͶǤͳͷ
ͳͻ ͶǤͳ͵ǤͶͺ
ͳͻͻʹ ǤͶʹͲǤͻʹ
ʹͲͲͳ ͺǤʹͶǤ͵ʹͷ
ʹͲͳʹ ͳͲǤͲͷͻǤ͵ʹͷ
͵Ǥͳͳ
×
ͷͲ×ͻͲȀ
͵Ͳ ×
͵Ͳ ȀǤ Ǭ
ǫ
͵Ǥͳʹ
×ǣ
ሺ̈́ሻ Ǥ
͵– ͳͷ
–ͻ ʹͲ
ͻ–ͳʹ ͳͲ
ͳʹ–ͳͷ
ͳͷ–ͳͺ ͷ
ͷͷǣ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
×
ʹͲΨ
Ǥ
×Ǥ
ሻ
×
ï
ʹͲΨǤǬǫ
ሻ ï
ǤǬǫ
140 | Estadística Empresarial
ሻ
ʹ͵Ǥ
ሻ
ʹͲǡ͵ͲǡͷͺǤ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ
ÀǤ
ሻ
Ǥ
͵Ǥͳͷ
ǡ
×
Ǥ
ï
×ǡͲ
××Ǥ
ͳʹ ͷ ͳͲ Ͳ Ǧ ͵ ǦͶ ͳͲ ͻ ʹͲ ͷ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ ×
Ǥ
ሻ
±Ǥ
ሻ ǬǫሺÀ
ሻǤ
͵Ǥͳ ǡ
ͳʹǡͷ ͳͲǡͷ ͺǡ ǡ ǡʹ ͻǡ͵ ͳͳǡͶ ʹͷǡʹ ͷͲǡͳ ʹͲǡͳ
ͷͷǡʹ ͳͶǡͳ ͳʹǡͳ ǡ ǡʹ ʹͷǡʹ ͳͲǡʹ ǡͷ ͳͶǡʹ ͳ͵ǡͳ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
ͳͲǤ
Ǥ
ሻ
ʹǡͷǤ
Ǥ
ሻ
ǦʹǡͷǤ
Ǥ
ሻ
ʹǡͷͳͲǤ
Ǥ
ሻ
×
𝛼𝛼 = 0,05Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
͵Ǥͳ ǡ
ͷͷ ͷͷ ͷͷ ͷͷ ͷͷ ͷͷ ͷͷ ͷͷ ͷͷ ͷͷ
ͷͷ ͷͷ ͷͷ ͷͷ ͷͷ ͷͷ ͷͷ ͷͷ ͷͷ ͷͷ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲǤ
Ǥ
ሻ
×
𝛼𝛼 = 0,01
͵Ǥͳͺ
ͳͶǡǡͷǤ
ൌͶǡʹͷǡͺǬǡ
×À
ǫ
142 | Estadística Empresarial
͵Ǥͳͻ
ͳǤʹͳ ×
ǡ
±
×ǣ
ï ï
Ͳ ͷͶ
ͳ ͳʹͲ
ʹ ʹͲͷ
͵ ʹͷͲ
Ͷ ͵ͺͲ
ͷ ͶʹͲ
ͳͶͷ
ͶͲ
ͺ ͷ
ͻ ʹ
ǣ
ሻ ±
Ǥ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ
ͶͲǤ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
ÀǤ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
͵ǤʹͲ
× Ó
ͷ
×ͷǤ
ͳͲͲ
×ʹͲǡ
×Ǥ
͵Ǥʹͳ
×ǣ ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ൌͶͲͲǡ ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 = 20.000, 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 = 15
×𝑌𝑌 = 10𝑋𝑋 − 5.000Ǥǡ
Ǥ
͵Ǥʹʹ
ͳͷǤͲͲͲʹͲǤͲͲͲǡ
Ǥ
×
ͳͶǤͲͲͲ
× À
ͷͲͲ
× ǡ ͳͷǤͲͲͲ
×À
ͳͲǤͲͲͲǤǬ
××ǫ
͵Ǥʹ͵ ͺͲÀ
Ͷǡʹʹ𝑃𝑃40 = 43,4
×
×À
ʹͷΨǤ
𝑃𝑃40 Ǥ
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 143
͵ǤʹͶ
ǡÀ
Ǥ
𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑆𝑆 2
ʹͲ Ͷ
ͺͲ ʹ
ͳͲͲ ͳ
×
×
ǡǤ
͵Ǥʹͷ
×ͺͷ
××ሺሻǤ
× À×
× ×
ǡʹ–ͳʹ ͳʹ
ͳʹ–ͳǡͺ ʹͲ
ͳǡͺ–ʹͳǡ ʹͳ
ʹͳǡ–ʹǡͶ ʹͲ
ʹǡͶ–͵ͳǡʹ ͳʹ
ǣ
ሻ ±
Ǥ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ
ͳͲͻͲǤ
ሻ
ͳͻ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ Ǧ
Ǥ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ
À Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
͵Ǥʹ
×ሺሻ
ǤͷͲÀ
Ǥ
×
ͳͲ–ʹͲ ͷ ͺ
ʹͲ–ͶͲ ʹͲ ͳͷ
ͶͲ–ͷͲ ͳͺ ʹͲ
ͷͲ–ͺͲ
ǣ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
144 | Estadística Empresarial
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ
À Ǥ Ǭ±
×
Àǫ
ሻ
Ǥ
͵Ǥʹ
×
Ǥ
ሺǤǤሻ
ͳͲͲͲ Ͳ ͷͲ
ͳͲͲͲ–ʹͲͲͲ ͷͲ ʹͲ
ʹͲͲͲ–ͷͲͲͲ ͺͲ ͷ
͵ͲͲͲ–ͻͲͲͲ ͳͲ ʹ
ሻ Ǭ±
ǡ±ǫ
ሻ Ǭ
ǫ
ሻ Ǭ±
×ǫ
ሻ
ͷǤ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ ±×Ǥ
ሻ
ǡǤ
ሻ ±ÀǤ
͵Ǥʹͺ
ǡ
ͳǤͺͲͲ
ͳͲͲǤ
Ͳǡ͵ΨǤ×
×Ǥ
͵Ǥʹͻ ïǤ
ͳͺ–ʹͷ ͺͲ ͳͷͲ
ʹ–͵Ͳ ʹͷͲ ͵ͷͲ
͵ͳ–͵ͷ ͶͷͲ ͷʹͲ
͵–ͶͲ ͵ͷͲ ʹͲͲ
Ͷͳ–Ͷͻ ʹ ͳͲͲ
ͷͲ–Ͳ ͶͲ ͳͲ
ͳ–ͺͲ ͷ ͳ
ǣ
ሻ
ʹͷͷǤ
ሻ
ͳ͵Ǥ
ሻ
×
Ǥ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
Descripción de Datos Univariantes | 145
͵Ǥ͵Ͳ
×͵ͷ
×
ൌ
Àሺሻǡൌ
Àሺሻൌ
ǡ±ǣ
ͳ ʹǡ ͳǡͺ ͳͻ ʹǡͷ ͳǡͲ
ʹ ͵ǡͲ ͳǡͷ ʹͲ ʹǡͺ ʹǡͲ
͵ ͳǡͷ Ͳǡͺ ʹͳ ʹǡͺ ͳǡͻ
Ͷ ͳǡͺ Ͳǡͺ ʹʹ ͵ǡͷ ʹǡ
ͷ ͵ǡͲ ʹǡͳ ʹ͵ ͶǡͲ ͵ǡ͵
ʹǡͷ ͳǡͷ ʹͶ ͵ǡͲ ʹǡͲ
ͶǡͲ ʹǡͷ ʹͷ ͳǡͻ ͳǡͲ
ͺ ͵ǡͲ ͳǡʹ ʹ ʹǡ ͳǡͶ
ͻ ͵ǡͷ ʹǡͲ ʹ ʹǡͺ ͳǡͺ
ͳͲ ͷǡͲ ͵ǡ ʹͺ ͵ǡ ʹǡͷ
ͳͳ ͳǡͷ Ͳǡͺ ʹͻ ͵ǡʹ ʹǡ͵
ͳʹ ʹǡͷ ͳǡ͵ ͵Ͳ ʹǡͻ ͳǡͻ
ͳ͵ ʹǡ͵ ͳǡ͵ ͵ͳ ͵ǡͷ ʹǡͳ
ͳͶ ͵ǡͷ ʹǡͺ ͵ʹ ͵ǡͲ ͳǡ͵
ͳͷ ͷǡͲ ͵ǡͷ ͵͵ ͷǡͲ ͵ǡͶ
ͳ ͶǡͲ ʹǡͳ ͵Ͷ ͵ǡͷ ʹǡ
ͳ ͶǡͲ ʹǡ ͵ͷ ͶǡͲ ͵ǡͳ
ͳͺ ͵ǡͲ ͳǡʹ
ïǣ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ
ሺሻǤ
͵Ǥ͵ͳ
ʹͲ
ǣ
𝑋𝑋1 =Ǥ
𝑋𝑋2 =ï
Ǥ
𝑋𝑋3 =ÓòǤ
𝑋𝑋1 𝑋𝑋2 𝑋𝑋3 𝑋𝑋1 𝑋𝑋2 𝑋𝑋3
ͳ ͵ʹͲ ͷͲ ͳͳ ͻͲͳͷͲͳͷ
ʹ ͶͷͲ ͷ͵ ͷ ͳʹ ͲͲͳͺͳͳͲ
͵ ͵Ͳ Ͳ ͷ ͳ͵ ͻͳͲʹͲʹͳͺ
Ͷ ͶͲ ͵ Ͷ ͳͶ ͻ͵Ͳʹͳʹ
ͷ ͶʹͲ ͻ ʹ ͳͷ ͻͶͲʹʹͻͳͶ
ͷͲͲ ͺʹ ͵ ͳ ͳͲͲʹͶͲͳͳ
ͷͲͳͲͲͳͶ ͳ ͳͳͲʹͶ͵ʹ͵
ͺ ͶͲͳͲͶͳͳ ͳͺ ͳʹͳͲʹͶͶ͵
ͻ Ͳͳͳ͵ʹͻ ͳͻ ͳͶͷͲʹͶͻͷͲ
ͳͲ ͺͲͳ͵ͲͶʹ ʹͲ ͳʹʹͲʹͷͶ͵Ͷ
146 | Estadística Empresarial
ǣ
ሻ
ሺሻǤ
ሻ ±
Ǥ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ
ÀǤ
͵Ǥ͵ʹ ǣ
Ǥ
ͳͲͲͲ–ͳͷͲͲ ͺͲ
ͳͷͲͲ–ʹͲͲͲ Ͳ
ʹͲͲͲ–ʹͷͲͲ ͻͲ
ʹͷͲͲ–͵ͲͲͲ Ͳ
͵ͲͲͲ–͵ͷͲͲ ͷͲ
͵ͷͲͲ–ͶͲͲͲ ʹͷ
ͶͲͲͲ–ͶͷͲͲ ʹͲ
ͶͷͲͲ–ͷͲͲͲ ͳͷ
À
Ǥ
͵Ǥ͵͵
×
×
ሺ
ሻͷͲ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ͳ–ͷͲ ͺ
ͷͲ–ͳͲͲ ʹʹ
ͳͲͲ–ͳͷͲ ͳͷ
ͳͷͲ–ʹͲͲ ͷ
×
Ǥ
Ͷ
×
Inteligencia de negocios a través de información procesada
por la estadística
À
×ǡ
(𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌)Ǥ ǡ
ǡ ×ǡ
×
Ǣ À
ǣ
ǡ
ǡ
×Ǥ
148 | Estadística Empresarial
ͶǤͳ
𝑛𝑛
Ǥ
𝑿𝑿𝟏𝟏 𝑿𝑿𝟐𝟐
ͳ 𝑥𝑥11 𝑥𝑥12
ʹ 𝑥𝑥21 𝑥𝑥22
͵ 𝑥𝑥31 𝑥𝑥32
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛1 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛2
ǡ
𝑥𝑥11 𝑥𝑥12
𝑥𝑥21 𝑥𝑥22
𝑋𝑋 = [ ⋮ ⋮ ]
𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛1 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛2
𝑋𝑋1 𝑋𝑋2 ǡ
𝑛𝑛
Ǥ
ǡ
𝑋𝑋 = (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 )𝑛𝑛×2
ǡ
ǣ
𝑛𝑛
1
̅
𝑋𝑋𝑗𝑗 = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗 = 1,2
𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1
ǡ
𝑋𝑋̅
𝑋𝑋̅ = [ 1 ]
𝑋𝑋̅2
ǡ
Ǥ
1
𝑋𝑋̅ = 𝑛𝑛𝑋𝑋 𝑡𝑡 1
ǣ
1
1
1 = [ ]
⋮
1
×
ሺ𝑛𝑛)Ǥ
Descripción de Datos Bivariantes | 149
Ǥ
ͶǤͳ
𝑿𝑿𝟏𝟏 𝑿𝑿𝟐𝟐
Ͷ ʹͲ
ͺ ͶͲ
ͳ ͳͲ
ͳʹ ͷͲ
×
ǡ
1
𝑋𝑋̅ = 𝑛𝑛𝑋𝑋 𝑡𝑡 1
1
4 8 16 12 1 10
𝑋𝑋̅ = 14 [ ] [ ] = [ ]
20 40 10 50 1 30
1
ͶǤʹ
ǤÀǡ
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ; 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 )
ǣ(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ; 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 ) = 𝑀𝑀á𝑥𝑥{𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 }
ǡ
ͶǤʹ
𝑿𝑿𝟏𝟏 \𝑿𝑿𝟐𝟐 Ͷ ͺ
ͳ ͳͷͲ ʹͲͲ ͳʹͲ
ʹ ʹͷ ͶͲ ͷͲ
͵ ͳͺͲ ͷͲͲ ͶͲͲ
ͷͲͲ
ሺ͵ǢሻǢ
ǣ
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ; 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 ) = (3 ; 6)
ͶǤ͵
×
×
(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 )
Àǡ𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
ሺ
ሻ𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 ሺሻǤ
Ǥ
150 | Estadística Empresarial
×ǣ
ͶǤ͵
ǣïǤ
ǣ
×ÓǤǤ
Ǥ
×
ͷͲ ͳͲ
͵Ͳ ͷ
Ͳ ʹͷ
Ͳ ͵Ͳ
ͻͷ ͷͲ
ͳʹͲ Ͳ
ʹ ͶͲ
ʹ ͺ
ͷͲ ʹͷ
ͶͲ ͵ͷ
ͷ͵ ͳͷ
Ͷ͵
ʹͲ
ͶǤͳ 80
× 70
60
50
Producción
40
30
Centroide
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Nro. de trabajadores
ͶǤͶ
×
Ǥ
±ͶǤʹǡ
(𝑥𝑥̅ , 𝑦𝑦̅)
(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ ) > 0ǡ (𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅) > 0
(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖−1 − 𝑥𝑥̅ ) < 0ǡ (𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖−1 − 𝑦𝑦̅) < 0
(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖−1 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖−1 − 𝑦𝑦̅) > 0ǡÀǡÀ
Ǥǡ
ÀǤ
Descripción de Datos Bivariantes | 151
ͶǤʹ
×
ͶǤ͵
×(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖−1 − 𝑥𝑥̅ ) < 0ǡ
× (𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖−1 − 𝑦𝑦̅) > 0ǡ
ǤÀǡÀ
Ǥ
ÀǤ
ͶǤ͵
ͶǤͶ
ǡ
Àሺሻ Àሺሻ
ሺሻ
×
152 | Estadística Empresarial
ͶǤͶ
×
À
ǡ
ǡ
±Ǥ
ͳǤ
×
ǡ
𝑌𝑌 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑋𝑋)
𝑌𝑌
×
𝑋𝑋Ǥ
×À
ǡ ±
× ×
ǡ
ǡ
×
ǡǤ
ǡ𝑌𝑌
𝑋𝑋
Ǥ
ʹǤ
ǡ
𝑌𝑌 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑋𝑋) ± 𝑒𝑒
ሺ𝑌𝑌ሻ
×
ሺ𝑋𝑋)
ሺ𝜀𝜀)Ǥ
ǡ
Ǣ
×
×±Ǥ
×
××
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌)Ǥ
∑𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖=1(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 )(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 )
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌) = 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 =
𝑛𝑛
𝑁𝑁
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
= − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
𝑁𝑁
𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁
∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ∑ 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
ǣ𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑁𝑁
𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 = 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑁𝑁
Ǥ
ï
ǡ
×
ͶǤͶ
ͳʹͲͳͶǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Descripción de Datos Bivariantes | 153
𝑋𝑋 𝑌𝑌
(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 )(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 ) 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
ͳǡ͵ ͳͶǡ Ǧͳǡͷͳ͵ͷͳ ʹͲǡͲ͵
ͲǡͲͳ ͳ͵ǡͺ Ͷǡͷͷͻͻ Ͳǡͳ͵ͺ
Ͳǡʹͺ ͳǡͷ ͳǡͶʹͻͳͻ Ͷǡ͵ͺ
V Ͳǡʹ ͳǡͲ͵ ͳǡʹ͵ͳͳͻ ͵ǡͶͲ
V ʹǡͳ͵ ʹͲǡͳͷ ͳǡ͵ͷͷͻ Ͷʹǡͻͳͻͷ
ͳǡͷͷ ͻǡ͵ͳ ǦͷǡͶͳͷͷͲͳ ͳͶǡͶ͵Ͳͷ
ͳǡͺͶ ʹ͵ǡͷ ͶǡʹͶͲͺͻͻ Ͷ͵ǡʹͶ
ͳǡͺͺ ͷǡͶ ǦͳͳǡͶ͵Ͳͳ ͳͲǡͻͳʹ
ͳǡ͵ ʹͷǡͲͳ Ͷǡʹͳͷͳͻ ͶͲǡ͵
ͲǡͶ ʹʹǡͷ ǦͳǡʹͻʹͶͳ ͳͶǡͶ͵ͺͶ
Ͳǡ͵ ͳͻǡ ǦͲǡͳ͵ͳ ǡʹͶʹ
ͲǡͶ ʹͷǡͷͳ Ǧ͵ǡͻͳͶͳͷͳ ͳͲǡʹͲͶ
ͲǡͶͳ ʹǡͶͷ ǦͶǡͻʹͻͺʹͳ ͳͳǡʹͷͶͷ
Ͳǡͺ ͳͻǡʹ ǦͲǡͳͲͺͳͳ ͳǡͳͷͶ
∑ ͳ͵ǡͷ ʹͲǡͺ͵ ǦͳʹǡͲͺͺͻͶ ʹͶͲǡ͵Ͳͳ
±
ǡ
𝑖𝑖∑𝑁𝑁 𝑥𝑥 13,57 𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑁𝑁 𝑦𝑦 260,83
𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑁𝑁
= = 0,969𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 = 𝑖𝑖=1 = = 18,631
14 𝑁𝑁 14
ǡ
∑𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖=1(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 )(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 ) −12,088694
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌) = = = −𝟎𝟎, 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝑁𝑁 14
ǡǤ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 240,7301
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌) = − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 = − 0,969 ∗ 18,631 = −𝟎𝟎, 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝑁𝑁 14
ǡ
ǡ
ሺൌ͵ͺሻǢ
×
ǡ
Ǥ
ͶǤͷ 35
Cov(X,Y)=-1,69
30
×
25
Tasa Activa
20
15
10
5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Tasa Pasiva
154 | Estadística Empresarial
ൌï
±Ǥ
ൌ
±Ǥ
̳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ 𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒊∙
ͳ ͷͲ Ͳ ͳͷͲ ʹͷͲ ͷʹͲ
ʹ ͺͲ ͳͲͲ ʹͲͲ ͵ͲͲ ͺͲ
𝒇𝒇∙𝒋𝒋 ͳ͵Ͳ ͳͲ ͵ͷͲ ͷͷͲ ͳǤʹͲͲ
×Ǥ
𝑘𝑘 𝑟𝑟
1
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌) = ∑ ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑗𝑗=1
Descripción de Datos Bivariantes | 155
∑ ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 𝑓𝑓11 + 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑓𝑓12 + 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦3 𝑓𝑓13 + 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦4 𝑓𝑓14 + 𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1 𝑓𝑓21 + 𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦2 𝑓𝑓22
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑗𝑗=1
+ 𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦3 𝑓𝑓23 + 𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦4 𝑓𝑓24
= 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 50 + 1 ∗ 2 ∗ 70 + 1 ∗ 3 ∗ 150 + 1.4 ∗ 250 + 2 ∗ 1 ∗ 80
+ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 100 + 2 ∗ 3 ∗ 200 + 2 ∗ 4 ∗ 300 = 5.800
ǡ
𝑘𝑘
1 1 ∗ 520 + 2 ∗ 680
𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖∙ = = 1,57
𝑁𝑁 1.200
𝑖𝑖=1
𝑟𝑟
1 1 ∗ 130 + 2 ∗ 170 + 3 ∗ 350 + 4 ∗ 550
𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 = ∑ 𝑦𝑦𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓∙𝑗𝑗 = = 3,1
𝑁𝑁 1.200
𝑗𝑗=1
ǡ
𝑘𝑘 𝑟𝑟
1 5.800
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌) = ∑ ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 = − 1,57 ∗ 3,1 = −𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑁𝑁 1.200
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑗𝑗=1
ǡ
ǡǡ
Ǥ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
ͳ ͳ ͷͲ ͷͲ ͷͲ ͷͲ
ͳ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ ͳͶͲ ͳͶͲ
ͳ ͵ ͳͷͲ ͳͷͲ ͶͷͲ ͶͷͲ
ͳ Ͷ ʹͷͲ ʹͷͲ ͳǤͲͲͲ ͳǤͲͲͲ
ʹ ͳ ͺͲ ͳͲ ͺͲ ͳͲ
ʹ ʹ ͳͲͲ ʹͲͲ ʹͲͲ ͶͲͲ
ʹ ͵ ʹͲͲ ͶͲͲ ͲͲ ͳǤʹͲͲ
ʹ Ͷ ͵ͲͲ ͲͲ ͳǤʹͲͲ ʹǤͶͲͲ
∑ 1.200 ͳǤͺͺͲ ͵ǤʹͲ ͷǤͺͲͲ
1 1.880 1 3.720
𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = ∑𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = = 1,57𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 = ∑𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 = = 3,1
𝑁𝑁 1.200 𝑁𝑁 1.200
𝑘𝑘×𝑟𝑟
1 5.800
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌) = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 = − 1,57 ∗ 3,1 = −𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑁𝑁 1.200
𝑖𝑖=1
×ǣ
ǡ
×
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
156 | Estadística Empresarial
×Ǥ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 =
𝑛𝑛 − 1
ǣ
𝑛𝑛
1
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑖𝑖=1
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
1
= (∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦̅ − ∑ 𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 + ∑ 𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑦𝑦̅)
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
𝑛𝑛
1
= (∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑦𝑦̅)
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑖𝑖=1
×𝑛𝑛 − 1×𝑛𝑛
ǡ
Ǥ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅) ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = = − 𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑦𝑦̅
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
Ǥ
𝑘𝑘 𝑟𝑟
1
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = ∑ ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )(𝑦𝑦𝑗𝑗 − 𝑦𝑦̅)𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑗𝑗=1
×ǡ×
Ǥ
𝑘𝑘 𝑟𝑟
1
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = (∑ ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑦𝑦̅)
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑗𝑗=1
ǡǣ
𝑘𝑘 𝑟𝑟
1 1
𝑥𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖∙ 𝑦𝑦̅ = ∑ 𝑦𝑦𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓∙𝑗𝑗
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑗𝑗=1
ǡǡ
ሺ𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑦𝑦𝑗𝑗 )Ǥ
×
ǡ
×Ǥ
𝑘𝑘×𝑟𝑟
1
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = (∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 − 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑦𝑦̅)
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑖𝑖=1
Descripción de Datos Bivariantes | 157
ͶǤ͵
Ǥ
ͶǤ
×ǣ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 =
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑥𝑥̅ = 58,33𝑦𝑦̅ = 27,75
ǡ
Ǥ 𝑋𝑋 𝑌𝑌 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 58,33 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 27,75 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 58,33)(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 27,75)
ͷͲ ͳͲ Ǧͺǡ͵͵ Ǧͳǡͷ ͳͶǡͺͷͷ
͵Ͳ ͷ Ǧʹͺǡ͵͵ Ǧʹʹǡͷ ͶͶǡͷͲͷ
Ͳ ʹͷ ͳǡ Ǧʹǡͷ ǦͶǡͷͻʹͷ
Ͳ ͵Ͳ ͳǡ ʹǡʹͷ ͵ǡͷͷ
ͻͷ ͷͲ ͵ǡ ʹʹǡʹͷ ͺͳͷǡͻͲͷ
ͳʹͲ Ͳ ͳǡ Ͷʹǡʹͷ ʹǤͲͷǡͷͷͷ
ʹ ͶͲ ͳ͵ǡ ͳʹǡʹͷ ͳǡͶͷͷ
ʹ ͺ Ǧ͵ͳǡ͵͵ Ǧͳͻǡͷ ͳͺǡͷ
ͷͲ ʹͷ Ǧͺǡ͵͵ Ǧʹǡͷ ʹʹǡͻͲͷ
ͶͲ ͵ͷ Ǧͳͺǡ͵͵ ǡʹͷ Ǧͳ͵ʹǡͺͻʹͷ
ͷ͵ ͳͷ Ǧͷǡ͵͵ Ǧͳʹǡͷ ǡͻͷͷ
Ͷ͵ ʹͲ Ǧͳͷǡ͵͵ Ǧǡͷ ͳͳͺǡͺͲͷ
∑ ͲͲ ͵͵͵ ͷǤͲ
ǡ
∑12
𝑖𝑖=1(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 58,33)(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 27,75) 5076
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = = = 461,45
12 − 1 11
ǡ
ͶǤ
ò
Ǥ
̳ ͳͲͲͲ–ʹͲͲͲ ʹͲͲͲ–͵ͲͲͲ ͵ͲͲͲ–ͶͲͲͲ ͶͲͲͲ–ͷͲͲͲ ͷͲͲͲ–ͲͲͲ
Ͳ–Ͷ ͺ ͻ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Ͷ–ͺ ͷ ʹ ͳ
ͺ–ͳʹ Ͳ ʹ Ͷ ͷ ͵
ͳʹ–ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͷ Ͷ
Óò
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
ǣ
158 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑘𝑘×𝑟𝑟
1
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = (∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 − 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑦𝑦̅)
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑖𝑖=1
1
= (1.610.000 − 62 × 6,903 × 3.177,419) = 4.100,15
62 − 1
±
ʹʹǡ
Ǥǣ
𝑆𝑆 2 𝑆𝑆12
𝑆𝑆 = [ 1 ]
𝑆𝑆21 𝑆𝑆22
ǣ
1 1 1
1 − 𝑛𝑛 −𝑛𝑛 ⋯ −𝑛𝑛
1 1 1
−𝑛𝑛 1 − 𝑛𝑛 ⋯ −𝑛𝑛
𝐶𝐶 =
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
1 1 1 1
−
[ 𝑛𝑛 −𝑛𝑛 −𝑛𝑛 1 − 𝑛𝑛]
±
𝑛𝑛 × 𝑛𝑛ሺൌሻ𝑛𝑛 − 1Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ
1
𝑆𝑆 = 𝑛𝑛−1𝑋𝑋 𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
ͶǤͳ
ͶǤͺ
1 1 1 1
1 − 4 −4 −4 −4
1 1 1 1 4 20
1 4 8 16 12 −4 1 − 4 −4 −4 8 40
𝑺𝑺 = 3 [ ] 1 [16 10]
20 40 10 50 −1 1 1
−4 1 − 4 −4
4
1 1 1 1 12 50
−
[ 4 − 4
− 4
1 − 4]
26,7 −13,3
=[ ]
−13,3 333,3
𝑝𝑝 − 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
ǡ
ǡ
ሺሻ
ǣ
𝑆𝑆12 𝑆𝑆12 ⋯ 𝑆𝑆1𝑝𝑝
𝑆𝑆21 𝑆𝑆22 ⋯ 𝑆𝑆2𝑝𝑝
𝑆𝑆 =
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑆𝑆
[ 𝑝𝑝1 𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝2 𝑆𝑆21 𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝2 ]
160 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥ
𝜎𝜎12 𝜎𝜎12 ⋯ 𝜎𝜎1𝑝𝑝
𝜎𝜎21 𝜎𝜎22 ⋯ 𝜎𝜎2𝑝𝑝
Σ=
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
[𝜎𝜎𝑝𝑝1 𝜎𝜎𝑝𝑝2 𝑆𝑆21 𝜎𝜎𝑝𝑝2 ]
ǣ
1
Σ = 𝑁𝑁𝑋𝑋 𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
×ͶǤͶǡ
ͶǤͻ
ሺൌ͵ͺሻǡǣ
0,943 −1,69
Σ=[ ]
−1,69 27,93
À
ǡ
Ǥ
𝜎𝜎𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = √𝑊𝑊 𝑇𝑇 Σ𝑊𝑊
ǣ
Σǡ
Ǥ
𝑤𝑤1
𝑤𝑤2
𝑊𝑊 = [ ]ǡ
Ǥ
⋮
𝑤𝑤𝑝𝑝
ͳǤ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋1 ) = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋1 )
ʹǤ 𝑋𝑋1 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑋𝑋2
ǡ𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 ) = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏(𝑋𝑋2 )
͵Ǥ 𝑋𝑋3 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑋𝑋1
ǡ𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑋𝑋3 , 𝑋𝑋2 ) = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏(𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 )
ͶǤ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑎𝑎𝑋𝑋1 + 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐𝑋𝑋2 + 𝑑𝑑) = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎(𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 )
2
ͷǤ
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2
Ǥ
Ǥ
2
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋+𝑌𝑌 = 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 + 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2 + 2𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋
Ǥ
Ǥ
2
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋−𝑌𝑌 = 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 + 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2 − 2𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋
ͶǤͷ
×
À
ǡ
×
×
× À
×
Descripción de Datos Bivariantes | 161
Ǥ
×ǡ
×
Ǥ
×
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
V
×
×
À
ǡ
ǡ
𝑌𝑌 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑋𝑋) ± 𝑒𝑒
×
× ǡ
Àǡ
×
Ǥ
V
×
ǡ
×
×Ǥ
×ïǡ
Ǣ
×
Ǥ
VV
×
ሾ−ͳǡͳሿ
Ǥ
× ͳǡ
×
Ǥ
×Ǧͳ
×
×
Ǥ
×
ǡ
ǡ
À ሺ
×
×ሻǤ
Ǥ
ǡ
×ǡ
×
Ǥ
×
ͳǡ
ǡ
À
×ǡ
×
À
Ǥ
ǡ
×
ሺ
“regresión lineal”).
162 | Estadística Empresarial
×Ǧͳ
ǡ
ǡ
Àǡ
ǡ
ሺ
×
ሻǤ
×ͲǡͷǢ
×
Ͳǡ͵ͷͲǡͷ
×Ͳǡ͵ͷǤ
×
ǡ À
×±Ǧሺ
Ǥ
ǤǡʹͲͲͲሻǤ
× Ͳǡʹͷ ሺ𝑅𝑅𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = 0,25)ǡ
À
𝑝𝑝 = 0,0012
ǡ ǡ
× Ͳǡͷ ሺ𝑅𝑅𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = 0,75ሻ
× À
𝑝𝑝 = 0,055
ÓǤ
×À
×ሺሻǤ
ͶǤ
Correlación
×
Covariación X Y Oposición exacta
perfecta X
X=Y X Y X=-Y
X Y
Incorrelación
ǣ
Ǥ
ǤʹͲͲͲ
AV
À
×ǡ
ǡ
×
𝑅𝑅𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = 0
ǡ Ó
×
×𝑅𝑅𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = 0,5Ǥ
±
×ǤÀ
×𝑅𝑅𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = 0,75Ǣ
×
× ǡ
×𝑅𝑅𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = 0,2Ǥ
Descripción de Datos Bivariantes | 163
ͶǤ
À
×
×
×À
ǡ
×Ǥ ± ǡ
××
À
×
× Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
×𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌)
𝜌𝜌𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋
ǡ
𝑁𝑁
1
𝜌𝜌𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = ∑ 𝑍𝑍𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑍𝑍𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖=1
𝑍𝑍𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 y 𝑍𝑍𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
À
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
×ǣ
𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁
1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 1 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 )(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 ) 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋
𝜌𝜌𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = ∑( )( )= ∑ =
𝑁𝑁 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌 𝑁𝑁 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
ǡ
×
Ǥ
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋
𝜌𝜌𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 =
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌
ǡ
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋
𝑟𝑟𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 =
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌
ǣ
∑𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 −𝑥𝑥̅ )
2 ∑𝑛𝑛 ̅)2
𝑖𝑖=1(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 −𝑦𝑦
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋 = √ 𝑛𝑛−1
𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌 = √ 𝑛𝑛−1
×
× ǡ
×
Ǥ
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑦𝑦̅
𝑟𝑟𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = = 1
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌 𝑛𝑛 2 2 𝑛𝑛 2 2
[(∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥̅ )(∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑛𝑛𝑦𝑦̅ )]2
164 | Estadística Empresarial
1
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
= 𝑛𝑛
1/2
1 2 1 2
[(∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 − 𝑛𝑛 (∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ) ) (∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖2 − 𝑛𝑛 (∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 ) )]
ǡ
ǣ
2
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋+𝑌𝑌 − (𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 + 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 )
𝑟𝑟𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 =
2𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌
ͶǤͶ
×
ͶǤͳͲ
Ǥ
±
ǣ
∑𝑁𝑁 𝑥𝑥 13,57 ∑𝑁𝑁 𝑦𝑦 260,83
𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖 = = 0,969𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 = 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖 = = 18,631
𝑁𝑁 14 𝑁𝑁 14
ǡ
∑𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖=1(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 )(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 ) −12,088694
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌) = = = −𝟎𝟎, 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝑁𝑁 14
×
ሺ
ሻሺ
ሻǤ
(𝒙𝒙𝒊𝒊 − 𝝁𝝁𝑿𝑿 )𝟐𝟐 (𝒚𝒚𝒊𝒊 − 𝝁𝝁𝒀𝒀 )𝟐𝟐
ͳǡ͵ ͳͶǡ Ͳǡͳͷʹͺͺͳ ͳͶǡͻͺͶͶͳ
ͲǡͲͳ ͳ͵ǡͺ Ͳǡͻͳͻͺͳ ʹʹǡͳʹͳ
Ͳǡʹͺ ͳǡͷ ͲǡͶͶʹͳ ͶǡʹͺͻͲͶͳ
V Ͳǡʹ ͳǡͲ͵ Ͳǡͷͻͳ͵ͳ ʹǡͷ͵ʹͲͳ
V ʹǡͳ͵ ʹͲǡͳͷ ͳǡ͵Ͷͻʹͳ ʹǡ͵Ͳ͵ͳ
ͳǡͷͷ ͻǡ͵ͳ Ͳǡ͵͵ͷͳ ͺǡͺͺͳͲͶͳ
ͳǡͺͶ ʹ͵ǡͷ ͲǡͷͺͶͳ ʹ͵ǡͲͳͳ
ͳǡͺͺ ͷǡͶ Ͳǡͺʹͻͻʹͳ ͳǡͳͺͺͳ
ͳǡ͵ ʹͷǡͲͳ ͲǡͶ͵ͻʹͳ ͶͲǡͻͳͶͳ
ͲǡͶ ʹʹǡͷ ͲǡͳͲͺʹͶͳ ͳͷǡͶ͵ͲͶͳ
Ͳǡ͵ ͳͻǡ Ͳǡ͵ͷͺͺͲͳ ͳǡͲͷͺͺͶͳ
ͲǡͶ ʹͷǡͷͳ Ͳǡ͵ʹ͵ͳ Ͷǡ͵ʹͲͶͳ
ͲǡͶͳ ʹǡͶͷ Ͳǡ͵ͳʹͶͺͳ ǡͶͳ
Ͳǡͺ ͳͻǡʹ ͲǡͲͲͻͺͲͳ ͳǡͳͺͷͻʹͳ
∑ ͳ͵ǡͷ ʹͲǡͺ͵ ǡͻʹͻͶ ͷͲǡͲͶʹͻͶ
∑𝑁𝑁 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 )2 6,962694
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋 = √ 𝑖𝑖=1 =√ = 𝟎𝟎, 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
𝑁𝑁 14
Descripción de Datos Bivariantes | 165
Ǥ
𝜌𝜌𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 = 0ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
𝜌𝜌𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 = 1ǡ
×
ǡ
±
Ǥ
Ǥ
𝜌𝜌𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 = −1ǡ
×
ǡ
À
ǡ
Ǥ
×
Ǥ
0 < 𝜌𝜌𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 < 1ǡ
×ǡ
±×
ǡ±Ǣ
Ǥ
ǡ
×Ǥ
−1 < 𝜌𝜌𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 < 0ǡ
× ǡ
À
×
ǤÀ
×Ǥ
×
×
𝑅𝑅1
𝑅𝑅2 ǡ
𝜎𝜎𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝑅𝑅1 , 𝑅𝑅2 ) = 𝜌𝜌𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 =
𝜎𝜎𝑅𝑅1 𝜎𝜎𝑅𝑅1
ͶǤͺ
×
×
××ሺ
×ሻሺ ×
ሻ ሺʹͲͳͷሻǡ
ǣȀȀǤǤǤǣȀȀǤǤ
ǤǤ
166 | Estadística Empresarial
ሺʹͲͳͷሻǡ
×
Ͳǡͷʹ(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 , 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ) = 0,52)
×Ǥ
ͶǤͺ
× 150
100
50
AME
-50
-100
-75 -50 -25 0 25 50
BSP
×
ሺ
ሻ ሺ × ×Ǧ ሻǡ
×ͲǡͲͲʹǢ
×
Ǥ
ǡ
À
×Ǥ±Ǥ
ͶǤͻ
200
×
150
100
CCP
50
-50
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
UNI
×ͶǤ͵ǡ
ͶǤͳʹ
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 461,45
𝑟𝑟𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = = = 0,911
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌 26,73 ∗ 18,95
ǣ
∑𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 −𝑥𝑥̅ )
2 ∑𝑛𝑛 ̅)2
𝑖𝑖=1(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 −𝑦𝑦
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋 = √ = 26,73𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌 = √ = 18,95
𝑛𝑛−1 𝑛𝑛−1
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = 461,45ሺͶǤሻǤ
Descripción de Datos Bivariantes | 167
ǡ
×
×ÓǤǤï
Ǥ
ǡ
×
ͶǤͳ͵
×
×ǡ
1 𝑟𝑟12
𝑅𝑅 = [ ]
𝑟𝑟21 1
±
Ǥ×
Ǥ
𝑅𝑅 = 𝐷𝐷 −1 𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷 −1
Ǥ
√𝑆𝑆12 0
𝐷𝐷 =
0 √𝑆𝑆12
[ ]
×
ǡ
𝑆𝑆 = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
ͶǤͳ
×ǡ
ͶǤͳͶ
−1 −1
√26,7 0 26,7 −13,3 √26,7 0
𝑅𝑅 = [ ] [ ][ ]
0 √333,3 −13,3 333,3 0 √333,3
1 −0,14
=[ ]
−0,14 1
ǣ
26,7 −13,3
𝑆𝑆 = [ ]ሺͶǤͺሻ
−13,3 333,3
𝑝𝑝 − 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣ǡ𝑝𝑝 × 𝑝𝑝
1 𝑟𝑟12 ⋯ 𝑟𝑟1𝑝𝑝
𝑟𝑟 1 ⋯ 𝑟𝑟2𝑝𝑝
𝑅𝑅 = 21
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
[𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝1 𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝2 𝑟𝑟21 1 ]
ͳǤ 𝑋𝑋2 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑋𝑋1
ǡ𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 ) = ∓1
ʹǤ 𝑋𝑋1 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑋𝑋2 Ǣ𝑋𝑋2 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑋𝑋1 𝑋𝑋3 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑋𝑋1
ǡ
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑋𝑋3 , 𝑋𝑋2 ) = ∓𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 )
Descripción de Datos Bivariantes | 169
ͶǤ
×
×
×ǡ
Ǥ
×
À
×Ǥ
À
×
±
×
ǡ
À
Ǥ
×
ǡÀ
ǡ ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ À
×
Ǥ
ǡ
×
Ǥ
6 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖2
𝜌𝜌 = 1 −
𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛2 − 1)
ǣ
𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 = 𝑅𝑅𝑋𝑋 − 𝑅𝑅𝑌𝑌 ሺ
ሻ
𝑛𝑛ൌÓǤ
Ͳ
ͶǤͳͷ
±
ͳ ͳͲ ሺǦሻǤ ±
×
ͻ
ǡ
ǣ
ͳ ͳ
ͺ
Ͳ ͳ
ͷ ͷ
ʹ Ͷ
ͻ
Ͷ ͺ
ͷ
͵ ͷ
170 | Estadística Empresarial
ǡ
Ǥ
𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖2
Ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳǡͷ Ͳǡʹͷ
ͳ ͳ ʹ ͳǡͷ Ͳǡʹͷ
ʹ Ͷ ͵ ͵ Ͳ
͵ ͷ Ͷ Ͷǡͷ Ͳǡʹͷ
ͷ ͷ ͷǡͷ Ͷǡͷ ͳ
ͷ ͷǡͷ Ͳǡʹͷ
Ͷ ͺ ǡͷ Ͳǡʹͷ
ͺ ͺǡͷ ǡͷ ͳ
ͻ ͺǡͷ ͻ Ͳǡʹͷ
∑ ͵ǡͷ
×Ǥ
𝑛𝑛
6 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖2 6 × 3,5
𝜌𝜌 = 1 − 2
=1− = 0,97
𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 − 1) 9(92 − 1)
×𝝋𝝋
×
À
×Ǥ×
ǡ
𝜒𝜒 2
φCr = √
𝑛𝑛(𝑚𝑚 − 1)
𝑚𝑚ൌ𝑘𝑘𝑟𝑟
ǡ𝜒𝜒 2 ൌ
Ǥ
𝑘𝑘 𝑟𝑟 2
2
(𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 )
𝜒𝜒 = ∑ ∑
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑗𝑗=1
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
À(𝑘𝑘, 𝑟𝑟)ǤǤ
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ൌ
À(𝑘𝑘, 𝑟𝑟)Ǥ
×
±𝑛𝑛Ǥ×
Ǥ
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖∙ × 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓∙𝑗𝑗
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
𝑛𝑛
Descripción de Datos Bivariantes | 171
ͶǤͳ
×
Ǥ ±
×
ǡǡ
×
̳
ͺͶ ͺ ͻʹ
ʹʹ ͶͲ ʹ
ͳʹ ͵Ͷ Ͷ
ͳͳͺ ͺʹ ʹͲͲ
𝜒𝜒 2
ǡ
ǡ×ǡ
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖∙ × 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓∙𝑗𝑗
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
𝑛𝑛
ǡ
118 × 92
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓11 = = 54,28
200
ǡ
Ǥ
×
̳
ͷͶǡʹͺ ͵ǡʹ ͻʹ
͵ǡͷͺ ʹͷǡͶʹ ʹ
ʹǡͳͶ ͳͺǡͺ Ͷ
ͳͳͺ ͺʹ ʹͲͲ
ǡǣ
×
̳
ͳǡʹʹ͵Ͳͺ ʹ͵ǡͶͳͳʹ ͵ͻǡͺͻ͵Ͷ͵Ͷ
ͷǡͺͳͳʹ͵ͻʹ ͺǡ͵ʹͷͶͻͳ ͳͶǡͳ͵ͺ͵ͺͺ
ͺǡͶͶͷͺʹͳ ͳʹǡͳͷ͵Ͷ͵Ͷ ʹͲǡͷͻͻͷͷ
͵ͲǡͷʹͻʹͶ Ͷ͵ǡͻ͵͵ͲʹͲͻ ͶǡͶʹͶ͵
172 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǣ
𝑘𝑘 𝑟𝑟 2
2
(𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 )
𝜒𝜒 = ∑ ∑ = 74,463
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑗𝑗=1
Ǥ
𝜒𝜒 2 74,463
φCr = √ =√ = 0,61
𝑛𝑛(𝑚𝑚 − 1) 200(2 − 1)
∁
×À
Ǧ
ሺ𝜒𝜒 2 )Ǥ
𝜒𝜒 2
∁= √
𝑛𝑛 + 𝜒𝜒 2
Ǥ
ǡ
ͶǤͳ
𝜒𝜒 2 = 74,463
∁
ǡ
𝜒𝜒 2 74,463
∁= √ 2
=√ = 0,521
𝑛𝑛 + 𝜒𝜒 200 + 74,463
ǡ
× À
×
Ǥ
𝝋𝝋
×
ǡ
×
×
ï
Ó
×
×Ǥ
×
Ǥ
̳ Àͳ Àʹ
Àͳ
Àʹ
𝑛𝑛
Descripción de Datos Bivariantes | 173
×Ǥ
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
φ=
√(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵)(𝐶𝐶 + 𝐷𝐷)(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐶𝐶)(𝐵𝐵 + 𝐷𝐷)
φ
×Ǥ
𝜒𝜒 2
φ=√
𝑛𝑛
𝜒𝜒 2 ൌ
Ǥ
× φ Ǥ
× ͳ
Ǣ ×
×±
Ǥ
ǡï
À
×
ሺ
ʹʹሻǤ
ͳͷͲ
×
ï
ͶǤͳͺ
±
ǡ
×
Ǥ
×ǡ
×Ǥ
ͳͷ ͵ͷ ͷͲ
ͷͷ Ͷͷ ͳͲͲ
Ͳ ͺͲ ͳͷͲ
×ǡ
15 × 45 − 35 × 55
φ = = −0,24
√50 × 100 × 70 × 80
ǡ
𝜒𝜒 2 8,3705
φ=√ =√ = 0,24
𝑛𝑛 150
×ǣ
×À
Ǥ
ͶǤ
ǡ
×ℝ2
ǣ
2 1/𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟
𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = [∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 ) ]
𝑠𝑠=1
174 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑟𝑟 = 2ǡ
ÀǤ
2 1/2
2 𝑡𝑡 1/2
2
𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = [∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 ) ] = [(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 − 𝑋𝑋𝑗𝑗 ) (𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 − 𝑋𝑋𝑗𝑗 )]
𝑠𝑠=1
𝑟𝑟 = 1
𝐿𝐿1
𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = |𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 − 𝑋𝑋𝑗𝑗 | 1
1𝑡𝑡 = (1,1, … ,1)
±
Ǥ
ͶǤͳǡ
ͶǤͳͻ
ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ
ͳ Ͳ ʹͲǡ͵ͻ ͳͷǡʹͲ ͵ͳǡͲͶͺ
ʹ ʹͲǡ͵ͻ Ͳ ͵ͳǡͲͶͺ ͳͲǡͲ
͵ ͳͷǡʹͲ ͵ͳǡͲͶͺ Ͳ ͶͲǡʹͲͲ
Ͷ ͵ͳǡͲͶͺ ͳͲǡͲ ͶͲǡʹͲͲ Ͳ
1
2 2
2 1
2
𝑑𝑑12 = [∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 ) ] = [(𝑥𝑥11 − 𝑥𝑥21 )2 + (𝑥𝑥12 − 𝑥𝑥22 )2 ]2
𝑠𝑠=1
= [(4 − 8)2 + (20 − 40)2 ]1/2 = 20,396
2
𝑑𝑑13 = [(4 − 16)2 + (20 − 10)2 ]1/2 = 15,62
2
𝑑𝑑14 = [(4 − 12)2 + (20 − 50)2 ]1/2 = 31,048
2
𝑑𝑑23 = [(8 − 16)2 + (40 − 10)2 ]1/2 = 31,048
2
𝑑𝑑24 = [(8 − 12)2 + (40 − 50)2 ]1/2 = 10,77
2
𝑑𝑑34 = [(16 − 12)2 + (10 − 50)2 ]1/2 = 40,2
ͶǤͺ
×
Ǥ
ǡÀ
Ǥ
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖∙ × 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓∙𝑗𝑗 (∀𝑖𝑖 = 1,2, ⋯ , 𝑘𝑘 𝑦𝑦 ∀𝑗𝑗 = 1,2, ⋯ , 𝑟𝑟)
±
ǣ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖∙ 𝑓𝑓∙𝑗𝑗
= ×
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
ǡ𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖∙ × 𝑓𝑓∙𝑗𝑗
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
𝑛𝑛
Descripción de Datos Bivariantes | 175
Ǥ
À
Ǥ
𝑋𝑋|𝑌𝑌 = 𝑦𝑦𝑗𝑗
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖|1 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖|2 = ⋯ = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖|𝑗𝑗 = ⋯ = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖|𝑟𝑟 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖∙
ǣ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖∙
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖|𝑗𝑗 = = = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖∙
𝑓𝑓∙𝑗𝑗 𝑛𝑛
ǡ
À
Ǥ
𝑌𝑌|𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑗𝑗|1 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑗𝑗|2 = ⋯ = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑗𝑗|𝑖𝑖 = ⋯ = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑗𝑗|𝑟𝑟 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓∙𝑗𝑗
ǣ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓∙𝑗𝑗
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑗𝑗|𝑖𝑖 = = = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓∙𝑗𝑗
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖∙ 𝑛𝑛
ǡ
À
Ǥ
×ǡ
Ǥ
ͶǤʹͲ
̳ Ͷ ͺ
͵ ʹ ͳ
Ͷ ʹ ͳ
ͷ Ͷ ʹ
ǡ
×
Ǥ
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖∙ × 𝑓𝑓∙𝑗𝑗
𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
𝑛𝑛
ǡ
̳ Ͷ ͺ 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖∙
͵ ʹ ͳ ͵
Ͷ ʹ ͳ ͵
ͷ Ͷ ʹ
𝑓𝑓∙𝑗𝑗 ͺ Ͷ ͳʹ
𝑓𝑓11(𝑥𝑥 = 3, 𝑦𝑦 = 4)ǡ
𝑓𝑓1∙ × 𝑓𝑓∙1 3 × 8
𝑓𝑓11 = = = 2
𝑛𝑛 12
176 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥ
𝑓𝑓1∙ × 𝑓𝑓∙2 3 × 4
𝑓𝑓12 = = = 1
𝑛𝑛 12
𝑓𝑓2∙ × 𝑓𝑓∙1 3 × 8
𝑓𝑓21 = = = 2
𝑛𝑛 12
𝑓𝑓2∙ × 𝑓𝑓∙2 3 × 4
𝑓𝑓22 = = = 1
𝑛𝑛 12
𝑓𝑓3∙ × 𝑓𝑓∙1 6 × 8
𝑓𝑓31 = = = 4
𝑛𝑛 12
𝑓𝑓3∙ × 𝑓𝑓∙2 6 × 4
𝑓𝑓32 = = = 2
𝑛𝑛 12
×
ǡǡǤ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥǡ
Ǥ
ͶǤͳ
ʹͲ
ǣ
𝑋𝑋1 =Ǥ
𝑋𝑋2 =ï
Ǥ
𝑋𝑋3 =ÓòǤ
𝑋𝑋1 𝑋𝑋2 𝑋𝑋3 𝑋𝑋1 𝑋𝑋2 𝑋𝑋3
ͳ ͵ʹͲ ͷͲ ͳͳ ͻͲ ͳͷͲͳͷ
ʹ ͶͷͲ ͷ͵ ͷ ͳʹ ͲͲ ͳͺͳͳͲ
͵ ͵Ͳ Ͳ ͷ ͳ͵ ͻͳͲ ʹͲʹͳͺ
Ͷ ͶͲ ͵ Ͷ ͳͶ ͻ͵Ͳ ʹͳʹ
ͷ ͶʹͲ ͻ ʹ ͳͷ ͻͶͲ ʹʹͻͳͶ
ͷͲͲ ͺʹ ͵ ͳ ͳǤͲͲʹͶͲͳͳ
ͷͲͳͲͲͳͶ ͳ ͳǤͳͲʹͶ͵ʹ͵
ͺ ͶͲͳͲͶͳͳ ͳͺ ͳǤʹͳͲʹͶͶ͵
ͻ Ͳͳͳ͵ʹͻ ͳͻ ͳǤͶͷͲʹͶͻͷͲ
ͳͲ ͺͲͳ͵ͲͶʹ ʹͲ ͳǤʹʹͲʹͷͶ͵Ͷ
ǣ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
Descripción de Datos Bivariantes | 177
ͶǤʹ
×
ï
±ǡ
±Ǥ
̳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ
ͳ ͵ ͳ ʹ ͳͺ
ʹ ͳͲ ͳͶ ͳ ʹͲ
͵ ͺ ʹ ͺ ʹͶ
ǣ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ Ǥ
ͶǤ͵
×Ǥ
̳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ
Ǧͳ ͷ ͺ ͷ ͺ Ͷ ͳ
Ͳ Ͷ ͳͲ ͺ
ͳ ͳͷ ͳʹ ͳͳ ͳʹ
ʹ ʹ ͺ ͳͶ ͳͷ ͳͶ ͳ
ǣ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ Ǥ
ͶǤͶ
Ǥ
ʹ
ͶͲ–Ͳ ͲǦͺͲ ͺͲ–ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲǦͳʹͲ
ͷͲͲ–ͻͲͲ ʹͷ ʹͲ ʹ Ͳ
ͻͲͲ–ͳ͵ͲͲ ͵Ͳ ͵ͷ Ͷ Ͳ
ͳ͵ͲͲǦͳͲͲ ͷ ͳͲ ʹͲ
ͳͲͲ–ʹͳͲͲ Ͳ Ͷ ͳͳ ͺ
ʹͳͲͲǦʹͷͲͲ Ͳ ʹ ʹ ͳʹ
ʹͷͲͲǦʹͻͲͲ Ͳ ͳ ͳʹ ͳͷ
ǣ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ͶǤͷ ǡ
Ͳ ͳͲ Ͷ ͺ ͻ ͳͷ ʹͲ ͳͷ ͳ ʹͲ ͳ ͳͶ ͳͻ
ͷ ͷ ʹ ͻ ͳͲ ͳͲ ͻ ͳͲ ͻ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ͶǤ
Ǥ
178 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑋𝑋1 𝑋𝑋2
Ͷ ʹͲ
ͻ ͳͲ
ͳͷ ǦͳͲͲ
ͷ ͺͲ
ͳͲ ͷ
ͷͲ
ͺ ǦʹͲ
ǣ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
ͶǤ ǣ
Ȁ
Ȁ
Ȁ
ʹͲ ʹǤͲͲͲ ͳǤͷͲͲ ʹ
ʹͷ ͵ǤͷͲͲ ͵ǤͲͲ ͳʹ
͵Ͳ ͶǤͷͲͲ ʹǤͷͲͲ ͷ
ͶͲ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ ͷǤͲͲͲ ͳͲ
͵ͷ ͻǤͷͲͲ ͻǤͲͲͲ ʹͲ
ʹʹ ͶǤͲͲͲ ʹǤͲͲͲ Ͷ
͵ʹ ͻǤͷͲͲ ͷǤʹͲͲ ͳͲ
͵͵ ͳͲǤͷͲͲ ͷǤͷͲͲ
Ͷͷ ͳͷǤͲͲͲ ǤͲͲͲ ͳʹ
ʹ ͷǤͶͲͲ ͷǤͲͲͲ ͳͷ
͵ ͳʹǤͲͲͲ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ ʹͷ
ǣ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
Ǥ
ͶǤͺ ±
×ǡ±Ǥ
×
± ͷ Ͷ
ͳͳͷ ͷͲ
𝜑𝜑
×Ǥ
ͶǤͻ
× ሺൌǡ ൌǡ
ൌሻ
×
ሺǡ ሻǤ
Descripción de Datos Bivariantes | 179
∑
ͳͲ ͳ͵ ʹ ʹͷ
ʹͲ ͳʹ ͺ ͶͲ
͵Ͳ ͳͷ ͳͲ ͵ͷ
∑ ͶͲ ͶͲ ʹͲ ͳͲͲ
ǣ
ሻ
×𝜑𝜑Ǥ
ሻ
∁
Ǥ
ͶǤͳͲ
×
Ǥ
Ǥ
×
Ó
ͷ Ͷ ʹ ͵ ͳ
ʹ ʹ ͵ ͳ ʹ
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ʹ Ͷ
ͳ ʹ ͵ ʹ ͳ
Ͷ ͷ ͷ Ͷ ͵
Ͷ Ͷ ͷ ʹ ͳ
ͳ ͵ ͷ ʹ ʹ
ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ Ͷ
ʹ ͷ Ͷ ͷ Ͷ
ͷ ͵ Ͷ ͵ ʹ
ͶǤͳͳ ǤǬǫǤ
̳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ
Ǧͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ
ʹ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
ͶǤͳʹ Ǥ 𝑓𝑓21
Ǥ
̳ ͷ
ͳͲͲ ͺ Ͷ
ʹͷͲ 𝑓𝑓21
ͶǤ͵
±
ǡ
Ǥ
ͶǤͶ
ǡ
À
×
Ǥ
180 | Estadística Empresarial
ǣǤǤ
ȀȀ
Ȁ
Ǥ
ͷ
×
ͷǤͳ ×
×
×
À
×
× À
ǡ
×
×
ǡ
ǡ
×
×
×
Ǥ
×
×ǡ
À
×ǡ××
×
×
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
×
×Ǥ
×
ǡ
ሺሻ ሺሻ
ሺ
ሻǤ
ǡ
ǡǡ
×ሺ
ሻÀ
Ǣ
ǡ
×Ǥ ǡ
×ǡ
ǡ
×±
×
ǡ
Ǥ
×
×
ǡ
×
Ǥ
𝑌𝑌 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑋𝑋) + 𝑒𝑒
ǣ
ሺሻǤ
ǡ
±Ǥ
ሺሻǤ ±
ǡ
Ǥ
ሺ𝑒𝑒).
