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Manipulación de relaciones
CONTENIDO
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Manipulación de relaciones
Relación complementaria
(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅̅ ⇔ (𝑎, 𝑏) ∉ 𝑅
Ejemplo: Dada la relación 𝑅 = {(2; 3), (3; 1), (1; 3); (2; 1), (3; 3), (2; 4), (3; 4)}, en 𝐴 × 𝐵,
con 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3} y 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Determine la relación complementaria a 𝑅.
Solución
La relación complementaria a 𝑅 es 𝑅̅ = {(1; 1), (1; 2), (1; 4), (2; 2), (3; 2)}.
Nota: Es fácil ver que se cumple la siguiente propiedad, |𝑅̅ | + |𝑅| = |𝐴 × 𝐵|. También el
ejemplo anterior se resuelve muy fácilmente usando matrices y complementado en binario
cada término.
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
𝑀𝑅 = 2 1 0 1 1൩ 𝑀𝑅̅ = 2 0 1 0 0൩
3 1 0 1 1 3 0 1 0 0
Relación inversa
(𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅 −1 ⟺ (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅
• Representación Matricial:
𝑀𝑅−1 = 𝑀𝑅 𝑇
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Luego la relación inversa 𝑅 −1 = {(3; 2), (1; 3), (3; 1), (1; 2), (3; 3)}.
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
𝑀𝑅 = 2 1 0 1൩ 𝑀𝑅−1 = 2 0 0 0൩
3 1 0 1 3 1 1 1
Unión de relaciones
Sean 𝑅, 𝑆 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐵
𝑎 (𝑅 ∪ 𝑆)𝑏 ⟺ 𝑎 𝑅 𝑏 𝑜 𝑎 𝑆 𝑏
• Representación matricial:
𝑀𝑅∪𝑆 = 𝑀𝑅 ∨ 𝑀𝑆
Ejemplo: Dada las relaciones 𝑅 = {(1; 2), (3; 2), (2; 1)} y 𝑆 = {(1; 1), (1; 2), (2; 2)} en 𝐴 × 𝐵
con 𝐴 = {1,2,3} y 𝐵 = {1,2}.
𝑇 = {(1; 1), (1; 2), (2; 1), (2; 2), (3; 2)}.
0 1 1 1 1 1
𝑀𝑅 = 1 0൩ y 𝑀𝑆 = 0 1൩, entonces tenemos 𝑀𝑅∪𝑆 = 1 1൩
0 1 0 0 0 1
Intersección de relaciones
Sean 𝑅, 𝑆 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐵
𝑎 (𝑅 ∩ 𝑆)𝑏 ⟺ 𝑎 𝑅 𝑏 𝑦 𝑎 𝑆 𝑏
• Representación matricial:
𝑀𝑅∩𝑆 = 𝑀𝑅 ∧ 𝑀𝑆
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Ejemplo: Dada las relaciones 𝑅 = {(1; 2), (2; 1), (3; 2), (3; 1)} y 𝑆 = {(1; 1), (1; 2), (2; 2)} en
𝐴 × 𝐵 con 𝐴 = {1,2,3} y 𝐵 = {1,2}.
Solución: Entonces la relación T= 𝑅 ∩ 𝑆 está dado por 𝑇 = {(1; 2)}. El mismo ejemplo como
representación matricial.
0 1 1 1 0 1
𝑀𝑅 = 1 0൩ y 𝑀𝑆 = 0 1൩, entonces tenemos 𝑀𝑅∩𝑆 = 0 0൩
1 1 0 0 0 0
Composición de relaciones
Ejemplo:
Dados los conjuntos 𝐴 = {1; 2; 3}, 𝐵 = {1; 2; 3; 4}, 𝐶 = {2; 4}, y las relaciones 𝑅 y 𝑆:
𝑅 = {(1; 2), (1; 4), (2; 2), (2; 3), (3; 1)} en 𝐴 × 𝐵
𝑆 = {(1; 2), (2; 4), (3; 2); (4; 4)} en 𝐵 × 𝐶
Determine la composición 𝑆 ∘ 𝑅.