Ǥ
×ǡ ± ሺ𝑒𝑒)Ǥ
×
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
×
× À
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ±
À
ǣ ǡ
×
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡǤ
×
ǡ
Àሺ
ǡ
ï
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
Modelos de Regresión Simple | 183
ሻǤ
×ïǤ
ͷǤʹ ×
×
×
ሺሻ
ሺሻ
×
×
×Ǥ
×
ǡ𝑛𝑛ሺ
ሻǤ
(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ), (𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 ), … , (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 ), … , (𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 , 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛 )
ǡ
𝑌𝑌 = 𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑋𝑋 + 𝑒𝑒
ǡ
À
ሺ
×ሻǡ
𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑋𝑋
𝛽𝛽0 𝛽𝛽1 ×ǡ
ሺሻ
À
𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑋𝑋ǡሺ𝑒𝑒)Ǥ
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑌𝑌 − (𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑋𝑋)
±ǡ
×
ǡ
𝐸𝐸(𝑒𝑒) = 0
ǡ
ǡ
𝑒𝑒Ǥ
𝐸𝐸(𝑒𝑒|𝑋𝑋) = 𝐸𝐸(𝑒𝑒)
Ǭ××𝛽𝛽0 𝛽𝛽1 ǫ
ǡ ǡ
±±ǡ
±À
ሺሻǤ
𝛽𝛽0 𝛽𝛽1
ǡ
××±
𝑏𝑏0
𝑏𝑏1 Ǥ
𝑦𝑦̂ = 𝑏𝑏0 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥
± À
(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 )
𝑦𝑦̂ = 𝑏𝑏0 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥ǡ
184 | Estadística Empresarial
ǡ
×
ሺሻǤ
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
ͷǤͳ
×
ǡ
×À
ǣ
𝑦𝑦̂ = 𝑏𝑏0 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥
𝑏𝑏0 𝛽𝛽0
±
±
×Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ À
Ǥ
𝑏𝑏1 𝛽𝛽1 ±
×Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ
×ǤÀǡ
×
ǡ
×
Ǥ
(𝑥𝑥̅ , 𝑦𝑦̅)
Ǥ
ǡ
ǣ
𝑥𝑥̂ = 𝑏𝑏0′ + 𝑏𝑏1′ 𝑦𝑦
×ǣ
𝑏𝑏0′ = 𝑥𝑥̅ + 𝑏𝑏1′ 𝑦𝑦̅
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋
𝑏𝑏1′ = 2
𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌
186 | Estadística Empresarial
×
×
×
ͷǤͳ
Ǥ
ï
××
Ǥ
ͳ ͳͷͲ ͳͶ
ʹ ͷ ͵ǡ
͵ ͵͵ͺ ʹͳǡ
Ͷ ͷͲ Ͳ
ͷ ͷͶͳ ͵ǡ
ͺͻ ǡͳ
ͳʹ ͳͲ
ͺ ͵ͻ ͵ͷ
ͻ ͷͲ Ͷͷ
ͳͲ ͵ͷͲ ͵Ͳ
ሺሻ×
ሺሻǤ
ǡ
×
×Ǥ
𝑦𝑦̂ = 𝑏𝑏0 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥
ǡ
𝑏𝑏0
𝑏𝑏1
𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2
ͳͷͲ ͳͶ ʹǤͳͲͲ ͳͻ
ͷ ͵ǡ ʹǡͷ ͳ͵ǡͻ
͵͵ͺ ʹͳǡ Ǥ͵ͲͲǡͺ ͶǤǡͷ
ͷͲ Ͳ ͶͷǤͲͲͲ ͵ǤͲͲ
ͷͶͳ ͵ǡ ʹͲǤ͵Ͷͳǡ ͳǤͶͳ͵ǡ
ͺͻ ǡͳ ͷͶʹǡͻ ͵ǡʹͳ
ͳʹ ͳͲ ͳǤʹͲ ͳͲͲ
͵ͻ ͵ͷ ͳ͵Ǥʹͷ ͳǤʹʹͷ
ͷͲ Ͷͷ ʹͻǤʹͷͲ ʹǤͲʹͷ
͵ͷͲ ͵Ͳ ͳͲǤͷͲͲ ͻͲͲ
͵ǤͶͶͺ ʹ͵ ͳʹͻǤͺ͵ǡͺ ͻǤͻǡʹʹ
ǡ
3448 263
𝑦𝑦̅ = = 344,8𝑥𝑥̅ = = 26,3
10 10
×ǡ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑦𝑦̅ 129837,8 − 10(26,3)(344,8)
𝑏𝑏1 = 𝑛𝑛 = = 12,7945444
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 − 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥̅ 2 9977,22 − 10(26,3)2
𝑏𝑏0 = 𝑦𝑦̅ − 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥̅ = 344,8 − 12,7945444(26,3) = 8,3034833
Modelos de Regresión Simple | 187
ǡ
×Ǥ
𝑦𝑦̂ = 8,303 + 12,795𝑋𝑋
×ǣ
ͳʹǡͻͷ
ǡ ͳʹǡͻͷ
ͺǡ͵Ͳ͵
Ǥ ǡ
ǡ
ʹͷǡͷͻ
ÀǤ
ǡ
ǡǡ
ͺǡ͵Ͳ͵Ǥ
×
×
Ǥ±
Ǥ
ͷǤʹ 900
800
𝑦𝑦̂ ൌ ͺǡ͵Ͳ͵ ͳʹǡͻͷ𝑋𝑋
×
700
ͷǤͳ 600
500
Ventas
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Publicidad
×
×ǡ
×Ǥ
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒 = √
𝑛𝑛 − 2
ǡ
×
×
×ǡ𝑛𝑛 − 2
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛
Ǥ
𝑦𝑦̂ = 8,303 +
ͷǤʹ
12,795𝑥𝑥
×ǡ
ǡ
×ǡ
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 20.142,0997
𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒 = √ =√ = 50,177
𝑛𝑛 − 2 8
ǡ
ǡ
𝑛𝑛
ǡ
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
2 )2
∑(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅) − ∑(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 = ∑(𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)2
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
×
ǡ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)2
×ǡ
× Ǥ ሺ
ሻǤ
×
ǡ ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 )2
×
×
ሺሻǡ
×
Ǥ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)2
×
ሺ
×ሻǤ
×ǣ
×–
×
ൌ
×
×ൌ
×
×
×
ǡ
×
×
Ǥ
ǡ
×ǡ
2
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣ó𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2̂ ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)2
𝑅𝑅 = = 2 = 𝑛𝑛
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣ó𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌 ∑𝑖𝑖=1(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)2
±ǣ
2
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣ó𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 − 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣ó𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 −𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒2 𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒2
𝑅𝑅 = = = 1 − 2
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣ó𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌
×
×ǡ𝑅𝑅 2
Ǥ
×
×ǡ𝑅𝑅 2Ǥ
𝑅𝑅 2
ǡ
×
×
ǡ
Ǥ
𝑅𝑅 2
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǣ
𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒2
1 = 𝑅𝑅 2 + 2
𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌
190 | Estadística Empresarial
ǡ100𝑅𝑅2
±
𝑆𝑆 2
ǡǡ
100 𝑒𝑒2
ǡ
𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌
À
×Ǥ
𝑅𝑅 2 = 0
ͲΨǤ
𝑅𝑅 2 = 1
ͳͲͲΨǤ
ǡ
×
ǣ
2
𝑏𝑏12 𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2
𝑅𝑅 = 2
𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌
×𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐
×
×ǣ
√𝑅𝑅 2 si 𝑏𝑏1 es positivo
𝑅𝑅 = {
−√𝑅𝑅 2 si 𝑏𝑏1 es negativo
𝑏𝑏1
À
𝑌𝑌
𝑋𝑋
×
×
ͷǤ͵
Ǥ
𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 = 8,303 + 12,795𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 (𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)2 (𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)2
ͳͷͲ ͳͶ ͳͺǡͶ͵͵ ʹͶǤͶǡ͵ʹͻ ͵ǤͻͶǡͲͶ
ͷ ͵ǡ ͷͷǡͶͶͷ ͺ͵ǤͳͲǡͻͲ͵ͳͺ ʹǤͻʹǡͲͶ
͵͵ͺ ʹͳǡ ʹͺͶǡͷ ͵ǤͳͷǡͲͳͷʹͷ ͶǡʹͶ
ͷͲ Ͳ ǡͲͲ͵ ͳͺͷǤͻ͵ǡͲʹʹ ͳͶǤͳͺǡͲͶ
ͷͶͳ ͵ǡ Ͷͺͻǡ͵ͻͷ ʹͲǤͻͲǡͳͶͲ͵ ͵ͺǤͶͻͶǡͶͶ
ͺͻ ǡͳ ͺǡ͵ͷʹͷ ǤͻͷǡͳͳͲʹ ͷǤͶ͵͵ǡͶ
ͳʹ ͳͲ ͳ͵ǡʹͷ͵ Ͷ͵ǤͶͻͳǡͺͷͳʹͳ ͶǤͺ͵ǡͶͶ
͵ͻ ͵ͷ Ͷͷǡͳʹͺ ͳʹǤ͵ͻ͵ǡͻʹ͵ͷͺ ͳǤͳͻǡͶ
ͷͲ Ͷͷ ͷͺͶǡͲͺ ͷǤʹͷ͵ǡͻͳʹͺ ͻ͵ǤͳͶǡͲͶ
͵ͷͲ ͵Ͳ ͵ͻʹǡͳͷ͵ ʹǤʹͶʹǡ͵ͲͲͻ ʹǡͲͶ
͵ǤͶͶͺ ʹ͵ ͷͲͳǤͲͳͳǡͳͺͷ ͷʹͳǤͳͳǡ
×ǡ
Modelos de Regresión Simple | 191
ͷͲǬÀǫ
𝑥𝑥0 = 50ǡ
ǣ𝑦𝑦̂ = 8,303 + 12,795(50) = 648
ͷͲǡ
Ͷͺ Ǥ
Ǭ
ǫ
ǡ
ͻͷΨ𝑌𝑌Ǣ
1 (50 − 26,3)2
[648 ∓ 2,306(50,177)√1 + + ]
10 3.060,32
ǡ
[516,91 ; 779,09]
192 | Estadística Empresarial
ǡ
× ͻͷΨ
ǡ
ǡ
ͷͲ ǡ
ͷͳǡͻͳ
ͻǡͲͻǤ
±ͷǤ͵
×
×Ǥ
ͷǤ͵
1000
× Intervalo de
800
predicción
ͷǤͳ
600 Recta de regresión
Ventas
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-200
Publicidad
͵Ψ Ǭ
ͷǤͷ
À ǫ Ǭ À
À
ǫ
𝑥𝑥̅ = 26,3
𝑥𝑥̅ ′ = 𝑥𝑥̅ + 0,03𝑥𝑥̅ = 27,089
𝑦𝑦̂ = 8,303 + 12,795(27,089) = 354,91
ǡ͵Ψ
ǡ
͵ͷͶǡͻͳǡ
ǣ
354,91
( − 1) 100 = 2,93%
344,8
ͻͲͲǬ
ǫ
ǡ
×
ǡ𝑏𝑏1′ 𝑏𝑏0′
Modelos de Regresión Simple | 193
×Ǥ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝛽𝛽0 = 0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝛽𝛽0 ≠ 0
±À
ǡ
𝑏𝑏0
𝑡𝑡 =
𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏0
ǣ
1 𝑥𝑥̅ 2
𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏0 = 𝑆𝑆𝑒𝑒 √ +
𝑛𝑛 ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2
×
×ǡ
ï×ǣ
ͳǤ Ǥ
×Ǥ
𝑦𝑦 = 𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑦𝑦 − (𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑥𝑥)
ʹǤ
Ǥ
𝐸𝐸(𝑒𝑒) = 0
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥, 𝑒𝑒) = 0
͵Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑒𝑒|𝑥𝑥) = 𝜎𝜎 2
ͶǤ Ǥ
ͷǤ
ǡ
À
𝑒𝑒Ǥ
Ǥ ǤǤǤ
𝐸𝐸(𝑏𝑏1 ) = 𝛽𝛽1 𝐸𝐸(𝑏𝑏0 ) = 𝛽𝛽0
Ǥ ǤǤǤ
𝜎𝜎 2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑏𝑏1 ) =
∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2
𝜎𝜎 2 𝑛𝑛−1 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑏𝑏0 ) =
∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2
ͺǤ
×𝜎𝜎 2
𝐸𝐸(𝜎𝜎̂ 2 ) = 𝜎𝜎 2
Modelos de Regresión Simple | 195
× ͵Ͷ
ͷǤ
ǡ×Ǥ
×
×
×
ʹǤͲͲͲ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ ͶǤͲͲͲ ͷǤͲͲ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ ʹͷǤͲͲͲ
ͳǤͷͲͲ ͷǤͲͲͲ ͷǤͲͲ ͳͲǤʹͲͲ ǤͷͲͲ ͳʹǤͲͲͲ
͵ǤͲͲͲ ǤͷͲͲ ͷǤ͵ͲͲ ͺǤͷͲͲ ͶǤͷͲͲ ͻǤͲͲͲ
ͶǤͷͲͲ ͺǤͲͲͲ ͶǤͲͲ ͳͷǤͲͲͲ ǤͲͲͲ ͺǤͲͲͲ
ǤͲͲͲ ͳͶǤͲͲͲ ͶǤͷͲͲ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ ͷǤ͵ͲͲ ͳͲǤͷͲͲ
ǤͷͲͲ ͳʹǤͲͲͲ ͵ǤͷͲͲ ǤͷͲͲ ǤͷͲͲ ͳͷǤͲͲͲ
ͳǤͷͲͲ ͷǤͲͲͲ ʹǤͺͲͲ ͷǤͲͲͲ ʹǤ͵ͲͲ ǤͲͲͲ
ͳǤͷͲͲ ͷǤͷͷͲ ͵ǤͲʹͲ ǤͷͲͲ ʹǤͺͲͲ ͷǤͲͲ
ͳǤͷͺͲ ͷǤͲͲͲ ʹǤͷͲͲ ͺǤͲͲͲ ǤͷͲͲ ͳͷǤͷͲͲ
ʹǤͷͲͲ ǤͷͲͲ ͷǤͲͲ ͳͳǤͷͲͲ ʹǤͲͲͲ ͷǤͲͲͲ
ʹǤͷͲͲ ǤͷͲͲ ͺǤͲͲͲ ͳͷǤͲͲͲ ǤͷͲͲ ͳͷǤͲͲͲ
ǤͷͲͲ ͳǤͲͲͲ
ǡǤ
À
×
ǡͺͻ ǡ͵ ǡ ͳǤͲǡ͵
Ǥ
× Ͳǡ͵
×ͳǤͲǡǤ
ANOVA
F Sig.
× ͳʹͶǤʹͺʹǤʹʹǡʹͳͷ ͳ ͳʹͶǤʹͺʹǤʹʹǡʹͳͷ 109,014 ,000
͵ǤͶͺͳǤͻʹͷǡʹ ͵ʹ ͳǤͳͶͲǤͲͲǡͳͻ
ͳͲǤͶǤͳͷʹǡͻͶ ͵͵
Ǥ
Ǥ
À
ǡͶʹʹ ǡͲͶͲ ǡͺͻ ͳͲǡͶͶͳ ǡͲͲͲ
ሺሻ ͵ͲͺǡͲͷ Ͷ͵͵ǡ͵Ͷͷ ǡͳͳ ǡͶͺʹ
196 | Estadística Empresarial
××ǣ
𝑦𝑦̂ = 308,075 + 0,422𝑥𝑥
À
ǡ
ǡ
ǡÀǤ
ͷǤͶ
×
ͷǤͷ
ͷǤͷ
×
ͻͷΨ
Modelos de Regresión Simple | 197
ͷǤ͵ ××
××
ǣ
𝑦𝑦 = 𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝛽𝛽2 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝛽𝛽3 𝑥𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝛽𝛽𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝 + 𝑒𝑒
ǡ
𝑦𝑦 = 𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝛽𝛽2 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝛽𝛽3 𝑥𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝛽𝛽𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝 ǡ
Ǥ
𝛽𝛽0 , 𝛽𝛽1 , 𝛽𝛽2 , … , 𝛽𝛽𝑝𝑝 Ǣ×
Ǥ
𝑒𝑒ǡ±
𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥 2 , … , 𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝 Ǥ
ǡ
𝑏𝑏0 , 𝑏𝑏1 , 𝑏𝑏2 , … , 𝑏𝑏𝑝𝑝 À
Ǥ
𝑦𝑦̂ = 𝑏𝑏0 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏2 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏3 𝑥𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑏𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝
±ǡ
×𝑦𝑦̂ = 𝑏𝑏0 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1[𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − (𝑏𝑏0 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 )]2 ÀǤ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
𝑛𝑛
2
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = ∑[𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − (𝑏𝑏0 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏2 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏3 𝑥𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑏𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝 )]
𝑖𝑖=1
ǡ𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆À𝑏𝑏0 , 𝑏𝑏1 , 𝑏𝑏2 , 𝑏𝑏3 , … , 𝑏𝑏𝑝𝑝
ǡ
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 0, = 0, = 0, = 0, … , = 0
𝜕𝜕𝑏𝑏0 𝜕𝜕𝑏𝑏1 𝜕𝜕𝑏𝑏2 𝜕𝜕𝑏𝑏3 𝜕𝜕𝑏𝑏𝑝𝑝
𝑝𝑝 + 1
× 𝑏𝑏0 , 𝑏𝑏1 , 𝑏𝑏2 , 𝑏𝑏3 , … , 𝑏𝑏𝑝𝑝
Ǥ
×±
×
Ǥ
ǡ
×
ǡ
×
ï
Ǥ
×ǡ
Ǥ
×
×Ǥ
𝑦𝑦̂ = 𝑏𝑏0 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏2 𝑥𝑥 2
ǡ
𝑛𝑛
2
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = ∑[𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − (𝑏𝑏0 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 𝑏𝑏2 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 )]
𝑖𝑖=1
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆Ǥ
198 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑛𝑛
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= −2 ∑(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑏𝑏0 − 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑏𝑏2 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 ) = 0
𝜕𝜕𝑏𝑏0
𝑖𝑖=1
𝑛𝑛
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= −2 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 (𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑏𝑏0 − 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑏𝑏2 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 ) = 0
𝜕𝜕𝑏𝑏1
𝑖𝑖=1
𝑛𝑛
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= −2 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 (𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑏𝑏0 − 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑏𝑏2 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 ) = 0
𝜕𝜕𝑏𝑏2
𝑖𝑖=1
ǡ
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
±±Ǥ
±
±ǤǬ
±±ǫ
ǡ
×
Ǥ
±
𝑌𝑌 𝑋𝑋
ͷ ͳʹ
ͳʹ
ͻ ͺ
ͳͷ Ͷ
ͳͲ
ͳ
ͳ
ͺ ͳͷ
ͳͳ ʹͲ
ͳͲ ͳͻ
ǡ
×
ǡ
±±Ǥ±
ǡ
×
ǡ
ǡ
×
Ǥ
Modelos de Regresión Simple | 199
ͷǤ 18
× 16
14
12
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
±
ǡ
××
ǣ
𝑦𝑦̂ = 𝑏𝑏0 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏2 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖3 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖4 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
ͷ ͳʹ ͳͶͶ ͳǤʹͺ ʹͲǤ͵ Ͳ ʹͲ
ͳʹ ͵ ʹͳ ͳǤʹͻ ʹ Ͷ͵ʹ
ͻ ͺ Ͷ ͷͳʹ ͶǤͲͻ ʹ ͷ
ͳͷ Ͷ ͳ Ͷ ʹͷ Ͳ ʹͶͲ
ͳͲ ͳͲͲ ͳǤͲͲͲ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳ ͲͲ
ͳ ʹͺͻ ͶǤͻͳ͵ ͺ͵Ǥͷʹͳ ͳͳͻ ʹǤͲʹ͵
ͳ ʹͷ ͶǤͲͻ ͷǤͷ͵ ͻ ͳǤͷ͵
ͺ ͳͷ ʹʹͷ ͵Ǥ͵ͷ ͷͲǤʹͷ ͳʹͲ ͳǤͺͲͲ
ͳͳ ʹͲ ͶͲͲ ͺǤͲͲͲ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ ʹʹͲ ͶǤͶͲͲ
ͳͲ ͳͻ ͵ͳ Ǥͺͷͻ ͳ͵ͲǤ͵ʹͳ ͳͻͲ ͵ǤͳͲ
∑ ͺͻ ͳʹ ͳǤͺͻͳ ͵ͲǤ͵ ͷʹǤ͵ͺ ͳǤͲͻ ͳͷǤͻ͵
À
ǡ
10𝑏𝑏0 + 127𝑏𝑏1 + 1.891𝑏𝑏2 = 89
127𝑏𝑏0 + 1.891𝑏𝑏1 + 30.763𝑏𝑏2 = 1.069
1.891𝑏𝑏0 + 30.763𝑏𝑏1 + 526.387𝑏𝑏2 = 15.937
200 | Estadística Empresarial
ǡ
×
ǡ
𝑏𝑏0 = 25,585
𝑏𝑏1 = −3,051
𝑏𝑏2 = 0,117
× 𝑏𝑏0 , 𝑏𝑏1 𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏2
×
×
Ǥ
𝑦𝑦̂ = 25,585 − 3,051𝑥𝑥 + 0,117𝑥𝑥 2
×
±±
ͷǡ͵Ψǡ
ǡ±ͳʹǡΨǤ
𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 = 25,585 − 3,051(5,3) + 0,117(5,32 ) = 12,7
ǡ
×
ǡ
×Ǥ
𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 = 25,585 − 3,051𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 0,117𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 (𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)2 (𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)2
ͷ ͳʹ ͷǡͺʹͳ ͻǡͶͺͲʹͶͳ ͳͷǡʹͳ
ͳʹ ͳͳǡͶͻͳ ǡͳ͵ʹͺͳ ͻǡͳ
ͻ ͺ ͺǡͷ ͲǡͲͷͷʹʹͷ ͲǡͲͳ
ͳͷ Ͷ ͳͷǡʹͷ͵ ͶͲǡ͵ͲͲͻ ͵ǡʹͳ
ͳͲ ǡͷ Ͷǡͷͳͷʹͷ ͺǡͶͳ
ͳ ǡͷ͵ͳ ͳǡͺͶͳͳ ͵ǡͳ
ͳ ǡʹͳ ͶǡͶͺͲͶͳ ͺǡͶͳ
ͺ ͳͷ ǡͳͶͷ ǡͷͻͲͲʹͷ Ͳǡͺͳ
ͳͳ ʹͲ ͳͳǡ͵ͷ ǡͲʹʹͷ ͶǡͶͳ
ͳͲ ͳͻ ͻǡͺͷ͵ ͲǡͻͲͺʹͲͻ ͳǡʹͳ
∑ ͺͻ ͳʹ ͺʹǡ͵ʹͳͶʹ ͺͺǡͻ
×Ǥ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)2 82,321642
𝑅𝑅 2 = 𝑛𝑛 = = 0,93
∑𝑖𝑖=1(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)2 88,9
ͻ͵Ψ
×
±±Ǥ
×
×
Ǥ
×
ï
×
ï
ǡ
𝑦𝑦̂ = 𝑏𝑏0 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏2 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏3 𝑥𝑥 3
Modelos de Regresión Simple | 201
𝑏𝑏0 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 𝑏𝑏1 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 + 𝑏𝑏2 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖3 + 𝑏𝑏3 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖4 = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑏𝑏0 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 + 𝑏𝑏1 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖3 + 𝑏𝑏2 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖4 + 𝑏𝑏3 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖5 = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑏𝑏0 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖3 + 𝑏𝑏1 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖4 + 𝑏𝑏2 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖5 + 𝑏𝑏3 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖6 = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖3 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
ͷǤͺ
ǡǬ±
±
ǡǫ
×Ǥ
ʹͲ
ǡ
××
×
ͳͳͲͲሺͳͲͲ
ሻ
Ǥ±
ǣ
×
×
Ͳ ͵Ͳ ͺͷ ͵ͺ
ͺͲ ͵Ͳ ͷ ͷͲ
ͺͲ Ͷͷ ͷ Ͷͷ
Ͳ ͷ ͺͲ ͶͲ
ͺͷ ͶͲ ͷͲ ʹͲ
Ͳ ͷͲ Ͳ ͷͷ
͵ͷ ʹͲ ͺͲ ͷ
ͻͲ ͶͲ Ͳ ʹͷ
ͺͷ ͵ͷ ͷ ͷͷ
ͷ Ͳ ͵Ͳ ʹͲ
𝑌𝑌
×
Ǥ
ǡ
×
ï
Ǥ
𝑦𝑦̂ = 𝑏𝑏0 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏2 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏3 𝑥𝑥 3
202 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖3 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖4 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖5 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖6 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖3 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
͵Ͳ ͻͲͲ ʹͲͲͲ ͺͳͲͲͲͲ ʹͶ͵ͲͲͲͲͲ ʹͻͲͲͲͲͲͲ ʹͳͲͲ ͵ͲͲͲ ͳͺͻͲͲͲͲ
ͺͲ ͵Ͳ ͻͲͲ ʹͲͲͲ ͺͳͲͲͲͲ ʹͶ͵ͲͲͲͲͲ ʹͻͲͲͲͲͲͲ ʹͶͲͲ ʹͲͲͲ ʹͳͲͲͲͲ
ͺͲ Ͷͷ ʹͲʹͷ ͻͳͳʹͷ ͶͳͲͲʹͷ ͳͺͶͷʹͺͳʹͷ ͺ͵Ͳ͵ͷʹͷ ͵ͲͲ ͳʹͲͲͲ ʹͻͲͲͲͲ
Ͳ ͷ Ͷʹʹͷ ʹͶʹͷ ͳͺͷͲʹͷͳͳͲʹͻͲʹͷͷͶͳͺͺͻͲʹͷ ͶͷͷͲ ʹͻͷͷͲ ͳͻʹʹ͵ͷͲ
ͺͷ ͶͲ ͳͲͲ ͶͲͲͲ ʹͷͲͲͲͲ ͳͲʹͶͲͲͲͲͲ ͶͲͻͲͲͲͲͲͲ ͵ͶͲͲ ͳ͵ͲͲͲ ͷͶͶͲͲͲͲ
Ͳ ͷͲ ʹͷͲͲ ͳʹͷͲͲͲ ʹͷͲͲͲͲ ͵ͳʹͷͲͲͲͲͲͳͷʹͷͲͲͲͲͲͲ ͵ͷͲͲ ͳͷͲͲͲ ͺͷͲͲͲͲ
͵ͷ ʹͲ ͶͲͲ ͺͲͲͲ ͳͲͲͲͲ ͵ʹͲͲͲͲͲ ͶͲͲͲͲͲͲ ͲͲ ͳͶͲͲͲ ʹͺͲͲͲͲ
ͻͲ ͶͲ ͳͲͲ ͶͲͲͲ ʹͷͲͲͲͲ ͳͲʹͶͲͲͲͲͲ ͶͲͻͲͲͲͲͲͲ ͵ͲͲ ͳͶͶͲͲͲ ͷͲͲͲͲ
ͺͷ ͵ͷ ͳʹʹͷ Ͷʹͺͷ ͳͷͲͲʹͷ ͷʹͷʹͳͺͷ ͳͺ͵ͺʹͷʹͷ ʹͻͷ ͳͲͶͳʹͷ ͵ͶͶ͵ͷ
ͷ Ͳ ͵ͲͲ ʹͳͲͲͲ ͳʹͻͲͲͲͲ ͲͲͲͲͲͶͷͲͲͲͲͲͲ ͵ͻͲͲ ʹ͵ͶͲͲͲ ͳͶͲͶͲͲͲͲ
ͺͷ ͵ͺ ͳͶͶͶ ͷͶͺʹ ʹͲͺͷͳ͵ ͻʹ͵ͷͳͺ ͵ͲͳͲͻ͵͵ͺͶ ͵ʹ͵Ͳ ͳʹʹͶͲ ͶͶͳʹͲ
ͷ ͷͲ ʹͷͲͲ ͳʹͷͲͲͲ ʹͷͲͲͲͲ ͵ͳʹͷͲͲͲͲͲͳͷʹͷͲͲͲͲͲͲ ͵ͷͲ ͳͺͷͲͲ ͻ͵ͷͲͲͲ
ͷ Ͷͷ ʹͲʹͷ ͻͳͳʹͷ ͶͳͲͲʹͷ ͳͺͶͷʹͺͳʹͷ ͺ͵Ͳ͵ͷʹͷ ͵͵ͷ ͳͷͳͺͷ ͺ͵Ͷ͵ͷ
ͺͲ ͶͲ ͳͲͲ ͶͲͲͲ ʹͷͲͲͲͲ ͳͲʹͶͲͲͲͲͲ ͶͲͻͲͲͲͲͲͲ ͵ʹͲͲ ͳʹͺͲͲͲ ͷͳʹͲͲͲͲ
ͷͲ ʹͲ ͶͲͲ ͺͲͲͲ ͳͲͲͲͲ ͵ʹͲͲͲͲͲ ͶͲͲͲͲͲͲ ͳͲͲͲ ʹͲͲͲͲ ͶͲͲͲͲͲ
Ͳ ͷͷ ͵Ͳʹͷ ͳ͵ͷ ͻͳͷͲʹͷ ͷͲ͵ʹͺͶ͵ͷʹͺͲͶͲʹͷ ͵ͺͷͲ ʹͳͳͷͲ ͳͳͶʹͷͲ
ͺͲ ͷ Ͷʹʹͷ ʹͶʹͷ ͳͺͷͲʹͷͳͳͲʹͻͲʹͷͷͶͳͺͺͻͲʹͷ ͷʹͲͲ ͵͵ͺͲͲͲ ʹͳͻͲͲͲͲ
Ͳ ʹͷ ʹͷ ͳͷʹͷ ͵ͻͲʹͷ ͻͷʹͷ ʹͶͶͳͶͲʹͷ ͳͷͲͲ ͵ͷͲͲ ͻ͵ͷͲͲ
ͷ ͷͷ ͵Ͳʹͷ ͳ͵ͷ ͻͳͷͲʹͷ ͷͲ͵ʹͺͶ͵ͷʹͺͲͶͲʹͷ ͵ͷͷ ͳͻʹͷ ͳͲͺͳͶ͵ͷ
͵Ͳ ʹͲ ͶͲͲ ͺͲͲͲ ͳͲͲͲͲ ͵ʹͲͲͲͲͲ ͶͲͲͲͲͲͲ ͲͲ ͳʹͲͲͲ ʹͶͲͲͲͲ
ͳͶͲͲͺʹͺ͵ͺʹͶͶͳͻͳ͵ʹʹͳͲͳͶʹͲͳ͵ͷͲͷʹͺͻͳͺ͵ǡͳͻͶͶͳͳͲͲͲͷʹͺͲͷͺͷͳͶͲͶͻͶͷ
×
À
ǡ
ǡ
20𝑏𝑏0 + 828𝑏𝑏1 + 38.244𝑏𝑏2 + 1.913.622𝑏𝑏3 = 1.400
828𝑏𝑏0 + 38.244𝑏𝑏1 + 1.913.622𝑏𝑏2 + 101.420.136𝑏𝑏3 = 60.005
38.244𝑏𝑏1 𝑏𝑏0 + 1.913.622𝑏𝑏1 + 101.420.136𝑏𝑏2 + 5.60.5728.918𝑏𝑏3 = 2.805.865
1913622𝑏𝑏0 + 101420136𝑏𝑏1 + 5605728918𝑏𝑏2 + 3,19744𝐸𝐸 + 11𝑏𝑏3 = 140479745
×Ǥ
𝑏𝑏0 = −232,4255464
𝑏𝑏1 = 21,81572677
𝑏𝑏2 = −0,48476932
𝑏𝑏3 = 0,003409559
ǡ
ï
×𝑌𝑌𝑋𝑋 ǡ
𝑦𝑦̂ = −232,4255464 + 21,81572677𝑥𝑥 − 0,48476932𝑥𝑥 2 + 0,003409559𝑥𝑥 3
×Ǥ
ǡ͵͵ǡ
×ͺʹǤ
ǡ
𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 = −232,4255464 + 21,81572677(33) − 0,48476932(33)2 + 0,003409559(33)3
= 82
±
ǡ
ï
Ǥ
Modelos de Regresión Simple | 203
ͷǤ 100
× 90
ï
80
Satisfacción en el trabajo 70
60
50
40
30
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Horas trabajadas
×ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 (𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)2 (𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)2
Ͳ ͵Ͳ ǡͺͳͳͻͲͶ ͳǡͲʹʹͷ Ͳ
ͺͲ ͵Ͳ ǡͺͳͳͻͲͶ ͳǡͲʹʹͷ ͳͲͲ
ͺͲ Ͷͷ ͺǡ͵ʹͲ͵ͶͷͶ ͻǡʹʹͺͳͶ ͳͲͲ
Ͳ ͷ ͵ǡͻͶͶ ͳͶǡͶͳ͵ͲͲͻ Ͳ
ͺͷ ͶͲ ͺʹǡͺͶ͵ͺͷ ͳ͵ǡͶͶͲͷͳͺ ʹʹͷ
Ͳ ͷͲ ʹǡ͵ʹ͵ʹͳ ǡͻʹͻ͵͵ͲͶʹ Ͳ
͵ͷ ʹͲ ͵ǡʹͷ͵ʹͷ ͳǤͲʹǡͲͷͲͺ ͳǤʹʹͷ
ͻͲ ͶͲ ͺʹǡͺͶ͵ͺͷ ͳ͵ǡͶͶͲͷͳͺ ͶͲͲ
ͺͷ ͵ͷ ͺ͵ǡͶ͵ͳ͵ͺ ͳͺͳǡ͵ͺͷͶ ʹʹͷ
ͷ Ͳ ǡͺͳ͵ʹͶ͵ ͶǡͺͳͻͲ͵͵ ʹͷ
ͺͷ ͵ͺ ͺ͵ǡͷͶͶͻͳͻ ͳͺǡͶͶͷͳͶͺ ʹʹͷ
ͷ ͷͲ ʹǡ͵ʹ͵ʹͳ ǡͻʹͻ͵͵ͲͶʹ ʹͷ
ͷ Ͷͷ ͺǡ͵ʹͲ͵ͶͷͶ ͻǡʹʹͺͳͶ ʹͷ
ͺͲ ͶͲ ͺʹǡͺͶ͵ͺͷ ͳ͵ǡͶͶͲͷͳͺ ͳͲͲ
ͷͲ ʹͲ ͵ǡʹͷ͵ʹͷ ͳǤͲʹǡͲͷͲͺ ͶͲͲ
Ͳ ͷͷ ͺǡʹͲͷͳ ʹǡͻͶͶͳʹ Ͳ
ͺͲ ͷ ͵ǡͻͶͶ ͳͶǡͶͳ͵ͲͲͻ ͳͲͲ
Ͳ ʹͷ ͵ǡʹͳͳͷͶ ͶͷǡͶͳʹͲͳʹͺ ͳͲͲ
ͷ ͷͷ ͺǡʹͲͷͳ ʹǡͻͶͶͳʹ ʹͷ
͵Ͳ ʹͲ ͵ǡʹͷ͵ʹͷ ͳǤͲʹǡͲͷͲͺ ͳǤͲͲ
ͳǤͶͲͲ ͺʹͺ ͶǤͶ͵͵ǡʹͷͳͳ ͶǤͻͲͲ
204 | Estadística Empresarial
×
×Ǥ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)2 4.433,62511
𝑅𝑅 2 = 𝑛𝑛 = = 0,905
∑𝑖𝑖=1(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̅)2 4.900
ͷǤͶ ×
Ǥ
𝑦𝑦 = 𝛽𝛽0 𝑒𝑒 𝛽𝛽1 𝑥𝑥 𝜀𝜀
ǡ 𝑋𝑋
𝛽𝛽1
𝛽𝛽0
𝛽𝛽1 𝑥𝑥Ǥ
±
ǡ 𝛽𝛽1 > 1
ǡ 0 < 𝛽𝛽1 < 1
𝑋𝑋ǡ 𝛽𝛽0
Ǥ
×
ǡǡ
ln𝑦𝑦 = ln𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑥𝑥 + ln𝜀𝜀
ǣ
𝑧𝑧 = ln 𝑦𝑦
𝛼𝛼0 = ln 𝛽𝛽0
𝑢𝑢 = ln𝜀𝜀
×ǡ
𝑧𝑧 = 𝛼𝛼0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑢
ǡ𝛼𝛼0 𝛽𝛽1 Ǥ
𝛼𝛼0 𝛽𝛽1 ǡ
×ǡ
𝑧𝑧̂ = 𝑎𝑎0 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥
ǡ
𝑎𝑎0 𝑏𝑏1 ǡ
À
𝑍𝑍 𝑋𝑋.
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖 − 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑧𝑧̅
𝑏𝑏1 = 𝑛𝑛
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 − 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥̅ 2
𝑎𝑎0 = 𝑧𝑧̅ − 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥̅
𝑎𝑎0 𝑏𝑏1 ǡ
×
𝑌𝑌𝑋𝑋ǡ
Ǥ
𝑦𝑦̂ = 𝑒𝑒 𝑧𝑧̂
𝑏𝑏0 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎0 ǡ
×
Ǥ
𝑦𝑦̂ = 𝑏𝑏0 𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥
Modelos de Regresión Simple | 205
ͷǤͻ
×ǡ
×
Ǥ
ሺሻ ሺሻ
ͳ ͳͲ Ͷ
ʹ ͳͲ ͵
͵ ͳͳ Ͷ
Ͷ ͳʹ ͷ
ͷ ͳͷ
ͳ͵
ʹͲ ͻ
ͺ ʹͶ ͳͲ
ͻ ͵Ͳ ͳͷ
ͳͲ ͶͲ ͵Ͳ
ͳͳ ͷͷ ͶͲ
ͳʹ Ͳ ͷͲ
ͳ͵ ͺͲ ͻͷ
ͳͶ ͺͷ ͳʹͲ
×
ǡ
×
ǡ ×
ǡ
𝑧𝑧̂ = 𝑎𝑎0 + 𝑏𝑏1 𝑥𝑥
À
Ǥ
𝑎𝑎0 𝑏𝑏1
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖 = ln 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2
ͳͲ Ͷ ͳǡ͵ͺʹͻͶ͵ ͳ͵ǡͺʹͻͶ͵ ͳͲͲ
ͳͲ ͵ ͳǡͲͻͺͳʹʹͻ ͳͲǡͻͺͳʹʹͻ ͳͲͲ
ͳͳ Ͷ ͳǡ͵ͺʹͻͶ͵ ͳͷǡʹͶͻʹ͵ͺ ͳʹͳ
ͳʹ ͷ ͳǡͲͻͶ͵ͻͳ ͳͻǡ͵ͳ͵ʹͷͶͻ ͳͶͶ
ͳͷ ͳǡͻͶͷͻͳͲͳͷ ʹͻǡͳͺͺͷʹʹ ʹʹͷ
ͳ͵ ͳǡͻͶͷͻͳͲͳͷ ʹͷǡʹͻͺ͵ͳͻ ͳͻ
ʹͲ ͻ ʹǡͳͻʹʹͶͷͺ Ͷ͵ǡͻͶͶͶͻͳͷ ͶͲͲ
ʹͶ ͳͲ ʹǡ͵ͲʹͷͺͷͲͻ ͷͷǡʹʹͲͶʹʹ ͷ
͵Ͳ ͳͷ ʹǡͲͺͲͷͲʹ ͺͳǡʹͶͳͷͲ ͻͲͲ
ͶͲ ͵Ͳ ͵ǡͶͲͳͳͻ͵ͺ ͳ͵ǡͲͶͺͻͷ ͳǤͲͲ
ͷͷ ͶͲ ͵ǡͺͺͺͻͶͷ ʹͲʹǡͺͺͺ͵ ͵ǤͲʹͷ
Ͳ ͷͲ ͵ǡͻͳʹͲʹ͵Ͳͳ ʹ͵Ͷǡʹͳ͵ͺ ͵ǤͲͲ
ͺͲ ͻͷ Ͷǡͷͷ͵ͺͺͻ ͵Ͷǡ͵ͳͲͳͷͳ ǤͶͲͲ
ͺͷ ͳʹͲ ͶǡͺͶͻͳͶ ͶͲǡͻ͵ͻͺ Ǥʹʹͷ
∑ Ͷͷ ͵ͻͻ ͵ǡͻʹ͵ͺ ͳǤ͵ͻǡʹͶͻͺ ʹͶǤͷͺͷ
𝑥𝑥̅ =͵͵ǡʹͳͶʹͺͷ𝑧𝑧̅ =ʹǡ͵Ͷͳ͵Ͷ
206 | Estadística Empresarial
ͷǤͺ 120
110
×
100
90
80
70
Demanda
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Precio
××
ǡǡ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑧𝑧̂𝑖𝑖 − 𝑧𝑧̅)2 18,6477554
𝑅𝑅 2 = 𝑛𝑛 = = 0,96
∑𝑖𝑖=1(𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖 − 𝑧𝑧̅)2 19,4317051
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖 = ln 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑧𝑧̂𝑖𝑖 (𝑧𝑧̂𝑖𝑖 − 𝑧𝑧̅)2 (𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖 − 𝑧𝑧̅)2
ͳͲ Ͷ ͳǡ͵ͺʹͻͶ͵ ͳǡͷͺͺͺͺͷʹ ͳǡͲͻͻͶͶ͵ ͳǡͷͷʹͻͺͺͶ
ͳͲ ͵ ͳǡͲͻͺͳʹʹͻ ͳǡͷͺͺͺͺͷʹ ͳǡͲͻͻͶͶ͵ ʹǡ͵ͻͲͺͺͷ
ͳͳ Ͷ ͳǡ͵ͺʹͻͶ͵ ͳǡ͵ͶͲ͵ ͳǡͲͲͶͻͻ ͳǡͷͷʹͻͺͺͶ
ͳʹ ͷ ͳǡͲͻͶ͵ͻͳ ͳǡͻʹͲͶͻ Ͳǡͻͳͺͳ͵ͻ͵ ͳǡͲͷ͵͵
ͳͷ ͳǡͻͶͷͻͳͲͳͷ ͳǡͺͳͶͲͺͻͷ ͲǡͺͶʹ ͲǡͶͺͳͶ
ͳ͵ ͳǡͻͶͷͻͳͲͳͷ ͳǡʹͶ͵ʹͺ Ͳǡͺ͵͵Ͷ͵ͳ ͲǡͶͺͳͶ
ʹͲ ͻ ʹǡͳͻʹʹͶͷͺ ʹǡͲͶͲͷͶͻ͵ͻ Ͳǡ͵ͷʹͶͷ Ͳǡͳͻ͵ʹ
ʹͶ ͳͲ ʹǡ͵ͲʹͷͺͷͲͻ ʹǡʹʹͳʹʹͳͶ Ͳǡͳ͵ʹͳͷͷ ͲǡͳͳʹͳͲͻͻͻ
͵Ͳ ͳͷ ʹǡͲͺͲͷͲʹ ʹǡͶͻʹʹ͵Ͳʹ ͲǡͲʹͳͲͺͳͶ ͲǡͲͲͶͻͺͻͷ
ͶͲ ͵Ͳ ͵ǡͶͲͳͳͻ͵ͺ ʹǡͻͶ͵ͻͳͳͳ͵ ͲǡͲͻ͵ͻͶͲͺ Ͳǡͷͺ͵͵ͷͻ
ͷͷ ͶͲ ͵ǡͺͺͺͻͶͷ ͵ǡʹͳͶ͵ʹͶͶ Ͳǡͻͺʹͻ͵Ͷͺ ͳǡͳͲͷͷͺͲͺ
Ͳ ͷͲ ͵ǡͻͳʹͲʹ͵Ͳͳ ͵ǡͺͶʹʹͺͺ ͳǡͶ͵ͷͻͻ ͳǡʹͶʹͻͷ
ͺͲ ͻͷ Ͷǡͷͷ͵ͺͺͻ ͶǡͷͲ͵Ͷʹ ͶǡͶͷͲ͵ͻͶ ͵ǡʹͺ͵ʹ͵ʹ
ͺͷ ͳʹͲ ͶǡͺͶͻͳͶ ͶǡͻͶͷͲ ͷǡͶͳʹͲͻͶͶ Ͷǡʹʹͺ͵ͺͻ
∑465 ͵ͻͻ ͵ǡͻʹ͵ͺ ͳͺǡͶͷͷͶ ͳͻǡͶ͵ͳͲͷͳ
208 | Estadística Empresarial
ͷǤͷ ×À
À
×
À
ǡ
×
Ǥ
ǡ×À
±
ǡ
×
×
𝑦𝑦 = 𝛽𝛽0 𝑥𝑥 𝛽𝛽1 z = ln𝑦𝑦 𝛼𝛼0 = ln𝛽𝛽0 𝑧𝑧 = 𝛼𝛼0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑤𝑤
w = ln𝑥𝑥
À
𝑦𝑦 = 𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 ln𝑥𝑥 w = ln𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 = 𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑤𝑤
À
1 1 𝑦𝑦 = 𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑤𝑤
𝑦𝑦 = 𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑤𝑤 =
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
ÓÀ
ͷǤͳͲ
Ó
Ǥ
×
×À
Ǥ
Ǥ
ሺሻ
ሺሻ
ͳ ͳǡͲ ͳͻǡͲ
ʹ ͳͷǡͲ ͳͲǡͲ
͵ ͳǡͲ ͳͶǡͺ
Ͷ ͳ͵ǡͶ ͳͷǡͲ
ͷ ͺǡ ͳͲǡͲ
ͳͳǡͶ ͳʹǡͺ
ǡͺ ǡͲ
ͺ ͻǡͷ ͷǡͷ
ͻ ͳͳǡ ͳͶǡͷ
ͳͲ ͳͶǡͺ ͳͲǡͺ
ͳͳ ʹǡͷ ͷǡͲ
ͳʹ ͳǡͷ Ͷǡͺ
ͳ͵ ͳʹǡͶ ǡͺ
ͳͶ ͷǡͶ ǡ
ͳͷ Ͷǡͺ ͷǡͲ
ͳ ͳǡʹ Ͷǡͷ
ͳ ͳͶǡͺ ͳʹǡͶ
ͳͺ ͳʹǡͲ ͻǡͷ
ͳͻ ͳͶǡͲ ͺǡͲ
ʹͲ ͳͳǡͶ ͳʹǡͲ
Modelos de Regresión Simple | 209
210 | Estadística Empresarial
ͷǤͳ
ǡ
ሺሻ±
ሺሻ
À
ǡͳͶǤ
ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ ͳͳ ͳʹ ͳ͵ ͳͶ
ͳͷͲ ͳͶͲ ͷͲ ʹͷͲ ͳͶͷ ʹͶͲ ͷͲͲ ͶͲͲ ʹͷͷ ͳ͵Ͳ ͳʹͲ ͵ͺͲ ʹͳͲ ͵ͳͳ
ʹͲ ʹʹ ͵Ͳ ͳͷ ʹ͵ ͳ ͳͲ ͳʹ ͳͷ ʹͷ ʹͶ ͳ͵ ʹʹ ͳͺ
ǣ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ
××Ǥ
ሻ
À×Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ
×ͻͷΨ
Ǥ
ሻ
±
×Ǥ
ͷǤʹ À
ሺሻ
ሺሻͳ͵
ǣ
Ͷͷ ͷͲ ͷ ͷ ͺͲ ͻͷ ͷ ͺ Ͷͺ ͷ Ͷͷ ͵Ͳ ʹͷ
ͺ ͷͳ Ͷͷ ͷ ʹ ͺͲ Ͷͷ Ͳ ͷͳ Ͷͷ ͵ͷ Ͷͷ
ሻ
×Ǥ
Ǥ
ሻ
×
×Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ Ͳ
Ǭ±
ÀÀ
ǫ
ሻ ͶͲ À
Ǭ±
À
ǫ
ͷǤ͵
×
×ǣ
×
×
ͳͷ ͳǡͷ Ͳǡͷ
ʹͷ ʹǡͷ
ͷǤͶ
× × 𝑌𝑌 𝑋𝑋
×
ǣ
∑162 162 162
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 = 2.886,4∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = 978,9∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = 8.938,4
Modelos de Regresión Simple | 211
∑162 2 162 2
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 = 172.291,2∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 = 17.569,9𝑅𝑅 = 0,8
2
ͷǤͷ 𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋 = 10ǡ𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = 10
×ሺͲǡͲሻ
Ǭ
×
ǫ
ͷǤ ×ǣ𝑦𝑦̂ = 10 + 0,45𝑥𝑥𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 = 9; 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 = 16𝑥𝑥̅ = 20Ǥ
×Ǥ
ͷǤ
××ǣ𝑟𝑟𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = 0,7Ǣ𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋 = 1,2 Ǣ𝑦𝑦̅ =
4
×𝑥𝑥̂ = 0,6 + 0,44𝑦𝑦
ͷǤͺ
× ×
ǡ
×Ǥ
ͷ ʹ Ͷ ͵ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳͺ ʹͻ ͵ͳ Ͷͳ ͵ͷ
ͳͲ ʹ ͳͳ ͺ ͳͷ ͷ ʹ ͵ ͳͲ ͳͷ ͻ ͳͲ
ͷǤͻ
× ×
×Ǥ
ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ ͳͳ ͳʹ
ͳͲ ͳʹ ͳͲ ͺ ͳͷ ͳ ʹʹ ͵Ͳ ͶͲ ͷͲ ͻͷ ͳͲͲ
ͷǤͳͲ
×ǡ
Ǥ
±
×Ǥ
× ± × ±
ͳ ͵ ͳͷ ͻ ͵ ͳͷ
ʹ ͷ ͳͶǡͷ ͳͲ ͳ͵ ͳͲ
͵ ͳͶ ͳͳ ͳ ͻ
Ͷ ͺ ͳ͵ǡͷ ͳʹ ʹͲ ͺǡͷ
ͷ ͻ ͳ͵ ͳ͵ ʹʹ ͺ
ͳͲ ͳʹǡͷ ͳͶ ʹ͵ ǡͷ
ͳʹ ͳʹ ͳͷ ͵Ͳ ͷ
ͺ ͳʹ ͳͳǡͷ ͳ ͳ͵ ͳͳ
× ǡ
ï
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡÀ
À
Ǥ×
ǤÀ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͷǤͳͳ ǣ
ሺሻ ሺ𝑋𝑋1 ) ሺ𝑋𝑋2 )
ሺ𝑋𝑋3 ሻ
ͶͲ ͵ͷ ǤͲͲͲ ʹͳ
ʹͲ ͵͵ ǤͷͲͲ ͵ͷ
͵ͺ ͵Ͳ ͻǤͷͲͲ ʹͷ
Ͷͷ ͶͲ ͳͲǤʹͲͲ ʹͲ
ͷͲ ʹͲ ͵ǤͷͲͲ ͳͷ
212 | Estadística Empresarial
ïA
×
La Estadística se aplica en todas las áreas del
conocimiento científico y es piedra fundamental
para la investigación científica
ïÀ
×
ǡ
ǣÀ
ǡ
ǡ
×
ǡ
ǡ ǡ
ǡ
ǡǡ
×ǡ
×ǡǡ
×ǡǡ
ǡ ǡ Ǥ
×
À
ǡ
×Ǥ
214 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥͳ
×ïÀ
ïÀ
À
ǡ
ǡ×
×
×
Ǥ
Observación en el periodo actual
Índice =
Observación en el periodo base
À
ǡ
×ǡ
Ǥ
ïÀ
À
ǡ
À
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡሺ
×ሻ
Ǥ ±
ǡ
À
Ǥ
ïÀ
ǣ
ͳǤ
ǤïÀ
Ǥ
ʹǤ ǤÀ
ǡ
ǡ
×Ǥ
͵Ǥ × Ǥ
ǡ
×ǡ
×Ǥ
ͶǤ ǤïÀ
Ǥ
ͷǤ Ǥǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
×
ǡïÀ
×
×Ǥ
×À
ǣ
A
Ǥ
×
Ǥ
A
×
Ǥ
×Ǥ
A
Ǥ
×Ǥ
A
Ǥ
ÀǤ
A
Ǥ
×
×Ǥ
A
Ǥ
×
×Ǥ
A
Ǥ
×
À
×Ǥ
Números Índices y Variación Temporal | 215
A
Ǥǡ
×
Ǥ
A
Ǥ
×
ǡ
×Ǥ
A
Ǥ
×
Ǥ
À
Ǥ
ǡ
× ǡ
×
ǡ
×ǡ
×
ǡ
ǡ
ǡǡǤ
Ǥʹ ïÀ
𝑌𝑌ǡÀ
ሺ𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡 ሻ
(𝑌𝑌0 )Ǥ
𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡
𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 𝐼𝐼0→𝑡𝑡 = 100
𝑌𝑌0
×
À
ǣ
𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑡 , 𝑜𝑜𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 , 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜|𝑡𝑡
ʹͲͳͷሺ×
ሻǡ
Ǥͳ
À
× ï
Ó ʹͲͲ͵
Ǥ
×ï
A
Ó
ሺ×ሻ ൌʹͲͲ͵
ǦͲ͵ ͵ǤͶͲ ͳͲͲ
ǦͲͶ ͵Ǥ͵͵ͻ ͻǡʹʹ
ǦͲͷ ͵Ǥͺ ͳͲͷǡͻͻ
ǦͲ ͶǤʹʹ ͳʹͳǡͺʹ
ǦͲ ͷǤʹͺͲ ͳͷʹǡͳ
ǦͲͺ Ǥͺ ͳͻͺǡͳ
ǦͲͻ ͺǤ͵͵ ʹͶͳǡ͵Ͳ
ǦͳͲ ͺǤͻͶͶ ʹͷǡͷ
Ǧͳͳ ͳͲǤͶ͵ ͵Ͳǡͳ
Ǧͳʹ ͳʹǤͷ͵ ͵ǡͷʹ
Ǧͳ͵ ͳͶǤͺͻ ͶʹǡʹͲ
ǦͳͶ ͳǤͶʹͲ ͷͲʹǡͲʹ
Ó ʹͲͲͶǡ ʹͲͲͷ ʹͲͲ
ൌʹͲͲ͵ǡ
ǡ
𝑌𝑌04 3.339
𝐼𝐼04 = 100 = 100 = 96,22
𝑌𝑌03 3.470
𝑌𝑌05 3.678
𝐼𝐼05 = 100 = 100 = 105,99
𝑌𝑌03 3.470
216 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑌𝑌06 4.227
𝐼𝐼06 = 100 = 100 = 121,82
𝑌𝑌03 3.470
×
ï
Ó
ʹͲͲͷ
ÓʹͲͲ͵Ǥ
ï
À
À
Ǥʹ
ï
ǡÀ
ǡï
ÓʹͲͲͶʹͲͳͶ
ͳͻͻͷǡ
Ǥ
ǣAǡ
l
ሺͳͻͻͷൌͳͲͲሻ
V ʹͲͲͶʹͲͲͷʹͲͲʹͲͲʹͲͲͺʹͲͲͻʹͲͳͲʹͲͳͳʹͲͳʹʹͲͳ͵ʹͲͳͶሺሻ
ͳͶ ͳ͵ ͳͳ ͳ ͳ͵ ͳͺͶ ͳͻͳ ʹͲͲ ʹͳ ʹ͵ͷ ʹͷͷ
ͳͷʹ ͳͷͳ ͳͶͶ ͳͶ ͳͷʹ ͳͷ ͳͷͻ ͳͷͷ ͳͷͷ ͳͶ ͳͺʹ
ͳͺ ͳ ͳͷ ͳͺͳ ͳͺͷ ͳͻ ʹͲͳ ʹͳͳ ʹ͵Ͳ ʹͷͲ ʹʹ
ͳͷ ͳͷ ͳͷͶ ͳͷͻ ͳͶ ͳͻ ͳͺͲ ͳͻʹ ʹͲͺ ʹʹͲ ʹ͵
ͳͷͶ ͳͷͶ ͳͷͳ ͳͷͶ ͳͷͻ ͳ ʹͲʹ ʹʹͲ ʹͷͺ ʹ ͵ͳ
ͳͷ ͳ ͳͺͲ ͳͻͻ ʹͶͷ ʹͳ ʹʹ ʹͺ ʹͻ ͵ͲͶ ͵ͻ͵
ͺͻ ͻʹ ͺͺ ͳͳ ʹͲ͵ ͳͺͻ ͳͻ͵ ʹͲ͵ ʹͶͶ ʹ ʹͷͺ
ǣA lǡ
ሺሻǣ
Ǥ͵ A
À
𝑘𝑘 ǡ
𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡
𝑘𝑘𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡−𝑘𝑘
𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡
𝐼𝐼(𝑡𝑡−𝑘𝑘)→𝑡𝑡 = 100
𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡−𝑘𝑘
ǡ
À
Ǥ
𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘 = 1 𝑘𝑘 = 2 𝑘𝑘 = 3
Ͳ 𝑌𝑌0 ǦǦǦ ǦǦǦ ǦǦǦ
𝑌𝑌1
ͳ 𝑌𝑌1 𝐼𝐼0→1 = 𝑌𝑌 100 ǦǦǦ ǦǦǦ
0
𝑌𝑌 𝑌𝑌
ʹ
2
𝑌𝑌2 𝐼𝐼1→2 = 𝑌𝑌 ͳͲͲ 𝐼𝐼0→2 = 𝑌𝑌2ͳͲͲ ǦǦǦ
1 0
𝑌𝑌3 𝑌𝑌3 𝑌𝑌3
͵ 𝑌𝑌3 𝐼𝐼2→3 = 𝑌𝑌 ͳͲͲ 𝐼𝐼1→3 = ͳͲͲ 𝐼𝐼0→3 = ͳͲͲ
2 𝑌𝑌1 𝑌𝑌0
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡 𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡 𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡
𝑡𝑡 𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡 𝐼𝐼(𝑡𝑡−1)→𝑡𝑡 = 𝑌𝑌 ͳͲͲ 𝐼𝐼(𝑡𝑡−2)→𝑡𝑡 = 𝑌𝑌 ͳͲͲ 𝐼𝐼(𝑡𝑡−3)→𝑡𝑡 = 𝑌𝑌 ͳͲͲ
𝑡𝑡−1 𝑡𝑡−2 𝑡𝑡−3
Números Índices y Variación Temporal | 217
ǤͳǡÀ
𝑘𝑘 = 1Ó
Ǥ͵
ʹͲͳͶʹͲͲͷǡ
𝑌𝑌04 3.339
𝐼𝐼03→04 = 100 = 100 = 96,22
𝑌𝑌03 3.470
𝑌𝑌05 3.678
𝐼𝐼04→05 = 100 = 100 = 110,15
𝑌𝑌04 3.339
𝑘𝑘 = 1, 2 𝑦𝑦 5Ǥ
×ï
Ó 𝒌𝒌 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌 = 𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌 = 𝟓𝟓
ሺ×ሻ
ǦͲ͵ ͵ǤͶͲ ǦǦǦǦǦǦǦ ǦǦǦǦǦǦǦ ǦǦǦǦǦǦǦ
ǦͲͶ ͵Ǥ͵͵ͻ ͻǡʹʹ ǦǦǦǦǦǦǦ ǦǦǦǦǦǦǦ
ǦͲͷ ͵Ǥͺ ͳͳͲǡͳͷ ͳͲͷǡͻͻ ǦǦǦǦǦǦǦ
ǦͲ ͶǤʹʹ ͳͳͶǡͻ͵ ͳʹǡͷͻ ǦǦǦǦǦǦǦ
ǦͲ ͷǤʹͺͲ ͳʹͶǡͻͳ ͳͶ͵ǡͷ ǦǦǦǦǦǦǦ
ǦͲͺ Ǥͺ ͳ͵Ͳǡʹ͵ ͳʹǡ ͳͻͺǡͳ
ǦͲͻ ͺǤ͵͵ ͳʹͳǡ ͳͷͺǡͷͺ ʹͷͲǡ
ǦͳͲ ͺǤͻͶͶ ͳͲǡͺʹ ͳ͵ͲǡͲͺ ʹͶ͵ǡͳͺ
Ǧͳͳ ͳͲǤͶ͵ ͳͳͻǡͲͲ ͳʹǡͳͳ ʹͷͳǡͻ
Ǧͳʹ ͳʹǤͷ͵ ͳͳͻǡͺ͵ ͳͶʹǡͷͻ ʹͶͳǡͷ͵
Ǧͳ͵ ͳͶǤͺͻ ͳͳͷǡͻ ͳ͵ͺǡͻ ʹͳͷǡͲͺ
ǦͳͶ ͳǤͶʹͲ ͳͳǡͻ ͳ͵ǡͲ ʹͲͺǡͲͷ
±ǤͳÀ
Ǥ
Ǥͳ 550
500
À
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ǤͶ
ïÀ
À
À
Ǥ
À
ሺ ሻ
ǡ×ǣ
𝐼𝐼0→𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝐼0→𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝑗𝑗:𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛→𝑡𝑡 = 𝐼𝐼𝑗𝑗→𝑗𝑗 = 100
𝐼𝐼0→𝑗𝑗 𝐼𝐼0→𝑗𝑗
ǣ
𝐼𝐼0→𝑖𝑖 ൌA
Ǥ
𝐼𝐼0→𝑗𝑗 ൌA
Ǥ
𝐼𝐼𝑗𝑗→𝑗𝑗 ൌA
𝑗𝑗Ǥ
A
A
Ͳ 𝐼𝐼0→0 = 100 𝐼𝐼0→0
𝐼𝐼𝑗𝑗→0 = 100
𝐼𝐼0→𝑗𝑗
ͳ 𝐼𝐼0→1 𝐼𝐼0→1
𝐼𝐼𝑗𝑗→1 = 100
𝐼𝐼0→𝑗𝑗
ʹ 𝐼𝐼0→2 𝐼𝐼0→2
𝐼𝐼𝑗𝑗→2 = 100
𝐼𝐼0→𝑗𝑗
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝐼0→𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝐼0→𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝑗𝑗→𝑖𝑖 = 100
𝐼𝐼0→𝑗𝑗
𝑗𝑗 𝐼𝐼0→𝑗𝑗 𝐼𝐼𝑗𝑗→𝑗𝑗 = 100 𝐼𝐼0→𝑗𝑗
𝐼𝐼𝑗𝑗→𝑗𝑗 = 100
𝐼𝐼0→𝑗𝑗
𝑗𝑗 + 1 𝐼𝐼𝑗𝑗→𝑗𝑗+1 𝐼𝐼𝑗𝑗→𝑗𝑗+1
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑡𝑡 𝐼𝐼𝑗𝑗→𝑡𝑡 𝐼𝐼𝑗𝑗→𝑡𝑡
À
ǤͶ
ͻǡǡ
A
A
ͳ ʹͷͲǡͲʹ ʹǡͶ
ʹ ʹͷǡͷ ͵ͲǡͶ
͵ ʹͻͲǡͳͷ ͵ʹǡͲ
Ͷ ͵ͳʹǡͳͳ ͵ͶǡͷͲ
ͷ ͵ͷͷǡʹͳ ͵ͻǡʹ
ͶͲʹǡͶͷ ͶͶǡͶͻ
Números Índices y Variación Temporal | 219
ͷͲǡʹ͵ ͳǡͻ͵
ͺ ͺͲǡʹͷ ͷǡͳͻ
ͻ ͻͲͶǡ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ
ͳͲ ͳͲͷǡʹʹ ͳͲͷǡʹʹ
ͳͳ ͳͲͳǡͷͷ ͳͲͳǡͷͷ
ͳʹ ͳ͵Ͳǡͳʹ ͳ͵Ͳǡͳʹ
ͳ͵ ͳ͵ͷǡʹͶ ͳ͵ͷǡʹͶ
ͳͶ ͳ͵ǡͷͳ ͳ͵ǡͷͳ
Ǥͷ
×
À
ǡ
×
Ǥ
V
ǡ
𝑌𝑌0 , 𝑌𝑌1 , ⋯ , 𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡−1 , 𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡
×ǡ
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡 ) = 𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡 − 𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡−1
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡 )
ǡ
×
×
Ǥ
V
× ሺ
ሻ
Ǥ
ǡÀ𝑡𝑡 − 1À𝑡𝑡ሺ
ሻǤ
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡 ) 𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡 − 𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡−1 𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡
𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡 = = = − 1
𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡−1 𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡−1 𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡−1
V
×
𝑡𝑡
×ǣ
𝑡𝑡 𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡
𝑉𝑉̅𝑡𝑡 = √ − 1
𝑌𝑌0
220 | Estadística Empresarial
ʹͲͳͷ ×
Ǥͷ
Ó ʹͲͲͶǦʹͲͳͶǡ
Ǥ
×ï
Ó
×
×Ψ
ሺ×ሻ
ǦͲ͵ ͵ǤͶͲ ǦǦǦ ǦǦǦ
ǦͲͶ ͵Ǥ͵͵ͻ Ǧͳ͵ͳ Ǧ͵ǡͺ
ǦͲͷ ͵Ǥͺ ͵͵ͻ ͳͲǡͳͷ
ǦͲ ͶǤʹʹ ͷͶͻ ͳͶǡͻ͵
ǦͲ ͷǤʹͺͲ ͳǤͲͷ͵ ʹͶǡͻͳ
ǦͲͺ Ǥͺ ͳǤͷͻ ͵Ͳǡʹ͵
ǦͲͻ ͺǤ͵͵ ͳǤͶͻ ʹͳǡ
ǦͳͲ ͺǤͻͶͶ ͷͳ ǡͺʹ
Ǧͳͳ ͳͲǤͶ͵ ͳǤͻͻ ͳͻǡͲͲ
Ǧͳʹ ͳʹǤͷ͵ ʹǤͳͳͲ ͳͻǡͺ͵
Ǧͳ͵ ͳͶǤͺͻ ʹǤͲ͵ ͳͷǡͻ
ǦͳͶ ͳǤͶʹͲ ʹǤ͵ͳ ͳǡͻ
××ǡ
𝑡𝑡 𝑌𝑌𝑡𝑡 11 17.420
𝑉𝑉̅𝑡𝑡 = √ − 1 = √ − 1 = 0,158 ≅ 15,8%
𝑌𝑌0 3.470
À
𝑘𝑘 = 1ǡ
𝑉𝑉̅𝑡𝑡 = √0,9622 ∗ 1,1015 ∗ 1,1493 ∗ … ∗ 1,1779 − 1 = 0,158 ≅ 15,8%
11
Ǥ
ǡǣ
Ó
×Ψ
2004 11.352,1
2005 15.999,7 40,94
2006 21.321,2 33,26
2007 24.307,9 14,01
2008 29.757,8 22,42
2009 30.160,4 1,35
2010 31.647,5 4,93
2011 41.548,5 31,29
2012(p) 49.674,2 19,56
2013(p) 59.882,5 20,55
Números Índices y Variación Temporal | 221
Ǥʹ 45.00
× 40.00 40.94
35.00
33.26
30.00 31.29
Variación
25.00 20.55
22.42
20.00
19.56
15.00
14.01
10.00
5.00 1.35
4.93
0.00
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012(p) 2013(p)
Ǥ ïÀ
ïÀ
ǣ
ͳǤ A
Ǥ À
𝒏𝒏
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛
1
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = ∑ 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1
ǡ
±
ǡ×
𝑛𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑛 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐺𝐺:𝑡𝑡 = 𝑛𝑛√∏𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ǡ𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐻𝐻:𝑡𝑡 = 1 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀:𝑡𝑡 = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1
∑𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1𝐼𝐼 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
ʹǤ A
Ǥ
×
À
𝒘𝒘𝒊𝒊
𝑛𝑛
Ǥ
Ǥ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 =
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖
Ǥ A
ǡ
ǡ
ÀǤ
À
±ሺ𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 ሻ
(𝑃𝑃0 )Ǥ
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡
𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 100
𝑃𝑃0
A
A
±
𝑛𝑛À
Ǥ
1 𝑛𝑛
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴:𝑡𝑡 = ∑ 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑖=1
222 | Estadística Empresarial
A
±
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐺𝐺:𝑡𝑡 = √∏ 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑖𝑖=1
A
×
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐻𝐻:𝑡𝑡 =
1
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
A
Ǥ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀:𝑡𝑡 = 𝑛𝑛 ∗ 100
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0
ǣ
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ൌ
𝑖𝑖
Ǥ
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 ൌ
𝑖𝑖Ǥ
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ൌÀ
𝑖𝑖Ǥ
×À
×
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
À
Ǥ
Ǥ
À
ʹͲͳ͵ ʹͲͳͶ ʹͲͳͷ
ሺሻ ͷ
ሺሻ ͵ʹ ͵ ͵ͺ
ሺሻ ͺ
ሺ̷ሻ ʹ ͵Ͳ ͶͲ
∑𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 Ͳ ͻ ͻʹ
ʹͲͳ͵ǡ À
ǣ
∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖14 79
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀:14 = 4 100 = 100 = 112,9
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖13 70
∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖15 92
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀:15 = 4 100 = 100 = 131,4
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖13 70
À
ͳǤ
Ǥͺ
À
ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ
ͳͷ ͳ ͳͺ ͳ
͵ʹ ͵ ͵ͺ ͶͲ
ͶͲ Ͷͷ Ͷ͵ Ͷͷ
͵Ͳ ͵ͷ ͶͲ ͵
Números Índices y Variación Temporal | 223
ï
ǡ
ǣ
A
À
ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ
ͳͲͲ ͳͳ͵ǡ͵͵ ͳʹͲǡͲͲ ͳͲǡ
ͳͲͲ ͳͳʹǡͷͲ ͳͳͺǡͷ ͳʹͷǡͲͲ
ͳͲͲ ͳͳʹǡͷͲ ͳͲǡͷͲ ͳͳʹǡͷͲ
ͳͲͲ ͳͳǡ ͳ͵͵ǡ͵͵ ͳʹ͵ǡ͵͵
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴:𝑡𝑡 ͳͲͲ ͳͳ͵ǡͷ ͳͳͻǡͻͲ ͳͳǡͺͺ
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐺𝐺:𝑡𝑡 ͳͲͲ ͳͳ͵ǡͶ ͳͳͻǡͷͷ ͳͳǡ͵
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐻𝐻:𝑡𝑡 ͳͲͲ ͳͳ͵ǡʹ ͳͳͻǡʹͲ ͳͳǡ͵
A
±ǡ
ǡ
À
±
×
À
ǡǣǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
A
À
×
Ǥ𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0
𝑛𝑛 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 (𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 ) 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 𝑛𝑛 = 100 = 100
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0
ǣ
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ൌ
𝑖𝑖
±ǡ∀ 𝑖𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 ൌ
𝑖𝑖
ǡ∀𝑖𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛𝑛
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 ൌ
𝑖𝑖Ǥ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 ൌ
ǡï
Ǥ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 ൌ
ǡï
Ǥ
ǡ 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡
×
ǡ
Ǥ
A
×
Ǥ
𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
224 | Estadística Empresarial
ǡ
𝑛𝑛 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 (𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 ) 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 𝑛𝑛 = 100 = 100
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
ǣ
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ൌ
𝑖𝑖
±∀𝑖𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 ൌ
𝑖𝑖
∀𝑖𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛𝑛
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ൌ
×𝑖𝑖
Ǥ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ൌ
ǡï
Ǥ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ൌ
ǡï
Ǥ
A
±
À
Ǥ
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 = √𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡
A
×
ǡ𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 + 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
ǣ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 𝑛𝑛
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖
𝑃𝑃
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 ( 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) (𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 + 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 )
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0
= 100
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 + 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 )
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 + 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 )
= 𝑛𝑛 100
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 (𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 + 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 )
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 + ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
= 𝑛𝑛 100
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 + ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
×
Ǥͻ
À
ǡÓ
Ǥ
ʹͲͳ͵ ʹͲͳͶ ʹͲͳͷ
À
ሺሻ ͷ ͵ͲͲ ʹͺͲ ʹͻͲ
ሺሻ ͵ʹ ͳͷͲ ͵ ͳʹͲ ͵ͺ ͳͷͷ
ሺሻ ͳʹͲ ͳ͵Ͳ ͺ ͳ͵ͷ
ሺ̷ሻ ʹ ͷͲ ͵Ͳ ͷͷ ͶͲ Ͳ
Números Índices y Variación Temporal | 225
ǡ
À
ǡ
ǡ ǤൌʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
À
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖13 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖13 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖14 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖13 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖15 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖13 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖14 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖14 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖13 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖14 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖15 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖15 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖13 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖15
ሺሻ ͳǤͷͲͲ ͳǤͺͲͲ ͳǤͺͲͲ ͳǤͺͲ ͳǤͶͲͲ ͳǤͶͲ ͳǤͶͷͲ
ሺሻͶǤͺͲͲ ͷǤͶͲͲ ͷǤͲͲ ͶǤ͵ʹͲ ͵ǤͺͶͲ ͷǤͺͻͲ ͶǤͻͲ
ሺሻ ʹͲ ͺͶͲ ͻͲ ͻͳͲ ͺͲ ͳǤͲͺͲ ͺͳͲ
ሺ̷ሻ ͳǤ͵ͷͲ ͳǤͷͲͲ ʹǤͲͲͲ ͳǤͷͲ ͳǤͶͺͷ ʹͶͲͲ ͳǤʹͲ
∑ ͺǤ͵Ͳ ͻǤͷͶͲ ͳͲǤͶͲ ͺǤͷͲ ǤͷͲͷ ͳͳǤͳͳͲ ͺǤͺͶͲ
A
ǡ
∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖14 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖13 9.540
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼14 = 4 100 = 100 = 113,98
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖13 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖13 8.370
∑4𝑖𝑖=1 10.460
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼15 = 4 100 = 124,97
∑𝑖𝑖=1 8.370
A
ǡ
∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖14 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖14 8.560
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼14 = 4 100 = 100 = 114,06
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖13 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖14 7.505
∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖15 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖15 11.110
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼15 = 4 100 = 100 = 125,68
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖13 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖15 8.840
A
Ǥ
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐹𝐹14 = √𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼14 ∗ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼14 = √113,98 ∗ 114,06 = 114,02
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐹𝐹15 = √𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼15 ∗ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼15 = √124,97 ∗ 125,68 = 125,32
A
ǡ
∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖14 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖13 + ∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖14𝑡𝑡 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖14 9.540 + 8.560
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼14 = 4 4 100 = 100 = 114,02
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖13 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖13 + ∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖13 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖14 8.370 + 7.505
∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖15 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖13 + ∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖15𝑡𝑡 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖15 10.460 + 11.110
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼15 = 4 4 100 = 100 = 125,33
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖13 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖13 + ∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖13 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖15 8.370 + 8.840
À
ǡ
Ó 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡
ʹͲͳ͵ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ
ʹͲͳͶ ͳͳ͵ǡͻͺ ͳͳͶǡͲ ͳͳͶǡͲʹ ͳͳͶǡͲʹ
ʹͲͳͷ ͳʹͶǡͻ ͳʹͷǡͺ ͳʹͷǡ͵ʹ ͳʹͷǡ͵͵
226 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥͺ A
À
ǡ
ǣ ï
×ǡ
×ǡ
ǡ ǡ
À
ǡ ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
À
À
À
ǡ
À
±À
Ǥ
𝑄𝑄𝑡𝑡
𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 100
𝑄𝑄0
Ǥ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 𝑛𝑛 100
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0
A
Ǥ
×𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 = 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 ǡ
𝑛𝑛 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 (𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 ) 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡 = 𝑛𝑛 = 100 = 100
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0
ǣ
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ൌ
𝑖𝑖
Ǥ
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 ൌ
𝑖𝑖Ǥ
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 ൌ
𝑖𝑖
Ǥ
A
Ǥ
×𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 = 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ǡ
𝑛𝑛 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 (𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 ) 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 𝑛𝑛 = 100 = 𝑛𝑛 100
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
A
Ǥ±
À
Ǥ
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = √𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡
A
Ǥ
×
𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 = 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 + 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ǡ
𝑛𝑛 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 (𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 ) (𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 + 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 )
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 𝑛𝑛 = 100
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 + 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 )
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 + ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
= 𝑛𝑛 100
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 + ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
Números Índices y Variación Temporal | 227
×
ǡ
ǤͳͲ
Ͳ ͳ ʹ
ǡ ͳͷͲ ǡͻͷ ͳ͵ͷ ǡͷ ͳͷͷ
ǡͻ ͳͶ ͻ ͳʹ ͳͲ ͳʹ
Ͷǡͷ ʹͷ Ͷǡͻͷ ͵Ͳ ͷǡͷ ͵ͷ
ͳǡ͵ͷ Ͳ ͳǡͶͷ ͷ ͳǡͷ Ͳ
×Ǥ
∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡 = 4 100
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖2 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0
ͳǤͲͲͷ ͻͲͶǡͷ ͳǤͲ͵ͺǡͷ
ͳͳͲǡ ͻͶǡͺ ͻͶǡͺ
ͳͳʹǡͷ ͳ͵ͷ ͳͷǡͷ
ͺͳ ͺǡͷ ͻͶǡͷ
∑ ͳǤ͵Ͳͻǡͳ ͳǤʹʹʹǡͲͷ ͳǤ͵ͺͷǡ͵
ǡ
∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 1.222,05
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿1 = 4 100 = 100 = 93,3503934
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 1.309,1
∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖2 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 1.385,3
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿2 = 4 100 = 100 = 105,8207929
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 1.309,1
×ǡ
∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 4 100
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖2 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖2 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖2
ͳǤͲͲͷ ͻ͵ͺǡʹͷ ͳǤͳʹǡͷ ͳǤͲͶʹǡͷ ͳǤͳʹͷ
ͳͳͲǡ ͳͲͺ ͳʹͲ ͳʹ ͳͶͲ
ͳͳʹǡͷ ͳͶͺǡͷ ͳͻʹǡͷ ͳʹ͵ǡͷ ͳ͵ǡͷ
ͺͳ ͻͶǡʹͷ ͳͲͻǡʹ ͺ ͻ͵ǡ
∑ ͳǤ͵Ͳͻǡͳ ͳǤʹͺͻ ͳǤͷͺͶǡʹ ͳǤ͵ͻǡʹͷ ͳǤͶͻǡͳ
ǡ
∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖1 1.289
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼1 = 4 100 = 100 = 93,45658873
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖1 1.379,25
∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖2 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖2 1.584,2
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼2 = 4 100 = 100 = 105,8886438
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖2 1.496,1
228 | Estadística Empresarial
A
ǡ
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼1 = √𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼1 × 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼1 = √93,3503934 × 93,45658873 = 93,40347597
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼2 = √𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼2 × 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼2 = √105,8207929 × 105,8886438 = 105,8547129
A
ǡ
∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 + ∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖1 1.222,05 + 1.289
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼1 = 4 4 100 = 100 = 93,4048766
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 + ∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖1 1.309,1 + 1.379,25
∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖2 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 + ∑4𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖2 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖2 1.385,3 + 1.584,2
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼2 = 4 4 100 = 100 = 105,8569799
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 + ∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖2 1.309,1 + 1.496,1
Ǥͻ A
À
ሺሻ
À
Ǥ
À
ሺሻ
×ǡ
×Ǥ
×
ǡ
ǡ
×
ǡ
À
ǡ
×
×
Ǥ
×
ǡ
×
×
Ǥ
×
ǡ
À
ǣ
×
Ǥ
×
ǡ
ǡ
ǡǡ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ×ǡǡǤ
×Ǥ
ÓǤ
Números Índices y Variación Temporal | 229
ǡ
À
ï
Ǥ
× 𝑖𝑖Ǧ
𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖
À
Ǥ
Gasto realizado de los hogares en el producto 𝑖𝑖
𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 =
Gasto total
ൌ
×
Ǥ
×
ï
Ǥ
ïൌʹͲͲǡïÀ
͵Ͷ
ǡ
ͳʹǡ
× ሺ ሻǤǣ
ͳǤ
×
Ǥ
ʹǤ
×
Ǥ
͵Ǥ
Ǥ
ͶǤ ǡǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͷǤ À
±
×Ǥ
Ǥ Ǥ
Ǥ Ǥ
ͺǤ
Ǥ
ͻǤ
×
Ǥ
ͳͲǤ
×
ͳͳǤ Ǥ
ͳʹǤ
Ǥ
2
Ǥ
×
ǡ
À
Ǥ
230 | Estadística Empresarial
× À
ǡ
×
×
×
ǡÀ
×
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = ∑ × 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 = ∑ 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 × 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
ǣ
𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖 ൌ
× 𝑖𝑖Ǧ± À
À
Ǥ
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 ൌ
À
𝑡𝑡Ǥ
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 ൌ
Ǥ
±À
ǡ
Ó
ǡ×
×
Ǥ
𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖
∑ 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘−1
𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∏ = ∏ ∑ 𝑘𝑘−1𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘 𝑊𝑊𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘−1
∑ 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘−1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘−1
𝑘𝑘=1 𝑘𝑘=1
ǣ
A
À
𝑖𝑖
𝑘𝑘 − 1
𝑘𝑘 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘−1𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 =
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘−1
×À
𝑖𝑖
𝑘𝑘 − 1
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘−1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘−1
𝑊𝑊𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘−1 =
∑ 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘−1 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘−1
ǣʹͲͲൌͳͲͲ
ʹͲͲ ʹͲͲͺ ʹͲͲͻ ʹͲͳͲ ʹͲͳͳ ʹͲͳʹ ʹͲͳ͵ ʹͲͳͶ
ͻͶǡͲ͵ ͳͲͶǡͲ ͳͳǡʹ ͳͳǡ͵ͷ ͳʹǡͳͲ ͳ͵͵ǡͶͻ ͳͶͲǡͲͷ ͳͶͺǡͷ͵
ͻͶǡͺͳ ͳͲǡͶͶ ͳͳǡͳͺ ͳͳǡͷͶ ͳʹͺǡͳͻ ͳ͵Ͷǡͳͷ ͳͶͲǡͻ ͳͶͻǡͷ
ͻͷǡͳͲ ͳͲͺǡͶͻ ͳͳͷǡͳ ͳͳǡͶͲ ͳʹͻǡ͵͵ ͳ͵Ͷǡͷͷ ͳͶͳǡ͵ͳ ͳͶͻǡͻ
ͻͶǡͺͷ ͳͲͻǡʹͻ ͳͳͷǡͳͳ ͳͳǡͷͳ ͳʹͻǡ͵ ͳ͵Ͷǡͷ ͳͶͳǡͶͳ ͳͷͲǡʹͳ
ͻͷǡʹͺ ͳͳͳǡ͵͵ ͳͳͶǡͺͻ ͳͳǡͶͻ ͳʹͻǡʹ ͳ͵ͷǡͶͳ ͳͶͳǡͺͲ ͳͷͲǡͺͶ
ͻǡͲͻ ͳͳʹǡ͵ ͳͳͷǡͳʹ ͳͳǡͷ ͳʹͻǡͺͲ ͳ͵ͷǡͲ ͳͶʹǡʹ͵
ͻͺǡ ͳͳ͵ǡʹͷ ͳͳͶǡͺͻ ͳͳǡ͵ ͳ͵ͲǡͶͻ ͳ͵ǡʹʹ ͳͶ͵ǡͳͲ
ͳͲͲǡʹ͵ ͳͳ͵ǡͻͻ ͳͳͷǡͳ ͳͳͺǡͳ ͳ͵Ͳǡͻͻ ͳ͵ǡͲ ͳͶͷǡͲʹ
ͳͲͲǡͶʹ ͳͳͶǡͻͻ ͳͳͷǡ͵ ͳͳͻǡͷʹ ͳ͵ͳǡ͵ͻ ͳ͵ǡʹͳ ͳͶǡͻͻ
ͳͲͳǡ ͳͳͷǡʹͲ ͳͳǡͳͲ ͳʹͲǡͻͺ ͳ͵ʹǡͲͳ ͳ͵ǡ͵ ͳͶͺǡͲ
ͳͲʹǡͻʹ ͳͳͷǡ͵ͷ ͳͳͷǡͺͺ ͳʹʹǡ͵͵ ͳ͵ʹǡͶͶ ͳ͵ͺǡ͵ͻ ͳͶͺǡͲʹ
ͳͲ͵ǡͷ ͳͳͷǡͺͶ ͳͳǡͳͷ ͳʹͶǡͶͻ ͳ͵͵ǡͲͺ ͳ͵ͻǡͳ͵ ͳͶͺǡͳͶ
ǣ
À
Números Índices y Variación Temporal | 231
×ǡ
×
×
ǡ
×
×ǡ
×Ǥ
×
À
Ǥ
À
×
×
Ǥ
ǡ
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡−1
Inflación = × 100
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡−1
À
À
Ǥ
1
Poder adquisitivo = × 100
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
ïʹͲͳͳ×À
Ǥͳͳ
ͳ͵ͳǡ͵ͻ
×
Ͳǡ͵ͲΨ
À
ǡ
×
ͷǡͷͶΨ
ͻǡͻ͵ΨǤ
ǡʹͲͳͳǡ
1
Poder adquisitivo = × 100 = 0,76
131,39
ǡÓʹͲͲ
Ͳǡǡ
ʹͲͳͳͳǤǡǡ
ʹͲͲǦͲͻȀʹͲͳͳ
×ͳǡ͵ͳ
Ǥ
±Ǥ
ï
À
× ͳͻͻͶǦʹͲͳͷǡ
Ǥ͵Ǥ
Ǥ͵ 13 12.58 11.73
× 1211
11.85
10
9
8.52
8 7.95 7.18
7 6.73 6.9
6 6.48
4.91 4.95 5.19
5
4.39 4.54
4 4.62
3 3.41
3.13 3.94
2 2.45 2.95
1 0.92
0 0.27
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
232 | Estadística Empresarial
±
ሺ
ሻǡ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
𝑡𝑡ǡ
Valor Nominal𝑡𝑡
Valor Real𝑡𝑡 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡 = 100
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡
ǣ
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡1 > 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡2ǡǤ
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡1 < 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡2ǡǤ
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡1 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡2ǡǤ
À
Ǥ
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
ǣBR 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡 100
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
ǣ IR 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 100
𝑡𝑡
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡
ǣSR 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡
100
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡
ǣCR 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡
100
× À
Ǥͳʹ
Ǥ
Ó À
ʹͲͲ ͻͲǡʹͺ ͷͲͲ ͷͷ͵ǡͺ͵
ʹͲͲ ͻͺǡͳͶ ͷʹͷ ͷ͵Ͷǡͻͷ
ʹͲͲͺ ͳͳͳǡͺͺ ͷǡͷ ͷͳǡͳͺ
ʹͲͲͻ ͳͳͷǡ͵ Ͷ ͷͷͻǡͷͶ
ʹͲͳͲ ͳͳͺǡͷʹ ͻ ͷʹǡͻͲ
Ͳͳͳ ͳ͵Ͳǡʹ͵ ͺͳͷǡͶ ʹǡͳʹ
ʹͲͳʹ ͳ͵ǡͳʹ ͳͲͲͲ ͵Ͷǡͷ
ʹͲͳ͵ ͳͶ͵ǡͻ͵ ͳʹͲͲ ͺ͵͵ǡ
ÓʹͲͲǦʹͲͲǡʹͲͲǦʹͲͲͺʹͲͳͲǦʹͲͳͳǡ
×ǡ
À
×
Ǥ
ÓǤ
ǤͳͲ A
À
À
ǡ
Ǥǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
Números Índices y Variación Temporal | 233
À
×ǤÀ
ǡ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 = 𝑛𝑛
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0
ǣ
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ൌ
×
×
𝑖𝑖
𝑡𝑡Ǥ
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖0 ൌ
×
×
𝑖𝑖
Ǥ
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ൌï
𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡Ǥ
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖0 ൌï
𝑖𝑖
Ǥ
×
À
͵ͳ
Ó
ÓǤ
×Ǥ
À
ÓǤ
±ǡ
À
À
Ǥ
À
×
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛
À
ÀǤ
Números Índices y Variación Temporal | 235
À
ǣ
À
ǡ
͵Ͳ
Ǥ
À
ƬͷͲͲǡ
Ǥ
À
ǡ
À
Ǥ
±ǤͶ
×
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
À
ǡƬͷͲͲǤ
ǤͶ
A
236 | Estadística Empresarial
6
×Àǣ
ͳͳǤͳ
× Periodo Producción Periodo Producción
Ͳ ͶͷͲ ͵ͳͲ ͳͶ ͶͺͲ
ͳ ͷʹͲ ͺ ʹͺͲ ͳͷ ͷͲ
ʹ ͳʹͲ ͻ ʹͷͲ ͳ ͷͲ
͵ ͳͶͲ ͳͲ ʹʹͲ ͳ ͷͲ
Ͷ ͶͲ ͳͳ ͵ʹͲ ͳͺ Ͷͷͷ
ͷ ͳʹͷ ͳʹ ͳʹͷ ͳͻ ͵ͷͷ
ͳʹ ͳ͵ ͳͶͷ ʹͲ ͳͻͺ
ሻ
À
×Ǥ
ሻ ïÀ
Ͳ
Ǥ
6 ï
×
ͳͳǤʹ
ï
Ǥ
Ó ʹͲͲͲ ʹͲͲͳ ʹͲͲʹ ʹͲͲ͵ ʹͲͲͶ ʹͲͲͷ ʹͲͲ ʹͲͲ
ǤǤ
ǤǤʹͲͳǤ͵ͻͲʹͷʹǤͳ͵ͳͶǤ͵͵͵ͲǤʹʹͶͶǤͶͺ͵ͷͳͺǤͳ͵ͷͳͺǤ͵͵ͷ͵ǤͺʹͶ
ǣ
ሻ À
ÓʹͲͲͲǤ
ሻ À
𝑘𝑘 = 1ǡ𝑘𝑘 = 2𝑘𝑘 = 4Ǥ
ሻ
ÀǤ
6 ïÀ
𝑘𝑘 = 1ǡ𝑘𝑘 = 2𝑘𝑘 = 3
ͳͳǤ͵
×ሺሻǤ
Ó ͳͻͻͺ ͳͻͻͻ ʹͲͲͲ ʹͲͲͳ ʹͲͲʹ
̈́Ȁ ͳͲǡ ͳ ʹͷǡͻ ʹʹǡͳ ʹʹǡͳ
6 ï
ͳͳǤͶ
Ǥ
Ó ʹͲͲͲ ʹͲͲͳ ʹͲͲʹ ʹͲͲ͵ ʹͲͲͶ ʹͲͲͷ ʹͲͲ ʹͲͲ ʹͲͲͺ ʹͲͲͻ
Ȁ ͵ǡʹ ͵ǡͲ ͵ǡͲͳ ʹǡͻͻ ͵ǡͲ͵ ͵ǡ͵ͻ ͵ǡ͵ ͵ǡ͵ͺ ͵ǡ͵ͺ ͵ǡ͵ͻ
ǣ
ሻ
×
Ǥ
ሻ
×Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
6
ï
×
ͳͳǤͷ
Óሺ
ሻǤ
ͳͻͻͺ ͳͻͻͻ ʹͲͲͲ ʹͲͲͳ ʹͲͲʹ
ͳǤ ̈́Ȁ ͳǤͷͶ ͳǤͷʹ ͳǤͺͳ͵ ͳǤͷͺ ͳǤͷͷͻ
ʹǤ
̈́Ȁ ͳǤͲʹͶ ͳǤͲ ͳǤͳʹͺ ͺͺ ͻ
͵Ǥ Ó̈́Ȁ ͷǤͷͶͲ ͷǤͶͲ͵ ͷǤͶ͵ ͶǤͶͺͶ ͶǤͲͲ
Números Índices y Variación Temporal | 237
ǣ
ሻ ïÀ
ÓͳͻͻͺǤ
ሺ
±
ǡ±
×
ሻǤ
ሻ A
𝑘𝑘 = 1ǡ𝑘𝑘 = 3Ǥ
6 ï À
ͳͳǤ
Ǥ
À
ሺ
ሻ ͳͲ ͳͷ ͳʹ ͺ ͷ ͷ
ሺሻ ͷ ͷǡͷ Ͷǡͷ ͷ ͷǡ ͷ Ͷ
ሺሻ ͷ ͷǡͷ ͺ Ͷ ͷ ͻ
ሺሻ ͳͷ ͳ ʹͲ ͳͺ ͳͶ ͳʹ ͳͲ ͳͳ
6
ሺሻ À
ͳͳǤ
Óǣ
Ó A
ͳͲͲൌʹͲͲͷ
ʹͲͲͶ Ͳ ͻͳ
ʹͲͲͷ Ͳ ͻ͵
ʹͲͲ ͷ ͻͷ
ʹͲͲ ͺ ͳͲͲ
ʹͲͲͻ ͺͲ ͳͳͶ
ʹͲͳͲ ͺͷ ͳʹͲ
͵ǡ ǤǤȀ Ó ʹͲͳͲǡ
ÓǤ
6 À
ൌͶǤ
ͳͳǤͺ
A
A
ͳ ͳͷͲ
ʹ ͵ʹͲ
͵ ͷͷͲ
Ͷ ͺͺͲ ͳͲͲ
ͷ ͳͳͲ
ͳ͵͵
ͳͶͲ
6 ǡ
ͳͳǤͻ
Ͳ ͳ ʹ
ʹͲ ʹͷǤͲͲͲ ʹͷ ͵ͲǤͲͲͲ ʹʹ ͵ͲǤͲͲͲ
ͳͲ ͷͲǤͲͲͲ ͳͷ ͵ʹǤͲͲͲ ʹͲ ʹͲǤͲͲͲ
ͷͲ ͵ǤͲͲͲ Ͳ ͷǤͲͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ
238 | Estadística Empresarial
ሻ À
± ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ሻ À
Ǥ
6
Ǥ
ͳͳǤͳͲ
Ͳ ͳ ʹ
Ͷ ʹͲǤͲͲͲ ͵ ͳͲǤͲͲͲ ͳʹͲǤͲͲͲ
ͳ ͷͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͳʹͲǤͲͲͲ ʹͶͲǤͲͲͲ
ͺ ͳͷͲǤͲͲͲ ͳͷ ͶͲǤͲͲͲ ʹͲ ʹͲǤͲͲͲ
ሻ À
ǡ ǡ
Ǥ
ሻ À
Ǥ
6 ǦǤ
ͳͳǤͳͳ
×
Ǥǡ
Ǥ
6 ǣȀȀǤǤǤ
ǡ
ͳͳǤͳʹ
Ǥ
6 À
ǡ
ͳͳǤͳ͵
ǣ
ሻ ǣȀȀǤ
Ǥ
ሻ ǣȀȀǤ
ǤǤ
ሻ ǣȀȀǤǤ
ሻ ǣȀȀǤ
Ǥ
ǡǤ
À
La probabilidad en la empresa permite tomar decisiones
bajo incertidumbre
±
×ǡ
±Ǥ
±
ሺͳͷͶǦͳͲͷሻ
en su obra “Ars conjetandi” publicada en 1713 por su sobrino Nicholas Bernoulli y
×
ሺͳͲʹǦͳͳሻ
ሺሻǤ
×
ሺͳͶͻǦ1827) publica en 1812 “Théorie analytique des
probabilités” y en su obra desarrolla la probabili
×
×
Ǥ ሺͳͺͳǦ1840) destaca la “Ley de grandes
números” que constituye una superación del teorema de Bernoulli resal
×Ǥ
×
ሺͳͷʹǦͳͺ͵͵ሻǡ ± À
ǡ
×
ሺͳǦͳͺͷͷሻǡ
×
×ǡ
×Ǥ
Ǥ ሺͳͺͺ͵Ǧͳͻ͵ͷሻǡ
e los trabajos de Venn “Logic of Chance” y la axiomática de Andrei
Ǥ ሺͳͻͲ͵Ǧͳͻͺሻ
À
Ǥ
240 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥͳ
ǡ
±Ǣ
Ǥ
ǡ
𝑀𝑀
×
Ǥ
ǡǡǡǡǡ
Ǥǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǣ
Ǥͳ
Ǥ
ǣǤ
ൌሼͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷǡሽ
ǣ
ǡ
ൌïǤ
ൌሼʹǡͶǡሽ
ൌïǤ
ൌሼ͵ǡͶǡͷǡሽ
ൌïǤ
ൌሼͳǡʹǡ͵ሽ
ൌï
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
ൌïͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷǤ
Esto implica un conjunto vacío (⌀), estamos ante un ǡ
Ǥ
À
ǡ
×Ǥ
Teoría de la Probabilidad | 241
V
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
A ⊂ B = {ω ∈ M| ω ∈ A ⇒ ω ∈ B}
ǡ
A ⊂ B y B ⊂ C ⇒ A ⊂ C
×ǡ
A = B si A ⊂ B y B ⊂ A
V
×
×Ǥ
A ∪ B = {ω ∈ A ó ω ∈ B}
ǡ
×ǡ
𝑛𝑛
⋃ A𝑖𝑖 = M
𝑖𝑖=1
ሺA𝑖𝑖 A𝑗𝑗 = ∅ሻǡ
ǡ
𝑛𝑛
⋃ A𝑖𝑖 = A1 + A2 + A3 + ⋯ + A𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1
×ǣ
ͳǤ A ∪ B = B ∪ A
ʹǤ A ∪ B ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
͵Ǥ A ∪ A = A
ͶǤ A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
ͷǤ A ∪ ∅ = A
Ǥ A ∪ M = M
V
×
Ǥ
242 | Estadística Empresarial
A ∩ B = AB = {ω ∈ M| ω ∈ A y ω ∈ B}
×
ǡ
𝑛𝑛
⋂ A𝑖𝑖 = A1 A2 A3 … A𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1
ï
ïǡ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
×Ǥ
A𝑖𝑖 ∩ A𝑗𝑗 = ∅
𝑛𝑛ǡ
𝑛𝑛
⋂ A𝑖𝑖 = ∅
𝑖𝑖=1
×ǣ
ͳǤ A ∩ B = B ∩ A
ʹǤ A ∩ B ∩ C = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
͵Ǥ A ∩ A = A
ͶǤ A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
ͷǤ A ∩ M = A
Ǥ A ∩ ∅ = ∅
ǡ
Ac
Ac = M − A
ǡ
Ǥ
Ac = {𝜔𝜔 ∉ A}
ǡ
Ǥ
ǣ
ͳǤ A ∩ Ac = ∅
ʹǤ A ∪ Ac = M
͵Ǥ (Ac )𝑐𝑐 = A
ͶǤ (A ∪ B)𝑐𝑐 = Ac ∩ B c
ͷǤ (A ∩ B)𝑐𝑐 = Ac ∪ B c
Ǥ (⋂𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 A𝑖𝑖 )𝑐𝑐 = ⋃𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 Aci
Ǥ (⋃𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 A𝑖𝑖 )𝑐𝑐 = ⋂𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 Aci
Teoría de la Probabilidad | 243
ͺǤ (A ∪ Ac ) ∩ (B ∪ B c ) = AB ∪ ABc ∪ Ac C ∪ Ac B c
ǡ
×
ǡÀǡ
A − B = {ω ∈ A y ω ∉ B} = ABc
ǡ
B − A = {ω ∈ B y ω ∉ A} = BAc
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
A − B ≠ B − A
ǡ
±
Ǥ
A △ B = (A − B) ∪ (B − A)
±
ǡ
Ǣ
Ǥ
ǦǦǡ
±
ǡ
A △ B = AB c + BAc
±
×ǡǡ
𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐 + 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 − 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
ǣ
𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐 + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
ǣ𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
𝐵𝐵 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
ǣ𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐 + 𝐵𝐵
Ǥͳ M
A B
±
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
244 | Estadística Empresarial
ൌሼͳǡʹǡ͵ሽൌሼʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷሽ
Ǥʹ
ൌሼͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷǡሽǣ
Ǥ𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵 = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Ǥ𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵 = {2 𝑦𝑦 3}
Ǥ𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 = {4,5,6}
Ǥ𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐 = {ͳሽ
Ǥ𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐 = {1}
Ǥ𝐵𝐵 − 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 = {4 𝑦𝑦 5}
ǣ
𝐴𝐴 △ 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐 + 𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 = {1,4,5}
Ǥ(𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵)𝑐𝑐 = {1,4,5,6}
ï
Ǥ(𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵)𝑐𝑐 = {6}
×
×
ሺͳͺͳʹሻ
À
× ǡ
ǡ
𝑀𝑀 = {𝜔𝜔1 , 𝜔𝜔2 , … , 𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛 }ǡ
1
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛
1
𝑃𝑃(𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝜔𝜔𝑗𝑗 ) = ; ∀ 𝑖𝑖 ≠ 𝑗𝑗
𝑛𝑛
∑ 𝑃𝑃(𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖 ) = 1
ǡ
𝐸𝐸 ∈ 𝑀𝑀ǡ
𝑘𝑘
×ǡ
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐸𝐸 𝑘𝑘
𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸) = =
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛
ǣ
𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸) ≥ 0
𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸) ≤ 1
ïǡ±
Ǥ͵
Ǥ
ൌሼͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷǡሽǡ
ͳȀሺሻǤ
±ൌïǡ
ሼʹǡͶǡሽǡǡͲǡͷǤ
3
𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸) = = 0,5
6
Teoría de la Probabilidad | 245
ïǡ
×
À
Ǥ
×
Ǥ
ͳͲ
ǡ ʹͲ
ǤͶ
ʹ
ͷǤ
ൌሼ
ǡ ǡ
ǡ
ሽǤ
ǡ
ΥǤ
×
Ǥ
Ǥʹ
ሺͳͻͳͻሻ
ǡ
𝑓𝑓
𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛ï
ǡ
ǡ
𝑓𝑓
𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸) = lim
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛
𝑓𝑓
𝑛𝑛
À
Ǥ
ï ï
ǡ
ǡ
À
Ǥ±
ǤǤ
ï ï
ʹͶǤͲͲͲ ͳʹǤͲͳʹ ͲǡͷͲͲͷ
ͳʹǤͲͲͲ ǤͲͳͻ ͲǡͷͲͳ
ǡ
𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 (𝐸𝐸)
𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸)Ǥ
ǣ
ͳǤ 0 ≤ 𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 (𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 ) ≤ 1
ʹǤ ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 (𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 ) = 1
͵Ǥ 𝐸𝐸1 𝐸𝐸2 ǡ
𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 (𝐸𝐸1 ∪ 𝐸𝐸2 ) = 𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 (𝐸𝐸1 ) + 𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 (𝐸𝐸2 )
ͶǤ × ï ሺ⋃ 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 )ǡ
𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 (𝐸𝐸) = 𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 (𝐸𝐸1 ) + 𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 (𝐸𝐸2 ) + ⋯ + 𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 (𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘 )
À
ǡǣ
𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 (𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 ) → 𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 )
246 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥ͵
ͳͻͻ͵Ǥǡ
×
À
ǡ
À
×
À
Ǥ
×
ǡ
denominado generalmente “álgebra de eventos”.
Ω
× ǡ
𝑀𝑀ǡ
ǡ
Ǣ
ǣ
ሻ
×Ǥ𝑀𝑀 ∈ ΩǤ
ሻ
×ǡ±
Ǥ𝐸𝐸 ∈
Ω
𝐸𝐸 𝑐𝑐 ∈ ΩǤ
ሻ
×𝑀𝑀 ∈ Ω
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 ∈ Ωǡ
À
×Ǥ𝜙𝜙 ∈ Ω
ሻ 𝐸𝐸1 ∈ Ω𝐸𝐸2 ∈ Ω
ǡ𝐸𝐸1 ∪ 𝐸𝐸2 ∈ ΩǤǣ
𝐸𝐸1 ∩ 𝐸𝐸2 ∈ Ω
× Ω ±
Ǥ
×
×ǡǡ
∞ ∞
⋃ 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 ∈ Ω y ⋂ 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 ∈ Ω
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
𝑀𝑀 = {1,2,3,4}𝐸𝐸 = {2,4}ǡ
×
Ǥͷ
ǣ
Ω = {𝐸𝐸, 𝐸𝐸 𝐶𝐶 , ∅, 𝑀𝑀}
±
Ǥ
𝑀𝑀 = {𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐}ǡ
×
Ǥ
ǣ
Ω = {∅, 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏, 𝑀𝑀}
ΩǤ
Teoría de la Probabilidad | 247
ï
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
𝑴𝑴 𝛀𝛀
ሼïሽൌሼ∅ሽ
ሼ
ሽൌሼሽ
{1 cara}={CE}∪{EC}
ሼʹ
ሽൌሼሽ
{como mínimo 1 cara}={CC}∪{CE}∪{EC}
{como máximo 1 cara}={CE}∪{EC}∪{EE}
{no obtener 1 cara}={CC}∪{EE}
ሼ
ሽൌሼ 𝑀𝑀ሽ
𝑃𝑃
×
𝐸𝐸 ∈ Ωï
𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸)Ǥ
Ǥ
ͳǤ𝐸𝐸 ∈ Ωï𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸) ≥ 0ǡ
𝐸𝐸Ǥ
ʹǤ𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀) = 1
͵Ǥ 𝐸𝐸1 , 𝐸𝐸2 , … , 𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛 , … ǡ 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 ∩ 𝐸𝐸𝑗𝑗 = ∅ǡ
ǣ
∞ ∞
×
Ǥ
248 | Estadística
248 | Estadística Empresarial
Empresarial
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ͳ ͳ 𝐸𝐸Ǥ𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸)
𝐸𝐸Ǥ𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸) ≤ ≤
Ǥ𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸)
1Ǥ ≤ 1Ǥ
×Ǥ𝐸𝐸
×Ǥ𝐸𝐸 ∈ Ω
𝐸𝐸
∈ Ω
𝐸𝐸 ∈ Mǡǡ𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸)
∈ Mǡǡ𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸) ≤ 𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀)≤ 𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀)
Mǡǡ𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸) ≤ 𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀) ʹǡ
ʹǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀) = 1Ǣ
ǣ𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸)
1Ǣ
ǣ𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸) ≤ 1 ≤ 1
𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸) ≤ 1
ͳǡ
ͳǡ
ͳǡ
ሾͲǦͳሿ
ሾͲǦͳሿ
ሾͲǦͳሿ 0 ≤ 𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸)0 ≤ ≤ 1𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸) ≤ 1
ʹ ʹ
𝐸𝐸ǡǣ
𝐸𝐸ǡǣ
𝐸𝐸ǡǣ
1 −𝑐𝑐𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸)
𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸 𝑐𝑐 ) =𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸 ) = 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸)
𝐸𝐸)
×Ǥ
×Ǥ
+ 𝐸𝐸 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑀𝑀
𝐸𝐸 + 𝐸𝐸 𝐶𝐶 =𝐸𝐸 𝑀𝑀
𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶 )
𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸))+=𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸
𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸 𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀)
1 = 1
𝑀𝑀) = 1
ǣ
ǣ
1 −𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸)
𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸 𝐶𝐶 ) =𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸 ) = 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸)
𝐸𝐸)
͵ ͵
Ǥ𝑃𝑃(∅)
Ǥ𝑃𝑃(∅) = 0Ǥ = 0Ǥ
Ǥ𝑃𝑃(∅) = 0Ǥ
×Ǥʹǡ
×Ǥʹǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀)
1 = 1
1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀) 1− 𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐 )= 𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐 )
= 𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀)
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐 ) 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐 = 𝑀𝑀 𝑐𝑐
∅
ǣ= ∅
ǣ
𝑃𝑃(∅) = 1𝑃𝑃(∅) =1−
− 𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀)
0 = 0
= 0
ǡ
×𝐸𝐸
ǡ
×𝐸𝐸 1 , 𝐸𝐸2 , … ∞ǡ
1 , 𝐸𝐸2 , … ∞ǡ
∞
𝐸𝐸1 , 𝐸𝐸2 , … ∞ǡ ǡ𝐸𝐸
ǡ𝐸𝐸 𝑖𝑖 = 0 ⋃∞
𝑖𝑖 = 0
𝑖𝑖=1 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 =
⋃ 0
𝑖𝑖=1 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 = 0
⋃∞ 𝑖𝑖=1 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 = 0 ͵ǡ
͵ǡ
∞ ∞∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
∞ 𝑃𝑃 (⋃ 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑃𝑃)(⋃ 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑃𝑃(
)= 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 ∑
) =𝑃𝑃(
∑𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃(
=∑ 𝑖𝑖 ) =
∅)∑ 𝑃𝑃( ∅) = 0
= 0
∑ 𝑃𝑃( ∅) = 0 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
𝑖𝑖=1
ͶͶ
𝐸𝐸1 , 𝐸𝐸2
, … 𝐸𝐸
𝐸𝐸1𝑛𝑛,𝐸𝐸
2 , … 𝐸𝐸
𝑛𝑛
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
×
× 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛
Ǥ
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃 (⋃ 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑃𝑃)(⋃
=∑𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑃𝑃(
)= 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 ∑
) 𝑃𝑃( 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 )
𝑃𝑃( 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 ) 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
×Ǥ𝐸𝐸
×Ǥ𝐸𝐸 1 ,𝑛𝑛𝐸𝐸
1 , 𝐸𝐸2 , … , 𝐸𝐸 , 2𝐸𝐸,𝑛𝑛+1
… , ,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛+2
, 𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛+1
, … ,, 𝐸𝐸
𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛+2 , … , 𝐸𝐸∞
∞
… , 𝐸𝐸∞ 𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛+1 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛+2 =⋯
𝑛𝑛+1 = 𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛+2
= 𝐸𝐸= ∞⋯ == 𝐸𝐸∞ = 0ǡ͵
0ǡ͵
͵
Teoría de la Probabilidad | 249
∞ 𝑛𝑛 ∞ 𝑛𝑛 ∞
𝑃𝑃 (⋃ 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 ) = ∑ 𝑃𝑃( 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 ) + ∑ 𝑃𝑃( 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 𝐸𝐸𝑗𝑗 ) + ∑ 𝑃𝑃( 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖 𝐸𝐸𝑗𝑗 𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘 )
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗=1 𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗,𝑘𝑘=1
+ (−1)𝑛𝑛+1 𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸1 𝐸𝐸2 … 𝐸𝐸𝑛𝑛 )
𝐸𝐸1 ⊂ 𝐸𝐸2
ǣ𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸1 ) ≤ 𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸2 )Ǥ
×Ǥ𝐸𝐸1 ⊂ 𝐸𝐸2 𝐸𝐸2 = 𝐸𝐸1 + 𝐸𝐸1𝑐𝑐 𝐸𝐸2
ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸2 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸1 ) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸1𝑐𝑐 𝐸𝐸2 )
𝑐𝑐
𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸1 𝐸𝐸2 ) ≥ 0
ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸1 ) ≤ 𝑃𝑃(𝐸𝐸2 )
250 | Estadística Empresarial
ǤͶ
×
×
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
× (𝑀𝑀, Ω, P)
𝐵𝐵𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) > 0ǡ
ǡǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴|𝐵𝐵) =
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)
±
Ǥ
ǡ
ǣ
ͳǤ 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴|𝐵𝐵) ≥ 0
ʹǤ 𝑃𝑃(Ω|𝐵𝐵) = 1
͵Ǥ 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖
×
ǡ
ǣ
∞ ∞
ïǫ
ǡ
ൌሼͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷǡሽǡൌ͵ǡ𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) = 1/6Ǥ
×ൌïǡ𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) = 1/2ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) = 1/6ሺïሻǤ
ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) 1/6 1
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴|𝐵𝐵) = = =
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) 1/2 3
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴|𝐵𝐵) > 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴)
Ǥ
Teoría de la Probabilidad | 251
×
× ͻͲΨ
ǤͳͲ
ǡ±ʹͲΨ
Ǥ
Ǭ
ǫ
ൌ
ൌ
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) 0,2
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵|𝐴𝐴) = = = 0,22
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) 0,9
ǡ
× ×
ǡǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴|𝐵𝐵)
ǡǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵|𝐴𝐴) = ; 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) > 0
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴)
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴)𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵|𝐴𝐴)
Ǣ
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴)𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵|𝐴𝐴) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴|𝐵𝐵)
×
×
Ǥǡ
ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴)𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵|𝐴𝐴)
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴|𝐵𝐵) =
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)
𝐴𝐴1 , 𝐴𝐴2 , … , 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 𝑃𝑃(⋂𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 ) > 0
ǡ
× 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴2 |𝐴𝐴1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴3 |𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 ) … 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 |𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛−1 )
×Ǥ
×ǡ𝑛𝑛 = 2
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴2 |𝐴𝐴1 )
𝑛𝑛 = 3
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 𝐴𝐴3 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴2 |𝐴𝐴1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴3 |𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 )
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑘𝑘
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴2 |𝐴𝐴1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴3 |𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 ) … 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘 |𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘−1 )
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑘𝑘 + 1
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘+1 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴2 |𝐴𝐴1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴3 |𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 ) … 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘+1 |𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘 )
×
𝑘𝑘 + 1
ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘+1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘 ∣ 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘+1 )
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘+1 |𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘 ) =
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘 )
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘+1 )
=
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘 )
252 | Estadística Empresarial
ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘+1 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘 )𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘+1 |𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘 )
= 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴2 |𝐴𝐴1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴3 |𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 ) …
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘 |𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘−1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘+1 |𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘 )
ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘+1 ) ≤ 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 … 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝑘 ) ≤ ⋯ ≤ 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 𝐴𝐴3 ) ≤ 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 )
≤ 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 )
ǡ
×
ï𝑛𝑛Ǥ
ͳͲ
Ǥ
Ǥͳͳ
ሻ ͵ Ǥ
͵À
Ǥ
ሻ Ͷǡ
Ǥ
ͶǤ
ሻ ͵ ǡ
×
ǡ Ǥ
͵
Ǥ
×ǣ
ሻ 𝐵𝐵𝑖𝑖 ൌ
×𝑖𝑖Ǣ∀ 𝑖𝑖 = 1,2,3
± ͵
×
(𝐵𝐵1 𝐵𝐵2 𝐵𝐵3 )ǡ
͵À
×ǣ
7 6 5
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵1 𝐵𝐵2 𝐵𝐵3 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵2 |𝐵𝐵1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵3 |𝐵𝐵1 𝐵𝐵2) = × × = 0,051
17 16 15
ǣ
𝐵𝐵 7
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵1 ) = = ሺ
×ሻǤ
𝐵𝐵+𝑁𝑁 17
𝐵𝐵−1 6
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵2 |𝐵𝐵1 ) = = ሺ
𝐵𝐵+𝑁𝑁−1 16
×ሻǤ
𝐵𝐵−2 5
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵3 |𝐵𝐵1 𝐵𝐵2 ) = = ሺ
𝐵𝐵+𝑁𝑁−2 15
×ǡÀ
ሻǤ
ሻ 𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 ൌ
×𝑖𝑖Ǣ∀ 𝑖𝑖 = 1,2,3,4
± Ͷ
× 𝑁𝑁1 𝑁𝑁2 𝑁𝑁3 𝑁𝑁4 Ǣ
ǣ
10 4
𝑃𝑃(𝑁𝑁1 𝑁𝑁2 𝑁𝑁3 𝑁𝑁4 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑁𝑁1 )𝑃𝑃(𝑁𝑁2 |𝑁𝑁1 )𝑃𝑃(𝑁𝑁3 |𝑁𝑁1 𝑁𝑁2 )𝑃𝑃(𝑁𝑁4 |𝑁𝑁1 𝑁𝑁2 𝑁𝑁3 ) = ( ) = 0,12
17
ǣ
𝑁𝑁 10
𝑃𝑃(𝑁𝑁1 ) = 𝐵𝐵+𝑁𝑁 = 17 ሺ
×ሻǤ
Teoría de la Probabilidad | 253
𝑁𝑁 10
𝑃𝑃(𝑁𝑁2 |𝑁𝑁1 ) = 𝐵𝐵+𝑁𝑁 = 17 ሺ
×ǡ×
×
ሻǤ
± À ǡ
Ǥ
ሻ 𝐵𝐵𝑖𝑖 ൌ
×𝑖𝑖Ǣ∀ 𝑖𝑖 = 1,2,3
±͵
×
𝐵𝐵1 𝐵𝐵2 𝐵𝐵3
7 9 11
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵1 𝐵𝐵2 𝐵𝐵3 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵2 |𝐵𝐵1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵3 |𝐵𝐵1 𝐵𝐵2) = × × = 0,102
17 19 21
Ǥ
𝐵𝐵 7
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵1 ) = =
𝐵𝐵 + 𝑁𝑁 17
×ǡ
×
À
Ǥ
𝐵𝐵 + 2 9
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵2 |𝐵𝐵1 ) = =
𝑁𝑁 + 𝐵𝐵 + 2 19
×ǡ
ʹ
Ͷ
Ǥ
𝐵𝐵 + 4 11
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵3 |𝐵𝐵1 𝐵𝐵2 ) = =
𝑁𝑁 + 𝐵𝐵 + 4 21
×ǡ
ǡǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴)𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)
𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 𝐴𝐴3 … 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴1 )𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴2 )𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴3 ) … 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 )
ͺ (𝑀𝑀, Ω, P)
𝐵𝐵𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛𝑛
× 𝑛𝑛
× 𝑀𝑀 =
⋃𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐵𝐵𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵𝑖𝑖 ) > 0𝑃𝑃(⋃𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐵𝐵𝑖𝑖 ) = 1Ǥ
𝐴𝐴ǡ
ǣ
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
ǡͳͲΨ
ʹͲΨǤ
Ǥ
ǣ
ൌ
ൌ
ൌ
ൌ
ǡǣ
𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀)𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀|𝑀𝑀) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐻𝐻)𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀|𝐻𝐻) = 0,7 ∗ 0,1 + 0,3 ∗ 0,2 = 0,13
Teoría de la Probabilidad | 255
ǡǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀)𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀|𝑀𝑀)
𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀|𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) =
𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀)𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀|𝑀𝑀) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐻𝐻)𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀|𝐻𝐻)
0,7 ∗ 0,1 0,07
= =
0,7 ∗ 0,1 + 0,3 ∗ 0,2 0,13
= 0,538
ǤͶ
0,1 MR
M
0,7 0,9
MRc
Cliente
0,3
0,2 MR
H
0,8
MRc
256 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥͷ
±
ǡï
𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌, 𝑍𝑍ï
Ǥǡ𝑋𝑋
𝑥𝑥
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥)Ǥ
±
Ǥ
×
(𝑀𝑀, Ω)
ï (−∞, ∞)
Ǥ
ǡ
𝑥𝑥 ℝǤ
×
×
𝑀𝑀
Ǥ
𝑋𝑋: 𝑀𝑀 → ℝ
ï
ሺሻ
ï
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǤͳͶ
𝑋𝑋ǣï
±
Ǥ
EE CE EC CC
Ͳͳʹ𝑋𝑋 ∈ ℜ
ǣ
𝑋𝑋 = 0
×
Ǥ
𝑋𝑋 = 1
×
Ǥ
𝑋𝑋 = 2
×
Ǥ
ǣͲǡͳʹǤ
𝑋𝑋 = {0,1,2}
Teoría de la Probabilidad | 257
𝑥𝑥 + 3
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = { 25 Si 𝑥𝑥 = 0,1,2,3,4
0 en otro caso
×ǡ
ͳǤ 0 ≤ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) ≤ 1
×
𝑋𝑋 Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) Ͳǡͳʹ Ͳǡͳ Ͳǡʹ ͲǡʹͶ Ͳǡʹͺ
Ǥͷ
×Ǥ
ʹǤ
5 5
𝑥𝑥 + 3
∑ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = ∑ = 0,12 + 0,16 + 0,2 + 0,24 + 0,28 = 1
25
𝑥𝑥=0 𝑥𝑥=0
ǡ𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥)
×Ǥ
258 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥͷ 0.3
0.28
× 0.26
0.24
0.22
Probabilidad
𝑥𝑥+3 0.2
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = 25 0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 1 2 3 4
X
𝑋𝑋
×ǡ
Ǥͳ
𝑒𝑒 −𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆𝑥𝑥
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = para 𝑥𝑥 = 0,1,2, … ; 𝜆𝜆 > 0
𝑥𝑥!
×
ǡ
∞ ∞ −𝜆𝜆 𝑥𝑥
𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆2 𝜆𝜆3
∑ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = ∑ = 𝑒𝑒 −𝜆𝜆 (1 + + + + ⋯ ) = 𝑒𝑒 −𝜆𝜆 𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆 = 𝑒𝑒 0 = 1
𝑥𝑥! 1! 2! 3!
𝑥𝑥=0 𝑥𝑥=0
𝑋𝑋
×ǡ
Ǥͳ
𝑥𝑥 2
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = { 9 para 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 3
0 para 𝑥𝑥 < 0 ; 𝑥𝑥 > 3
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
×
ǡ
ͳǤ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ≥ 0 ∀𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℜ
𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥 2
ǡ0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 30 ≤ ≤ ⇒0 ≤ 9 ≤ 1
9 3
ǡ𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ≥ 0Ǥ
×Ǥ
ʹǤ
3 3 2 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 3 33 03
∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = | = − = 1
0 0 9 27 0 27 27
ǡ𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
×Ǥ
Ǥ 1
×
0.8
𝑥𝑥 2
Densidad
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0.6
9
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
X
Teoría de la Probabilidad | 259
𝑋𝑋ǣï
Ǥ
×ǣ
𝑋𝑋 Ͳ ͳ ʹ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) 1 1 1
4 2 4
×
×ǣ
0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 < 0
1
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 < 1
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑥𝑥) = 4
3
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 1 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 < 2
4
{1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 2
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥)
××
ǣ
𝑥𝑥1 = 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥2 = 1 → 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥1 ) = 1/4 ≤ 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥2 ) = 3/4
Ǥ 1,0
×
× 0,8
Probabilidad
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
-1 0 1 2 3
X
260 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
×Ǥ
Ǥͳͻ
1 −𝑥𝑥/5
𝑒𝑒 para 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = { 5
0 para 𝑥𝑥 < 0
ǡ
×
×ǡ
1 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥/5 para 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 0
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) = {
0 para 𝑥𝑥 < 0
ǣ
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥)
×
ǡ±Ǥͺ
lim 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) = 1 − 𝑒𝑒 −∞ = 1 − 0 = 1
𝑥𝑥→∞
lim 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) = 0
𝑥𝑥→−∞
Ǥ
𝑥𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑥𝑥
1 −𝑡𝑡/5 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 −𝑥𝑥
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡/5 |0 = −𝑒𝑒 −5 + 𝑒𝑒 0 = −𝑒𝑒 5 + 1
0 5
𝑥𝑥 < 0
𝑥𝑥
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
−∞
Ǥͺ 1
× 0.9
× 0.8
0.7
0.6
Densidad
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
X
×ǡ
∞
ǣ
ͳǤ
Ǥ
ʹǤ 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 − 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋)) = 0Ǥ
͵Ǥ 𝐸𝐸(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏) = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏(𝑋𝑋)Ǥ
ͶǤ 𝐸𝐸(𝑔𝑔1 (𝑋𝑋) + 𝑔𝑔2 (𝑋𝑋)) = 𝐸𝐸(𝑔𝑔1 (𝑋𝑋)) + 𝐸𝐸(𝑔𝑔2 (𝑋𝑋))Ǥ
ͷǤ 𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ≤ 𝑏𝑏ǡ
𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝐸𝐸(𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)) ≤ 𝑏𝑏Ǥ
Ǥ 𝑋𝑋 ±
𝑐𝑐ǡ
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = 𝑐𝑐
Ǥ
×𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐 − 𝑥𝑥)Ǥ
𝑋𝑋
×ǡ
ǤʹͲ
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ͺ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ) Ͳǡͳ ͲǡͶ Ͳǡͷ
ǡ
3
1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = , para 𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎
ǡ
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
𝑥𝑥 0,5𝑥𝑥 2 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = | =
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 2
×ǡ
Ǥʹʹ
1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2 para 𝑥𝑥 > 1
𝑥𝑥
ǡ
∞ ∞ ∞
1 1
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = ∫ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln(𝑥𝑥)|1∞ = ∞
1 1 𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥
V
ǣ
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 𝐸𝐸[𝑋𝑋 − 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋)]2
= 𝐸𝐸{𝑋𝑋 2 − 2𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋(𝑋𝑋) + [𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋)]2 }
= 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 2 ) − 2𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋)𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) + [𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋)]2
= 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 2 ) − [𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋)]2
262 | Estadística Empresarial
ǣ
ͳǤ 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) ≥ 0
ʹǤ 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 0 ⇔ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐
͵Ǥ 𝑌𝑌 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ⇒ 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑌𝑌) = 𝑏𝑏 2 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋)Ǥ
ͶǤ 𝑋𝑋𝑌𝑌ǡ
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋 + 𝑌𝑌) = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑌𝑌)
𝑋𝑋−𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋)
ͷǤ
𝑍𝑍 = ⇒ 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = 0 y 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 1
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋
±
ǣ𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2
×À
À
Ǥ
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋 = √𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋)
𝑌𝑌 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌 = |𝑏𝑏|𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋
𝑋𝑋
×ǡ
Ǥʹ͵
𝑥𝑥 + 3
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = { 25 Si 𝑥𝑥 = 0,1,2,3,4
0 en otro caso
ǡ
38 12 2 46
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 2 ) − [𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋)]2 = −( ) = = 1,84
5 5 25
×ǡ
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋 = √1,85 = 1,36
ǣ
3 4 5 6 7 12
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = 0 ∗ +1∗ +2∗ +3∗ +4∗ =
25 25 25 25 25 5
3 4 5 6 7 38
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 2 ) = ∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = 0 ∗ +1∗ +4∗ +9∗ + 16 ∗ =
25 25 25 25 25 5
𝑋𝑋
×ǡ
ǤʹͶ
𝑒𝑒 −𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆𝑥𝑥
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = para 𝑥𝑥 = 0,1,2, … ; 𝜆𝜆 > 0
𝑥𝑥!
ǡ
∞ ∞
𝑒𝑒 −𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆𝑥𝑥 −𝜆𝜆
𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆2 𝜆𝜆3
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆 (1 + + + + ⋯ )
𝑥𝑥! 1! 2! 3!
𝑥𝑥=0 𝑥𝑥=0
= 𝑒𝑒 −𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆 = 𝜆𝜆
∞ ∞
2)
𝑒𝑒 −𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆𝑥𝑥
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 = ∑ 𝑥𝑥 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
2
𝑥𝑥!
𝑥𝑥=0 𝑥𝑥=0
−𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆 2
𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆2 𝜆𝜆3
= 𝑒𝑒 [𝜆𝜆𝑒𝑒 + 𝜆𝜆 (1 + + + + ⋯ )]
1! 2! 3!
= 𝑒𝑒 −𝜆𝜆 (𝜆𝜆𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆 + 𝜆𝜆2 𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆 ) = 𝑒𝑒 −𝜆𝜆 𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆 (𝜆𝜆 + 𝜆𝜆2 ) = 𝜆𝜆 + 𝜆𝜆2
Teoría de la Probabilidad | 263
ǡ
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 2 ) − [𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋)]2 = 𝜆𝜆 + 𝜆𝜆2 − 𝜆𝜆2 = 𝜆𝜆
×ǡ
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋 = √𝜆𝜆
𝑋𝑋
×ǡ
Ǥʹͷ
𝑥𝑥 2
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = { 9 para 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 3
0 para 𝑥𝑥 < 0 ; 𝑥𝑥 > 3
ǡ
3 3
1 3 3 𝑥𝑥 4 34 0 4 9
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = ∫ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = | = − =
0 9 0 36 0 36 36 4
3 3
2) 2
1 3 4 𝑥𝑥 5 35 05 27
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 = ∫ 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = | = − =
0 9 0 45 0 45 45 5
ǡ
27 9 2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 2 ) − [𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋)]2 = − ( ) = 10,46
5 4
×ǡ
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋 = √10,46 = 3,23
𝑋𝑋
×ǡ
Ǥʹ
1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = , para 𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎+𝑏𝑏
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = ǡ
ǡǡ
2
𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 2 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 3
𝑏𝑏 [𝑥𝑥 − ( 2 )] (𝑥𝑥 − 2 ) (𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎)2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 𝐸𝐸[𝑋𝑋 − 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋)]2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = | =
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎 3(𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎) 12
𝑎𝑎
×ǡ
(𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎)2
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋 = √
12
𝑋𝑋
𝑟𝑟
Ǥ
𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟 = 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 )𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 = 1,2,3, …
±𝑟𝑟
ǡ
𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟,0 = 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 𝑟𝑟 ) 𝑟𝑟 = 1,2,3, …
264 | Estadística Empresarial
ǣ
ͳǤ 𝑚𝑚1,0 = 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 ሺ
×ሻǤ
ʹǤ 𝑚𝑚1 = 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 ) = 0
͵Ǥ 𝑚𝑚2 = 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 )2 = 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 ሺሻ
A
À
×
ǡ
𝑚𝑚3 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 )3
𝛾𝛾1 = 3 =
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋 [𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 )2 ]3/2
𝑚𝑚4 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 )4
𝛾𝛾2 = 4 − 3 = − 3
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋 [𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 )2 ]2
À
×
Ǥ
Ǥ
VA
×
×
À
𝑋𝑋
𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ǡǡ
𝜑𝜑𝑋𝑋 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝐸𝐸(𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 )
×
À
ǣ
ͳǤ 𝜑𝜑𝑋𝑋 (0) = 1
ʹǤ 𝑌𝑌 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏ǡ
ǡ
𝜑𝜑𝑌𝑌 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜑𝜑𝑋𝑋 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)
͵Ǥ ǡ
ǡ
𝜑𝜑𝑋𝑋+𝑌𝑌 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝜑𝜑𝑋𝑋 (𝑡𝑡)𝜑𝜑𝑌𝑌 (𝑡𝑡)
ͶǤ
𝑛𝑛 𝑋𝑋 = 𝑋𝑋1 + 𝑋𝑋2 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛 ǡ
ǡ
𝑛𝑛
∞ 𝑌𝑌 2
1
𝜑𝜑𝑌𝑌 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝐸𝐸(𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) = ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒 − 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
√2𝜋𝜋 −∞
∞
1 1
− (𝑌𝑌 2 −2𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)
= ∫ 𝑒𝑒 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
√2𝜋𝜋 −∞
∞
1 1 1
(𝑌𝑌−𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)2 (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)2
= ∫ 𝑒𝑒 −2 𝑒𝑒 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
√2𝜋𝜋 −∞
1 2 1 ∞ 1 2
= 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑡𝑡 ∫ 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑍𝑍 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
√2𝜋𝜋 −∞
1 ∞ −1𝑍𝑍2
ൌ𝑌𝑌 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ǡ 2𝜋𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑒𝑒 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1ǡ
Ǣ
√
𝑡𝑡 2
𝜑𝜑𝑍𝑍 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑒𝑒 − 2
×
À
×
Ǥʹͺ
𝑝𝑝ǡ
1
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝜑𝜑𝑌𝑌 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝐸𝐸(𝑒𝑒 ) = ∑ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝 𝑦𝑦 𝑞𝑞1−𝑦𝑦 = 𝑞𝑞 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝
𝑦𝑦=0
𝑋𝑋~𝐵𝐵(𝑛𝑛, 𝑝𝑝)ǡ𝑛𝑛
𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖
×𝑝𝑝ǡ𝑋𝑋 = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 Ǥ
×
À
ǡ
𝑛𝑛
ǡǣ
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 ) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 )𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥2 )
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 )
×
ሺ𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 ሻ
×Ǥ
𝑓𝑓: ℝ2 → ℝ
ǡ
ͳǤ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 ) ≥ 0
∞ ∞
ʹǤ ∫−∞ ∫−∞ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 )𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥1 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥2 = 1
×
×
×
Ǥ
𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋1 ≤ 𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑋𝑋2 ≤ 𝑥𝑥2 ) = ∫ ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡1 , 𝑡𝑡2 )𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡1 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡2
−∞ −∞
×ǡ
𝜕𝜕 2 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 )
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 ) =
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥1 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥2
×
Ǥ
∞
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 ) = ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 )𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥2
−∞
∞
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥2 ) = ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 )𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥1
−∞
Ǥ
ሺ𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 ሻ
× 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 )ǡ
(𝑟𝑟, 𝑠𝑠)ǡ
ǡ
𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝐸𝐸[(𝑋𝑋1 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋1 ) (𝑋𝑋2 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋2 ) ]
∞ ∞
𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠
=∫ ∫ (𝑥𝑥1 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋1 ) (𝑥𝑥2 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋2 ) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 )𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥1 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥2
−∞ −∞
ǡ
𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝐸𝐸[(𝑋𝑋1 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋1 ) (𝑋𝑋2 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋2 ) ]
𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠
= ∑ ∑(𝑥𝑥1𝑖𝑖 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋1 ) (𝑥𝑥2𝑗𝑗 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋2 ) 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋1 = 𝑥𝑥1𝑖𝑖 , 𝑋𝑋2 = 𝑥𝑥2𝑗𝑗 )
𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗
×ǡ
∞ ∞
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 ) = ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 )𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥1 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥2
−∞ −∞
Teoría de la Probabilidad | 267
ǡ
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 ) = 𝐸𝐸[(𝑋𝑋1 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋1 )(𝑋𝑋2 − 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋2 )]
𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋1 = 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋1 )𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋2 = 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋2 )Ǥ
𝑋𝑋1 y 𝑋𝑋2 ǡ
Ǣ
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 ) = 0
×
ǡ
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 )
𝜌𝜌 =
√𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋1 )𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋2 )
Ǥͳ ǡ
Ǥ
×
Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
Ǥʹ
Ǭ
ïͷǡ
ïǫ
Ǥ͵ ïǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǤͶ
ͷ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǣ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
×
ǡ
À
268 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥͷ
ͳͲͲ
ǡʹͲǤ
ͷ
ǡ
ǣ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ʹͲͲ À
ͺͲͲ
ǡ
ͷͲÀ
Ǥ
ሻ Ǭ
ͳͲ À
ǫ
ሻ Ǭ
ͷ À
ǫ
Ǥ
ÓÀǡ
ǣ ͲǡʹǢ Ͳǡͺ ͲǡǤ
ÓÀ
ǡǣ
ሻ
ÓÀǤ
ሻ
ÓÀǤ
ሻ
ÓÀǤ
ሻ
Ǥ
Ǥͺ
ǡ
ǤͲͲͲ
ʹΨ
ǡ
ͶǤͲͲͲ
ͳΨ
ǡ
Ǭ
ǫ
Ǥͻ
͵
Ǥ
ͶͲΨǡ
ͶͷΨ
ͳͷΨǤǡ
ǡ
ÓͷΨ
ǡÓʹΨ
ÓͳͲΨǤ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ
ʹͲǤͲͲͲ
ÀǬ
ǫǬÓÀǫ
ሻ Ǭ
ǫ
ሻ
Ǭ
ǫ
ǤͳͲ
À×ͳǤͷͲͲÀ
ǡ
À
ͲǡͲͲͷǤ
ǣ
ሻ
ͷÀ
Ǥ
ሻ ͷÀ
Ǥ
ሻ ͷÀ
Ǥ
Ǥͳͳ
ÓÀ À ͷǤͲͲͲ ǡ
ʹΨ
ǡ
Teoría de la Probabilidad | 269
ͷΨ
ͳΨǤǬ
ǫ
Ǥͳʹ
×ǡ
Ǥ
ሺሻ
ሺÓሻ ͳ͵ͲǦͳͶͻ ͳͷͲǦͳͻ ͳͲǦͳͺͻ ͳͻͲ
͵ͲǦ͵ͻ ʹͷ ͵ͷ ͵Ͳ Ͳ
ͶͲǦͶͻ ʹͷ ͵Ͳ ͷ ͻͲ
ͷͲǦͷͻ ͳͷ ͵ͷ ͷ Ͳ
ͲǦͻ ͳͷ ʹͲ ʹͷ Ͷͷ
ǣ
ሻ ͶͲǦͶͻÓǤ
ሻ ͶͲǦͶͻÓͳͲǦͳͺͻǤ
ሻ ͶͲǦͶͻÓͳͲǦͳͺͻǤ
ሻ ͳ͵ͲǦͳͶͻͳͲǦͳͺͻǤ
ሻ ͳͲǤ
ሻ ͳͻͲͶͻÓǤ
ሻ ͳͷͲǦͳͻǡ
ͶͲǦͶͻÓǤ
ሻ ͵ͲǦ͵ͻÓǡ
ͳͻͲǤ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
Ǥͳ͵
×
×
ǣ
𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
(1 + 𝑎𝑎)𝑥𝑥+1
ǤͳͶ ï
±
×ǣ
±
Ͳ Ͳǡͳͷ
ͳ Ͳǡʹͷ
ʹ ͲǡͶͲ
͵ Ͳǡͳͷ
Ͷ ͲǡͲͷ
ǣ
ሻ
ሻ Ǥ
ሻ
ÀǤ
Ǥͳͷ 𝑋𝑋𝑌𝑌
×ǣ
𝑋𝑋 ǦͲǡͲͳ ͲǡͲͳ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋) Ͳǡͷ Ͳǡͷ
270 | Estadística Empresarial
ͺ
À
À
ǡǡ
ǡ
ǡ ǡ ǡ ±
ǡ ±
Ǥ
ǡǡǦ
ǡ𝑡𝑡𝐹𝐹
Ǥ
272 | Estadística Empresarial
ͺǤͳ
×
±
±𝑝𝑝
𝑞𝑞 =
1 − 𝑝𝑝Ǥǣ
𝑋𝑋 = 𝑁𝑁ú𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 é𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
×ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = 𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥 (1 − 𝑝𝑝)1−𝑥𝑥 para 𝑥𝑥 = 0,1
ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 1) = 𝑝𝑝
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 0) = 1 − 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞
ǡ
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = 𝑝𝑝
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑘𝑘
Ǥ
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 𝑘𝑘 ) = 0𝑘𝑘 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 0) + 1𝑘𝑘 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 1) = 1
ͺǤͳ
Ǥ
±
ǡ
Ͳǡͷ
Ǥ
Ǥ
1 si convence al inversionista
𝑋𝑋 = {
0 no convence
±𝑝𝑝 = 0,75
×ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = 0,75 𝑥𝑥 0,251−𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 = 0,1
ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 1) = 0,751 0,250 = 0,75
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 0) = 0,750 0,251 = 0,25
ͺǤʹ
×
×
×ǡ
𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = ( ) 𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥 (1 − 𝑝𝑝)𝑛𝑛−𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥
ǣ
𝑋𝑋 = 𝑁𝑁ú𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 é𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑥𝑥 = 0,1,2, … , 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑁𝑁ú𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 é𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (es la misma en todos los ensayos)
×ǣ
Modelos de Probabilidad | 273
𝑋𝑋~ℬ(𝑛𝑛, 𝑝𝑝)
ǡ±
𝑛𝑛
𝑝𝑝Ǥ
ǡ
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛(1 − 𝑝𝑝)
×
×
𝑛𝑛
𝑝𝑝Ǥ
ͺǤͳ Binomial; n=7; p=0,1 Binomial; n=7; p=0,3
× 0.6 0.4
Probabilidad
Probabilidad
0.3
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟕𝟕 0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X X
Binomial; n=7; p=0,5 Binomial; n=7; p=0,8
0.3 0.4
0.3
Probabilidad
Probabilidad
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0 0
0 1 2 3X4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X
×
×𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) = 0𝑥𝑥 < 0
𝑛𝑛
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑥𝑥) = ∑ ( ) 𝑝𝑝𝑘𝑘 (1 − 𝑝𝑝)𝑛𝑛−𝑘𝑘 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘≤𝑥𝑥
À
ǡ
1 − 2𝑝𝑝
𝛾𝛾1 =
√𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛(1 − 𝑝𝑝)
1 − 6𝑝𝑝(1 − 𝑝𝑝)
𝛾𝛾2 =
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛(1 − 𝑝𝑝)
× ±
𝛾𝛾1 𝑝𝑝 = 1/2ǡ ±
1
𝑝𝑝 < 1/2±
𝑝𝑝 > 1/2Ǥ𝛾𝛾2 𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎 = (1 − 3)/2
√
274 | Estadística Empresarial
1
𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏 = (1 + )/2ǡ
ï
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎 × 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏 ǡ
ï
√3
𝑝𝑝 ∈ (𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎 , 𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏 )
ï
𝑝𝑝 ∉ [𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎 , 𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏 ]Ǥ
×
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
(𝑝𝑝 + 𝑞𝑞) = ∑ ( ) 𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥 𝑞𝑞𝑛𝑛−𝑥𝑥 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑛𝑛 + ( ) 𝑝𝑝𝑞𝑞 𝑛𝑛−1 + ( ) 𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞 𝑛𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑛 = 1
𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥 1 2
𝑥𝑥=0
ͺǤʹ
ͲǡʹǤ ͷͲ
ǡ
Ǥ
×ǡ
50
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = ( ) 0,2𝑥𝑥 0,850−𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 = 0,1,2, … ,50
𝑥𝑥
ǣ𝑋𝑋 = Número de compras de valores bursátiles.