Solución
0 1 0 1 0
1
𝑀𝑆∘𝑅 = 𝑀𝑅 ⊙ 𝑀𝑆 = 0 0 1]
1 1 0൩ ⊙ [1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1
2 4
1 0 1
𝑀S∘𝑅 =
2 1 1൩
3 1 0
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Ejemplo: Dada las relaciones 𝑆 = {(2; 3), (3; 1), (1; 3), (2; 1), (3; 3), (2; 4), (3; 4)} en 𝐴 × 𝐵
y 𝑅 = {(1; 2), (1; 4), (4; 2), (2; 2), (3; 4)} en 𝐵 × 𝐶 donde 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3} y 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4} y
𝐶 = {2,4}. Determine la composición de 𝑅 ∘ 𝑆.
Solución
La composición de relaciones 𝑅 ∘ 𝑆 = {(2; 4), (3; 2), (3; 4), (1; 4), (2; 2)} . Se puede
evidenciar con la multiplicación binaria de matrices.
0 0 1 0
1 1
𝑀𝑅∘𝑆 = 𝑀𝑆 ⨀𝑀𝑅 = 1 0 1 1൩ ⨀ ൦
01൪
1 0 1 1
01
1 0
0 1
𝑀𝑅∘𝑆 = 1 1 ൩
1 1
Cerraduras de relaciones
2. Cerradura simétrica: 𝑅 ∪ 𝑅 −1 .
3. Cerradura transitiva: 𝑅 ∞ .
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Solución
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
a. 𝑀𝑅 = 0 0 1 0 1 𝑀𝑆 = 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
[0 0 1 0 1] [0 0 0 0 0]
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
b. 𝑀𝑅−1 = 0 0 1 0 1 𝑀𝑆̅ = 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
[0 0 1 0 1] [1 1 1 1 1]
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
c. 𝑀𝑅∪𝑆 = 0 1 1 0 1 𝑀𝑅∩𝑆 = 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
[0 0 1 0 1] [0 0 0 0 0]
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1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
d. 𝑀𝑅∘𝑆 = 𝑀𝑆⨀𝑅 = 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
[0 0 0 0 0]
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
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Y el dígrafo de la relación S:
33
4
2
1 5
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1
3
5
6
7 1
6 3
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2. Respuestas
a) 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
𝑀𝑅 = 𝑀𝑆 =
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
[0 1 0 1 0 0] [0 0 0 0 1 0]
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b) 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
𝑀𝑅−1 = 𝑀𝑆̅ =
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
[0 1 0 1 0 0] [1 1 1 1 0 1]
c) 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
𝑀𝑆̅∪𝑅−1 = 𝑀𝑆̅∩𝑅 =
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
[1 1 1 1 0 1] [0 1 0 1 0 0]
d) 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 1 0
𝑀𝑆∘𝑅−1 =
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
[1 0 1 1 1 0]
3. Respuestas
Cerradura reflexiva:
𝑅 ∪△= {(1; 1), (1; 2), (1; 3), (1; 6), (2; 2), (2; 6), (3; 3), (3; 6), (6; 6)}
Cerradura simétrica:
𝑅 ∪ 𝑅 −1 = {(1; 2), (1; 3), (1; 6), (2; 1), (2; 6), (3; 1), (3; 6), (6; 1), (6; 2), (6; 3), (6; 6)}