ïǡ
50
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 0) = ( ) 0,20 0,850 = 0,000014
0
ͳͲǡ
50
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 10) = ( ) 0,210 0,840 = 0,14
10
ǡ
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 50 ∗ 0,2 = 10
ͺǤʹ 0.15
×
Probabilidad
0.1
ൌͷͲൌͲǡʹ
0.05
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Compra de valores bursátiles
Modelos de Probabilidad | 275
×
ǡ
ͺǤ͵
͵Ͳ ͶͲΨ
Ǥ
Ǥ
30
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = ( ) 0,4𝑥𝑥 0,630−𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 = 0,1,2, … ,30
𝑥𝑥
𝑋𝑋 = Número de compras del producto AǤ
ͷ
ǡ
30
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 5) = ( ) 0,45 0,625 = 0,004
5
ͳͲ
ǡ
30
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 10) = ( ) 0,410 0,620 = 0,12
10
ͳͷ
ǡ
30
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 15) = ( ) 0,415 0,615 = 0,08
15
ͳͲ
ǡ
30
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 < 10) = ∑ ( ) 0,4𝑘𝑘 0,630−𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘<10
30 30 30
= ( ) 0,40 0,630 + ( ) 0,41 0,629 + ⋯ + ( ) 0,49 0,621
0 1 9
= 0,18
ǣ𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 30 ∗ 0,4 = 12
Ó
ͲΨ
ͺǤͶ
×
Ǥ
ï
ǡ
ͳͷ
Ǥ
ͳͷ
±
ǡ
15
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 7) = ( ) 0,77 0,38 = 0,03
7
ͳͲ
ǡ
15
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 10) = ∑ ( ) 0,7𝑘𝑘 0,315−𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘≤10
15 15 15
= ( ) 0,70 0,315 + ( ) 0,71 0,314 + ⋯ + ( ) 0,710 0,35
0 1 10
= 0,485
ͳͲ
ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 10) = 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 10) = 0,515
276 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑁𝑁ǡ
𝐷𝐷
Ǥ𝑛𝑛
ͺǤͷ
ǡ
𝑥𝑥
Ǥ
×ǡ
ǡ
𝐷𝐷
𝑝𝑝 =
𝑁𝑁
𝑛𝑛
ǡ
ሺ ሻǤ
𝑥𝑥
ǡ
𝑛𝑛−𝑥𝑥
𝑛𝑛 𝐷𝐷 𝑥𝑥 𝐷𝐷
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = ( ) ( ) (1 − )
𝑥𝑥 𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁
ǡ
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) =
𝑁𝑁
Ǥ
𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 𝑛𝑛 (1 − )
𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁
ͺǤ͵
×
±ͳͺ͵ͺ
×
×ǡ
𝑒𝑒 −𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆𝑥𝑥
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = para 𝑥𝑥 = 0,1,2, … ; 𝜆𝜆 > 0
𝑥𝑥!
×𝑋𝑋~𝒫𝒫(𝜆𝜆)
𝜆𝜆ǡ
ǣ
𝑋𝑋ൌï
Ǥ
ǣ
ï
Ǥ
ï
Ǥ
ïÀ
Ǥ
ï
Ǥ
ïǡ
ÓÀǤ
ï
Ǥ
×
×𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) = 0𝑥𝑥 < 0
𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 −𝜆𝜆 ∑ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑘𝑘!
𝑘𝑘≤𝑥𝑥
Modelos de Probabilidad | 277
×
×
×
ï 𝑛𝑛 ሺ𝑛𝑛 → ∞ሻǡ
± 𝑝𝑝
Óሺ𝑝𝑝 → 0ሻ𝜆𝜆 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛Ǥ
𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛−𝑥𝑥
𝑒𝑒 −𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆𝑥𝑥
lim
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑥𝑥
( ) 𝑝𝑝 (1 − 𝑝𝑝) =
𝑥𝑥!
𝜆𝜆
×ǡ
𝜆𝜆 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑝𝑝 =
𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛−𝑥𝑥
𝑛𝑛! 𝜆𝜆 𝑥𝑥 𝜆𝜆 𝑛𝑛−𝑥𝑥
lim ( ) 𝑝𝑝 (1 − 𝑝𝑝) = lim ( ) (1 − )
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛→∞ (𝑛𝑛 − 𝑥𝑥)! 𝑥𝑥! 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝜆𝜆𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 − 1)! … (𝑛𝑛 − 𝑥𝑥 + 1)! 𝜆𝜆 𝑛𝑛 𝜆𝜆 −𝑥𝑥
= lim (1 − ) (1 − )
𝑥𝑥! 𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛
𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆
= lim (1 − )
𝑥𝑥! 𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛 −𝜆𝜆
−
𝜆𝜆
𝜆𝜆𝑥𝑥 1 𝑒𝑒 −𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆𝑥𝑥
= lim (1 + 𝑛𝑛 ) =
𝑥𝑥! 𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑥𝑥!
[ −𝜆𝜆 ]
ǡ
1 𝑛𝑛
𝑒𝑒 = lim (1 − )
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 − 1)! … (𝑛𝑛 − 𝑥𝑥 + 1)!
lim = 1
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥
𝜆𝜆 𝑛𝑛
lim (1 − ) = 1
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛
𝑝𝑝 < 0,1𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝜆𝜆 < 5Ǥ
Ǥ
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 𝜆𝜆
À
ǡ
1
𝛾𝛾1 =
√𝜆𝜆
1
𝛾𝛾2 =
𝜆𝜆
×
𝜆𝜆 ±
ï
Ǥ
278 | Estadística Empresarial
ͺǤ͵ 0.12
×
0.1
𝜆𝜆 = 15
Probabilidad 0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
X
ͳͷ
ͺǤ
Ǥǣ
ͺǤ
𝑒𝑒 −15 158
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 8) = = 0,02
8!
ǣ𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = 𝜆𝜆 = 15
ʹͲǤ
𝑒𝑒 −15 1520
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 20) = = 0,042
20!
ͳͲǤ
10
𝑒𝑒 −15 15𝑘𝑘
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 10) = ∑ = 0,118
𝑘𝑘!
𝐾𝐾=0
ͳͲǤ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 10) = 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 10) = 0,882
ͳͲǡ
ʹͲǤ
19
𝑒𝑒 −15 15𝑘𝑘
𝑃𝑃(10 < 𝑋𝑋 < 20) = ∑ = 0,76
𝑘𝑘!
𝐾𝐾=11
ͺǤͶ
×
±
×ǣ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = 𝑞𝑞 𝑥𝑥 𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥 = 0,1,2, …
Modelos de Probabilidad | 279
×±
𝑝𝑝ǡ
𝑋𝑋~𝒢𝒢𝒢𝒢(𝑝𝑝)
ǣ
𝑋𝑋ൌï
±Ǥ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥)𝑥𝑥
𝑞𝑞
±𝑝𝑝
𝑝𝑝±𝑞𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝𝑝
Ǥ
𝑋𝑋À
±Ǥ
ǡ
𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = Ǣ𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 2
𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝
×
×ǡ
𝑥𝑥
ͲǡʹͷǤ
ǡ
Ǥ
±𝑝𝑝 = 0,25
𝑞𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝𝑝 = 0,75Ǣ
×ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = 𝑞𝑞 𝑥𝑥−1 𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥 = 1,2,3, …
ǣ𝑋𝑋 = Número de visitas necesarios para vender el primer seguro de vida
ǡ
ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 3) = 0,752 0,25 = 0,141
ï
ǡ
1
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = = 4
0,25
280 | Estadística Empresarial
ͺǤͶ 0.25
×
±
0.2
ൌͲǡʹͷ
Probabilidad
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
X=Número de visitas para vender el primer seguro de vida
ͺǤͷ
×
×
×
×±
ǡ
×
×ǡ
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑟𝑟 − 1 𝑟𝑟
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = ( ) 𝑝𝑝 (1 − 𝑝𝑝)𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 = 0,1,2, …
𝑥𝑥
ǣ
𝑋𝑋 = Número de fracasos antes de la ocurrencia del 𝑟𝑟 − ésimo éxito
𝑟𝑟 > 0
𝑟𝑟 y 𝑝𝑝
ǣǡ
𝑋𝑋 = Número de ensayos necesarios para obtener el 𝑟𝑟 − ésimo éxito
𝑝𝑝ǡ
×
×
Ǥ
𝑥𝑥 − 1 𝑟𝑟
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = ( ) 𝑝𝑝 (1 − 𝑝𝑝)𝑥𝑥−𝑟𝑟 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑟𝑟, 𝑟𝑟 + 1, 𝑟𝑟 + 2, …
𝑟𝑟 − 1
ǡ
𝑟𝑟
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) =
𝑝𝑝
ǡ
𝑟𝑟(1 − 𝑝𝑝)
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) =
𝑝𝑝2
Modelos de Probabilidad | 281
Ǥ
ͺǤͺ
ͷͲͲͲǡͺሺ±ሻ
ͷͲͲͲǡʹሺ
ሻǤ
ǡ
Ǣ
ͷͲͲǡ
6
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 7) = ( ) 0,85 0,22 = 0,197
4
ͺǤ
×±
×±
𝑁𝑁ǡ𝑁𝑁1
𝑛𝑛
×Ǥ
(𝑁𝑁1 )( 𝑁𝑁2 )
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛−𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 = 0,1,2, … , min(𝑛𝑛, 𝑁𝑁1 )
( 𝑛𝑛 )
ǣ
×𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁1 + 𝑁𝑁2
𝑁𝑁1 ǣ
×
𝑁𝑁2 = 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑁𝑁1
𝑛𝑛ǣ
×𝑁𝑁
𝑋𝑋ൌï
𝑁𝑁1 Ǥ
ǡ
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑁𝑁 − 1
𝑁𝑁1 𝑁𝑁2
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑁𝑁 𝑞𝑞 = 𝑁𝑁
×
×ǡ
0 𝑥𝑥 < 𝑚𝑚á𝑥𝑥(0, 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑁𝑁2 )
𝑥𝑥
(𝑁𝑁𝑘𝑘1 )(𝑛𝑛−𝑘𝑘
𝑁𝑁2
)
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑥𝑥) = ∑ 𝑘𝑘 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 < 𝑘𝑘 + 1
𝑘𝑘=0
(𝑁𝑁
𝑛𝑛
)
{ 1 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 𝑚𝑚í𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛, 𝑁𝑁1 )
𝑁𝑁À
ǡ
𝑁𝑁1
ͺǤͻ
𝑁𝑁2
ǡ 𝑛𝑛 À
× (𝑛𝑛 ≤ 𝑁𝑁)ǡ
𝑥𝑥À
ǡ
(𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥1 )(𝑛𝑛−𝑥𝑥
𝑁𝑁2
)
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = 𝑁𝑁 𝑥𝑥 = 0,1,2, … , min(𝑛𝑛, 𝑁𝑁1 )
( 𝑛𝑛 )
282 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑋𝑋ൌïÀ
Ǥ
ï À
ǡ
(𝑁𝑁1 )(𝑁𝑁2 )
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 0) = 0 𝑁𝑁 𝑛𝑛
( 𝑛𝑛 )
×
À
ǡÀ
𝑁𝑁1 Ǥ
ǡ À
ͺǤͳͲ
×±
Ǥǡ
ͳͷͲÀ
ͷ
ǡͳͲÀ
ǡ
×ǡ
(5)(10−𝑥𝑥
145
)
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 150 𝑥𝑥 = 0,1,2,3,4,5
( 10 )
ǣ
ʹÀ
ǡ
(52)(145 )
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 2) = 1508 = 0,034
( 10 )
À
ǡ
(5)(145)
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 0) = 0 15010 = 0,705
( 10 )
͵ À
ǡ
(5)(145) (5)(145) (5)(145)
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 < 3) = 0 15010 + 1 1509 + 2 1508 = 0,998
( 10 ) ( 10 ) ( 10 )
ͺǤʹ 0.8
× 0.7
±
0.6
𝑁𝑁 = 150ǡ𝑁𝑁1 = 5
0.5
𝑛𝑛 = 10
Probabilidad
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
X=Artículos defectuosos
Modelos de Probabilidad | 283
ͺǤ
×
×
À
ǡ
ሺͳǦͳͷͶሻǡ
× ï ǡ
ሺͳǦ
ͳͺͷͷሻ
×
± À ǡ
×
Ǥ
ሺͳͶͻǦͳͺʹሻ
×
̶
̶Ǥ
×
×ǡ
1 1 𝑥𝑥−𝜇𝜇 2
− ( )
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 2 𝜎𝜎 − ∞ ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ ∞
𝜎𝜎√2𝜋𝜋
ǣ
𝜋𝜋= 3,14159…
𝑒𝑒= 2,71828….
𝜇𝜇ൌ−∞ < 𝑥𝑥 < ∞
𝜎𝜎ൌ
×À
ͺǤͷ
×
±
ǣ
×
ïǤ
Ǥ
ሺሻǡ
𝑥𝑥ǡ
±Ǥ ǡ ×
Ǥ
±
𝜇𝜇Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
1
À
(𝜇𝜇, )±ǡ
𝜎𝜎 √2𝜋𝜋
𝜇𝜇Ǥ
𝜇𝜇
ǡ
(−∞, 𝜇𝜇] 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0
[ 𝜇𝜇, ∞)
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0Ǥ
𝜎𝜎
Ǥ
284 | Estadística Empresarial
1 1
(𝜇𝜇 − 𝜎𝜎, 𝜎𝜎 )(𝜇𝜇 + 𝜎𝜎, )×Ǥ
√2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝜎𝜎 √2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
ͳǡ
∞
∫−∞ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1
ǡ
×
𝜇𝜇𝜎𝜎Ǥ
𝑋𝑋~𝑁𝑁(𝜇𝜇 , 𝜎𝜎 2 )
×
×
×
𝑥𝑥 1 𝑡𝑡−𝜇𝜇 2
1 − ( )
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒𝑒 2 𝜎𝜎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
−∞ 𝜎𝜎√2𝜋𝜋
ǡ
𝑋𝑋
𝑎𝑎 < 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑏𝑏ǣ
𝑏𝑏 1 𝑡𝑡−𝜇𝜇 2
1 − ( )
𝑃𝑃(𝑎𝑎 < 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑏𝑏) = ∫ 𝑒𝑒 2 𝜎𝜎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜎𝜎√2𝜋𝜋 𝑎𝑎
ǡ
∞
1 1 𝑥𝑥−𝜇𝜇 2
− ( )
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = ∫ 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 2 𝜎𝜎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜎𝜎√2𝜋𝜋 −∞
𝑥𝑥−𝜇𝜇
𝑧𝑧 = Ǣ𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎ǡ
𝜎𝜎
∞ ∞ ∞
1 2 1 2 𝜎𝜎 2
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = ∫ (𝜇𝜇 − 𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎)𝑒𝑒 −𝑧𝑧 /2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝜇𝜇 ∫ 𝑒𝑒 −𝑧𝑧 /2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫ 𝑧𝑧𝑒𝑒 −𝑧𝑧 /2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝜇𝜇
√2𝜋𝜋 −∞ √2𝜋𝜋 −∞ √2𝜋𝜋 −∞
ǣ
∞
1 2
∫ 𝑒𝑒 −𝑧𝑧 /2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1
√2𝜋𝜋 −∞
∞
𝜎𝜎 2 −𝜎𝜎 −𝑧𝑧2 /2 ∞
∫ 𝑧𝑧𝑒𝑒 −𝑧𝑧 /2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 | = 0
√2𝜋𝜋 −∞ √2𝜋𝜋 −∞
∞
2
1 1 𝑥𝑥−𝜇𝜇 2
2 −2( 𝜎𝜎 )
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇) = ∫ (𝑥𝑥 − 𝜇𝜇) 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜎𝜎√2𝜋𝜋 −∞
𝑥𝑥−𝜇𝜇
𝑧𝑧 = Ǣ𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎ǡ
𝜎𝜎
2 ∞
2
𝜎𝜎 2
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇) = ∫ 𝑧𝑧 2 𝑒𝑒 −𝑧𝑧 /2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
√2𝜋𝜋 −∞
2 2
𝑢𝑢 = 𝑧𝑧ǡ𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑧𝑧𝑒𝑒 −𝑧𝑧 /2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣 = −𝑒𝑒 −𝑧𝑧 /2Ǣ
ǡ
∞
−𝑧𝑧 2 /2 ∞
−𝑧𝑧𝑒𝑒 1 2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 𝜎𝜎 2 [ | + ∫ 𝑒𝑒 −𝑧𝑧 /2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑] = 𝜎𝜎 2 [0 + 1] = 𝜎𝜎 2
√2𝜋𝜋 −∞ √2𝜋𝜋 −∞
Modelos de Probabilidad | 285
À
×ǣ𝜎𝜎 = √𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋)
× ǡ ±
ǡ
ǡ𝜇𝜇1 > 𝜇𝜇2 𝜎𝜎1 = 𝜎𝜎2
ͺǤ
𝜎𝜎1 = 𝜎𝜎2
𝜇𝜇1 > 𝜇𝜇2
ሺ𝜇𝜇1 = 𝜇𝜇2 𝜎𝜎1 ≠ 𝜎𝜎2 ሻǤ
ǡ
× À
ǡ
ǡ
× À
Ǥ
ͺǤ
𝜇𝜇1 = 𝜇𝜇2
𝜎𝜎1 ≠ 𝜎𝜎2
ǡ
𝜇𝜇𝜎𝜎 2
ǡ
×
Ǥ×ǡ
×
×
ï
ሺͲͳሻǤ
×
𝑍𝑍
𝜇𝜇 = 0𝜎𝜎 2 = 1
×
×ǡ
𝑧𝑧
1 −𝑡𝑡 2 /2
𝐹𝐹(𝑧𝑧) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ 𝑧𝑧) = ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
−∞ √2𝜋𝜋
286 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑋𝑋−𝜇𝜇 𝑋𝑋−𝜇𝜇
𝑍𝑍 = 𝜎𝜎
𝑋𝑋ǡ
𝐸𝐸 (
𝜎𝜎
) = 0
𝑋𝑋−𝜇𝜇
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 ( 𝜎𝜎 ) = 1Ǥ
×
×
×ǡ
1 2 /2
𝐹𝐹 ′ (𝑧𝑧) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑧𝑧) = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑧𝑧
√2𝜋𝜋
×
×ǡ
ǡ
𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇
𝑋𝑋~𝑁𝑁(𝜇𝜇, 𝜎𝜎 2 ) ⟹ ( ) ~𝑁𝑁(0,1)
𝜎𝜎
ͺǤͺ
×
𝑋𝑋 ⟹ 𝑍𝑍
𝑋𝑋−𝜇𝜇
× 𝑋𝑋~𝑁𝑁(𝜇𝜇, 𝜎𝜎 2 ) ⟹ ( ) ~𝑁𝑁(0,1)
𝜎𝜎
Ǥ
𝑏𝑏−𝜇𝜇
𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇 𝑏𝑏 − 𝜇𝜇 𝑏𝑏 − 𝜇𝜇 𝜎𝜎 1 −𝑡𝑡 2 /2
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑏𝑏) = 𝑃𝑃 ( ≤ ) = 𝑃𝑃 (𝑍𝑍 ≤ )=∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝛼𝛼
𝜎𝜎 𝜎𝜎 𝜎𝜎 −∞ √2𝜋𝜋
Modelos de Probabilidad | 287
ͺǤͻ
𝑋𝑋−𝜇𝜇
𝑋𝑋𝑍𝑍 = ( 𝜎𝜎 )ǡሺ
×ሻ 𝑍𝑍
×ǡ
Ǣ
𝑧𝑧
1 2 /2
𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ 𝑧𝑧) = ∫ 𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝛼𝛼
−∞ √2𝜋𝜋
ͺǤͳͲ
𝑷𝑷(𝒁𝒁 ≤ 𝒛𝒛) = 𝜶𝜶
ǡ
×
𝑧𝑧Ǥ
𝒛𝒛 𝑷𝑷(𝒁𝒁 ≤ −𝒛𝒛) 𝑷𝑷(𝒁𝒁 ≤ 𝒛𝒛) 𝒛𝒛 𝑷𝑷(𝒁𝒁 ≤ −𝒛𝒛) 𝑷𝑷(𝒁𝒁 ≤ 𝒛𝒛)
Ͳ Ͳǡͷ Ͳǡͷ ͳǡ ͲǡͲͷͶͺ ͲǡͻͶͷʹ
Ͳǡͳ ͲǡͶͲʹ Ͳǡͷ͵ͻͺ ͳǡ ͲǡͲͶͶ ͲǡͻͷͷͶ
Ͳǡʹ ͲǡͶʹͲ Ͳǡͷͻ͵ ͳǡͺ ͲǡͲ͵ͷͻ ͲǡͻͶͳ
Ͳǡ͵ Ͳǡ͵ͺʹͳ Ͳǡͳͻ ͳǡͻ ͲǡͲʹͺ Ͳǡͻͳ͵
ͲǡͶ Ͳǡ͵ͶͶ ͲǡͷͷͶ ʹ ͲǡͲʹʹͺ Ͳǡͻʹ
Ͳǡͷ Ͳǡ͵Ͳͺͷ Ͳǡͻͳͷ ʹǡͳ ͲǡͲͳͻ Ͳǡͻͺʹͳ
Ͳǡ ͲǡʹͶ͵ Ͳǡʹͷ ʹǡʹ ͲǡͲͳ͵ͻ Ͳǡͻͺͳ
Ͳǡ ͲǡʹͶʹͲ ͲǡͷͺͲ ʹǡ͵ ͲǡͲͳͲ Ͳǡͻͺͻ͵
Ͳǡͺ Ͳǡʹͳͳͻ Ͳǡͺͺͳ ʹǡͶ ͲǡͲͲͺʹ Ͳǡͻͻͳͺ
Ͳǡͻ ͲǡͳͺͶͳ Ͳǡͺͳͷͻ ʹǡͷ ͲǡͲͲʹ Ͳǡͻͻ͵ͺ
ͳ Ͳǡͳͷͺ ͲǡͺͶͳ͵ ʹǡ ͲǡͲͲͶ Ͳǡͻͻͷ͵
ͳǡͳ Ͳǡͳ͵ͷ ͲǡͺͶ͵ ʹǡ ͲǡͲͲ͵ͷ Ͳǡͻͻͷ
ͳǡʹ Ͳǡͳͳͷͳ ͲǡͺͺͶͻ ʹǡͺ ͲǡͲͲʹ ͲǡͻͻͶ
ͳǡ͵ ͲǡͲͻͺ ͲǡͻͲ͵ʹ ʹǡͻ ͲǡͲͲͳͻ Ͳǡͻͻͺͳ
ͳǡͶ ͲǡͲͺͲͺ Ͳǡͻͳͻʹ ͵ ͲǡͲͲͳ͵ Ͳǡͻͻͺ
ͳǡͷ ͲǡͲͺ Ͳǡͻ͵͵ʹ ͵ǡͳ ͲǡͲͲͳͲ ͲǡͻͻͻͲ
288 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑋𝑋−𝜇𝜇
𝑍𝑍 = ( 𝜎𝜎 ) ~𝑁𝑁(0,1)Ǣ
Ǥ
1−𝛼𝛼 1−𝛼𝛼
ͳǤ 𝑃𝑃(−𝑧𝑧 ≤ 𝑍𝑍 ≤ 𝑧𝑧) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ 𝑧𝑧) − 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ −𝑧𝑧) = + 𝛼𝛼 − = 𝛼𝛼
2 2
ʹǤ 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 > 𝑧𝑧) = 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ 𝑧𝑧) = 1 − (1 − 𝛼𝛼) = 𝛼𝛼
͵Ǥ 𝑃𝑃(−𝑧𝑧 > 𝑍𝑍 > 𝑧𝑧) = 1 − [𝑃𝑃(−𝑧𝑧 ≤ 𝑍𝑍 ≤ 𝑧𝑧)] = 1 − [𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ 𝑧𝑧) − 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ −𝑧𝑧)]
𝛼𝛼 𝛼𝛼
= 1 − [ + 1 − 𝛼𝛼 − ] = 𝛼𝛼
2 2
ͶǤ 𝑃𝑃(−𝑧𝑧2 ≤ 𝑍𝑍 ≤ −𝑧𝑧1 ) + 𝑃𝑃(𝑧𝑧1 ≤ 𝑍𝑍 ≤ 𝑧𝑧2 ) = 2𝑃𝑃(−𝑧𝑧2 ≤ 𝑍𝑍 ≤ −𝑧𝑧1 )
= 2[𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ −𝑧𝑧1 ) − 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ −𝑧𝑧2 )]
1 − 𝛼𝛼 𝛼𝛼 1 − 𝛼𝛼
= 2[ + − ] = 𝛼𝛼
4 2 4
Modelos de Probabilidad | 289
𝑋𝑋~𝑁𝑁(25,25)
ǣ
ͺǤͳͳ
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 20)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 20)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(20 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 30)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(20 > 𝑋𝑋 > 30)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(15 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 20) + 𝑃𝑃(30 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 35)
×ǣ
20−25
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 20) = 𝑃𝑃 (𝑍𝑍 ≤ ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ −1) = 0,1587
5
20−25
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 20) = 𝑃𝑃 (𝑍𝑍 > ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 > −1) = 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ −1)
5
= 1 − 0,1587 = 0,8413
ሻ
20 − 25 30 − 25
𝑃𝑃(20 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 30) = 𝑃𝑃 ( ≤ 𝑍𝑍 ≤ )
5 5
= 𝑃𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍𝑍 ≤ 1)
= 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ 1) − 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ −1)
= 0,8413 − 0,1587 = 0,6826
ሻ
20 − 25 30 − 25
𝑃𝑃(20 > 𝑋𝑋 > 30) = 𝑃𝑃 ( > 𝑍𝑍 > )
5 5
= 𝑃𝑃(−1 > 𝑍𝑍 > 1)
= 1 − [𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ 1) − 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ −1)]
= 1 − [0,8413 − 0,1587] = 0,3174
15−25 20−25 30−25 35−25
ሻ
= −2Ǣ = −1Ǣ = 1 = 2
5 5 5 5
𝑃𝑃(15 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 20) + 𝑃𝑃(30 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 35) = 𝑃𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍𝑍 ≤ −1) + 𝑃𝑃(1 ≤ 𝑍𝑍 ≤ 2)
= 2𝑃𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍𝑍 ≤ −1)
= 2[𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ −1) − 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ −2)]
= 2[0,1587 − 0,0228] = 0,2718
ÓÀ
ͺǤͳʹ
ͳǤ͵ͷ
× À
ʹͻͶǤ
ǣ
ͳǤʹͲͲǤǤ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 1.200) =Ͳǡʹͺ
ͳǤͶͲͲǤ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 1.400) = 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 1.400) = 0,453
ͳǤʹͲͲͳǤͶͲͲǤ
290 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑃𝑃(1.200 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 1.400) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 1.400) − 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 1.200) = 0,26
Ǭ
Ͳǡʹǫ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑥𝑥) = 0,20
ǣ𝑥𝑥ൌͳǤͳͳͺǤ
𝑃𝑃(𝜇𝜇 − 2𝜎𝜎 < 𝑋𝑋 < 𝜇𝜇 − 2𝜎𝜎) = 0,9545
0,95% ≈ 𝜇𝜇 ± 2𝜎𝜎
≈ [𝜇𝜇 − 2𝜎𝜎 ; 𝜇𝜇 + 2𝜎𝜎]
≈ [1365 − 2 × 294 ; 1365 + 2 × 294]
≈ [777 ; 1.953]
ǡ
ͳǤͻͷ͵ͲǡͻͷǤ
𝑋𝑋~𝑁𝑁(𝜇𝜇 , 𝜎𝜎 2 )ǡ
× 𝜎𝜎 𝜇𝜇
ͺǤͳ͵
ǣ
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝜇𝜇 − 𝜎𝜎 < 𝑋𝑋 < 𝜇𝜇 − 𝜎𝜎) = 0,6827
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝜇𝜇 − 2𝜎𝜎 < 𝑋𝑋 < 𝜇𝜇 − 2𝜎𝜎) = 0,9545
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝜇𝜇 − 3𝜎𝜎 < 𝑋𝑋 < 𝜇𝜇 − 3𝜎𝜎) = 0,9973
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝜇𝜇 − 4𝜎𝜎 < 𝑋𝑋 < 𝜇𝜇 − 4𝜎𝜎) = 0,9999
ǣ
ͺǡʹΨ
(𝜇𝜇 − 𝜎𝜎, 𝜇𝜇 + 𝜎𝜎)Ǥ
ͻͷǡͶͷΨ
(𝜇𝜇 − 2𝜎𝜎, 𝜇𝜇 + 2𝜎𝜎)Ǥ
ͻͻǡ͵Ψ
(𝜇𝜇 − 3𝜎𝜎, 𝜇𝜇 + 3𝜎𝜎)Ǥ
ͻͻǡͻͻΨ
(𝜇𝜇 − 4𝜎𝜎, 𝜇𝜇 + 4𝜎𝜎)Ǥ
ͳͺ ʹͶ Ó
ͺǤͳͶ
Ͷǡͷ
×À
ʹǡͷǤ
Ǭ
ͻͷΨ
ǫ
ǡ
95% ≈ 𝜇𝜇 ± 2𝜎𝜎
≈ [𝜇𝜇 − 2𝜎𝜎 ; 𝜇𝜇 + 2𝜎𝜎]
≈ [64,5 − 2 × 2,5 ; 64,5 + 2 × 2,5]
≈ [59,5 ; 69,5]
ǡͻͷΨͷͻǡͷͻǡͷǤͷΨ
ሾͷͻǡͷ Ǧ ͻǡͷሿǤ
× ±
ͷΨ
ǡ
×ǡ
ǡ ʹǡͷΨ ͷͻǡͷ
ሺ
ሻʹǡͷΨͻǡͷ
ሺ
ሻǤ
Modelos de Probabilidad | 291
ͺǤͺ
×Ǧ
𝑛𝑛
𝑁𝑁(0,1)ǡ
×Ǧ
𝑛𝑛ሺ𝜒𝜒𝑛𝑛2 ሻǤ
𝑍𝑍12 + 𝑍𝑍22 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑍𝑛𝑛2 = 𝑋𝑋~𝜒𝜒𝑛𝑛2
×Ǧ
ǡ
1 𝑛𝑛/2−1 −𝑥𝑥/2
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 para 𝑥𝑥 > 0
𝑛𝑛/2
2 Γ( )
2
𝑛𝑛
ǡ𝑛𝑛
×Γ ( )
2
×Ǥ
×Ǧ
×
𝑛𝑛
𝛼𝛼 = 𝛽𝛽 = 2Ǥǣ
2
𝑛𝑛
𝜒𝜒𝑛𝑛2 ~𝒢𝒢 ( , 2)
2
ͺǤͳͳ
Ǧ
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐 𝐲𝐲 𝟑𝟑
ͺǤͳʹ
Ǧ
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐲𝐲 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
292 | Estadística Empresarial
× Ǧ
𝑛𝑛 Ó
ǡ 𝑛𝑛 → ∞
×±
×Ǥ
ǡ
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = 𝑛𝑛 y 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 2𝑛𝑛
À
ǡ
2√2 12
𝛾𝛾1 = 𝑦𝑦 𝛾𝛾2 =
√𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛ሺሻ
𝛼𝛼; (0 < 𝛼𝛼 < 1)Ǥǡ𝑋𝑋~𝜒𝜒𝑛𝑛2
ǣ
𝑥𝑥
1 𝑛𝑛/2−1 −𝑢𝑢/2
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑥𝑥) = ∫ 𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝛼𝛼
0 2 𝑛𝑛/2 Γ (2 )
ͺǤͳͲ
𝑷𝑷(𝑿𝑿 ≤ 𝒙𝒙)
ͺǤͳͷ 2
𝑋𝑋~𝜒𝜒12 ǣ
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 5,23) = 0,05090
Chi-cuadrada; gl=12
0,09
0,08
0,07
0,06
Densidad
0,05
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,05090
0,01
0,00
0 5,25
X
Modelos de Probabilidad | 293
0,09
0,08
0,07
0,06
Densidad
0,05
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,01
0,01482
0,00
0 25
X
0,09
0,08
0,07
0,06
0,9350
Densidad
0,05
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,01
0,00
0 5,23 25
X
0,09
0,08
0,07
0,06
Densidad
0,05
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,05015
0,01
0,05015
0,00
0 5,23 21,02
X
2
𝑋𝑋~𝜒𝜒15 ǣ
ͺǤͳ
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 5,23) = 0,01
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 25) = 0,95
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 25) = 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 25) = 1 − 0,95 = 0,05
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 5,23) = 1 − 0,01 = 0,99
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(5,23 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 25) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 25) − 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 5,23) = 0,95 − 0,01 = 0,94
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(5,23 > 𝑋𝑋 > 25) = 1 − 𝑃𝑃(5,23 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 25) = 0,06
294 | Estadística Empresarial
𝛼𝛼,
À
𝒄𝒄 ±
Ǥ
2
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑐𝑐) = 𝛼𝛼 donde 𝑐𝑐 ∈ 𝜒𝜒𝑛𝑛,𝛼𝛼
2
𝑋𝑋~𝜒𝜒20;0,9 𝑐𝑐ሺ
À
ሻ
ǣ
ͺǤͳ
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑐𝑐) = 0,9 ⇒ 𝑐𝑐 = 28,41
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 𝑐𝑐) = 0,9 ⇒ 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑐𝑐) = 0,9 ⇒ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑐𝑐) = 0,1 ⇒ 𝑐𝑐 = 12,44
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(10,85 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑐𝑐) = 0,9
⇒ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑐𝑐) − 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 10,85) = 0,9 ⇒ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑐𝑐) = 0,95 ⇒ 𝑐𝑐 = 31,41
ͺǤͳͺ 2
𝑋𝑋~𝜒𝜒𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ; 25 𝑐𝑐ሺ
À
ሻ
ǣ
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑐𝑐) = 0,05 ⇒ 𝑐𝑐 = 14,61
Chi-cuadrada; gl=25
0,06
0,05
0,04
Densidad
0,03
0,02
0,01
0,05
0,00
14,61
X
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 𝑐𝑐) = 0,05 ⇒ 𝑐𝑐 = 37,65
Chi-cuadrada; gl=25
0,06
0,05
0,04
Densidad
0,03
0,02
0,01
0,05
0,00
37,65
X
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑐𝑐1 > 𝑋𝑋 > 𝑐𝑐2 ) = 0,05 ⇒ 𝑐𝑐1 = 12,12 𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑐2 = 40,65
Modelos de Probabilidad | 295
Chi-cuadrada; gl=25
0,06
0,05
0,04
Densidad
0,03
0,02
0,01
0,025
0,025
0,00
13,12 40,65
X
ͺǤͻ
×
ǡ 𝑍𝑍~𝑁𝑁(0,1) y 𝑌𝑌~𝜒𝜒𝑛𝑛2 Ǥ
ǡ
𝑍𝑍
𝑇𝑇 =
√𝑌𝑌/𝑛𝑛
×ǡ
𝑛𝑛 + 1 2 − 2
𝑛𝑛+1
Γ( ) 𝑡𝑡
𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑛𝑛 2 (1 + ) − ∞ < 𝑡𝑡 < ∞
Γ (2 ) √𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
×𝑡𝑡
𝑛𝑛Ǥ
ǡ𝑇𝑇~𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛
ͺǤͳ͵
gl
𝑻𝑻 0,4 5
40
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟓𝟓ͶͲ 0,3
Densidad
0,2
0,1
0,0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
T
À
×𝑡𝑡ǣ
×𝑡𝑡±
ሺ±
ሻǤ
𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇 > 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇 < −𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼 )
𝑛𝑛 > 30ǡ𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛 ~𝑁𝑁(0,1)
296 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇 ≤ 𝑡𝑡) 𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇 > 𝑡𝑡) 𝑃𝑃(𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑇 ≤ −𝑡𝑡)
Ǧͷ ͲǡͲͲʹͲͷʹ͵ ͲǡͻͻͻͶͶ
ǦͶ ͲǡͲͲͷͳͳͳ ͲǡͻͻͶͺ͵ͺʹͻ
Ǧ͵ ͲǡͲͳͷͲͶͻʹ ͲǡͻͺͶͻͷͲ͵ͺ
Ǧʹ ͲǡͲͷͲͻͻͶ ͲǡͻͶͻͲ͵Ͳʹ
Ǧͳ ͲǡͳͺͳͲͺ͵ Ͳǡͺͳͺ͵ͻͳʹ
Ͳ Ͳǡͷ Ͳǡͷ ͳ
ͳ Ͳǡͺͳͺ͵ͻͳʹ ͲǡͳͺͳͲͺ͵ Ͳǡ͵͵ʹͳͶ
ʹ ͲǡͻͶͻͲ͵Ͳʹ ͲǡͲͷͲͻͻͶ ͲǡͳͲͳͻ͵ͻͶͺ
͵ ͲǡͻͺͶͻͷͲ͵ͺ ͲǡͲͳͷͲͶͻʹ ͲǡͲ͵ͲͲͻͻʹͷ
Ͷ ͲǡͻͻͶͺ͵ͺʹͻ ͲǡͲͲͷͳͳͳ ͲǡͲͳͲ͵ʹ͵Ͷʹ
ͷ ͲǡͻͻͻͶͶ ͲǡͲͲʹͲͷʹ͵ ͲǡͲͲͶͳͲͶʹ
ͺǤͳͲ
×
Ǧ
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
ǡ
𝑋𝑋~𝜒𝜒𝑛𝑛2
2
𝑌𝑌~𝜒𝜒𝑚𝑚
ǡ
×ǡ
𝑋𝑋/𝑛𝑛
𝐹𝐹 =
𝑌𝑌/𝑚𝑚
× 𝐹𝐹
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
ǡ𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛;𝑚𝑚
×
𝑥𝑥 ≥ 0ǡ
𝑛𝑛 + 𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛/2 𝑛𝑛
Γ(
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2 ) (𝑚𝑚) 𝑥𝑥 2−1
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 (𝑛𝑛+𝑚𝑚)/2
Γ (2) Γ ( 2 ) (1 + 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥)
𝑚𝑚
ͺǤͳͶ
ǡ𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛;𝑚𝑚
×
𝑥𝑥 ≥ 0ǡ
𝑛𝑛 + 𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛/2 𝑛𝑛
Γ( )( ) 𝑥𝑥Modelos
2
−1 de Probabilidad | 297
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2 𝑚𝑚
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 (𝑛𝑛+𝑚𝑚)/2
× Γ ( ) Γ ( ) (1 + 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥)
2 2 𝑚𝑚Modelos de Probabilidad | 297
ͺǤͳͶ
1,0 gl1 gl2
5 10
𝑭𝑭𝟓𝟓,𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 20 20
×
𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐,𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 0,8
1,0 gl1 gl2
5 10
𝑭𝑭
𝟓𝟓,𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 Densidad
0,6
20 20
𝑭𝑭𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐,𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 0,8
0,4
0,6
Densidad
0,2
0,4
0,0
0,2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
X
0,0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑋𝑋~𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛;𝑚𝑚
ǣ X
𝑚𝑚 > 2𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = 𝑚𝑚
𝑋𝑋~𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛;𝑚𝑚
ǣ𝑚𝑚−2 2
2𝑚𝑚 (𝑛𝑛+𝑚𝑚−2)
𝑚𝑚 > 4𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 𝑛𝑛(𝑚𝑚−4)(𝑚𝑚−2)2
𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚
𝑃𝑃(𝐹𝐹 ≤ > 𝑥𝑥)
2𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋)
= 1 − 𝑃𝑃=(𝐹𝐹 ≤ )
1
𝑛𝑛;𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚−2
𝑛𝑛;𝑚𝑚 2 𝑥𝑥
2𝑚𝑚
1 (𝑛𝑛+𝑚𝑚−2)
𝑚𝑚 > 4𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) =
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛;𝑚𝑚:𝛼𝛼 = 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛(𝑚𝑚−4)(𝑚𝑚−2) 2
𝑛𝑛,𝑚𝑚:1−𝛼𝛼
1
𝑛𝑛;𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑥𝑥) = 1𝐹𝐹
𝑃𝑃(𝐹𝐹
× −𝑃𝑃 (𝐹𝐹
𝑛𝑛;𝑚𝑚 ≤ )
×
±
𝑥𝑥
[0; ∞)Ǥ
𝐹𝐹 =
1
𝑛𝑛;𝑚𝑚:𝛼𝛼
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛,𝑚𝑚:1−𝛼𝛼
×
𝑋𝑋~𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹 ±
×
5;7
ǣ𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≥ 2) = 0,1957
ͺǤʹͲ
[0; ∞)Ǥ
F; df1=5; df2=7
0,7
𝑋𝑋~𝐹𝐹5;7
ǣ𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≥ 2) = 0,1957
ͺǤʹͲ
0,6
F; df1=5; df2=7
0,7
0,5
0,6
Densidad Densidad
0,4
0,5
0,3
0,4
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,1957
0,2
0,0
0 2
0,1 X
0,1957
0,0
0 2
X
298 | Estadística Empresarial
ͺǤͳ
ǡ
± ǡ
ǤͲǡͶǡ
Ǥ
ͺǤʹ À
±
ͲǡǤͳͲǡ
ǣ
ሻ À
±
Ǥ
ሻ À
±
ሻ
À
±
Ǥ
ሻ À
±
Ǥ
ሻ
À
±
Ǥ
ሻ
À
±
Ǥ
ͺǤ͵
×
Ǥ
ͺǤͶ ͳΨ
ÓÀ
Ǥ
ͳͲͲǣ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ
Ǥ
ሻ ͵
Ǥ
ͺǤͷ
×
ͲǡͲͲͷǡͷǤͲͲͲ×Ǭ
ͳͲ
×ǫ
ͺǤ ͷͲͲ
×ǡ
ͳͻ
× À
ͷ
Ǥ
ǣ
ሻ ͳͷ
Ǥ
ሻ ͳͺͲ
Ǥ
ሻ ͳͷͳͷ
Ǥ
ͺǤ
×ʹÓǡ
×À
ʹÓǤǡ
ǣ
ሻ ʹÓǤ
ሻ ʹÓǤ
ሻ ʹͲÓǤ
ሻ ͵ͲÓǤ
ሻ ʹͲ͵ͲÓǤ
ሻ ʹͷʹÓǤ
ǡ ±
À
ͻͷΨǤ
Ǥ
ͺǤͺ 𝑋𝑋~𝑁𝑁(120,20)
ǣ
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 105)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 80)
Modelos de Probabilidad | 299
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(100 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 130)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(80 > 𝑋𝑋 > 130)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(90 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 100) + 𝑃𝑃(130 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 140)
ͺǤͻ
×Ǥ
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍𝑍 ≤ 1)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍𝑍 ≤ 2)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(−3 ≤ 𝑍𝑍 ≤ 3)
2
ͺǤͳͲ 𝑋𝑋~𝜒𝜒17
ǣ
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 5,23)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 25)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 25)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 5,23)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(5,23 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 25)
2
ͺǤͳͳ 𝑋𝑋~𝜒𝜒20
ǣ
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 20)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 15)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 20)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 10)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(15 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 20)
ͺǤͳʹ 𝑋𝑋~𝜒𝜒52
ǣ
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 20)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 15)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 10)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(15 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 20)
2
ͺǤͳ͵ 𝑋𝑋~𝜒𝜒0,4 ; 10 𝑐𝑐ሺ
À
ሻ
ǣ
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑐𝑐)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 𝑐𝑐)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(5 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑐𝑐)
ͺǤͳͶ 𝑇𝑇~𝑡𝑡5
ǣ
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇 ≤ −2)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ −3)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 3)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(−3 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 3)
ͺǤͳͷ 𝑇𝑇~𝑡𝑡15
ǣ
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇 ≤ −2)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ −3)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 3)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(−3 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 3)
ͺǤͳ 𝑋𝑋~𝐹𝐹2;5
ǣ
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≥ 6)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≥ 10)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 2)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(5 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 10)
ͻ
El sesgo en la información estadística será menor
si la muestra es representativa
À
×
ǡ
×
±
×Ǥ
302 | Estadística Empresarial
ͻǤͳ
×
×
×
×Ǥ
Ǥ
×
À
Ó
Ǥ
±
À
Ǥ
×
“”
×Ǥ
×
Ǥǡ×
ǡÀ
× ǡÀ
×
ǡ
×
ǡ
×±
Ǥ
ǡ Ó
ïǡ
ǣ
ǡ À
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
×ǡ ǡ
× ǡ
ǣ À
À
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
±À±Ǥ
V
Ǥ
ǡ ±
𝑁𝑁 𝑛𝑛
Ǥ
Ǥ
× ×
×Ǥ
ǡ
± (𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛
)
Ǥ
×ǣ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
×Ǥ
Muestreo y Distribuciones Muestrales | 303
×
×
À
Ǥ
×
ͷͲΨǤ
A
À
ǡ
×
×
Ǥ
ͻǤʹ
×Ó𝑛𝑛
×ǡ
×ï
À
Ǥ
× Ó𝑛𝑛𝑋𝑋
×ǡ
𝑛𝑛
𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛
ǣ
ሻ
𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛𝑛 𝑋𝑋ǡ
ǣ
𝐹𝐹𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝐹𝐹𝑋𝑋 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 𝑥𝑥) ∀𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ
ሻ 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛𝑛
ǣ
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = 𝜇𝜇
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 𝜎𝜎 2
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 ) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 )𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥2 ) … 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 )
ǡ
ͻǤͳ
Ψ
× ͳΨǤ
ͳͲ𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑋10 Ǣ
ǣ
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋7 ≤ 8)
ሻ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋1 + 𝑋𝑋5 − 𝑋𝑋3 > 6)
ሻ ͳͲ
ͷΨ
Ǥ
ሻ 𝑋𝑋7 ~𝑁𝑁(7; 1)
ǣ
𝑋𝑋7 − 𝜇𝜇 8 − 7
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋7 ≤ 8) = 𝑃𝑃 ( ≤ ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ 1) = 0,841
𝜎𝜎 1
ሻ 𝑋𝑋~𝑁𝑁(7; 1) ⇒ 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 ~𝑁𝑁(7,1)
ǣ
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = 7
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋) = 1
304 | Estadística Empresarial
𝜎𝜎
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥̅ =
√𝑛𝑛
×
×
Ǥ𝑍𝑍~𝑁𝑁(0; 1)Ǥ
𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇
𝑍𝑍 = 𝜎𝜎 ~𝑁𝑁(0; 1)
√𝑛𝑛
𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛
×
Ó𝑁𝑁
𝑋𝑋~𝑁𝑁(𝜇𝜇, 𝜎𝜎 2 )ǡ
ǡ
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋̅) = 𝜇𝜇
𝜎𝜎 2 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋̅) = ( )
𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1
𝑁𝑁−𝑛𝑛
ǡ( 𝑁𝑁−1 )
×
×Ǥ
ǡǤ
𝜎𝜎 2 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛 𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇
𝑋𝑋̅~𝑁𝑁 (𝜇𝜇; ( )) ⇒ 𝑍𝑍 = ~𝑁𝑁(0; 1)
𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1 𝜎𝜎 √𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
√𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1
×
ǡǡ
ͻǤʹ
͵ǤͲͲͲǡͷǤͲͲͲǡͻǤͲͲͲǤͲͲͲǤ𝑋𝑋~𝑁𝑁(6.000; 5.000.000)
ሻ
Óʹ
× Ͷ
×Ǥ
ሻ
ǡ
Ǥ
×
ሻ
ÓʹͶǣ
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑁𝑁 𝑛𝑛 = 42 = 16Ǥ
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐 ̅
𝑿𝑿
ͳ ǡ ͵ǤͲͲͲ͵ǤͲͲͲ ͵ǤͲͲͲ
ʹ ǡ ͵ǤͲͲͲͷǤͲͲͲ ͶǤͲͲͲ
͵ ǡ ͵ǤͲͲͲͻǤͲͲͲ ǤͲͲͲ
Ͷ ǡ ͵ǤͲͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͷǤͲͲͲ
ͷ ǡ ͷǤͲͲͲ͵ǤͲͲͲ ͶǤͲͲͲ
ǡ ͷǤͲͲͲͷǤͲͲͲ ͷǤͲͲͲ
ǡ ͷǤͲͲͲͻǤͲͲͲ ǤͲͲͲ
ͺ ǡ ͷǤͲͲͲǤͲͲͲ ǤͲͲͲ
ͻ ǡ ͻǤͲͲͲ͵ǤͲͲͲ ǤͲͲͲ
ͳͲ ǡ ͻǤͲͲͲͷǤͲͲͲ ǤͲͲͲ
ͳͳ ǡ ͻǤͲͲͲͻǤͲͲͲ ͻǤͲͲͲ
ͳʹ ǡ ͻǤͲͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͺǤͲͲͲ
ͳ͵ ǡ ǤͲͲͲ͵ǤͲͲͲ ͷǤͲͲͲ
306 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑁𝑁(80; 36)Ǭͺʹǫ
ǣ𝑛𝑛 = 25𝜇𝜇 = 80𝜎𝜎 2 = 36
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋̅) = 𝜇𝜇 = 80
𝜎𝜎 2 36
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋̅) = =
𝑛𝑛 25
ǡ
36
𝑋𝑋̅~𝑁𝑁 (80 ; )
25
ǡ
82 − 80 5
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋̅ > 82) = 𝑃𝑃 (𝑍𝑍 > ) = 𝑃𝑃 (𝑍𝑍 > ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ −1,67) = 0,0475
6 3
√25
𝑋𝑋̅−𝜇𝜇
𝑍𝑍 = 𝜎𝜎 ~𝑁𝑁(0,1)
√𝑛𝑛
±
ͳͲǤ͵ͲͲ
ͻǤͶ
×ͷǤͺͲͲǤ
ሻ ͷͲ
ǡ
±ͻǤͲͲͲͳͳǤͲͲͲǣ
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋̅) = 𝜇𝜇 = 10.300
𝜎𝜎 2 5.8002
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋̅) = =
𝑛𝑛 50
2
5.800
𝑋𝑋̅~𝑁𝑁 (10.300 ; )
50
9.000 − 10.300 11.000 − 10.300
𝑃𝑃(9.000 ≤ 𝑋𝑋̅ ≤ 11.000) = 𝑃𝑃 ( ≤ 𝑍𝑍 ≤ )
5.800/√50 5.800/√50
= 𝑃𝑃(−1,58 ≤ 𝑍𝑍 ≤ 0,85)
= 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ 0,85) − 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ −1,58) = 0,745
308 | Estadística Empresarial
ሻ
ͳǤʹͲͲǡ
ͷͲ
±ͻǤͲͲͲͳͳǤͲͲͲǡ
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋̅) = 𝜇𝜇 = 10.300
𝜎𝜎 2 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛 5.8002 1.200 − 50
̅ )
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋 = ( )= ( ) = 645.304,42
𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1 50 1.200 − 1
𝑋𝑋̅~𝑁𝑁(10.300 ; 656.308,15)
9.000 − 10.300 11.000 − 10.300
𝑃𝑃(9.000 ≤ 𝑋𝑋̅ ≤ 11.000) = 𝑃𝑃 ( ≤ 𝑍𝑍 ≤ )
√645.304,42 √645.304,42
= 𝑃𝑃(−1,62 ≤ 𝑍𝑍 ≤ 0,87)
= 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ 0,87) − 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ −1,62) = 0,755
𝑋𝑋̅−𝜇𝜇
ǣ𝑍𝑍 = ~𝑁𝑁(0; 1)
𝜎𝜎 𝑁𝑁−𝑛𝑛
√
√𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁−1
V
𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛
× 𝑋𝑋~𝑁𝑁(𝜇𝜇; 𝜎𝜎 2 )ǡ
×Ǧ
𝑛𝑛 − 1Ǥ
(𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑆𝑆 2 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 − 𝑋𝑋̅)2 2
= ~𝜒𝜒𝑛𝑛−1
𝜎𝜎 2 𝜎𝜎 2
ǣ
𝜎𝜎 2
̅
𝑋𝑋~𝑁𝑁 (𝜇𝜇; )
𝑛𝑛
∑𝑖𝑖=1(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 − 𝑋𝑋̅)2
𝑛𝑛
𝑆𝑆 2 =
𝑛𝑛 − 1
×
ͻǤͷ
ǡǡ
𝑥𝑥 1 1
𝐸𝐸(𝑝𝑝̂ ) = 𝐸𝐸 ( ) = 𝐸𝐸(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝑝𝑝
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥 1 1 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑝𝑝̂ ) = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 ( ) = 2 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑥𝑥) = 2 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 =
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
À
ǡ
× ǡ
×
×
Ǥ
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑝𝑝̂ → 𝑁𝑁 (𝑝𝑝; )
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛
ǡ
𝑝𝑝̂ − 𝑝𝑝
𝑍𝑍 = → 𝑁𝑁(0; 1)
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑛𝑛→∞
√
𝑛𝑛
×Ó𝑁𝑁ǡ
××
Ǥ
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
𝑝𝑝̂ → 𝑁𝑁 [𝑝𝑝; ( )]
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1
ǡ
𝑝𝑝̂ − 𝑝𝑝
𝑍𝑍 = ≅ 𝑁𝑁(0; 1)
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
√ ( 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1)
×ͷΨ
Ǥ
ͻǤ
V
ǡ
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2
𝑋𝑋̅~𝑁𝑁 (𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 ; ) e 𝑌𝑌̅~𝑁𝑁 (𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 ; )
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅
𝑛𝑛 + 𝑚𝑚
Ǥ
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2
𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅~𝑁𝑁 (𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 ; + )
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
ǣ
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) = 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋̅) − 𝐸𝐸(𝑌𝑌̅) = 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋̅) + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑌𝑌̅) = +
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
ǡ
ͷǤͳͲͲǡ
×ͳǤͲͲʹͷ
Ǥʹͷ͵Ͳ
Ǭ
ͳǤͲͲͲǫ
ǣ
𝑛𝑛 = 25ǡ𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = 6.800ǡ𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 = 1.6002 ǡ𝑚𝑚 = 30ǡ𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 = 5.100𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2 = 6252
692.525
𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅~𝑁𝑁 (1.700 ; )
6
ǣ
1.000 − 1.700
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅ ≤ 1.000) = 𝑃𝑃 (𝑍𝑍 ≤ ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 ≤ −2,06) = 0,02
√692.525/6
Muestreo y Distribuciones Muestrales | 311
𝑁𝑁(90; 𝜎𝜎 2 )Ǥ
ǡ
͵Ͳ
± 𝑆𝑆 2 = 1602 Ǥ
Ͳ±
Ǥ
𝑡𝑡ǡ
(𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇)√𝑛𝑛 (70 − 90)√30
𝑇𝑇 = = = −0,685
𝑆𝑆 160
ǣ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋̅ ≤ 70) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇 ≤ −0,685) = 0,25
V
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 y 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2
±
𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 , 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
ǡǡ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑚𝑚
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖
𝑋𝑋̅ = 𝑌𝑌̅ =
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 − 𝑋𝑋̅)2 ∑𝑚𝑚 ̅ 2
𝑖𝑖=1(𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 − 𝑌𝑌 )
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 = 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 =
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑚𝑚 − 1
×
ǣ
312 | Estadística Empresarial
ͳʹǤͻǤͷͶͶሺʹͲͳ͵ሻǤ
ͳͲ
5002 ͳ
1.5002ǡ
×Ǥ
ǡ
±ͷǤͲͲͲǤͲͲͲǡ
5.000 − 5.253 7.000 − 5.253
𝑃𝑃(5.000 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 7.000) = 𝑃𝑃 ( ≤T≤ )
492,95 492,95
= 𝑃𝑃(−0,51 ≤ T ≤ 3,54) = 0,692
ǡ
(𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) − (12.797 − 7.544) (𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) − 5.253
𝑇𝑇 = = = ~𝑡𝑡25
2 2 492,95
√9 ∗ 500 + 16 ∗ 1. 500 ( 1 + 1 )
10 + 17 − 2 10 17
ǣ𝑛𝑛 = 10𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 = 5002 𝑋𝑋̅ = salario promedio muestral de directivos
ǣ𝑚𝑚 = 17𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 = 1. 5002
𝑌𝑌̅ = salario promedio muestral de profesionales
ǡ
±ͷǤͲͲͲǤͲͲͲǡ
5.000 − 5.253 7.000 − 5.253
𝑃𝑃(5.000 ≤ 𝑋𝑋 ≤ 7.000) = 𝑃𝑃 ( ≤T≤ )
396,68 396,68
= 𝑃𝑃(−0,64 ≤ T ≤ 4,404) = 0,736
314 | Estadística Empresarial
ǡ
(𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) − (𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 ) (𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) − 5.253
𝑇𝑇 = = = ~𝑡𝑡(22)
2 2 396,68
√𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋 + 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
2
5002 1. 5002
( 10 + 17 )
𝑔𝑔 ≅ 2 2 − 2 ≅ 22
5002 1. 5002
( 10 ) ( 17 )
+
11 18
ͳʹͲ
9002 ͶͷͲ
2.1002
×ǡ
Ǭ
±ͷǤͲͲͲ
ǤͲͲͲǫ
𝑛𝑛 + 𝑚𝑚 > 30
ǡ
ï
ǡ
ͻǤͳͲ
Ǥ
ͷ ͻͲǤͲͲͲ 20.0002
ͺͲǤͲͲͲ 5.0002
ï
Ǣ
Ǥ
ǡ
𝑋𝑋̅ǣǢ𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 ǣǢ𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 ǣ
𝑌𝑌̅ǣǢ𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 ǣǢ𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 ǣ
(90.000 − 80.000) − (𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 ) 10.000 − (𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 )
𝑇𝑇 = = = ~𝑡𝑡(5)
20.000 2 5.000 2 9.174,24
√ + 6
5
2
20.0002 5.0002
( +
6
)
5
𝑔𝑔 ≅ 2 2 − 2 = 5
20.000 2 5.0002
( ) ( 6 )
5
6 + 7
ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 > 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 > 0) = 𝑃𝑃(−(𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 ) < 0)
×ǣ
×ǡ
×ǡ
×ǡ
±Ǥ
V
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
ǡ
𝑝𝑝1 𝑞𝑞1 𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞2
𝑝𝑝̂1 → 𝑁𝑁 (𝑝𝑝1 ; ) y 𝑝𝑝̂2 → 𝑁𝑁 (𝑝𝑝2 ; )
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚→∞ 𝑚𝑚
𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝2
Ǥ
ǡ
×
Ǥ
𝑝𝑝1 𝑞𝑞1 𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞2
𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂2 →𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑁𝑁 (𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 ; + )
𝑚𝑚→∞ 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
ǡ
(𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂2 ) − (𝑝𝑝1 −𝑝𝑝2 )
𝑍𝑍 = ≅ 𝑁𝑁(0; 1)
𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞 𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞
√ 1 1+ 2 2
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
ǣ
𝐸𝐸(𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ 2 ) = 𝐸𝐸(𝑝𝑝̂1 ) − 𝐸𝐸(𝑝𝑝̂2 ) = 𝑝𝑝1 −𝑝𝑝2
𝑝𝑝1 𝑞𝑞1 𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ 2 ) = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑝𝑝̂1 ) + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑝𝑝̂ 2 ) = +
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
𝑞𝑞1 = 1 − 𝑝𝑝1
𝑞𝑞2 = 1 − 𝑝𝑝2
͵ͷΨ͵ͲΨ
ͻǤͳͳ
ǡ
͵ͷͲ ʹͷͲ Ǥ
ͳͲΨ
Ǥ
ǣ
𝑝𝑝1 = 0,35Ǣ𝑛𝑛 = 350
𝑝𝑝2 = 0,3Ǣ𝑚𝑚 = 250
𝐸𝐸(𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂2 ) = 0,35 − 0,3 = 0,05
𝑝𝑝1 𝑞𝑞1 𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂2 ) = + = 0,00149
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂2 ≅ 𝑁𝑁(0,05 ; 0,00149)
0,1 − 0,05
𝑃𝑃(𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂2 > 0,1) = 𝑃𝑃 (𝑍𝑍 > ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 > 1,295) = 0,0976
√0,00149
−0,05
𝑃𝑃(𝑝𝑝̂1 > 𝑝𝑝̂ 2 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂2 > 0) = 𝑃𝑃 (𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂2 > )
√0,00149
= 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 > −1,295) = 0,902
Muestreo y Distribuciones Muestrales | 317
ͻǤ͵
×
±
Ǥ
ǣ
ͳǤ
Ǥ
×ͳ𝑁𝑁
Ǥ
ʹǤ Ǥ
×Ó𝑁𝑁
𝑛𝑛ǡǣ
ǡ
1/𝑁𝑁Ǣǡ(𝑁𝑁 𝑛𝑛
)
ሺሻ𝑛𝑛ǣ
1 𝑛𝑛! (𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛)!
𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀) = 𝑁𝑁 =
( 𝑛𝑛 ) 𝑁𝑁!
𝑛𝑛/𝑁𝑁Ǥ
͵Ǥ Óሺ𝑛𝑛ሻǤï
Ǥ
ͶǤ
× Ǥ ǡ
Ó 𝑛𝑛
Ǥ
Ó ±ǡ
Ǥ
S
À
×ǡ
Ó
Ǥ
SV V𝝁𝝁
Ǥ
𝜇𝜇
1 − 𝛼𝛼
×
𝜎𝜎
ǡ
𝜎𝜎 𝜎𝜎
𝑃𝑃 (𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 ≤ 𝜇𝜇 ≤ 𝑋𝑋̅ + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 ) = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
√𝑛𝑛 √𝑛𝑛
𝜎𝜎
̅
𝑃𝑃 (|𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇| ≤ 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 ) = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
√𝑛𝑛
𝑋𝑋̅
𝜇𝜇ǡ
1 − 𝛼𝛼Ǣ×
|𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇|representa el error de estimación “𝑒𝑒”
318 | Estadística Empresarial
“𝑒𝑒” À
ǡ
𝜎𝜎
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2
√𝑛𝑛
ÓǤ
𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐
𝒏𝒏 =
𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐
×
"1 − 𝛼𝛼"
"𝑒𝑒"
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͻǤͳʹ
ǡ
Ǥ
×ͳͷͲ̈́
×ʹͲ̈́ǡ
ǣ
ͻͲΨÓǡ
2
𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 𝜎𝜎 2 1,6452 ∗ 1502
𝑛𝑛 = = ≅ 153
𝑒𝑒 2 202
ͻͷΨǡ
2
𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 𝜎𝜎 2 1,962 ∗ 1502
𝑛𝑛 = = ≅ 217
𝑒𝑒 2 202
ͻΨǡ
2
𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 𝜎𝜎 2 2,172 ∗ 1502
𝑛𝑛 = = ≅ 265
𝑒𝑒 2 202
ͻͺΨǡ
2
𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 𝜎𝜎 2 2,3262 ∗ 1502
𝑛𝑛 = = ≅ 305
𝑒𝑒 2 202
ͻͻΨǡ
2
𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 𝜎𝜎 2 2,5762 ∗ 1502
𝑛𝑛 = = ≅ 374
𝑒𝑒 2 202
Ǥ
SV V𝝁𝝁
Ǥ
×
Ó 𝑁𝑁ǡ
1 − 𝛼𝛼ǡ
𝜎𝜎 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃 (|𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇| ≤ 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 √ ) = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
√𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1
Muestreo y Distribuciones Muestrales | 319
ǡÓǡ
𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵
𝒏𝒏 =
𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 + 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐 (𝑵𝑵 − 𝟏𝟏)
×
"1 − 𝛼𝛼""𝑒𝑒"
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
ͻǤͳ͵
ͳǤʹͷͲǡÓ
ͻͲΨͻͷΨǤ
2
1 − 𝛼𝛼 = 0,90 →𝑍𝑍0,05 = 1,645
2
𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 𝜎𝜎 2 𝑁𝑁 1,6452 ∗ 1502 ∗ 1.250
𝑛𝑛 = 2 2 = = 136
𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 𝜎𝜎 + 𝑒𝑒 2 (𝑁𝑁 − 1) 1,6452 ∗ 1502 + 202 (1.250 − 1)
2
1 − 𝛼𝛼 = 0,95 →𝑍𝑍0,025 = 1,96
1,962 ∗ 1502 ∗ 1.250
𝑛𝑛 = = 185
1,962 ∗ 1502 + 202 (1.250 − 1)
ǡ
Ó
×Ǥ
𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐
±ǣ
1
𝑆𝑆 2 = ∑(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 − 𝑋𝑋̅)2
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑁𝑁
𝐸𝐸(𝑆𝑆 2 ) = 𝜎𝜎 2
𝑁𝑁 − 1
ǡ
𝑆𝑆 2 𝑛𝑛
̂ (𝑋𝑋̅) = (1 − )
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁
ǡ
𝑆𝑆 2 𝑛𝑛
𝜎𝜎̂(𝑋𝑋̅) = √ (1 − )
𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁
𝑛𝑛
1 − 𝑁𝑁
×
×ǡ
̂ (𝑋𝑋̅)] = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋̅)
𝐸𝐸[𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
320 | Estadística Empresarial
𝜇𝜇
ǡ
𝑃𝑃 (|𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇| ≤ 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 𝜎𝜎̂(𝑋𝑋̅)) = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
ǡ𝑒𝑒 = 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 𝜎𝜎̂(𝑋𝑋̅)ǡ
ǡÓǣ
𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒁𝒁𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐 𝑺𝑺 + 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵
ǣ
𝟐𝟐
𝒏𝒏𝟎𝟎 𝒁𝒁𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐
𝒏𝒏 = 𝒏𝒏 𝒏𝒏 𝟎𝟎 =
𝟏𝟏 + 𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐
𝑵𝑵
ǡǣ
̂ (𝑋𝑋̅)
√𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝑒𝑒𝑀𝑀,𝑅𝑅 =
𝑋𝑋̅
×
×
ͻǤͳͶ
ͷǤͲͲͲ ï
ǡ Ó
ͻͷΨ
× Ͳ
Ǥ
ǣ
2
ǣ1 − 𝛼𝛼 = 0,95 →𝑍𝑍0,025 = 1,96
𝑒𝑒 = 60𝑁𝑁 = 5.000
𝑆𝑆 = 200𝑋𝑋̅ = 505Ǥ
1,962 ∗ 2002 ∗ 5.000
𝑛𝑛 = = 43
1,962 ∗ 2002 + 602 ∗ 5.000
ǡ
2002 43
𝜎𝜎̂(𝑋𝑋̅) = √ (1 − ) = 30,6
43 5.000
ǣ
30.6
𝑒𝑒𝑀𝑀,𝑅𝑅 = = 0,061 ≈ 6,1%
505
SV V
V𝒑𝒑
1 − 𝛼𝛼𝑝𝑝ǣ
𝑝𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ ) 𝑝𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ )
𝑃𝑃 (𝑝𝑝̂ − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 √ ≤ 𝑝𝑝 ≤ 𝑝𝑝̂ + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 √ ) = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
Muestreo y Distribuciones Muestrales | 321
Ó
ͻͷΨ
×
×͵ΨǤ
×ǣ
𝛼𝛼 = 0,05 → 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 = 1,96
1,962
𝑛𝑛 = ≅ 1.068
4 ∗ 0,032
ǡ
0,5 ∗ 0,5
𝑒𝑒𝑀𝑀 = √ = 0,0153
1.068
322 | Estadística Empresarial
S V S 𝑵𝑵
VV𝒑𝒑
ǡ
×Ó𝑁𝑁ǡ
𝑝𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ ) 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛 𝑝𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ ) 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃 (𝑝𝑝̂ − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 √ ∗ ≤ 𝑝𝑝 ≤ 𝑝𝑝̂ + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 √ ∗ ) = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1 𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1
𝑒𝑒 = |𝑝𝑝̂ − 𝑝𝑝|ǡ
𝑝𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ ) 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃 (|𝑝𝑝̂ − 𝑝𝑝| ≤ 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 √ ∗ ) = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1
ǡ
𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐 𝒑𝒑
̂(𝟏𝟏 − 𝒑𝒑
̂)𝑵𝑵
𝒏𝒏 =
𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐 𝒑𝒑 ̂) + 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐 (𝑵𝑵 − 𝟏𝟏)
̂(𝟏𝟏 − 𝒑𝒑
𝑝𝑝̂(1−𝑝𝑝̂) 𝑁𝑁−𝑛𝑛
∗ Óǡ
𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁−1
𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵
𝒏𝒏 =
𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐 + 𝟒𝟒𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐 (𝑵𝑵 − 𝟏𝟏)
ǡ
𝑝𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ ) 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
𝑒𝑒𝑀𝑀 = √ ( )
𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1
ǡ
𝑒𝑒𝑀𝑀
𝑒𝑒𝑀𝑀,𝑅𝑅 =
𝑝𝑝̂
ǡ
ͻǤͳ
Ó
×
ʹͲǤͲͲͲǡ
ሺሻͷΨ
ͻͲΨǤ
×ǣ
𝛼𝛼 = 0,1 → 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 = 1,645
𝑒𝑒 = 0,05
𝑁𝑁 = 20.000
𝑝𝑝̂ = 0,4
Ǥ
ǣ
1,6452 ∗ 0,4 ∗ 0,6 ∗ 20.000
𝑛𝑛 = ≅ 257
1,6452 ∗ 0,4 ∗ 0,6 + 0,052 (20.000 − 1)
ʹͷǤ
Muestreo y Distribuciones Muestrales | 323
ǣ
Ǥ
0,4 ∗ 0,6 20.000 − 257
𝑒𝑒𝑀𝑀 = √ ( ) = 0,0304
257 20.000 − 1
Ǥ
0,0304
𝑒𝑒𝑀𝑀,𝑅𝑅 = = 0,076 ≈ 7,6%
0,4
ͻǤͳ
ǡÓǤ
ï ʹͲͳͳʹǤͲͷʹ
Ǥ
×ǣ
ͻΨሺ𝛼𝛼 = 0,03 → 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 = 2,17)
×
×ͷΨ(𝑒𝑒 = 0,05)
𝑝𝑝̂
Óǡ
2,172 ∗ 12.052
𝑛𝑛 = ≅ 454 empresas
2,172 + 4 ∗ 0,052 (12.052 − 1)
ǣ
Ǥ
0,5 ∗ 0,5 12.052 − 454
𝑒𝑒𝑀𝑀 = √ ( ) = 0,02304
454 12.052 − 1
Ǥ
0,02304
𝑒𝑒𝑀𝑀,𝑅𝑅 = = 0,046 ≈ 4,6%
0,5
ͻǤͶ
× ±
±Ǥ
ǣ
×
Ǥ
Ǥ
±
×Ǥ
Ǥ
×Ǥ
324 | Estadística Empresarial
∑ 𝑁𝑁ℎ = 𝑁𝑁
ℎ=1
𝑛𝑛
ï±
×Ǥ
𝑛𝑛 → {𝑛𝑛1 , 𝑛𝑛2 , … , 𝑛𝑛𝐿𝐿 }
𝐿𝐿
∑ 𝑛𝑛ℎ = 𝑛𝑛
ℎ=1
ǣ
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
(1 − 𝑓𝑓ℎ )
𝑋𝑋̅̂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑥𝑥̅ℎ ; 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋̅̂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) = ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ2 𝑆𝑆ℎ2
𝑛𝑛ℎ
ℎ=1 ℎ=1
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
(1 − 𝑓𝑓ℎ ) 𝑁𝑁ℎ
𝑃𝑃̂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑝𝑝̂ℎ ; 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑃𝑃̂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) = ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ2 ∙ 𝑝𝑝̂ 𝑞𝑞̂
𝑛𝑛ℎ 𝑁𝑁ℎ − 1 ℎ ℎ
ℎ=1 ℎ=1
ǣ
𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑛𝑛
𝑊𝑊ℎ =
𝑁𝑁
ǡ𝑓𝑓ℎ = 𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑦𝑦 𝑞𝑞̂ℎ = 1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ℎ
ℎ
V
𝑛𝑛
ÓǤ
ǡ
𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛ℎ = 𝑁𝑁ℎ = 𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑓𝑓
𝑁𝑁
𝑛𝑛ℎ 𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓ℎ = = = 𝑓𝑓
𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑁𝑁ℎ
ǡ
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
𝑛𝑛ℎ 1
𝑋𝑋̅̂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑥𝑥̅ℎ = ∑ 𝑥𝑥̅ℎ = ∑ 𝑛𝑛ℎ 𝑥𝑥̅ℎ
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
ℎ=1 ℎ=1 ℎ=1
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
̂ (1 − 𝑓𝑓ℎ ) 𝑁𝑁ℎ 2 2 (1 − 𝑓𝑓ℎ ) (1 − 𝑓𝑓)
̅ 2 2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) = ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ = ∑ ( ) 𝑆𝑆ℎ ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ2
𝑛𝑛ℎ 𝑁𝑁 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛
𝑁𝑁ℎ
ℎ=1 ℎ=1 𝑁𝑁 ℎ=1
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
(1 − 𝑓𝑓ℎ ) 𝑁𝑁ℎ (1 − 𝑓𝑓) 𝑁𝑁ℎ2 /𝑁𝑁
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑃𝑃̂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) = ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ2 ∙ 𝑝𝑝̂ ℎ 𝑞𝑞̂ℎ = ∑ 𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞
𝑛𝑛ℎ 𝑁𝑁ℎ − 1 𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁ℎ − 1 ℎ ℎ
ℎ=1 ℎ=1
Muestreo y Distribuciones Muestrales | 325
Óǡ
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑛 = (1 − ) ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ2 = ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ2 − ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ2
2
𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁
ℎ=1 ℎ=1 ℎ=1
∑𝑳𝑳𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝒉𝒉 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒉𝒉
𝒏𝒏 =
𝟏𝟏
𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐 + 𝑵𝑵 ∑𝑳𝑳𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝒉𝒉 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒉𝒉
ǡ
∑𝑳𝑳𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝒉𝒉 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒉𝒉
𝒏𝒏 =
𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐 ∑𝑳𝑳𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝒉𝒉 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒉𝒉
+
𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵
Ó
×ǡ
𝑵𝑵𝒉𝒉
∑𝑳𝑳𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝒉𝒉 𝒑𝒑 𝒒𝒒
𝑵𝑵𝒉𝒉 − 𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝒉 𝒉𝒉
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐
𝒆𝒆 𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳 𝑵𝑵𝒉𝒉
+ ∑ 𝑾𝑾 𝒑𝒑 𝒒𝒒
𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵 𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝒉 𝑵𝑵𝒉𝒉 − 𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝒉 𝒉𝒉
×
ǡ
ͻǤͳͺ
Ǥ
ǣ
×ሺȀ
ሻǤ
𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑥𝑥̅ℎ ȗ 𝑆𝑆ℎ2 ȗ 𝑝𝑝ℎ ȗ
ͳ ͷͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳǡͷ ʹͺ ʹͷ Ͳǡ
ʹ ͵ͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳǡ͵ ͵ʹ Ͷͻ ͲǡͶ
͵ ʹͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳǡʹ ͶͲ ͳͲͲ Ͳǡ
ͳͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͳ
ȗ
×Ǥ
𝑝𝑝ℎ ǣ
×
Ǥ
𝑥𝑥̅ℎ ǣǤ
ͳǤ×Ǥ
𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑥𝑥̅ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ2 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ2
ͳ ͷͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳǡͷ ʹͺ ʹͷ ͳʹǡͷ
ʹ ͵ͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳǡ͵ ͵ʹ Ͷͻ ͳͶǡ
͵ ʹͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳǡʹ ͶͲ ͳͲͲ ʹͲ
ͳͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͳ Ͷǡʹ
326 | Estadística Empresarial
Ó
ͻͷΨ
×
×
ǡ
47,2
𝑛𝑛 = 2 ≅ 181
1 47,2
+
1,962 100.000
×
ǡ
𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑛𝑛/𝑁𝑁 𝑛𝑛ℎ
ͳ ͷͲǤͲͲͲ ͲǡͲͲͳͺͳ ͻͳ
ʹ ͵ͲǤͲͲͲ ͲǡͲͲͳͺͳ ͷͶ
͵ ʹͲǤͲͲͲ ͲǡͲͲͳͺͳ ͵
𝐿𝐿
1
𝑋𝑋̅̂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ∑ 𝑛𝑛ℎ 𝑥𝑥̅ℎ = 31,6
𝑛𝑛
ℎ=1
𝐿𝐿
(1 − 𝑓𝑓)
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋̅̂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) = ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ2 = 0,26
𝑛𝑛
ℎ=1
ǡ
𝜎𝜎̂(𝑋𝑋̅̂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) = 0,51
ǡ
𝑒𝑒𝑀𝑀,𝑅𝑅 = 1,61%
ʹǤሺ
ȀÀሻ
𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑁𝑁ℎ
𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞
𝑁𝑁ℎ − 1 𝑁𝑁ℎ − 1 ℎ ℎ
ͳ ͷͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳǡͷ Ͳǡ Ͳǡʹͳ ͳǡͲͲͲͲʹ ͲǡͳͲͷͲͲʹͳ
ʹ ͵ͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳǡ͵ ͲǡͶ ͲǡʹͶ ͳǡͲͲͲͲ͵͵͵͵ ͲǡͲʹͲͲʹͶ
͵ ʹͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳǡʹ Ͳǡ ͲǡʹͶ ͳǡͲͲͲͲͷ ͲǡͲͶͺͲͲʹͶ
ͳͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͳ ͲǡʹʹͷͲͲͻ
𝑝𝑝ℎ ǣ
×
Ǥ
0,2250069
𝑛𝑛 = ≅ 345
0,052 0,2250069
+ 100.000
1,962
×
ǡ
𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑛𝑛/𝑁𝑁 𝑛𝑛ℎ
ͳ ͷͲǤͲͲͲ ͲǡͲͲ͵Ͷͷ ͳ͵
ʹ ͵ͲǤͲͲͲ ͲǡͲͲ͵Ͷͷ ͳͲ͵
͵ ʹͲǤͲͲͲ ͲǡͲͲ͵Ͷͷ ͻ
Muestreo y Distribuciones Muestrales | 327
ͳǤʹͲͲ ǡ
ͻǤͳͻ
ǣ
𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ2 𝑆𝑆ℎ
ͷǤͲͲͲ ͲͲ Ͳǡͷ ʹͷͳǤͲͲͳ ͷͲͳ
ͷǤͲͲͲͳͲǤͲͲͲ ͶͷͲ Ͳǡ͵ͷ ͶͶǤʹͳ ͺͻ
ͳͲǤͲͲͲ ͳͷͲ Ͳǡͳʹͷ ͳǤͶͶͲǤͲͲͲ ͳǤʹͲͲ
ͳǤʹͲͲ ͳ
Ó
×ͳͷͲ
ͻͷΨǡ
(658,875)2
𝑛𝑛 = = 70
1502 483.520,875
+ 1.200
1,962
×À
ǡ
250,5
𝑛𝑛1 = 70 = 26,6
658,875
258,375
𝑛𝑛2 = 70 = 27,45
658,875
150
𝑛𝑛3 = 70 = 15,9
658,875
𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑛𝑛ℎ
ͷǤͲͲͲ ͲͲ ʹ
ͷǤͲͲͲͳͲǤͲͲͲ ͶͷͲ ʹ
ͳͲǤͲͲͲ ͳͷͲ ͳ
ͳͺ Ó
ͻǤʹͲ
×
×
×
Ǥ
Ó
Ǥ
ǡ
𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑞𝑞ℎ
ͳ ͺͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳǡʹͷ Ͳǡͷ
ʹ ʹͲͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳǡʹͷ Ͳǡ
͵ ͶͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳǡͳʹͷ ͲǡͶ
͵ʹͲǤͲͲͲ ͳ
Muestreo y Distribuciones Muestrales | 329
Ó
×ͷΨ
ͻͷΨǡ
(0,4924)2
𝑛𝑛 = ≅ 373
0,052 0,2425
+
1,962 320.000
×ǡ
0,1250
𝑛𝑛1 = 373 ≅ 95
0,4924
0,3062
𝑛𝑛2 = 373 ≅ 232
0,4924
0,0612
𝑛𝑛3 = 373 ≅ 46
0,4924
VV
𝑛𝑛ℎ
À
𝐶𝐶Ǥ
𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ /√𝑐𝑐ℎ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ /√𝑐𝑐ℎ
𝑛𝑛ℎ = 𝑛𝑛 𝐿𝐿 = 𝑛𝑛 𝐿𝐿
∑ℎ=1 𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ /√𝑐𝑐ℎ ∑ℎ=1 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ /√𝑐𝑐ℎ
𝑐𝑐ℎ = 𝑘𝑘
ǡ
×
À
Ǥ
𝑆𝑆ℎ = 𝑆𝑆
×
À
Ǥ
ǡ
𝑁𝑁ℎ
𝑊𝑊ℎ √𝑁𝑁 − 1 𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑞𝑞ℎ ⁄√𝑐𝑐ℎ
ℎ
𝑛𝑛ℎ = 𝑛𝑛
𝑁𝑁ℎ
∑𝐿𝐿ℎ=1 𝑊𝑊ℎ √ 𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑞𝑞ℎ ⁄√𝑐𝑐ℎ
𝑁𝑁 − 1
ℎ
×ǡ
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
1 1
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋̅̂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) = (∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ /√𝑐𝑐ℎ ) (∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ √𝑐𝑐ℎ ) − ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ2
𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁
ℎ=1 ℎ=1 ℎ=1
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
1 𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑁𝑁ℎ
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑃𝑃̂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) = (∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ √ 𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑞𝑞ℎ ⁄√𝑐𝑐ℎ ) (∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ √ 𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞 √𝑐𝑐 )
𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁ℎ − 1 𝑁𝑁ℎ − 1 ℎ ℎ ℎ
ℎ=1 ℎ=1
𝐿𝐿
1 𝑁𝑁ℎ
− ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑞𝑞ℎ
𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁ℎ − 1
ℎ=1
330 | Estadística Empresarial
ÓǤ
(∑𝑳𝑳𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝒉𝒉 𝑺𝑺𝒉𝒉 /√𝒄𝒄𝒉𝒉 )(∑𝑳𝑳𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝒉𝒉 𝑺𝑺𝒉𝒉 √𝒄𝒄𝒉𝒉 )
𝒏𝒏 =
𝟏𝟏
𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐 + 𝑵𝑵 ∑𝑳𝑳𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝒉𝒉 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒉𝒉
ǡ
(∑𝑳𝑳𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝒉𝒉 𝑺𝑺𝒉𝒉 /√𝒄𝒄𝒉𝒉 )(∑𝑳𝑳𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝒉𝒉 𝑺𝑺𝒉𝒉 √𝒄𝒄𝒉𝒉 )
𝒏𝒏 =
𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳 𝟐𝟐
+ ∑ 𝑾𝑾 𝑺𝑺
𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵 𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝒉 𝒉𝒉
𝑵𝑵𝒉𝒉 𝑵𝑵𝒉𝒉
(∑𝑳𝑳𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝒉𝒉 √𝑵𝑵 − 𝑳𝑳
√
𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒑𝒉𝒉 𝒒𝒒𝒉𝒉 ⁄√𝒄𝒄𝒉𝒉 ) (∑𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝒉𝒉 𝑵𝑵𝒉𝒉 − 𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒑𝒉𝒉 𝒒𝒒𝒉𝒉 √𝒄𝒄𝒉𝒉 )
𝒉𝒉
𝒏𝒏 =
𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝑵𝑵𝒉𝒉
+ ∑𝑳𝑳𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝒉𝒉 𝒑𝒑𝒉𝒉 𝒒𝒒𝒉𝒉
𝟐𝟐
𝒁𝒁𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵 𝑵𝑵 𝒉𝒉 − 𝟏𝟏
× × ͻǤͳͺ
ͻǤʹͳ
Ǥ
𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑐𝑐ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ2 𝑆𝑆ℎ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ /√𝑐𝑐ℎ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ √𝑐𝑐ℎ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ2
ͳ ͷͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳǡͷ ͳͲ ʹͷ ͷ ͲǡͻͲͷ ǡͻͲͷͻ ͳʹǡͷ
ʹ ͵ͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳǡ͵ ͳͷ Ͷͻ ͲǡͷͶʹʹʹ ͺǡͳ͵͵ʹ ͳͶǡ
͵ ʹͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳǡʹ ͵Ͳ ͳͲͲ ͳͲ Ͳǡ͵ͷͳͷ ͳͲǡͻͷͶͶͷ ʹͲ
ͳͲͲǤͲͲͲ ͳ Ͷǡʹ ͳǡͻͻͶ ʹǡͻͻ͵Ͷͳ Ͷǡʹ
Ó
ͻͷΨ
×
×
ǣ
(1,69794)(26,99341)
𝑛𝑛 = ≅ 176
12 1
+ 47,2
1,962 100.000
×
Ǥ
0,79057
𝑛𝑛1 = 176 ≅ 82
1,69794
0,54222
𝑛𝑛2 = 176 ≅ 56
1,69794
0,36515
𝑛𝑛3 = 176 ≅ 38
1,69794
ǡÓ
×
×ͷΨ
ͻͷΨǡ
(0,12829)(1,83047)
𝑛𝑛 = ≅ 360
0,052 0,22501
+
1,962 100.000
Muestreo y Distribuciones Muestrales | 331
Muestreo y Distribuciones Muestrales | 331
ǡ
ǡ 0,07246
𝑛𝑛1 = 360 0,07246 ≅ 203
𝑛𝑛1 = 360 0,12829 ≅ 203
0,12829
0,03795
𝑛𝑛2 = 360 0,03795 ≅ 107
𝑛𝑛2 = 360 0,12829 ≅ 107
0,12829
0,01789
𝑛𝑛3 = 360 0,01789 ≅ 50
𝑛𝑛3 = 360 0,12829 ≅ 50
0,12829
V
V
ï
Ǥǣ
𝑛𝑛
ï
Ǥǣ
𝑛𝑛ℎ = 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛ℎ = 𝐿𝐿
𝑛𝑛ℎ
ǡ 𝐿𝐿 ×Ǥ
𝑛𝑛ℎ
ǡ
Ó
ǡ
×Ǥ
À
×
Ǥ Ó ǡ
À
×
Ǥ 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
̂ 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 1
̅
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) = 𝐿𝐿 ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ − ∑ 1 𝑊𝑊ℎ2 𝑆𝑆ℎ2
2 2
̂
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋̅𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) = 𝑛𝑛 ℎ=1 2
∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ − ℎ=1 2
∑ 𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑊𝑊ℎ2 𝑆𝑆ℎ2
𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁ℎ
ℎ=1 ℎ=1
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 2
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿 𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝐿𝐿 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝑁𝑁ℎ
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑃𝑃̂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) = 𝐿𝐿 ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝑁𝑁ℎ − ∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ2 𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑞𝑞ℎ ∙ 𝑁𝑁ℎ
2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑃𝑃̂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ) = 𝑛𝑛 ℎ=1∑ 𝑊𝑊ℎ2 𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝑁𝑁ℎ − 1 − ℎ=1 ∑ 𝑁𝑁ℎ ∙ 𝑁𝑁ℎ − 1
𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁ℎ − 1 𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑁𝑁ℎ − 1
ℎ=1 ℎ=1
Óǡ
Óǡ 𝐿𝐿 ∑𝐿𝐿ℎ=1 𝑊𝑊ℎ2 𝑆𝑆ℎ2
𝑛𝑛 = 𝐿𝐿 ∑𝐿𝐿ℎ=1 𝑊𝑊ℎ2 𝑆𝑆2ℎ2 2
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑒𝑒 2 + ∑𝐿𝐿 𝑊𝑊ℎ2 𝑆𝑆ℎ2
ℎ=1 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ
𝑒𝑒 2 + ∑𝐿𝐿ℎ=1 𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁ℎ
ℎ
𝑳𝑳 ∑𝑳𝑳𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝟐𝟐𝒉𝒉 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒉𝒉
𝒏𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐 𝑳𝑳 ∑𝑳𝑳𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝟐𝟐𝒉𝒉 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐𝒉𝒉
𝒏𝒏 = 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐 + ∑𝑳𝑳 𝑾𝑾𝟐𝟐 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐 /𝑵𝑵
𝒁𝒁𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐 + ∑𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏𝑳𝑳 𝒉𝒉
𝟐𝟐 𝒉𝒉 𝟐𝟐 𝒉𝒉
𝟐𝟐 𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝒉𝒉 𝑺𝑺𝒉𝒉 /𝑵𝑵𝒉𝒉
𝒁𝒁𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝑵𝒉𝒉
𝑳𝑳 ∑𝑳𝑳𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝟐𝟐𝒉𝒉 𝑵𝑵 𝑵𝑵− 𝒑𝒑 𝒒𝒒
𝑳𝑳 𝟐𝟐 𝒉𝒉 𝒉𝒉 𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝒉 𝒉𝒉
𝒏𝒏 = 𝑳𝑳 ∑𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝒉𝒉 𝑵𝑵 − 𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒑𝒉𝒉 𝒒𝒒𝒉𝒉
𝒏𝒏 = 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐 𝑳𝑳 𝑾𝑾𝟐𝟐𝒉𝒉 𝒉𝒉 𝑵𝑵𝒉𝒉
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + ∑𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑵𝑵𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 ∙∙ 𝑵𝑵𝒉𝒉𝑵𝑵− 𝒑𝒑 𝒒𝒒
𝟐𝟐
𝒁𝒁𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐 + ∑𝑳𝑳 𝑾𝑾
𝒆𝒆 𝒉𝒉 𝟏𝟏 𝒉𝒉 𝒉𝒉
𝒑𝒑𝒉𝒉 𝒒𝒒𝒉𝒉
𝒉𝒉=𝟏𝟏 𝑵𝑵
𝒉𝒉 𝑵𝑵𝒉𝒉 − 𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐
×Ǥ 𝒁𝒁𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐
×Ǥ 2
𝑁𝑁𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 ∑𝐿𝐿ℎ=1 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ2
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑁𝑁𝑍𝑍 2 𝐿𝐿 2
𝛼𝛼/22∑ℎ=1𝐿𝐿 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ 2
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 22 + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 2 ∑𝐿𝐿
∑ℎ=1 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ
2
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 ℎ=1 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ
𝑁𝑁𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 2
∑𝐿𝐿ℎ=1 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑞𝑞ℎ
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑁𝑁𝑍𝑍 2 𝐿𝐿
2 +𝛼𝛼/2 2∑ℎ=1 𝑊𝑊 𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞
∑𝐿𝐿ℎ=1ℎ𝑊𝑊ℎℎ 𝑝𝑝ℎℎ 𝑞𝑞ℎ
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2
2 ∑𝐿𝐿
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 2 + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 ℎ=1 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑞𝑞ℎ
332 | Estadística Empresarial
×
ͷ
ͻǤʹʹ
Ǥ
ǣ
ͷΨǡͶͲΨǡͷͷΨǡͲΨ
ͷΨǤ
Ó
ͻͷΨ
×ͷΨǤ
𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑊𝑊ℎ 𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑊𝑊ℎ2 𝑁𝑁ℎ
𝑊𝑊ℎ2 𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑞𝑞ℎ ∙ 𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞
𝑁𝑁ℎ − 1 𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑁𝑁ℎ − 1 ℎ ℎ
ͷͲͲͲ Ͳǡʹ Ͳǡͷ ͲǡͲͲͻͳͲͳͺ ͳǡͺʹͲͶǦͲ
ͶͲͲͲ Ͳǡͳ ͲǡͶ ͲǡͲͲͳͶͷͷ ͳǡͷ͵ͶǦͲ
ͷͷͲͲ Ͳǡʹʹ Ͳǡͷͷ ͲǡͲͳͳͻͺͳʹ ʹǡͳͺͶǦͲ
ͲͲͲ ͲǡʹͶ Ͳǡ ͲǡͲͳʹͲͻͺͲ ʹǡͲͳ͵ǦͲ
ͶͷͲͲ Ͳǡͳͺ Ͳǡͷ ͲǡͲͲͲͶ ͳǡ͵ͷͲ͵ǦͲ
ʹͷͲͲͲ ͳ ͲǡͲͶͷͶͲʹͻ ͺǡͻͲͳͺǦͲ
5 ∗ 0,0454029
𝑛𝑛 = ≅ 345
0,052
+ 8,9018E − 06
1,962
Ǥ
345
𝑛𝑛1 = 𝑛𝑛2 = 𝑛𝑛3 = 𝑛𝑛4 = 𝑛𝑛5 = = 69
5
ͻǤͷ À
À
ǡ
Ǥ
×
×
Ǥ
À
±ǡ
ǡǡ
ǡ ± ͷ ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ ǡ
×ǡ
Ǥ
×
ǡ
Ǥ
Muestreo y Distribuciones Muestrales | 333
Muestreo y Distribuciones Muestrales | 333
ͻǤʹ͵
ͻǤʹ͵
×
ǡ
×
ʹͷͲ À
Ǥ
ǡ
Muestreo ±
y Distribuciones | 333
Muestrales
ʹͷͲ À
Ǥ ±
×
ǡ ǡ
ͻǤʹ͵
×Ǥ
×
ǡ ǡ
×
×Ǥ
ǡ
ʹͷͲ À
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×
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ሺ
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×
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ǡͲǤͲͲͻሺǡ
×
ͳͷͶͻÓ
ʹͲͳʹሻǤ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡͲǤͲͲͻሺǡ
ï
ï
Ǥ
ʹͲͳʹሻǤ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
Àǡ
ͻǤʹͷ
ǣͳͷͶͻÓǤ
Ǥ
×
ͳͷͶͻÓ
ǣ
Ǥ
ǣͳͷͶͻÓǤ
ǡͲǤͲͲͻሺǡ
Ǥ
ǣ
Ǥ
ʹͲͳʹሻǤ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Segunda etapa:
ǣͳͷͶͻÓǤ
ǣ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
334 | Estadística Empresarial
×
×
×ǡǡ
À
Ǥ
×
Ǥ
ǡ
À
ǡ
Ǥ
ͻǤʹ
×ͳͷ͵ͲÓǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ͻǤͳ
×
ǡǡǡ
ʹͲǡʹʹǡͳͻǡ
ʹ͵ʹͷÓǤ𝑋𝑋~𝑁𝑁(21; 4)
ሻ
Óʹ
× ͷ
×Ǥ
ሻ
ǡ
ͻǤʹ
Ó͵ͶǤ
ͻǤ͵ Ó ͷͲ
×
𝑁𝑁(21; 4)Ǥ
ǣ
ሻ ʹͲǤ
ሻ ͳͺǤ
ሻ ͳͺʹͲǤ
ͻǤͶ ͷǤͲͲͲ
×
ͺͲͲǤ
ǣ
ሻ ʹͲ±
ʹǤͲͲͲǤͲͲͲǤ
ሻ ͺͲ
ǤͲͲͲǤ
ሻ ͳʹͲ
ǤͲͲͲǤ
Muestreo y Distribuciones Muestrales | 335
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