Cerradura transitiva:
𝑅 ∞ = {(1; 2), (1; 3), (1; 6), (2; 6), (3; 6)}
4. Respuestas
a) 𝑅̅ = {(0; 0), (0; 1), (0; 2), (1; 0), (1; 1), (1; 3), (2; 0), (2; 2), (2; 3),
(3; 1), (3; 2), (3; 3)}
̅
𝑆 = {(1; 0), (2; 0), (2; 1), (3; 0), (3; 1), (3; 2)}
b) 𝑅 −1 = {(0; 3), (1; 2), (2; 1), (3; 0)}
𝑆 −1 = {(0; 0), (1; 0), (1; 1), (2; 0), (2; 1), (2; 2), (3; 0), (3; 1), (3; 2), (3; 3)}
c) 𝑅 ∪ 𝑆 = {(0; 0), (0; 1), (0; 2), (0; 3), (1; 1), (1; 2), (1; 3), (2; 1), (2; 2),
(2; 3), (3; 3), (3; 3)}
𝑅 ∩ 𝑆 = {(0; 3), (1; 2)}
d) 𝑅 ∘ 𝑆 = {(0; 0), (0; 1), (0; 2), (0; 3), (1; 0), (1; 1), (1; 2), (2; 0), (2; 1), (3; 0)}
5. Respuestas
a) 𝑅̅ = {(1; 4), (1; 5), (2; 5), (4; 1), (5; 1), (5; 2)}
𝑆̅ = {(1; 1), (1; 3), (1; 5), (2; 2), (2; 4), (3; 1), (3; 3), (3; 5), (4; 2), (4; 4), (5; 1),
(5; 3), (5; 5)}
b) 𝑅 −1 = {(1; 1), (1; 2), (1; 3), (2; 1), (2; 2), (2; 3), (2; 4), (3; 1), (3; 2), (3; 3), (3; 4),
(3; 5), (4; 2), (4; 3), (4; 4), (4; 5), (5; 3), (5; 4), (5; 5)}
𝑆 −1 = {(1; 2), (1; 4), (2; 1), (2; 3), (2; 5), (3; 2), (3; 4), (4; 1), (4; 3), (4; 5),
(5; 2), (5; 4)}
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c) 𝑅 ∪ 𝑆 = {(1; 1), (1; 2), (1; 3), (1; 4), (2; 1), (2; 2), (2; 3), (2; 4), (2; 5), (3; 1), (3; 2),
(3; 3), (3; 5), (3; 6), (4; 1), (4; 2), (4; 3), (4; 4), (4; 5), (5; 2), (5; 3), (5; 4), (5; 5)}
𝑅 ∩ 𝑆 = {(1; 2), (2; 1), (2; 3), (3; 2), (3; 4), (4; 3), (4; 5), (5; 4)}
d) 𝑅̅ ∘ 𝑆 −1 = {(1; 1), (1; 5), (2; 1), (2; 2), (2; 4), (2; 5), (3; 1), (3; 5), (4; 1), (4; 2), (4; 4),
(4; 5), (5; 1), (5; 5)}
6. Respuestas
a) 𝑅̅ = {(−1; −1), (−1; 0), (−1; 1), (−1; 2), (0; −1), (0; 0), (0; 1), (0; 3), (1; −1),
(1; 0), (1; 2), (1; 3), (2; −1), (2; 1), (2; 2), (2; 3), (3; 0), (3; 1), (3; 2), (3; 3)}
𝑆̅ = {(−1; 2), (0; 0), (0; 2), (1; −1), (1; 0), (1; 1), (1; 2), (1; 3), (2; −1), (3; −1)}
b) 𝑅 −1 = {(−1; 3), (0; 2), (1; 1), (2; 0), (3; −1)}
𝑆 −1 = {(−1; −1), (−1; 0), (0; −1), (0; 2), (0; 3), (1; −1), (1; 0), (1; 2), (1; 3),
(2; 2), (2; 3), (3; −1), (3; 0), (3; 2), (3; 3)}
c) 𝑅 ∪ 𝑆 = {(−1; −1), (−1; 0), (−1; 1), (−1; 3), (0; −1), (0; 1), (0; 2), (0; 3), (1; 1),
(2; 0), (2; 1), (2; 2), (2; 3), (3; −1), (3; 0), (3; 1), (3; 2), (3; 3)}
𝑅 ∩ 𝑆 = {(−1; 3), (2; 0)}
d) 𝑅 ∘ 𝑆 = {(−1; −1), (−1; 1), (−1; 2), (−1; 3), (0; −1), (0; 1), (0; 3), (2; −1),
(2; 0), (2; 1), (2; 2), (3; −1), (3; 0), (3; 1), (3; 2)}
7. Respuestas
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
a) 𝑀𝑅̅ = 1 1 0 1 0 𝑀𝑆̅ = 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
[1 1 0 1 0] [1 1 1 1 1]
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
b) 𝑀𝑅−1 = 0 1 1 0 0 𝑀𝑆 −1 = 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
[1 1 1 0 0] [0 0 0 1 1]
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