ͻǤͷ
ǣ𝐸𝐸(𝑝𝑝̂ ) = 𝑝𝑝𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑝𝑝̂ ) =
𝑛𝑛
ͻǤ ͵Ψ
ǡ
ǣ
ሻ
ͷ
ʹͷͲǤ
ሻ
ʹͲ
ͷͲͲǤ
ሻ
ʹͷ
ͳͲͲǤ
ሻ ͷΨ
ʹͲͲǤ
ͻǤ ×
×
×
ሺሻ
ͺͲǤ
͵ͲÀǬ±ͲͻͲ
ǫ
𝜎𝜎 2 𝜎𝜎 2
ͻǤͺ
ǣ𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) = 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) = 𝑋𝑋 + 𝑌𝑌
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
ͻǤͻ ͳʹ
ͳͲ
ǡ
×ʹ͵
ǤͷͲ
ͺͲ ǡ
ʹ
Ǥͷ
Ǥ
ͻǤͳͲ
𝑁𝑁(4.500; 𝜎𝜎 2 )Ǥ
ͳͲ
𝑆𝑆 2 = 3002 Ǥ
ǣ
ሻ
ǤͲͲͲǤ
ሻ
ǤͲͲͲǤ
ͻǤͳͳ
ï
ͷǤͷͲͲ
ͺǤͲͲͲǤ
×ǡ
ǤǬ
±ͳǤͲͲͲʹǤͲͲͲ
Ͷͷï
͵ǤͲͲͲ͵Ͳ
ʹǤͲͲͲǫ
Ǥ
ͻǤͳʹ
ǡ
ͳͷΨͷΨǤ
͵
ʹͲΨ ͵Ψ Ǭ
ǫ
×Ǥ
ͻǤͳ͵ ͷͲΨͺͲΨ
×
Ǥ
ͳʹͲͷͷͲǡǬ
͵ͲΨǫ
ͻǤͳͶ Ó
×
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͻǤͳͷ
×ǡ Ó
ͻͷΨ
×
×͵ΨǡͳǤͶͲͲ
Ǥ
ͻǤͳ Ó
ͳͶǤͲͲͲï
Ǥ
336 | Estadística Empresarial
ï
ͷǤͲͲǤ
×
ͳǤͷͲͲǤǡ
ͻͷΨͻͻΨ
͵ͲͲǤǡǤ
ͻǤͳ
×
ሺȀሻ
Ǥ
ǣ
𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑥𝑥̅ℎ 𝑆𝑆ℎ2 𝑝𝑝ℎ
ͳ ͺͲǤͲͲͲ Ͳ ͵Ͳ Ͳǡͷ
ʹ ͵ͲǤͲͲͲ ͵Ͳ ͷͲ ͲǡͶ
͵ ʹͲǤͲͲͲ ͶͲ ͳͳͲ Ͳǡ
Ͷ ͻͷǤͲͲͲ ͷͲ Ͷͷ Ͳǡ
ǣ
𝑝𝑝ℎ ǣ
×
Ǥ
𝑥𝑥̅ℎ :
Ǥ
𝑆𝑆ℎ2 ǣ
Ǥ
× Ó
×
ǡ
×Àǡ
×
×
Ǥ
ͻͷΨǡͻΨͻͻΨǡ
͵Ψ
×
ǡ
×
×ͳͲǤ
ͳͲ
±
El poder de la Estadística en la toma de decisiones
±
À
×±
×
ǡ
ǡ
À
Ǥ
ሺሻ
ሺ
×ሻ
Ǥ
À
ǣ
×ǡ
ǤǤ
×Ǥ
338 | Estadística Empresarial
ͳͲǤͳ
×
× 𝜃𝜃
{𝑃𝑃𝜃𝜃 : 𝜃𝜃 ∈ Θ}
× 𝜃𝜃̂
±
ǡǣ
𝜃𝜃̂: 𝑀𝑀 → Θ
(𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛 ) → 𝜃𝜃̂(𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛 )
À
ǡ
±
×
ǡ𝜃𝜃 ∈ ΘǤ
×
𝜃𝜃̂ 𝜃𝜃
×
ǣ
𝐸𝐸(𝜃𝜃̂) = 𝜃𝜃
ǡǣ𝑏𝑏(𝜃𝜃̂) = 𝐸𝐸(𝜃𝜃̂) − 𝜃𝜃
𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛
× ǡ
ͳͲǤͳ
Ǥ
1 1 1
𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋̅) = 𝐸𝐸 ( ∑ 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 ) = ∑ 𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 ) = ∑ 𝜇𝜇 = 𝜇𝜇
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
±ǡ
𝜎𝜎 2 (𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑆𝑆 2 𝜎𝜎 2
𝐸𝐸[𝑆𝑆 2 ] = 𝐸𝐸 [( ) ] = (𝑛𝑛 − 1) = 𝜎𝜎 2
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝜎𝜎 2 𝑛𝑛 − 1
ǣ
(𝑛𝑛−1)𝑆𝑆 2 (𝑛𝑛−1)𝑆𝑆 2 2
𝐸𝐸 [ 𝜎𝜎 2
] = 𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝜎𝜎 2
~𝜒𝜒𝑛𝑛−1
ǡ𝜎𝜎̂ 2 Ǥ
1 𝜎𝜎 2 ∑(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 − 𝑋𝑋̅)2 2
𝜎𝜎 2
𝜎𝜎
𝐸𝐸(𝜎𝜎̂ 2 ) = 𝐸𝐸 [ ∑(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 − 𝑋𝑋̅)2 ] = 𝐸𝐸 [ ]= (𝑛𝑛 − 1) = 𝜎𝜎 2 −
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛𝜎𝜎 2 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
ǣ
𝜎𝜎 2
𝑏𝑏(𝜎𝜎̂ 2 ) = −
𝑛𝑛
Inferencia Paramétrica | 339
“À”Ǥ𝜃𝜃̂1 𝜃𝜃̂2
𝜃𝜃
𝜎𝜎12 𝜎𝜎22 ǡ
𝜃𝜃̂1
𝜃𝜃̂2
ǣ
𝜃𝜃̂1 < 𝜃𝜃̂2
Ǧ
Ǥǣ
1
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝜃𝜃̂) ≥
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑥𝑥; 𝜃𝜃) 2
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 [ ]
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
340 | Estadística Empresarial
× 𝜇𝜇ǡ
ͳͲǤ͵
Ǭ
ǫ
Ǧǡ
1 1 𝜎𝜎 2
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋̅) ≥ = =
𝜕𝜕𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙(𝑥𝑥; 𝜇𝜇) 2 𝑛𝑛 1 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 [ ] 𝜎𝜎 2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
ǡǡ
×Ǥ
ǣ
1 (𝑥𝑥−𝜇𝜇)2
−
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥; 𝜇𝜇) = 𝑒𝑒 2𝜎𝜎2
𝜎𝜎√2𝜋𝜋
1 (𝑥𝑥 − 𝜇𝜇)2
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥; 𝜇𝜇) = −𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝜎𝜎 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2𝜋𝜋 −
2 2𝜎𝜎 2
𝜇𝜇ǡ
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑥𝑥; 𝜇𝜇) 𝑥𝑥 − 𝜇𝜇
=
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜎𝜎 2
ǡ
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑥𝑥; 𝜇𝜇) 2 (𝑥𝑥 − 𝜇𝜇)2
[ ] =
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜎𝜎 4
ǡ
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕(𝑥𝑥; 𝜇𝜇) 2 (𝑥𝑥 − 𝜇𝜇)2 𝜎𝜎 2 1
𝐸𝐸 [ ] = 𝐸𝐸 [ ] = =
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜎𝜎 4 𝜎𝜎 4 𝜎𝜎 2
𝜃𝜃̂1
𝜃𝜃̂2 ±×
ǡ
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝜃𝜃̂1 )
𝑒𝑒(𝜃𝜃̂1 ; 𝜃𝜃̂2 ) =
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝜃𝜃̂2 )
Ǥ
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝜃𝜃̂1 )
𝑒𝑒(𝜃𝜃̂1 ; 𝜃𝜃̂2 ) =
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝜃𝜃̂2 )
𝑒𝑒(𝜃𝜃̂1 ; 𝜃𝜃̂2 ) < 1ǣ 𝜃𝜃̂1
𝜃𝜃̂2 Ǥ
𝜃𝜃̂2
𝜃𝜃̂1
(𝜃𝜃̂1 ; 𝜃𝜃̂2 ) > 1Ǥ
ሺ𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸ሻ𝜃𝜃̂
Ǥ
2 2
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸[𝜃𝜃̂] = 𝐸𝐸 [(𝜃𝜃̂ − 𝜃𝜃) ] = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉[𝜃𝜃̂] + [𝑏𝑏(𝜃𝜃̂)]
Inferencia Paramétrica | 341
1
𝜇𝜇 =
∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛
1
𝜎𝜎 2 + 𝜇𝜇2 = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2
𝑛𝑛
𝜇𝜇𝜎𝜎 2 Ǥ
𝜇𝜇̂ = 𝑥𝑥̅
1 2 1
𝜎𝜎̂ = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ = ∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2
2
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
2
±Ǥ ͳͻͳʹ
×Ǥ
× 𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛
×
×
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥; 𝜃𝜃) 𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 ǡ
ǡ
×ǣ
𝑛𝑛
ǡ
2 −1 2
1 ∑ (𝑥𝑥 −𝜇𝜇)2
𝐿𝐿(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 ; 𝜇𝜇, 𝜎𝜎 2 ) = ( ) 𝑒𝑒 2𝜎𝜎2 𝑖𝑖=1 1
√2𝜋𝜋𝜎𝜎 2
2
2)
1 1
ln𝐿𝐿(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 ; 𝜇𝜇, 𝜎𝜎 = 2ln − 2 ∑(𝑥𝑥1 − 𝜇𝜇)2 ln𝑒𝑒
√2𝜋𝜋𝜎𝜎 2 2𝜎𝜎
𝑖𝑖=1
2
1
= − ln(2𝜋𝜋𝜎𝜎 2 ) − ∑(𝑥𝑥1 − 𝜇𝜇)2
2𝜎𝜎 2
𝑖𝑖=1
2
𝜕𝜕ln𝐿𝐿(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 ; 𝜇𝜇, 𝜎𝜎 2)
1
= (∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛) = 0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜎𝜎 2
𝑖𝑖=1
2
2
𝜕𝜕ln𝐿𝐿(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 ; 𝜇𝜇, 𝜎𝜎 2 ) −2 1
= + 3 ∑(𝑥𝑥1 − 𝜇𝜇)2 = 0
𝜕𝜕𝜎𝜎 2 𝜎𝜎 𝜎𝜎
𝑖𝑖=1
2 2
1 2 1
3
∑(𝑥𝑥1 − 𝜇𝜇)2 = ⇒ 𝜎𝜎̂ = ∑(𝑥𝑥1 − 𝜇𝜇)2
2
𝜎𝜎 𝜎𝜎 2
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
𝑋𝑋1 , … , 𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛
×
ͳͲǤ
𝜆𝜆ǡ
𝜆𝜆̂Ǥ
𝑛𝑛
(𝑒𝑒 −𝜆𝜆 ) 𝜆𝜆∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒 −𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝜆𝜆∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝐿𝐿(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 ; 𝜆𝜆) = =
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛! ∏ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 !
ln𝐿𝐿(𝑥𝑥1 , . . , 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 ; 𝜆𝜆) = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ln𝜆𝜆 − 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 − ln ∏ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝜕𝜕ln𝐿𝐿(𝑥𝑥1 , . . , 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 ; 𝜆𝜆) 1
= ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑛𝑛 = 0
𝜕𝜕𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ⇒ 𝜆𝜆̂ = 𝑥𝑥̅
× 𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛
ͳͲǤͺ
ǡ
×ǡ
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
ln𝐿𝐿(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 ; 𝑝𝑝) = ln𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥; 𝑝𝑝) = ln𝑝𝑝∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 (1 − 𝑝𝑝)𝑛𝑛−∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
ǡ
𝑃𝑃(1, 𝜃𝜃) = 𝜃𝜃 2 , 𝑃𝑃(2, 𝜃𝜃) = 2𝜃𝜃(1 − 𝜃𝜃)𝑃𝑃(3, 𝜃𝜃) = (1 − 𝜃𝜃)2 0 < 𝜃𝜃 < 1
ǡ
𝐿𝐿(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑥𝑥3 ; 𝜃𝜃) = 𝜃𝜃 2 2𝜃𝜃(1 − 𝜃𝜃)(1 − 𝜃𝜃)2 = 2𝜃𝜃 3 (1 − 𝜃𝜃)(1 − 𝜃𝜃)2
ln𝐿𝐿(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑥𝑥3 ; 𝜃𝜃) = 6ln𝜃𝜃 + 3ln(1 − 𝜃𝜃)
𝜕𝜕𝐿𝐿(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑥𝑥3 ; 𝜃𝜃) 6 3 2
= − = 0 ⇒ 𝜃𝜃̂ =
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜃𝜃 1 − 𝜃𝜃 3
Inferencia Paramétrica | 345
2A
± À
×
Ǥ
𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖
𝐸𝐸(𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 ) = 0ǡ𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝜎𝜎 2 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 , 𝑢𝑢𝑗𝑗 ) = 0
𝛽𝛽0 y 𝛽𝛽1
ǡ
×
Ǥ
∑(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 )2 ǣ𝑦𝑦̂ = 𝛽𝛽̂0 + 𝛽𝛽̂1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
À
Ǥ
𝜕𝜕[∑(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 )2 ]
= −2𝑛𝑛(𝑦𝑦̅ − 𝛽𝛽̂0 − 𝛽𝛽̂1 𝑥𝑥̅ ) = 0
𝜕𝜕𝛽𝛽̂0
𝜕𝜕[∑(𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦̂𝑖𝑖 )2 ]
= −2 (∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝛽𝛽̂0 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥̅ − 𝛽𝛽̂1 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 ) = 0
𝜕𝜕𝛽𝛽̂1
×ǡǡ
𝛽𝛽̂0 = 𝑦𝑦̅ − 𝛽𝛽̂1 𝑥𝑥̅
∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 − 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥̅ 𝑦𝑦̅
𝛽𝛽̂1 =
∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 − 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥̅ 2
×ïǡǡ
𝑌𝑌 = 𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 + 𝑢𝑢
±
ǡ
2
‖𝑌𝑌 − 𝑌𝑌̂‖ = (𝑌𝑌 − 𝑋𝑋𝛽𝛽 ′ )′ (𝑌𝑌 − 𝑋𝑋𝛽𝛽 ′ )
±À
ǣ
𝛽𝛽̂ = (𝑋𝑋 ′ 𝑋𝑋)−1 𝑋𝑋 ′ 𝑌𝑌
ͳͲǤʹ
×
À
𝑃𝑃[𝜃𝜃(𝑋𝑋) ≤ 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 𝜃𝜃(𝑋𝑋)] = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
ǣ
𝜃𝜃
Ǥ
1 − 𝛼𝛼ǡ
Ǥ
𝜃𝜃(𝑋𝑋) límite inferior 𝜃𝜃(𝑋𝑋) À ǡ
Ǥ
346 | Estadística Empresarial
𝜕𝜕Φ 𝜎𝜎 1 −𝑘𝑘22
= + 𝜆𝜆 𝑒𝑒 2 = 0
𝜕𝜕𝑘𝑘2 √𝑛𝑛 √2𝜋𝜋
𝑘𝑘2
𝜕𝜕Φ 1 −𝑢𝑢2
=∫ 𝑒𝑒 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − (1 − 𝛼𝛼) = 0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑘𝑘1 √2𝜋𝜋
ǡ
−𝑘𝑘12 −𝑘𝑘22
𝑒𝑒 2 =
2
ǡ
𝑘𝑘12 = 𝑘𝑘22
ǣ
𝑘𝑘1 = 𝑘𝑘2
Ǥ
𝑘𝑘1 = −𝑘𝑘2
À
×ǡ
ÀǤ
ǡ
À 𝜇𝜇
×
𝑁𝑁(𝜇𝜇; 𝜎𝜎 2 )
𝜎𝜎 2
ǡ
𝜎𝜎 𝜎𝜎
[𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑘𝑘2 ; 𝑋𝑋̅ + 𝑘𝑘2 ]
√𝑛𝑛 √𝑛𝑛
À
×𝑘𝑘2 = 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2ǡǡ
À
1 − 𝛼𝛼ǡ
𝜎𝜎 𝜎𝜎
[𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 ; 𝑋𝑋̅ + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 ]
√𝑛𝑛 √𝑛𝑛
ͳͲǤͳ
𝟏𝟏 − 𝜶𝜶
𝑵𝑵(𝟎𝟎; 𝟏𝟏)
ǡ
(𝟏𝟏 − 𝜶𝜶) 𝜶𝜶 𝒁𝒁𝜶𝜶/𝟐𝟐
ͲǡͻͲ ͲǡͳͲ ͳǡͶͷ
Ͳǡͻͷ ͲǡͲͷ ͳǡͻ
Ͳǡͻͻ ͲǡͲͳ ʹǡͷͺ
348 | Estadística Empresarial
×Ó𝑁𝑁ͷΨ
×ǡ
𝜇𝜇
1 − 𝛼𝛼
ǡ
𝜎𝜎 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛 𝜎𝜎 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
[𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 √ ; 𝑋𝑋̅ + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 √ ]
√𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1 √𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1
𝑋𝑋̅ = 10
ͳͲǤͳͲ
Óʹǡ
𝜇𝜇
×
𝑁𝑁(𝜇𝜇; 36)
Ͳǡͻͷǣ
𝜎𝜎 𝜎𝜎 6 6
[𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 ; 𝑋𝑋̅ + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 ] = [10 − 1,96 ; 10 + 1,96 ] = [7,74 ; 12,26]
√𝑛𝑛 √𝑛𝑛 √27 √27
×ൌͷͲͲǡ
𝜇𝜇
ͻͷΨǣ
6 500 − 27 6 500 − 27
[10 − 1,96 √ ; 10 + 1,96 √ ] = [7,8 ; 12,2]
√27 500 − 1 √27 500 − 1
ǣ
ͳǤ À𝜇𝜇
100(1 − 𝛼𝛼).
𝜎𝜎
[−∞ ; 𝑋𝑋̅ + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 ]
√𝑛𝑛
ʹǤ À𝜇𝜇
100(1 − 𝛼𝛼).
𝜎𝜎
[𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 ; ∞]
√𝑛𝑛
͵Ǥ
×Ó 𝑁𝑁ͷΨǡÀ
𝜇𝜇
100(1 − 𝛼𝛼)ǡ
𝜎𝜎 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
[−∞ ; 𝑋𝑋̅ + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 √ ]
√𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1
𝜎𝜎 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
[𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 √ ; ∞]
√𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1
ͶǤ
ǡ
(𝟏𝟏 − 𝜶𝜶) 𝜶𝜶 𝒁𝒁𝜶𝜶
ͲǡͻͲ ͲǡͳͲ ͳǡʹͺʹ
Ͳǡͻͷ ͲǡͲͷ ͳǡͶͷ
Ͳǡͻͻ ͲǡͲͳ ʹǡ͵ʹ
Inferencia Paramétrica | 349
͵ͲÓ
ͳͲǤͳͳ
ʹͷ
×𝑁𝑁(𝜇𝜇; 36)ǡ𝜇𝜇
Ͳǡͻͷǣ
Àǡ
𝜎𝜎 6
[−∞ ; 𝑋𝑋̅ + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 ] = [−∞ ; 30 + 1,645 ] = [−∞ ; 31,974]
√𝑛𝑛 √25
Àǡ
𝜎𝜎 6
[𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 ; ∞] = [30 − 1,645 ; ∞] = [28,026 ; ∞]
√𝑛𝑛 √25
𝑁𝑁 = 500Àǡ
6 500 − 25
[−∞ ; 30 + 1,645 √ ] = [−∞ ; 31,879]
√25 500 − 1
6 500 − 25
[30 − 1,645 √ ; ∞] = [28,121 ; ∞]
√25 500 − 1
𝝁𝝁V
𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐
ͳǤÓǡ𝒏𝒏 ≤ 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛
𝜎𝜎 2
𝑁𝑁(𝜇𝜇; 𝜎𝜎 2 )ǡ
𝑡𝑡
𝑛𝑛 − 1Ǥ
(𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇)√𝑛𝑛
𝑇𝑇 = ~𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛−1
𝑆𝑆
ǡ
𝑛𝑛
1
2
𝑆𝑆 = ∑(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 − 𝑋𝑋̅)2
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑖𝑖=1
×𝑡𝑡±
ǡÀ
[−𝑡𝑡; 𝑡𝑡]
×𝑁𝑁(0; 1)Ǣǡ
1 − 𝛼𝛼ǡ
𝑃𝑃[−𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑇 ≤ 𝑡𝑡] = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
350 | Estadística Empresarial
(𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇)√𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃 [−𝑡𝑡 ≤ ≤ 𝑡𝑡] = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆
𝑃𝑃 [𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝜇𝜇 ≤ 𝑋𝑋̅ + 𝑡𝑡 ] = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
√𝑛𝑛 √𝑛𝑛
ͳͲǤʹ
𝟏𝟏 − 𝜶𝜶
𝒕𝒕𝒏𝒏−𝟏𝟏
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼/2;(𝑛𝑛−1) ǡ
ǡ
À
𝜇𝜇
1 − 𝛼𝛼ǡ
𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆
[𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼/2;(𝑛𝑛−1) ; 𝑋𝑋̅ + 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼/2;(𝑛𝑛−1) ]
√𝑛𝑛 √𝑛𝑛
ʹǤǡ𝒏𝒏 > 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
À
ǡ Ó
×𝑡𝑡
×𝑁𝑁(0; 1)Ǥ
À𝜇𝜇
1 − 𝛼𝛼ǡ
𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆
[𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 ; 𝑋𝑋̅ + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 ]
√𝑛𝑛 √𝑛𝑛
×Ó𝑵𝑵ͷΨ
×ǡ
À𝜇𝜇
1 − 𝛼𝛼ǣ
𝑛𝑛 ≤ 30
𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛 𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
[𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼/2;(𝑛𝑛−1) √ ; 𝑋𝑋̅ + 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼/2;(𝑛𝑛−1) √ ]
√𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1 √𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1
𝑛𝑛 > 30
𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛 𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
[𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 √ ; 𝑋𝑋̅ + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 √ ]
√𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1 √𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1
Inferencia Paramétrica | 351
×𝑁𝑁(𝜇𝜇; 𝜎𝜎 2 )Óͳͷǡ
ͳͲǤͳʹ
±ǣ
𝑋𝑋̅ = 1.500𝑆𝑆 = 2.300
𝜇𝜇
Ͳǡͻͻǡ
2.300 2.300
[1.500 − 2,98 ; 1.500 + 2,98 ] = [−269,7; 3.269,7]
√15 √15
ͳ00(1 − 𝛼𝛼)ǡÀ
ǣ
ͳǤ Ó𝑛𝑛 ≤ 30ǡ
ǡ
𝑆𝑆
[−∞ ; 𝑋𝑋̅ + 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼;(𝑛𝑛−1) ]
√𝑛𝑛
ǡ
𝑆𝑆
[𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼;(𝑛𝑛−1) ; ∞]
√𝑛𝑛
ʹǤ 𝑛𝑛 > 30ǡ
ǡ
𝑆𝑆
[−∞ ; 𝑋𝑋̅ + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 ]
√𝑛𝑛
ǡ
𝑆𝑆
[𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 ; ∞]
√𝑛𝑛
͵Ǥ
×Ó𝑁𝑁
ͷΨ𝑛𝑛 ≤ 30
ǡ
𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
[−∞ ; 𝑋𝑋̅ + 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼;(𝑛𝑛−1) √ ]
√𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1
ǡ
𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
[𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼;(𝑛𝑛−1) √ ; ∞]
√𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1
ͶǤ
×Ó 𝑁𝑁
ͷΨ 𝑛𝑛 > 30
ǡ
𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
[−∞ ; 𝑋𝑋̅ + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 √ ]
√𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1
ǡ
𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
[𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 √ ; −∞ ]
√𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1
352 | Estadística Empresarial
ǡ
2
𝑃𝑃(𝑘𝑘1 ≤ 𝜒𝜒𝑛𝑛−1 ≤ 𝑘𝑘2 ) = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
(𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑆𝑆 2
𝑃𝑃 (𝜒𝜒𝛼𝛼2 ;(𝑛𝑛−1) ≤ 2
≤ 𝜒𝜒1− 𝛼𝛼 ) = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
2 𝜎𝜎 2 2
;(𝑛𝑛−1)
V
Ó 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛
𝑌𝑌1 , 𝑌𝑌2 , … , 𝑌𝑌𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 y 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2
ǡ
ǡ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑚𝑚
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖
𝑋𝑋̅ = 𝑌𝑌̅ =
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 − 𝑋𝑋̅)2 ∑𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖=1(𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 − 𝑌𝑌 )
̅ 2
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 = 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 =
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑚𝑚 − 1
×
±
×𝐹𝐹Ǥ
ͳǤ 𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 > 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 ǡ
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2
~𝐹𝐹(𝑛𝑛−1;𝑚𝑚−1)
𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2
ǡ
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2
𝑃𝑃 (𝐹𝐹𝛼𝛼/2(𝑛𝑛−1;𝑚𝑚−1) ≤ 2 2 ≤ 𝐹𝐹1−𝛼𝛼/2(𝑛𝑛−1;𝑚𝑚−1) ) = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋
1 𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2
2
1 𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2
𝑃𝑃 ( ≤ ≤ ) = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
𝐹𝐹1−𝛼𝛼/2(𝑛𝑛−1;𝑚𝑚−1) 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2 𝐹𝐹𝛼𝛼/2(𝑛𝑛−1;𝑚𝑚−1) 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2
ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝐹𝐹 ≤ 𝐹𝐹𝛼𝛼/2(𝑛𝑛−1;𝑚𝑚−1) ) = 𝛼𝛼/2
𝑃𝑃(𝐹𝐹 ≤ 𝐹𝐹1−𝛼𝛼/2(𝑛𝑛−1;𝑚𝑚−1) ) = 1 − 𝛼𝛼/2
𝜎𝜎 2
ǡ
(1 − 𝛼𝛼)100
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 ǣ
𝑌𝑌
1 𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 1 𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2
[ ; ]
𝐹𝐹1−𝛼𝛼/2(𝑛𝑛−1;𝑚𝑚−1) 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 𝐹𝐹𝛼𝛼/2(𝑛𝑛−1;𝑚𝑚−1) 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2
ǡ
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 1 𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2
[𝐹𝐹𝛼𝛼/2(𝑚𝑚−1;𝑛𝑛−1) ; ]
𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 𝐹𝐹𝛼𝛼/2(𝑛𝑛−1;𝑚𝑚−1) 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2
ʹǤ 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 > 𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 ǡ
𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2
~𝐹𝐹
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2 (𝑚𝑚−1;𝑛𝑛−1)
ǡ
𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2
𝑃𝑃 (𝐹𝐹𝛼𝛼/2(𝑚𝑚−1;𝑛𝑛−1) ≤ 2 2 ≤ 𝐹𝐹1−𝛼𝛼/2(𝑚𝑚−1;𝑛𝑛−1) ) = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2
2
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2
𝑃𝑃 (𝐹𝐹𝛼𝛼/2(𝑚𝑚−1;𝑛𝑛−1) 2 ≤ 2 ≤ 𝐹𝐹1−𝛼𝛼/2(𝑚𝑚−1;𝑛𝑛−1) 2 ) = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌
354 | Estadística Empresarial
ǡ
1
𝐹𝐹1−𝛼𝛼/2(𝑚𝑚−1;𝑛𝑛−1) =
𝐹𝐹𝛼𝛼/2(𝑛𝑛−1;𝑚𝑚−1)
𝜎𝜎 2
ǡ
(1 − 𝛼𝛼)100
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 ǡ
𝑌𝑌
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 1 𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2
[𝐹𝐹𝛼𝛼/2(𝑚𝑚−1;𝑛𝑛−1) ; ]
𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 𝐹𝐹𝛼𝛼/2(𝑛𝑛−1;𝑚𝑚−1) 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 y 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2
ǡÀ
ǡ
(𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) − (𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 )
~𝑁𝑁(0; 1)
2 2
𝜎𝜎
√ 𝑋𝑋 + 𝑌𝑌𝜎𝜎
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
ǡ
ǡ
(1 − 𝛼𝛼)100𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
ǡ
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2
̅
[(𝑋𝑋 − ̅
𝑌𝑌 ) − 𝑍𝑍 𝛼𝛼 √ + ; ̅
(𝑋𝑋 − ̅
𝑌𝑌 )+𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2
√ + ]
2 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛 𝑌𝑌1 , 𝑌𝑌2 , … , 𝑌𝑌𝑚𝑚
ǡÀ
ǡ
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑚𝑚
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖
𝑋𝑋̅ = 𝑌𝑌̅ =
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
2
∑𝑖𝑖=1(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 − 𝑋𝑋̅)
𝑛𝑛 2
2
∑𝑖𝑖=1(𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖 − 𝑌𝑌̅)2
𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋 = 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌 =
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑚𝑚 − 1
Inferencia Paramétrica | 355
1 1 1 1
𝑃𝑃 ((𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) − 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼/2 √𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇2 ( + ) ≤ 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 ≤ (𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) + 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼/2 √𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇2 ( + )) 1 − 𝛼𝛼
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
ǡ
(𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 + (𝑚𝑚 − 1)𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2
𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇2 =
𝑛𝑛 + 𝑚𝑚 − 2
ǡ
(1 − 𝛼𝛼)100𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 ǡ
1 1 1 1
[(𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) − 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼/2 √𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇2 ( + ) ; (𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) + 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼/2 √𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇2 ( + )]
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
ͳǤÓǡ𝒏𝒏 + 𝒎𝒎 ≤ 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐲𝐲 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐𝑿𝑿 ≠ 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐𝒀𝒀
ǡ
(𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) − (𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 )
𝑇𝑇 = = ~𝑡𝑡(𝑔𝑔)
2 2
𝑆𝑆
√ 𝑋𝑋 + 𝑌𝑌 𝑆𝑆
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
𝑔𝑔ǡ
2
𝑆𝑆 2 𝑆𝑆 2
( 𝑛𝑛𝑋𝑋 + 𝑚𝑚𝑌𝑌 )
𝑔𝑔 ≅ 2 2 − 2
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2
( 𝑛𝑛 ) ( 𝑚𝑚 )
+
𝑛𝑛 + 1 𝑚𝑚 + 1
Àǡ
ǡ
(1 − 𝛼𝛼)100𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 ǡ
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2
[(𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) − 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼/2(𝑔𝑔) √ + ; (𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) + 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼/2(𝑔𝑔) √ + ]
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
͵Ǥǡ𝒏𝒏 + 𝒎𝒎 > 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
ǡ
(1 − 𝛼𝛼)100𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 ǡ
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2
[(𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 √ + ; (𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅) + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 √ + ]
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ), (𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 ), … , (𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 , 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛 )
ǡ
×Ǥ
𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
ǣ
𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷 = 𝐸𝐸(𝐷𝐷) = 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
𝜎𝜎𝐷𝐷2 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝐷𝐷) = 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 + 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2 − 2𝜌𝜌𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋
𝜌𝜌 =
𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌
Inferencia Paramétrica | 357
𝑝𝑝̂ − 𝑝𝑝
𝑃𝑃 −𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 ≤ ≤ 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
√
( 𝑛𝑛 )
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑃𝑃 (𝑝𝑝̂ − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 √ ≤ 𝑝𝑝 ≤ 𝑝𝑝̂ + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 √ ) = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
ǡ
(1 − 𝛼𝛼)100 𝑝𝑝
𝑛𝑛
Ǥ
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
[𝑝𝑝̂ − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 √ ; 𝑝𝑝̂ + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 √ ]
2 𝑛𝑛 2 𝑛𝑛
𝑝𝑝 ± 𝑝𝑝̂ ǡ
ǡ
𝑝𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ ) 𝑝𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ )
[𝑝𝑝̂ − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 √ ; 𝑝𝑝̂ + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 √ ]
2 𝑛𝑛 2 𝑛𝑛
358 | Estadística Empresarial
×Ó𝑁𝑁
ͷΨǡ
×Ǥ
𝑝𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ ) 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛 𝑝𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ ) 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑛𝑛
[𝑝𝑝̂ − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 √ ; 𝑝𝑝̂ + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 √ ]
2 𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1 2 𝑛𝑛 𝑁𝑁 − 1
ͷͶͲ
±ǡ
ͳͷΨ
ͳͲǤͳ͵
±Ǥ
ͻͷΨ ͻΨ
×Ǥ
ǣ
𝑝𝑝̂ = 0,15Ǣ𝑛𝑛 = 540Ǣ(1 − 𝛼𝛼)100 = 95%Ǣ𝑍𝑍0,025 = 1,96
0,15 ∗ 0,85 0,15 ∗ 0,85
[0,15 − 1,96√ ; 0,15 + 1,96√ ] = [0,12 ; 0,18 ]
540 540
(1 − 𝛼𝛼)100 = 97%Ǣ𝑍𝑍0,015 = 2,17
0,15 ∗ 0,85 0,15 ∗ 0,85
[0,15 − 2,17√ ; 0,15 + 2,17 √ ] = [0,117 ; 0,183 ]
540 540
ǡ
𝑝𝑝1 𝑞𝑞1 𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞2
𝑝𝑝̂1 → 𝑁𝑁 (𝑝𝑝1 ; ) y 𝑝𝑝̂2 → 𝑁𝑁 (𝑝𝑝2 ; )
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚→∞ 𝑚𝑚
×
Ǥ
𝑝𝑝1 𝑞𝑞1 𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞2
𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂2 →𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑁𝑁 (𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 ; + )
𝑚𝑚→∞ 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
𝑝𝑝±𝑝𝑝̂ ǡ
ǡ
(𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂2 ) − (𝑝𝑝1 −𝑝𝑝2 )
𝑍𝑍 = ~𝑁𝑁(0; 1)
√ 𝑝𝑝̂ 1 (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ 1 ) 𝑝𝑝̂ 2 (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ 2 )
+
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
𝑝𝑝1 −𝑝𝑝2 ǡ
𝑝𝑝̂1 (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂1 ) 𝑝𝑝̂2 (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂2 ) 𝑝𝑝̂1 (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂1 ) 𝑝𝑝̂2 (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂2 )
[(𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂2 ) − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 √ + ; (𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂2 ) + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 √ + ]
2 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 2 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
Inferencia Paramétrica | 359
ǡ
𝑝𝑝̂1 𝑞𝑞̂1 𝑝𝑝̂2 𝑞𝑞̂2 𝑝𝑝̂1 𝑞𝑞̂1 𝑝𝑝̂2 𝑞𝑞̂2
𝑃𝑃 ((𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ 2 ) − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 √ + ≤ 𝑝𝑝1 −𝑝𝑝2 ≤ (𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂2 ) + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 √ + ) = 1 − 𝛼𝛼
2 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 2 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
ͳͲǤͳͶ
À
Ǥ ×
ǡ
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜃𝜃 ≠ 𝜃𝜃0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜃𝜃 > 𝜃𝜃0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜃𝜃 < 𝜃𝜃0
×À
ǣ
ͳǤ
±Ǥ
ʹǤ ×𝐻𝐻0 𝐻𝐻1 Ǥ
͵Ǥ
𝛼𝛼ǡ
0,05×Ͳ, 01Ǥ
ͶǤ Ǥ
ͷǤ
À
Ǥ
Ǥ
×
ǡ ×
×𝛼𝛼
À
Ǥ
Ǥ
×𝑃𝑃Ǥ
ͺǤ
×
×Ǥ
V
×
ǡǣ
ሻ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜃𝜃 = 𝜃𝜃0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜃𝜃 > 𝜃𝜃0
ሻ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜃𝜃 = 𝜃𝜃0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜃𝜃 < 𝜃𝜃0
ሻ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜃𝜃 = 𝜃𝜃0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜃𝜃 ≠ 𝜃𝜃0
V
×
×
±ሺ
À
ሻǡ
ǣ
Ǥ
×
ǡ
±ǡ
𝛼𝛼 = 𝑃𝑃(cometer error tipo I)
= 𝑃𝑃(rechazar 𝐻𝐻𝑜𝑜 |𝐻𝐻𝑜𝑜 es verdadera)
= 𝑃𝑃(aceptar 𝐻𝐻1 |𝐻𝐻1 es falsa)
Ǥ
×
ǡ
ǡ
β = 𝑃𝑃(cometer error tipo II)
= 𝑃𝑃(aceptar 𝐻𝐻𝑜𝑜 |𝐻𝐻𝑜𝑜 es falsa)
= 𝑃𝑃(rechazar 𝐻𝐻1 |𝐻𝐻1 es verdadera)
Inferencia Paramétrica | 361
×Ǥ
V𝑯𝑯𝒐𝒐
V
×
×
𝜶𝜶
×ǡ ǡ
Ǥ
𝛼𝛼 = 𝑃𝑃(rechazar 𝐻𝐻𝑜𝑜 |𝐻𝐻𝑜𝑜 es verdadera)
ǡ
β = 𝑃𝑃(aceptar 𝐻𝐻𝑜𝑜 |𝐻𝐻𝑜𝑜 es falsa)
β
ǡ
Ǥ
1 − β = 1 − 𝑃𝑃(aceptar 𝐻𝐻𝑜𝑜 |𝐻𝐻𝑜𝑜 es falsa)
= 𝑃𝑃(rechazar 𝐻𝐻𝑜𝑜 |𝐻𝐻𝑜𝑜 es falsa)
= 𝑃𝑃(aceptar 𝐻𝐻1 |𝐻𝐻1 es verdadera)
À
±
×Ǥ
𝛼𝛼βǣ
Óǡ𝛼𝛼
βǤ
Óǡ𝛼𝛼
βǤ
Ó
𝛼𝛼βǤ
VA
VV
×
×
±
À
ǡ
×
×
À
×
×Ǥ
×
ǡ
À
×Ǥ
×
×ǡ×
À
×Ǥ
À
ሺ𝒌𝒌)ǡ×
×
×
𝛼𝛼ሺ
×ሻ
×
Ǥ
±×
À
ǡ
×
À
Ǥ
362 | Estadística Empresarial
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜃𝜃 = 𝜃𝜃0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜃𝜃 ≠ 𝜃𝜃0
ͳͲǤͶ
Ǥ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜃𝜃 = 𝜃𝜃0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜃𝜃 > 𝜃𝜃0
ͳͲǤͷ
Ǥ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜃𝜃 = 𝜃𝜃0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜃𝜃 < 𝜃𝜃0
ͳͲǤ
Inferencia Paramétrica | 363
A
À
×ǡǣ
À
×
À
ǡ
×ǡ
×𝐻𝐻0 ǡÀ
×
×Ǥ
À
×ǣ
À
×
×
𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇0 𝜇𝜇 ≠ 𝜇𝜇0 |𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 | > 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2
𝜇𝜇 = 𝜇𝜇0
𝑍𝑍 𝑐𝑐 = 𝜇𝜇 > 𝜇𝜇0 𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 > 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼
𝜎𝜎 2
𝜎𝜎/√𝑛𝑛 𝜇𝜇 < 𝜇𝜇0 𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 < −𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼
𝜇𝜇 = 𝜇𝜇0 𝜇𝜇 ≠ 𝜇𝜇0 |𝑇𝑇| > 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼;(𝑛𝑛−1)
2
𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇0 2
𝜎𝜎 𝑇𝑇 = 𝜇𝜇 > 𝜇𝜇0 𝑇𝑇 > 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼:(𝑛𝑛−1)
𝑆𝑆/√𝑛𝑛 𝜇𝜇 < 𝜇𝜇0 𝑇𝑇 < −𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼:(𝑛𝑛−1)
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝0 𝑝𝑝̂ − 𝑝𝑝0 |𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 | > 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2
𝜇𝜇 ≠ 𝜇𝜇0
𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 =
𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞 𝜇𝜇 > 𝜇𝜇0 𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 > 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼
√ 0 𝑜𝑜
𝑛𝑛 𝜇𝜇 < 𝜇𝜇0 𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 < −𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼
V𝑷𝑷
±𝑝𝑝ǡÀ
×Ǥ
𝑝𝑝ÓÀ
×ǡ
× ǡ
𝛼𝛼Ǥ
ǡ𝑝𝑝ǡ
𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶 ) = 𝑝𝑝
ͳͲǤ
𝒑𝒑
364 | Estadística Empresarial
𝐻𝐻0 𝑁𝑁(𝜇𝜇; 64)ǡ ×
ͳͲǤͳͷ
ͲǡͲͷǤ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇 = 30
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇 ≠ 30
ǣ
Inferencia Paramétrica | 365
ʹͺÓͶͻǤ
ǡÀ
ǡ
𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇0 28 − 30
𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 = = = −1,75
𝜎𝜎/√𝑛𝑛 8/√49
𝛼𝛼 = 0,05 →𝑍𝑍0,025 = 1,96
×
À
ǡ
𝜎𝜎 8
𝑋𝑋̅ < 𝜇𝜇0 − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 = 30 − 1,96 ∗ = 27,76
2 √𝑛𝑛 √49
𝜎𝜎 8
𝑋𝑋̅ > 𝜇𝜇0 + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 = 30 + 1,96 ∗ = 32,24
√𝑛𝑛 √49
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = {27,76 > 𝑋𝑋̅ > 32,24}
𝑋𝑋̅ = 28
×
À
ǡ ǡ
×
ͲǡͲͷǤ
|𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 | > 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2
|−1,75| > 1,96
ǡ
×Ǥ
×Ǥ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇 = 𝜇𝜇0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇 < 𝜇𝜇0
À
ǡ
𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇0
𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 = ~ 𝑁𝑁(0; 1)
𝜎𝜎/√𝑛𝑛
𝛼𝛼ǡ×
À
×Ǥ
𝜎𝜎
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = {𝑋𝑋̅ < 𝜇𝜇0 − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 } = {𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 < −𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 }
√𝑛𝑛
ͳͲǤͻ
ǤǤ
366 | Estadística Empresarial
ǡ×
ͳͲǤͳ
ͲǡͲͷǤ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇 = 30
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇 < 30
ǣ
𝐻𝐻0 𝑁𝑁(𝜇𝜇; 64)À
ǡ
𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇0 28 − 30
𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 = = = −1,75
𝜎𝜎/√𝑛𝑛 8/√49
𝛼𝛼 = 0,05 →𝑍𝑍0,05 = 1,6Ͷͷ
×
À
ǡ
𝜎𝜎 8
𝑋𝑋̅ < 𝜇𝜇0 − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 = 30 − 1,645 ∗ = 28,12
2 √𝑛𝑛 √49
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = {𝑋𝑋̅ < 28,12}
̅
𝑋𝑋 = 28
×
À
ǡǡ
×
ͲǡͲͷǤ
Ǥ
𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 < −𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼
−1,75 < −1,645
ǡ
×Ǥ
×
Ǥ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇 = 𝜇𝜇0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇 > 𝜇𝜇0
À
ǡ
𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇0
𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 = ~𝑁𝑁(0; 1)
𝜎𝜎/√𝑛𝑛
𝛼𝛼ǡ×
À
×Ǥ
𝜎𝜎
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = {𝑋𝑋̅ > 𝜇𝜇0 + 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 } = {𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 > 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 }
√𝑛𝑛
ͳͲǤͳͲ
ǤǤ
Inferencia Paramétrica | 367
ǡ×
ͳͲǤͳ
ͲǡͲͷǤ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇 = 30
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇 > 30
𝑋𝑋̅−𝜇𝜇0 28−30
𝐻𝐻0 ~𝑁𝑁(𝜇𝜇; 64)ǡ𝑋𝑋̅ = 28𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 = 𝜎𝜎/√𝑛𝑛
= = −1,75
8/√49
𝛼𝛼 = 0,05 →𝑍𝑍0,05 = 1,6Ͷͷ
×
À
ǡ
𝜎𝜎 8
𝑋𝑋̅ > 𝜇𝜇0 − 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 = 30 + 1,645 ∗ = 31,88
2 √𝑛𝑛 √49
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = {𝑋𝑋̅ > 31,88}
𝑋𝑋̅ = 28
×
À
ǡ
Ǥǡ
×
ͲǡͲͷǤ
×
ͳͲǤͳͺ
ͳͷȀ
×ʹȀǤ
ÓÀ
Ͷͷǡ
ͳȀǤ×
𝛼𝛼 = 5%.
ǣ
×Ǥ
Ǥ×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇 = 15
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇 ≠ 15
±ǣ
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
Z de una muestra
Prueba de mu = 15 vs. mu ≠ 15
La desviación estándar supuesta = 2
E.E.
N Media media IC de 95% Z P
45 16,000 0,298 (15,416; 16,584) 3,35 0,001
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
ǡ
ͻͷΨǡ À
𝑍𝑍 = 3,35Ǥ
𝑃𝑃 = 0,001
×
±
×
×Ǥ
ǡ
𝑃𝑃 = 0,001 < 0,05
×
ͷΨǢ
ͳͷȀǤ
368 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥ×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇 = 15
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇 < 15
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
Z de una muestra
Prueba de mu = 15 vs. < 15
La desviación estándar supuesta = 2
Límite
E.E. superior
N Media media 95% Z P
45 16,000 0,298 16,490 3,35 1,000
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
𝑃𝑃 = 1ǡ
×
ͷΨǤ
Ǥ×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇 = 15
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇 > 15
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
Z de una muestra
Prueba de mu = 15 vs. > 15
La desviación estándar supuesta = 2
E.E 95% Límite
N Media media inferior Z P
45 16,000 0,298 15,510 3,35 0,000
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
𝑃𝑃 = 0,00Ǣ
À
ǡ
×
×
ͷΨǡǡ
ͳͷ
ȀǤ
V V
ǡ
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
1 1
2
𝑆𝑆 = ∑(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 − 𝑋𝑋̅) ; 𝑋𝑋̅ = ∑ 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖
2
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖=1
À
ǡ
𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇0
𝑇𝑇 =
𝑆𝑆/√𝑛𝑛
𝑡𝑡
𝑛𝑛 − 1Ǥ
Inferencia Paramétrica | 369
𝛼𝛼ǡ×
À
ǣ
×Ǥ
𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇0
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { | | > 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼/2;(𝑛𝑛−1) }
𝑆𝑆
√𝑛𝑛
×Ǥ
𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇0
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { < −𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼;(𝑛𝑛−1) }
𝑆𝑆/√𝑛𝑛
×
Ǥ
𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝜇𝜇0
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { > 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼;(𝑛𝑛−1) }
𝑆𝑆/√𝑛𝑛
±
ͳͲǤͳͻ
ͳͲͲǤͲͲͲǤ
ͷΨǤ
ǣ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇 = 100.000
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇 > 100.000
ʹͲ
ï
±
×ǡ±ǣ
ͷͲǤͲͲͲͳʹͲǤͲͲͲͳͷͲǤͲͲͲͺͲǤͲͲͲͷǤͲͲͲͳͲͷǤͲͲͲͳ͵ͲǤͲͲͲͳͶͲǤͲͲͲ
ͻͲǤͲͲͲͳͳͷǤͲͲͲͳͳͲǤͲͲͲͳͲͲǤͲͲͲͳʹͷǤͲͲͲͳ͵ͲǤͲͲͲͳͲͲǤͲͲͲͳͲͲǤͲͲͲ
ͶͲǤͲͲͲͳͲǤͲͲͲͳͲͷǤͲͲͲͲǤͲͲͲ
Ǥ
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
T de una muestra: Crédito
Prueba de mu = 100.000 vs. > 100.000
À
ǡ
(𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑆𝑆 2
𝜒𝜒𝑐𝑐2 =
𝜎𝜎02
Ǧ
𝑛𝑛 − 1Ǥ
𝛼𝛼×
À
ǡ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { 𝜒𝜒𝑐𝑐2 < 𝜒𝜒𝛼𝛼2;(𝑛𝑛−1) ó 𝜒𝜒𝑐𝑐2 > 𝜒𝜒1−
2
𝛼𝛼
;(𝑛𝑛−1)
}
2 2
Ǥ×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜎𝜎 2 ≥ 𝜎𝜎02
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜎𝜎 2 < 𝜎𝜎02
À
ǡ
(𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑆𝑆 2 2
𝜒𝜒𝑐𝑐2 = ~𝜒𝜒(𝑛𝑛−1)
𝜎𝜎02
𝛼𝛼×
À
ǡ
(𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑆𝑆 2 2
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { 𝜒𝜒𝑐𝑐2 = < 𝜒𝜒𝛼𝛼;(𝑛𝑛−1) }
𝜎𝜎02
Ǥ×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜎𝜎 2 ≤ 𝜎𝜎02
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜎𝜎 2 > 𝜎𝜎02
À
ǡ
2
(𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑆𝑆 2 2
𝜒𝜒𝑐𝑐 = ~𝜒𝜒(𝑛𝑛−1)
𝜎𝜎02
𝛼𝛼×
À
ǡ
(𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑆𝑆 2 2
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { 𝜒𝜒𝑐𝑐2 = > 𝜒𝜒1−𝛼𝛼;(𝑛𝑛−1) }
𝜎𝜎02
ï
ͳͲΨǡ
ͳͲǤʹͲ
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
Prueba e IC para una varianza: Rendimiento
Método
Hipótesis nula Sigma-cuadrado = 10
Hipótesis alterna Sigma cuadrado < 10
Estadísticas
Variable N Desv.Est. Varianza
Rendimiento 28 13,3 178
95% Intervalos de confianza
L.superior L.superior
Variable Método Desv.Est. varianza
Rendimiento Chi-cuadrada 17,2 297
Bonett 16,8 283
Pruebas Estadística
Variable Método de prueba GL Valor P
Rendimiento Chi-cuadrada 479,89 27 1,000
Bonett — — 1,000
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
ͻͷΨ Ǧ
Ǥ ± 𝑃𝑃 > 0,01
ǡ
Ǥ
×ǣ
×
ͳΨ
ͳͲΨǤ
VVV
𝑥𝑥
𝑋𝑋 = 𝑥𝑥 → 𝑝𝑝̂ = À
𝑛𝑛
×
×
×ǣ
𝑝𝑝̂ − 𝑝𝑝0
𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 = → 𝑁𝑁(0; 1)
𝑝𝑝0 𝑞𝑞𝑜𝑜 𝑛𝑛→∞
√
𝑛𝑛
×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝑝𝑝 ≠ 𝑝𝑝0
×
×
𝛼𝛼ǣ
|𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 | > 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2
×
×ǡ
𝑝𝑝
𝑝𝑝 < 𝛼𝛼
372 | Estadística Empresarial
±
±Ǥ
× ͳͲǤͳ͵
ͷΨǤ
ǣ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝑝𝑝 = 0,2
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝑝𝑝 ≠ 0,2
±
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
Prueba e IC para una proporción
Prueba de p = 0,2 vs. p no = 0,2
À
ǡ
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 = ~𝐹𝐹
𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2 (𝑛𝑛−1;𝑚𝑚−1)
𝛼𝛼×
À
ǡ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 > 𝐹𝐹1−𝛼𝛼;(𝑛𝑛−1;𝑚𝑚−1) }
ͳΨǡ
ͳͲǤʹʹ
×±Ǥ
ǣ
×ǣ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜎𝜎𝐴𝐴 = 𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜎𝜎𝐴𝐴 ≠ 𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵
À
À
“×±
À”ሺǡʹͲͳͷሻǤ
×
͵ǡ ͳͶǡͳͶ Ͷ
ʹǡ ͵ǡͲʹ ͻ
ǣ
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
Prueba e IC para dos varianzas
Método
Hipótesis nula Sigma(1) / Sigma(2) = 1
Hipótesis alterna Sigma(1) / Sigma(2) not = 1
Nivel de significancia Alfa = 0,05
Estadísticas
Muestra N Desv.Est. Varianza
1 4 14,140 199,940
2 9 3,020 9,120
Pruebas
Estadística
Método GL1 GL2 de prueba Valor P
Prueba F (normal) 3 8 21,92 0,001
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
Inferencia Paramétrica | 375
൏ͲǡͲͳ
×À
ͳΨǡ
ǡ
×
À
ሺ
ሻǤ
ǡ
×
Ǥ
V
×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 ≠ 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
ǡ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 = 0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 ≠ 0
±×
Ǥ
À
ǡ
𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅
𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 = ~𝑁𝑁(0; 1)
2 2
√ +𝜎𝜎 𝑋𝑋 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
𝑋𝑋̅ y 𝑌𝑌̅Ó
𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚À
Ǥ
𝛼𝛼×
À
ǡ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { |𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 | > 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 }
×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 < 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
×
À
ǡ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { 𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 < −𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 }
×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 > 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
×
À
ǡ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { 𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 > 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 }
376 | Estadística Empresarial
V
×ǡ
Ó𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚Ǥ
Ǥ
ǣ𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 = 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 ሺ
ሻ
×ǡ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 ≠ 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
À
ǡ
𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅
𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 = ~𝑡𝑡(𝑛𝑛+𝑚𝑚−2)
2 2
√ (𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑆𝑆 𝑋𝑋 + (𝑚𝑚 − 1)𝑆𝑆 𝑌𝑌 1 1
𝑛𝑛 + 𝑚𝑚 − 2 (𝑛𝑛 + 𝑚𝑚)
×
À
𝛼𝛼
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { |𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 | > 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼/2;(𝑛𝑛+𝑚𝑚−2) }
×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 < 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
×
À
ǡ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 < −𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼;(𝑛𝑛+𝑚𝑚−2) }
×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 > 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
×
À
ǡ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 > 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼;(𝑛𝑛+𝑚𝑚−2) }
ǣ𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 ≠ 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 ሺ
ሻ
×ǣ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 ≠ 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
À
ǡ
𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅
𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 = ~𝑡𝑡(𝑔𝑔)
2 2
𝑆𝑆
√ + 𝑋𝑋 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
Inferencia Paramétrica | 377
2
𝑆𝑆 2 𝑆𝑆 2
( 𝑛𝑛𝑋𝑋 + 𝑚𝑚𝑌𝑌 )
𝑔𝑔 = 2 2
𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋2 𝑆𝑆𝑌𝑌2
( ) ( 𝑚𝑚 )
𝑛𝑛
+
𝑛𝑛 + 1 𝑚𝑚 + 1
×
À
𝛼𝛼
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { |𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 | > 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼/2;(𝑔𝑔) }
×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 < 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
×
À
Ó𝛼𝛼
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 < −𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼;(𝑔𝑔) }
×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 > 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
×
À
Ó𝛼𝛼
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 > 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼;(𝑔𝑔) }
× ǡ
×
ͳͲǤʹ͵
×Ǥ
ǣ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 = 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 ≠ 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵
ǣ
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
Prueba T de dos muestras e IC
Error
estándar
de la
Muestra N Media Desv.Est. media
1 4 3,7 14,1 7,1
2 9 2,60 3,02 1,0
ǡ ǡ
×
ͳΨǤ ǡ
Ǥ
V
À
×
Ǥ
𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷 = 𝐸𝐸(𝐷𝐷) = 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 − 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
𝜎𝜎𝐷𝐷2 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝐷𝐷) = 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 + 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2 − 2𝜌𝜌𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌
×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷 = Δ0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷 ≠ Δ0
À
ǡ
̅ − Δ0
𝐷𝐷
𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 = ~𝑡𝑡(𝑛𝑛−1)
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷 /√𝑛𝑛
ǡÀ
𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
ǡ
𝑛𝑛
1
̅ = ∑ 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 = 𝑋𝑋̅ − 𝑌𝑌̅
𝐷𝐷
𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1
𝑛𝑛
1
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷2 = ̅ )2
∑(𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 − 𝐷𝐷
𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑖𝑖=1
×
À
ǡ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { |𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 | > 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼/2;(𝑛𝑛−1) }
×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷 = Δ0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷 < Δ0
×
À
ǡ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 < −𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼;(𝑛𝑛−1) }
×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷 = Δ0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷 > Δ0
×
À
ǡ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 > 𝑡𝑡𝛼𝛼;(𝑛𝑛−1) }
Inferencia Paramétrica | 379
ǡ
𝑡𝑡
Ǥ
×
±Ǥ
ͳͲǤʹͶ
Ǥǡ
ͳͲ
ÀǤ
ሺሻ
ሺሻ
ሺሻ
ሺ±ሻ
ͳ ͳʹͲ ͳͷͲ
ʹ ͺͲ ͳͳͲ
͵ ʹͷͲ ͵ͲͲ
Ͷ ʹʹͷ ͵ͷͲ
ͷ ͵ͲͲ ͶͲͲ
ͶͷͲ ͷʹͲ
Ͳ ͷ
ͺ ͲͲ ͵Ͳ
ͻ ͲͲ ͺͷͲ
ͳͲ ͻͲ ͳͲͷ
ͳΨ
×
Ǥ
ǣ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷 = 0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷 ≠ 0
ǣ
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
IC y Prueba T pareada: Sin publicidad; Con publicidad
Error
estándar
de la
N Media Desv.Est. media
Sin publicidad 10 288,5 225,4 71,3
Con publicidad 10 349,0 257,2 81,3
Diferencia 10 -60,5 49,3 15,6
×
ǡǡ
×
ͳΨǤ
V
Δ0
ǡ×𝐻𝐻0 : 𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 = Δ0 Ǥ
𝐻𝐻0
Àǡ
𝑝𝑝1 𝑞𝑞1 𝑝𝑝2 𝑞𝑞2
𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂2 →𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑁𝑁 (𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 ; + )
𝑚𝑚→∞ 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
ǡ𝑝𝑝1 𝑝𝑝2
Ǥ
(𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂2 ) − Δ0
~𝑁𝑁(0,1)
√ 𝑝𝑝̂ 1 (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ 1 ) 𝑝𝑝̂ 2 (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ 2 )
+
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 = Δ0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 ≠ Δ0
ǡ
(𝑝𝑝̂1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ 2 ) − Δ0
𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 =
√𝑝𝑝̂1 (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂1 ) + 𝑝𝑝̂2 (1 − 𝑝𝑝̂ 2 )
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
×
ǡ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { 𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 < −𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 ó 𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 > 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼/2 }
×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 = Δ0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 < Δ0
×
À
ǡ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { 𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 < −𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 }
×
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 = Δ0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 > Δ0
×
À
ǡ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = { 𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐 > 𝑍𝑍𝛼𝛼 }
Inferencia Paramétrica | 381
ʹ
ÓÀ ǡ
ͳͲǤʹͷ
ǣ
ÓÀ
ʹͲͲ ͺͲ
͵ͲͲ ͻͲ
ͷΨͳΨ
ÓÀǤ
ǣ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 = 0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 ≠ 0
̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴
Prueba e IC para dos proporciones
Muestra X N Muestra p
1 80 200 0,400000
2 90 300 0,300000
ͳͲǤͳ
×
ͳǡ ʹ ͵
ǣ
𝑃𝑃(1, 𝜃𝜃) = 𝜃𝜃 2 , 𝑃𝑃(2, 𝜃𝜃) = 2𝜃𝜃(1 − 𝜃𝜃)𝑃𝑃(3, 𝜃𝜃) = (1 − 𝜃𝜃)2 0 < 𝜃𝜃 < 1
𝑋𝑋1 = 1ǡ 𝑋𝑋2 = 2
𝑋𝑋3 = 1ǤÀ𝜃𝜃Ǥ
ͳͲǤʹ 𝑋𝑋𝑌𝑌
×ǡ𝐸𝐸(𝑋𝑋) = 𝜃𝜃ǡ
𝐸𝐸(𝑌𝑌) = 3𝜃𝜃𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟(𝑋𝑋) = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑌𝑌) = 1ǤÀ𝜃𝜃Ǥ
ͳͲǤ͵ 𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑋𝑛𝑛 ±
𝜆𝜆Ǥ
±Ǥ
ͳͲǤͶ
Ͳǡͻͷ ሺ𝜇𝜇)
×
×
ͳʹÓǤ
͵ͲͲ͵ͷÓǡ
×
ͳͷͲǤͲͲͲǤ
ͳͲǤͷ 𝜇𝜇
×
ǣ
ሻ 𝑋𝑋̅ = 100ǡ𝑆𝑆 = 20𝑛𝑛 = 70ͻͷΨ
Ǥ
ሻ 𝑋𝑋̅ = 800ǡ𝑆𝑆 = 250𝑛𝑛 = 385ͻͲΨ
Ǥ
ሻ 𝑋𝑋̅ = 7ǡ𝑆𝑆 = 5𝑛𝑛 = 500ͻͻΨ
Ǥ
ሻ 𝑋𝑋̅ = 18ǡ𝑆𝑆 = 20𝑛𝑛 = 20ͻΨ
Ǥ
ሻ 𝑋𝑋̅ = 1.500ǡ𝑆𝑆 = 400𝑛𝑛 = 25ͻͷΨ
Ǥ
ሻ 𝑋𝑋̅ = 100ǡ𝑆𝑆 = 20𝑛𝑛 = 70ͻͻΨ
Ǥ
ሻ 𝑋𝑋̅ = 2ǡ𝑆𝑆 = 10𝑛𝑛 = 10ͻͷΨ
ͳͲǤ
×ͳͲǤͷǡǤ
ͳͲǤ Ó
ͷǤͲͲͲǡ
×ͳͲǤͷǤ
ͳͲǤͺ
×
𝑁𝑁(30, 𝜎𝜎 2 )ǡ
ǣ
ሻ 𝑆𝑆 = 60𝑛𝑛 = 270ͻͷΨ
Ǥ
ሻ 𝑆𝑆 = 10𝑛𝑛 = 10ͻͻΨ
Ǥ
ሻ 𝑆𝑆 = 200𝑛𝑛 = 50ͻΨ
Ǥ
ሻ 𝑆𝑆 = 120𝑛𝑛 = 700ͻͷΨ
Ǥ
ሻ 𝑆𝑆 = 35𝑛𝑛 = 20ͻΨ
Ǥ
ͳͲǤͻ
×
ǡ
×Ǥ
ǣͳʹͲͳͲͲͶͲͷͲͷͷͺͲ ǣͳʹͲͳʹ͵ͳͲ͵͵͵ͶʹʹʹͲ
͵ͲͲͶͲͲͷͲͲͲͻͲ ͶͷͳͳʹʹͲͳͷ͵ͲʹͶʹͻ
ͳͲǤͳͲ 𝐻𝐻0 𝑁𝑁(𝜇𝜇; 20)ǡ×
ͲǡͲͳǤ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇 = 20 𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇 = 20 𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇 = 20
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇 ≠ 20 𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇 < 20 𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇 > 20
Inferencia Paramétrica | 383
ǣʹͲʹͷʹͳʹͲ͵ͲͳͷͳʹͶʹͳʹ͵ʹͷʹͶʹͺʹʹͻ
ʹͶʹʹʹͲʹͳʹͳʹͷʹͲ
ͳͲǤͳͳ
ͲΨǡ×
ͷΨͳΨǤ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝑝𝑝 = 0,7 𝐻𝐻0 : 𝑝𝑝 = 0,7 𝐻𝐻0 : 𝑝𝑝 = 0,7
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝑝𝑝 ≠ 0,7 𝐻𝐻1 : 𝑝𝑝 < 0,7 𝐻𝐻1 : 𝑝𝑝 > 0,7
ʹͷͲ
ͲΨ
Ǥ
ͳͲǤͳʹ
ͳͷͲ͵ͲͲ
ͲΨ
͵ͲΨǤ
ͷΨ
Ǥ
ͳͲǤͳ͵
× ï
Ǥ ǡ ͳ͵
Ǥ
ሺሻ ሺሻ
±
ͳ ͳͲ ͳͷ
ʹ ͳͺͲ ͳͲ
͵ ͳͷͲ ʹͲͲ
Ͷ ͳʹͷ ͳͷͲ
ͷ ʹͲͲ ʹʹͲ
ʹͷͲ ʹʹͲ
ͳͲ ͳͷ
ͺ ʹͷͲ ʹ͵Ͳ
ͻ ʹͲͲ ʹͷͲ
ͳͲ ͳͺͲ ͳͲ
ͳͳ ʹ͵Ͳ ʹͷͲ
ͳʹ ʹͳͲ ͳͺͲ
ͳ͵ ͳͻͲ ͳͷ
ͷΨͳΨ×ǣ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷 = Δ0 𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷 = Δ0 𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷 = Δ0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷 ≠ Δ0 𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷 < Δ0 𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷 > Δ0
ͳͲǤͳͶ
ǡ
×
×ǡ
×Ǥ
𝑋𝑋ǣʹǡ͵ͷǡǡ͵ǡͷ͵ǡͻͶǡͷͶǡͺǡͷ͵ǡʹʹǡͶʹǡͷʹǡͶͺǡͷǡǡʹ
𝑌𝑌ǣͶǡͷ͵ǡ͵ǡͳͷǡͶǡͷǡͻʹǡʹ͵ǡͶ͵ǡͺ͵ǡͷ͵ǡͻͶǡͳͶǡʹ
ሻ ǡ
ͷΨ
×ǣ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 = 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2 𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 ≥ 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2 𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 ≤ 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 ≠ 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2 𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 < 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2 𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜎𝜎𝑋𝑋2 > 𝜎𝜎𝑌𝑌2
384 | Estadística Empresarial
ሻ
ǡ
×
ͷΨǣ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 = 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 ≠ 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 < 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌 𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜇𝜇𝑋𝑋 > 𝜇𝜇𝑌𝑌
ሻ
×Ͷ
Ǥ
×
×Ǥ
ͳͳ
À
×
ǡ
±
Ǥ
±
ǣ
ǡ
×
ǡ
×
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ
ǣ × ïǡ
ǡ × À
ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
× Ǥ
À
Ǥ
386 | Estadística Empresarial
ͳͳǤͳ
×
ï
ǤǤሺͳͻͻͻሻ
ǡ
ǡ ± À
ï
×Ǥ
Ǥ
×
×
À
Ǥ
ǡ
À
×±
ሺǤሻǤ
𝑛𝑛
ï ሺʹͲͲͷሻ ±
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ï
ÀǤ
ÓǤሺʹͲͲʹሻ
ǡ
×
ï
Ǥ ǡ
ǣ
ͳǤ ×
× Ó
ǦǤ ǡ
ǡǤ
ʹǤ ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
×Ǥ
À
×
×
Ǧ
ሺሻǤ
×
𝑛𝑛
𝑝𝑝ǡ
𝑥𝑥11 𝑥𝑥12 ⋯ 𝑥𝑥1𝑝𝑝
𝑥𝑥21 𝑥𝑥22 ⋯ 𝑥𝑥2𝑝𝑝
𝑋𝑋 = [ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ]
𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛1 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛2 ⋯ 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
ÀǤ
𝑐𝑐11 𝑐𝑐12 ⋯ 𝑐𝑐1𝑝𝑝
𝑐𝑐21 𝑐𝑐22 ⋯ 𝑐𝑐2𝑝𝑝
𝐶𝐶 = [ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ]
𝑐𝑐𝑛𝑛1 𝑐𝑐𝑛𝑛2 ⋯ 𝑐𝑐𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
ǡ
𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 = 𝑝𝑝
∑𝑘𝑘=1 𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘
ǡ
×
ǡ 𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘 Ǧ± ǡ
×
À
ǡ
|𝑆𝑆 − 𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘 𝐼𝐼| = 0
388 | Estadística Empresarial
𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘
(𝑆𝑆 − 𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘 𝐼𝐼)𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘 = 0
ǣ 𝑆𝑆 Ǧ
𝑋𝑋ǡ ±
Ǥ
ǡ
×𝑝𝑝
ǡ±
ǡ
𝐶𝐶11 𝑥𝑥11 𝑥𝑥12 ⋯ 𝑥𝑥1𝑝𝑝 𝑢𝑢11
𝐶𝐶 𝑥𝑥21 𝑥𝑥22 ⋯ 𝑥𝑥2𝑝𝑝 𝑢𝑢12
[ 21 ] = [ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ] [ ⋮ ]
⋮
𝐶𝐶𝑛𝑛1 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛1 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛2 ⋯ 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢1𝑝𝑝
ǡ
𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑋𝑋𝑢𝑢1
Ǥ
1 1
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝐶𝐶1 ) = 𝐶𝐶1𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑢𝑢1𝑡𝑡 𝑋𝑋 𝑡𝑡 𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋1 = 𝑢𝑢1𝑡𝑡 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆1
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
×𝑢𝑢1𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑢1 = 1
ǡ
𝑢𝑢1𝑡𝑡 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆1
ǣ𝑢𝑢1𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑢1 = 1
×ǡ
𝑢𝑢1 𝑆𝑆
𝜆𝜆1 ሺሻǤ
Ǥ
𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 = 𝑋𝑋𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘
ǣ
ͳǤ 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘 = 1
ʹǤ 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑢1 = 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑢2 = ⋯ = 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘𝑡𝑡 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘−1 = 0ሺ
ሻ
ǣ
ͳǤ 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 ) = 𝑢𝑢1𝑡𝑡 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆1 = 𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘
𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝
ʹǤ ∑𝑘𝑘=1 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋𝑘𝑘 ) = ∑𝑘𝑘=1 𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘 = ∑𝑘𝑘=1 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 ) = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡(𝑆𝑆)
𝑝𝑝
͵Ǥ |𝑆𝑆𝑋𝑋 | = 𝜆𝜆1 ⋯ 𝜆𝜆𝑝𝑝 = ∏𝑖𝑖=1 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 ) = |𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐶 |
𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘
ͶǤ 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 = ∑𝑝𝑝
𝜆𝜆
𝑘𝑘=1 𝑘𝑘
ͷǤ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 , 𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙 ) = 0
1
Ǥ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 , 𝑋𝑋𝑗𝑗 ) = 𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘𝑡𝑡 𝑋𝑋𝑗𝑗 = 𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑛𝑛
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 ,𝑋𝑋𝑗𝑗 ) 𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Ǥ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 , 𝑋𝑋𝑗𝑗 ) = =
√𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 )𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣(𝑋𝑋𝑗𝑗 ) √𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋𝑗𝑗 )
Algunos Métodos de Estadística Multivariante | 389
Ǧ
À
×ǡ
Ǣ
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡(𝑅𝑅) = 𝑝𝑝
×
Ǧ±
ǡ
𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 =
𝑝𝑝
×
𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘
𝑋𝑋𝑗𝑗 ǡ
𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 , 𝑋𝑋𝑗𝑗 ) = = 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 √𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘
√𝜆𝜆𝑘𝑘 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(𝑋𝑋𝑗𝑗 )
ï
(𝑟𝑟 < 𝑝𝑝)
×
×ǡ
Ǥ
͵ͷʹ͵ʹͲͳͺǡ
ͳͳǤͳ
Ǥ
Ψ
ͳ ͳͻǡͷ ͳǤͳ͵ͻǤͻͳ ͵ǡͻͶ ǦͲǡʹ
ʹ
ͺǡ ͳʹͳǤͶͳ Ͷǡͳͺ ʹǡͲͺ
͵
ͳͳǡͻ ͺǤͻ͵ͺ ͵ǡͺʹ ǦͳǡͶ
Ͷ ʹͺǡͶͷ ʹǤͲͶͲ Ͷǡʹʹ Ͳǡͺͳ
ͷ ͳǡʹͷ ͻͷǤͳͶ ʹǡʹͻ ͲǡͶͷ
ͷͻǡ͵Ͷ ͵ʹǤʹͳͷ Ͳǡͻͳ ǦͲǡͶ
ʹͺǡʹ ʹͶǤͳ Ͳ ǦͳǡͲ
ͺ
ͳǡͶͷ ͵ͲͳǤͺͺǤͳʹͶ ʹǡͺ Ǧ͵ǡͶ
ͻ ͶǡͲͺʹ ͷǤʹ͵ͶǤʹͺ Ͳǡͺ ͲǡͶͻ
ͳͲ ͻǡͲͺʹ ͳǤͷ͵ͺǤͲͳͲ ʹǡͷ ǦͲǡ͵ͳ
ͳͳ ǡͻͳ ͳͺǤͶͷ͵ǤͻʹͲ ͵ǡʹ ǦͲǡͺ
ͳʹ ͵ǡͻͺ ͺǤͺͷǤͲͷ ͵ǡʹ ǦͲǡ
ͳ͵
ʹͳǡʹͶ ͳǤʹͺǤͶͻ ͲǡͶͳ ͶǡͶͺ
ͳͶ ͺǡͻͺͷ ͺͺͶǤͷͻͷ ͳǡͺͶ ʹǡͳ
ͳͷ ͶǡͳͲ͵ ͶǤ͵͵Ǥͳͷ ͷǡͳʹ ʹǡ͵ʹ
ͳ ʹͳǡͶͻ ͻͻͷǤͺͳ ǡ ͳǡͻͷ
ͳ ͳǡ ͳǤʹͳͷǤʹʹ ǡͷ ʹǡʹ
ͳͺ ͳǡͺ ͳǤͳͲͻǤͳ ͶǡͲʹ ͳǡͳ
ͳͻ
ͳͻǡͲͳͷ ͳǤͳǤʹͲͷ ͷǡʹ ʹǡͳͷ
ʹͲ
ʹ͵ǡͷͷ ͵ʹǤͺͷͶ ͳǡ͵Ͷ ͲǡͶ
ʹͳ
ǡͺ ͺǤͲͳǤͳͺͷ ͵ǡͶ Ǧͷǡͳͻ
390 | Estadística Empresarial
Algunos Métodos de Estadística Multivariante | 391
𝑝𝑝
𝑛𝑛
ǡͳͳǤʹ
×ǡ
×
Ǥ
×
ǡ
±
×Ǥ
ͳͳǤʹ
ͳͳǤ͵
ሺ
ሻ
ǡ
±
± À ±Ǥ
±ǣ±
Ǥ
±
ǡ
±
×
×Ǥ ǣ
×ǡ
×Àǡ
×ሺÓǡǤ
ʹͲͲʹሻǤ
ǡ
ǡ
×Ǥ
392 | Estadística Empresarial
À
𝑝𝑝
2
𝑑𝑑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 ) = √∑(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 )
𝑠𝑠=1
𝑝𝑝 1/𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟
𝑑𝑑2 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 , 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 ) = [∑|𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 | ]
𝑠𝑠=1
𝑝𝑝
ï Ó Ǥ ሺʹͲͲʹሻ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǣ
ͳǤ
𝑛𝑛Ǥ
Ǥ
ʹǤ
×
Ǥ
͵Ǥ ʹ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ͶǤ ʹ ʹ ͵
ï
Ǥ
ሺ
×ሻ
𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎
𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 ǡ
ሺሻ
𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 + 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 ǡ
ሺሻǡ
𝑛𝑛𝑐𝑐 ǡ
ሺሻǤ
ͳǤ
×Ǥ
×ǡ
ǣ
𝑑𝑑(𝐶𝐶; 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 , 𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 )
ǡ
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 , 𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ) = 1/2(𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − |𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 |)
ǡ𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 > 𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ±𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
×𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
Ǥ𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 > 𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ±
𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ
×ሺሻǤ
ʹǤ
Ǥ
×ǡ
ǣ
𝑑𝑑(𝐶𝐶; 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) = 𝑚𝑚á𝑥𝑥(𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 , 𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 )
394 | Estadística Empresarial
ͳͳǤ͵
ͳͳǤͳǡ
×
ͳͳǤʹ
À
Ǥ
×ǡ
±
Ǥ±
À
×±
Ǥ
ͳͳǤͶ
±
396 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥ
Ǥ
ͳ ͳ
ʹ
ͳ
͵
ͳ
Ͷ ͳ
ͷ ʹ
ͳ
ͳ
ͺ
͵
ͻ ͳ
ͳͲ ͳ
ͳͳ ͵
ͳʹ ͳ
ͳ͵
ͳ
ͳͶ ͳ
ͳͷ ͳ
ͳ ͳ
ͳ ͳ
ͳͺ ͳ
ͳͻ
ͳ
ʹͲ
ͳ
ʹͳ
͵
ʹʹ ͵
ʹ͵ ͵
ʹͶ ͳ
ʹͷ ͳ
ʹ ͳ
ʹ ͳ
ʹͺ ͳ
ʹͻ ±
ͳ
͵Ͳ ͳ
͵ͳ ͵
͵ʹ
Ͷ
͵͵ ±
ͳ
͵Ͷ ×
͵
͵ͷ
ͳ
ǡ ሺ
ሻ
Ǥ
×
Algunos Métodos de Estadística Multivariante | 397
“Aena” y se caracteriza por te
×
Ǥ
ï
ሺ
ሻǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
×
×Ǥ
grupo está compuesto por una sola acción “Siemens Gamesa” y esta se
ǡ
×
Ǥ
ǡ
͵ͷǡ
Ǧǡ
À
ǡ
ï
À
Ǥ
ʹǡͺ
͵ǡʹ
͵ǡͶ
ʹǡʹ
͵ǡͺ
͵ǡʹ
ͲǡͶͶͲ
Ͳǡͳ͵ͷ
͵ǤʹΨͳ͵Ψ
ሺ ሻǤ
×
×Ǥ
ͳͳǤͷ
×
398 | Estadística Empresarial
±
ǡ±
Ǥ
ͳͳǤ
ͳͳǤ
Algunos Métodos de Estadística Multivariante | 399
ͳͳǤͺ
±“nubes dinámicas”
±±
Ǥ
×ǡ
ǣ
ͳǤ ï
ሺሻǤ
ʹǤ
ǡ
también conocida como “Semilla”Ǥ À
ǡ
Ǥ
͵Ǥ
Ǧ
ǡ
×
Ǥ
ͶǤ
×
Ǥ
ͷǤ
cluster “nuevos”ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
“optimal clustering” y comprobar
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ͵Ǥ
ͳͳǤͳǡ
ͳͳǤ͵
ǣ
Ǥ
͓̈́
ሾͳሿʹͳ
400 | Estadística Empresarial
Ǥ
̈́
͓
ǤǤ
ǤǤǤǤ
×ǤǤ
ͳͲǤͳʹͺͻʹǦͲǤͳ͵ͺ͵ͳʹͺͲǤʹͶʹͷͺǦͲǤͶͶͳͶͺͺͶ
ʹǦͲǤ͵ͲͺͶͳͶͷǤʹͶͻͶ͵ͳͲǤ͵ͺ͵͵ͲͳǦͲǤͶʹͲʹͺͲ
͵ǦͲǤͶͶͷͲͺ͵ǦͲǤͲͻͶͳͶͳǦͳǤͲͲͺͺͻͷͲͳǤͲ͵ͳ͵
Ǥ
͓̈́
ሾͳሿͶͻǤͷͻ͵ͲǤͲͲͲͲͲͳͻǤͳͺ
Ǥ
̈́Ǥ͓
ሾͳሿͻǤ͵ͳ͵Ͷͳ
Ǥ
͓̈́
ሾͳሿǤͺͷͻ
ʹ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
×Ǥ
Ǥ Ǥ
ͳ ͳ ͳͻ
ͳ
ʹ
ͳ ʹͲ
ͳ
͵
ͳ ʹͳ
͵
Ͷ ͳ ʹʹ ͵
ͷ ͳ ʹ͵ ͵
ͳ ʹͶ ͳ
ͳ ʹͷ ͳ
ͺ
͵ ʹ ͳ
ͻ ͳ ʹ ͳ
ͳͲ ͳ ʹͺ ͳ
ͳͳ ͵ ʹͻ ±
ͳ
ͳʹ ͳ ͵Ͳ ͳ
ͳ͵
ͳ ͵ͳ ͵
ͳͶ ͳ ͵ʹ
ʹ
ͳͷ ͳ ͵͵ ±
ͳ
ͳ ͳ ͵Ͷ ×
͵
ͳ ͳ ͵ͷ
ͳ
ͳͺ ͳ
Algunos Métodos de Estadística Multivariante | 401
ͳͳǤͻ
×
Ǧ
ͳͳǤͶ ×ï
×
×ï
𝑌𝑌
𝑝𝑝
𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑋𝑝𝑝 ǡ
𝑌𝑌 = 𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑋𝑋1 + 𝛽𝛽2 𝑋𝑋2 + … + 𝛽𝛽𝑝𝑝 𝑋𝑋𝑝𝑝 + 𝜀𝜀
ǣ𝛽𝛽0 , 𝛽𝛽1 , … 𝛽𝛽𝑝𝑝 Ǣ×
𝑌𝑌
𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑋𝑝𝑝 𝜀𝜀Ǣ
𝑌𝑌
ǡ
𝑌𝑌 = 𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 + 𝜀𝜀
𝑛𝑛
ǡ
𝑌𝑌1 1 𝑥𝑥11 ⋯ 𝑥𝑥1𝑝𝑝 𝛽𝛽0 𝜀𝜀1
𝑌𝑌2 1 𝑥𝑥21 ⋯ 𝑥𝑥2𝑝𝑝 𝛽𝛽1 𝜀𝜀2
[ ]= [ ] + [ ]
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑌𝑌𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 𝜀𝜀
[1 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛1 ⋯ 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛𝑝𝑝 ] 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝
𝛽𝛽
ǡ
±À
ǡ
𝛽𝛽̂ = [𝑋𝑋 𝑡𝑡 𝑋𝑋]−1 𝑋𝑋 𝑡𝑡 𝑌𝑌
402 | Estadística Empresarial
±Ǥ
𝑌𝑌̂ = 𝑋𝑋𝛽𝛽̂
𝜀𝜀 = 𝑌𝑌 − 𝑌𝑌̂ = 𝑌𝑌 − 𝑋𝑋𝛽𝛽̂
𝑌𝑌ǡ
𝑋𝑋𝑗𝑗 ሺ
×ሻǤ
𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂 : 𝛽𝛽𝑗𝑗 = 0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝛽𝛽𝑗𝑗 ≠ 0
À
ǡ
𝛽𝛽̂𝑗𝑗
𝑡𝑡 =
𝑆𝑆𝛽𝛽̂𝑗𝑗
𝑡𝑡
𝑛𝑛 − 𝑝𝑝 − 1𝑆𝑆𝛽𝛽̂𝑗𝑗
×𝛽𝛽̂𝑗𝑗 Ǥ
100(1 − 𝛼𝛼)
×ǡ
𝛽𝛽̂𝑗𝑗 ± 𝑡𝑡(𝛼𝛼;𝑛𝑛−𝑝𝑝−1) 𝑆𝑆𝛽𝛽̂𝑗𝑗
2
±𝐹𝐹ǡ
× ×
À
Ǥ
𝐻𝐻𝑂𝑂 : 𝛽𝛽1 = 𝛽𝛽2 = ⋯ = 𝛽𝛽𝑝𝑝 = 0
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑒 𝛽𝛽𝑗𝑗 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
À
ǡ
𝑅𝑅 2 /𝑝𝑝
𝐹𝐹 =
(1 − 𝑅𝑅 2 )/(𝑛𝑛 − 𝑝𝑝 − 1)
À
𝐹𝐹
𝑝𝑝
𝑛𝑛 − 𝑝𝑝 − 1Ǥ𝑅𝑅 2
×
×ሺ𝑌𝑌ሻǤ
ൌ
ሺ
ሻ
2 2
∑(𝑌𝑌 − 𝑌𝑌̅) = ∑(𝑌𝑌̂ − 𝑌𝑌̅) + ∑(𝑌𝑌 − 𝑌𝑌̂)
2
ǡ
2
2
∑(𝑌𝑌̂ − 𝑌𝑌̅)
𝑅𝑅 =
∑(𝑌𝑌 − 𝑌𝑌̅)2
Algunos Métodos de Estadística Multivariante | 403
𝑅𝑅 2
×
Ǥ
2 𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 1 − (1 − 𝑅𝑅 2 ) [ ]
𝑛𝑛 − (𝑝𝑝 + 1)
ǡ
×𝜎𝜎 2
Ǥ
∑ 𝜀𝜀 2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝜎𝜎̂ 2 = =
𝑛𝑛 − (𝑝𝑝 + 1) 𝑛𝑛 − (𝑝𝑝 + 1)
×𝜎𝜎
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝜎𝜎̂ = √
𝑛𝑛 − (𝑝𝑝 + 1)
𝑛𝑛 − (𝑝𝑝 + 1)
𝑛𝑛
(𝑝𝑝 + 1)Ǥ
𝑌𝑌Ǥ
𝑌𝑌̂ ± 𝑡𝑡(𝛼𝛼/2 ; 𝑛𝑛 − 𝑝𝑝 − 1)𝜎𝜎̂√1 + 𝑋𝑋0𝑡𝑡 (𝑋𝑋𝑡𝑡 𝑋𝑋)−1 𝑋𝑋0
ǣ𝑋𝑋0𝑡𝑡 = [𝑥𝑥01 𝑥𝑥02 … 𝑥𝑥0𝑝𝑝 ]
± ǣ ǡ
× ǡ
×
×ïǡ×𝜎𝜎̂
2
Ó𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 Ǥ
××ï
ǡǣ
ͳǤ
×
Ǥ
ʹǤ
ǣ
ሻ
×ͳͲǤ
1
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑗𝑗 =
1 − 𝑅𝑅𝑗𝑗2
ሻ
×
̅̅̅̅̅𝑗𝑗 > 1ሻǤ
ͳሺ𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
404 | Estadística Empresarial
× 𝛽𝛽̂𝑗𝑗 ǡ
±
ÀǤ
±ǡ
Ǥ
×
ͳǤ 𝑝𝑝×ǡ
𝑌𝑌 = 𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑋𝑋𝑗𝑗 + 𝜀𝜀
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝛽𝛽1 = 0 𝐻𝐻1 : 𝛽𝛽1 ≠ 0ǡ
× À
À
𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑝
Óǡǣ
𝑌𝑌 = 𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑋𝑋(1) + 𝜀𝜀
ʹǤ 𝑝𝑝 − 1×ï
ͳǡ
𝑌𝑌 = 𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑋𝑋(1) +𝛽𝛽2 𝑋𝑋𝑗𝑗 + 𝜀𝜀
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝛽𝛽2 = 0 𝐻𝐻1 : 𝛽𝛽2 ≠ 0ǡ
±𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑝 − 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
Àǡ
𝑌𝑌 = 𝛽𝛽0 + 𝛽𝛽1 𝑋𝑋(1) +𝛽𝛽2 𝑋𝑋(2) + 𝜀𝜀
ǡ
Ǥ
͵Ǥ ʹǡ
ǡ
×ïǤ
×
×
ͳǤ ×
𝑝𝑝
Ǥ
ʹǤ
À
𝑡𝑡
ÓǤ
͵Ǥ
ǡ
×
ʹǤ
ͶǤ
Ǥ
××
±
ǡ
×Ǥ
Algunos Métodos de Estadística Multivariante | 405
±
Ǥ
ǣ
ͳǤ
ʹǤ
𝑦𝑦̂
͵Ǥ
ሺሻ
× abanico en la gráfica indica que existe “varianza de error
creciente” y en forma de embudo “varianza de error decreciente”, ambos transgreden
×
ǡǡ
×
Ǥ
×
ሺǤǤʹͲͲሻǤ
ሺͳͻͷሻǡ×
××
Ǥ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜎𝜎12 = 𝜎𝜎22 = ⋯ = 𝜎𝜎𝑛𝑛2 = 𝜎𝜎 2
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜎𝜎𝑖𝑖2 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 ) ∀𝑖𝑖
À
ǡ
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆2 /(𝑛𝑛2 − 𝑝𝑝)
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 = ~ 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛2 −𝑝𝑝 ; 𝑛𝑛1 −𝑝𝑝
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆1 /(𝑛𝑛1 − 𝑝𝑝)
ሺͳͻͺͲሻ×
×
Ǥ
𝐻𝐻0 : 𝜎𝜎12 = 𝜎𝜎22 = ⋯ = 𝜎𝜎𝑛𝑛2 = 𝜎𝜎 2
𝐻𝐻1 : 𝜎𝜎𝑖𝑖2 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑋𝑋1 , 𝑋𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑋𝑝𝑝 )
À
ǡ
2 2
𝑛𝑛 × 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 → 𝜒𝜒𝑚𝑚
𝑛𝑛→∞
2
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
× × ǡ
×
ሺǡʹͲͲͷሻǤ
ሺͳͻͺͲሻÀ
À
Ǥ
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝐴𝐴2 + (𝐶𝐶 − 3)2
6 24
×Ǧ
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 → 𝜒𝜒22
𝑛𝑛→∞
406 | Estadística Empresarial
±
ǡǣ
Ǥ
×
𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖
ǣ
3𝑖𝑖 − 1
3𝑛𝑛 + 1
𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖 Ǥ
ǡ
3𝑖𝑖−1
(3𝑛𝑛+1 100)
ǡ
À
Ǥ
Ǧ ï
Ǥ
×
ሺ
ሻǡ
ǡ
𝑦𝑦̂
×Ǥ
̴Ǥ
×
ͳͳǤͶ
ïǤ
ǣ
ͳǤ ǣ
Ǥ
ʹǤ ǣ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Model Summaryb
Change Statistics
R Adjusted R Std. Error of R Square F Sig. F
Model R Square Square the Estimate Change Change df1 df2 Change
1 .897a .804 .803 $7,586.187 .804 642.151 3 470 .000
a. Predictors: (Constant), Experiencia previa (meses), Meses desde el contrato, Salario inicial
b. Dependent Variable: Salario actual
ǦͲǡͺ
Algunos Métodos de Estadística Multivariante | 407
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 110867882865.426 3 36955960955.142 642.151 .000b
Coefficientsa
Unstandardized Standardized Collinearity
Coefficients Coefficients Statistics
Meses desde el
173.203 34.677 .102 4.995 .000 1.000 1.000
contrato
Experiencia
-22.509 3.339 -.138 -6.742 .000 .998 1.002
previa (meses)
a. Dependent Variable: Salario actual
ï Ǥ
±
×
Ǥǣ
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = −10266,6 + 1,9𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 + 173,2𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 − 22,5𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
ͳͳǤͳͲ
Ǧ
ǡǡ
×Ǥ
ͳͳǤͳͳ
Ǧ
Algunos Métodos de Estadística Multivariante | 409
ͳͳǤͳʹ
ï
ǡ ǡ
× ï Ǥ
À
Ǥ
ͳͳǤͳ
×
ÀǤ
ͳͳǤʹ
×
Ǥ
ͳͳǤ͵
ǡ
×ïǤ
ͳͳǤͶ
̴Ǥǡ
×ïǤ
ͳͳǤͷ
×
ǡ
×
ǡ
À
×ǡ
×ïǤ
ͳͳǤ
×ï
×
À
Ǥ
ͳͳǤ
×
ǡ
ሺǡ̈́
ሻǡ
Ǥ
410 | Estadística Empresarial
Octubre de 2018
Diego Coria es Magíster en
Estadística Aplicada,
Magíster en Administración
de Negocios, Magíster en
Educación Superior y
Licenciado en Estadística.
Además, tiene el Diplomado en
Econometría Aplicada, Diplomado en
Análisis Financiero y Diplomado en
Investigación Científica.