c) 𝑀𝑅∪𝑆 = 0 1 1 0 1 𝑀𝑅∩𝑆 = 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
[0 0 1 0 1] [0 0 0 0 0]
1 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
d) 𝑀𝑆∘𝑅 = 𝑀𝑅 ⊙ 𝑀𝑆 = 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
[0 1 1 0 1]
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8. Respuestas
a) 1 3 5 6 7 8 1 3 5 6 7 8
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0
𝑀𝑅 = 5 0 1 0 1 0 0 𝑀𝑆 = 5 0 1 1 0 0 0
6 0 0 1 0 0 1 6 1 0 0 1 1 0
7 1 0 0 0 1 0 7 0 1 0 0 0 1
8 [0 1 0 1 0 0] 8 [0 0 0 0 1 0]
b) 1 3 5 6 7 8 1 3 5 6 7 8
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
3 1 1 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 1 0
𝑀𝑅̅ = 5 1 0 1 0 1 1 𝑀𝑆−1 = 5 0 1 1 0 0 0
6 1 1 0 1 1 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 0
7 0 1 1 1 0 1 7 0 0 0 1 0 1
8 [1 0 1 0 1 1] 8 [0 0 0 0 1 0]
c) 1 3 5 6 7 8 1 3 5 6 7 8
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
3 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0
𝑀𝑅̅∪𝑆 = 5 1 1 1 0 1 1 𝑀𝑅∩𝑆−1 = 5 0 1 0 0 0 0
6 1 1 0 1 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 1 1 1 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 [1 0 1 0 1 1] 8 [0 0 0 0 0 0]
d) 1 3 5 6 7 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑀𝑅̅∘𝑆 −1 = 5 1 1 1 1 1 1
6 1 1 0 1 1 0
7 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 [0 1 1 1 0 1]
9. Respuestas
a) Cerradura reflexiva
𝑅 ∪ ∆= {(1; 1), (1; 2), (1; 3), (1; 4), (1; 5), (2; 2), (2; 4), (2; 5), (3; 3), (4; 4), (5; 5)}
𝑆 ∪ ∆= {(1; 1), (1; 2), (1; 3), (1; 4), (1; 5), (2; 2), (2; 3), (2; 4), (2; 5), (3; 3),
(3; 4), (3; 5), (4; 4), (4; 5), (5; 5)}
𝑇 ∪ ∆= {(1; 1), (1; 2), (1; 3), (1; 4), (2; 1), (2; 2), (2; 3), (3; 1), (3; 2), (3; 3), (4; 1),
(4; 4), (5; 5)}
b) Cerradura simétrica
𝑅 ∪ 𝑅 −1 = {(1; 2), (1; 3), (1; 4), (1; 5), (2; 1), (2; 4), (2; 5), (3; 1), (4; 1), (4; 2),
(5; 1), (5; 2)}
−1
𝑆 ∪ 𝑆 = {(1; 2), (1; 3), (1; 4), (1; 5), (2; 1), (2; 3), (2; 4), (2; 5), (3; 1), (3; 2),
(3; 4), (3; 5), (4; 1), (4; 2), (4; 3), (4; 5), (5; 1), (5; 2), (5; 3), (5; 4)}
−1
𝑇 ∪ 𝑇 = {(1; 1), (1; 2), (1; 3), (1; 4), (2; 1), (2; 2), (2; 3), (3; 1), (3; 2), (4; 1)}
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c) Cerradura transitiva
𝑅∞ = 𝑅
𝑆∞ = 𝑆
𝑇 ∞ = {(1; 1), (1; 2), (1; 3), (1; 4), (2; 1), (2; 2), (2; 3), (2; 4), (3; 1), (3; 2), (3; 3),
(3; 4), (4; 1), (4; 2), (4; 3),(4; 4)}
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
d) 𝑀𝑅−1∘𝑆̅ = 𝑀𝑆̅ ⊙ 𝑀𝑅−1 = 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0
[1 1 1 1 1]
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
• EPP, Susanna. (2012). Matemática discreta con aplicaciones. México, DF: Cengage
Learning. (https://n9.cl/uqq6) Revisar páginas desde 450 hasta 459.
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